{"id":10471,"date":"2026-09-26T11:30:19","date_gmt":"2026-09-26T10:30:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-8-redox-chemistry-and-groups-1-2-and-7\/8b-groups-1-and-2\/"},"modified":"2026-10-04T23:02:29","modified_gmt":"2026-10-04T22:02:29","slug":"8b-groups-1-and-2","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-8-redox-chemistry-and-groups-1-2-and-7\/8b-groups-1-and-2\/","title":{"rendered":"Topic 8B Groups 1 and 2"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<section class=\"ols-revision-page ols-topic-8b-landing-page\">\n  <style>\n    .ols-revision-page {\n      --navy: #1C244B;\n      --blue: #2563eb;\n      --soft-blue: #eef4ff;\n      --soft-red: #fff7f7;\n      --soft-purple: #f7f0ff;\n      --soft-green: #f0f7f1;\n      --soft-orange: #fff7ed;\n      --gold: #c9973a;\n      --grey-text: #667085;\n      --body-text: #1f2937;\n      --border: rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.14);\n      --shadow: 0 18px 45px rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.10);\n      --inner-shadow: 0 10px 26px rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.08);\n      font-family: Poppins, Arial, sans-serif;\n      color: var(--navy);\n      background: #ffffff;\n    }\n\n    .ols-revision-page * { box-sizing: border-box; }\n\n    .ols-revision-layout {\n      display: block;\n      max-width: 1450px;\n      margin: 0 auto;\n      padding: 24px 20px 60px;\n    }\n\n    .ols-breadcrumbs {\n      display: flex;\n      flex-wrap: wrap;\n      gap: 8px;\n      margin: 10px 0 22px;\n      font-size: 15px;\n      color: var(--grey-text);\n    }\n\n    .ols-breadcrumbs a,\n    .ols-breadcrumbs span {\n      color: var(--grey-text);\n      text-decoration: none;\n      font-weight: 600;\n    }\n\n    .ols-breadcrumbs a:hover {\n      color: var(--blue);\n      text-decoration: underline;\n      text-underline-offset: 3px;\n    }\n\n    .ols-title-card,\n    .ols-note-card,\n    .ols-related-card,\n    .ols-attribution-card {\n      background: #ffffff;\n      border: 1px solid var(--border);\n      border-radius: 28px;\n      box-shadow: var(--shadow);\n      padding: 34px;\n      margin-bottom: 24px;\n      overflow: hidden;\n    }\n\n    .ols-title-card {\n      background: linear-gradient(135deg, #ffffff 0%, #f8fbff 100%);\n    }\n\n    .ols-title-card h1 {\n      margin: 0 0 18px;\n      font-size: clamp(36px, 5vw, 58px);\n      line-height: 1.08;\n      font-weight: 800;\n      letter-spacing: -0.04em;\n      color: #111827;\n    }\n\n    .ols-page-intro {\n      font-size: 19px;\n      line-height: 1.7;\n      font-weight: 300;\n      color: var(--body-text);\n      margin: 0 0 22px;\n    }\n\n    .ols-badges {\n      display: flex;\n      flex-wrap: wrap;\n      gap: 12px;\n      margin-bottom: 22px;\n    }\n\n    .ols-badge {\n      display: inline-flex;\n      align-items: center;\n      padding: 9px 14px;\n      border-radius: 999px;\n      background: #ffffff;\n      border: 1px solid var(--border);\n      font-size: 15px;\n      font-weight: 600;\n      color: var(--navy);\n    }\n\n    .ols-author {\n      display: flex;\n      align-items: center;\n      gap: 20px;\n      padding: 28px;\n      border-radius: 28px;\n      background: linear-gradient(135deg, #ffffff 0%, #f8fbff 100%);\n      border: 1px solid rgba(28,36,75,0.12);\n      box-shadow: 0 18px 45px rgba(28,36,75,0.10);\n      margin-top: 22px;\n    }\n\n    .ols-author-avatar-img {\n      width: 92px;\n      height: 92px;\n      border-radius: 50%;\n      object-fit: cover;\n      object-position: center;\n      flex-shrink: 0;\n      border: 4px solid #ffffff;\n      box-shadow: 0 14px 32px rgba(28,36,75,0.18), 0 0 0 1px rgba(28,36,75,0.10);\n      transition: transform 0.25s ease, box-shadow 0.25s ease;\n    }\n\n    .ols-author:hover .ols-author-avatar-img {\n      transform: scale(1.04);\n      box-shadow: 0 20px 42px rgba(28,36,75,0.22), 0 0 0 1px rgba(28,36,75,0.10);\n    }\n\n    .ols-author-content { min-width: 0; }\n\n    .ols-author-title {\n      margin: 0 0 4px;\n      font-size: clamp(24px,3vw,34px);\n      line-height: 1.15;\n      font-weight: 700;\n      color: var(--navy);\n      letter-spacing: -0.03em;\n    }\n\n    .ols-author-description {\n      margin: 0;\n      font-size: 17px;\n      line-height: 1.7;\n      font-weight: 300;\n      color: var(--grey-text);\n    }\n\n    .ols-linkedin-pill {\n      display: inline-flex;\n      align-items: center;\n      justify-content: center;\n      gap: 10px;\n      margin-top: 16px;\n      padding: 11px 18px;\n      border-radius: 999px;\n      background: linear-gradient(135deg,#0A66C2,#004182);\n      color: #ffffff;\n      text-decoration: none;\n      font-size: 14px;\n      line-height: 1;\n      font-weight: 700;\n      letter-spacing: 0.01em;\n      box-shadow: 0 10px 22px rgba(10,102,194,0.24);\n      position: relative;\n      overflow: hidden;\n      transition: transform 0.22s ease, box-shadow 0.22s ease;\n    }\n\n    .ols-linkedin-pill::before {\n      content: \"\";\n      position: absolute;\n      top: 0;\n      left: -120%;\n      width: 100%;\n      height: 100%;\n      background: linear-gradient(120deg, rgba(255,255,255,0) 0%, rgba(255,255,255,0.28) 50%, rgba(255,255,255,0) 100%);\n      transition: left 0.7s ease;\n    }\n\n    .ols-linkedin-pill:hover {\n      transform: translateY(-3px) scale(1.03);\n      box-shadow: 0 16px 34px rgba(10,102,194,0.34), 0 0 0 6px rgba(10,102,194,0.10);\n      color: #ffffff;\n    }\n\n    .ols-linkedin-pill:hover::before { left: 120%; }\n\n    .ols-linkedin-icon {\n      width: 18px;\n      height: 18px;\n      display: block;\n      flex-shrink: 0;\n    }\n\n    .ols-note-card.soft { background: linear-gradient(135deg, #ffffff 0%, var(--soft-red) 100%); }\n    .ols-note-card.purple { background: linear-gradient(135deg, #ffffff 0%, var(--soft-purple) 100%); }\n\n    .ols-note-title {\n      display: flex;\n      align-items: center;\n      gap: 14px;\n      margin-bottom: 20px;\n    }\n\n    .ols-note-icon {\n      width: 52px;\n      height: 52px;\n      border-radius: 16px;\n      background: var(--navy);\n      color: #ffffff;\n      display: grid;\n      place-items: center;\n      font-size: 24px;\n      font-weight: 800;\n      flex-shrink: 0;\n    }\n\n    .ols-note-title h2,\n    .ols-related-card h2 {\n      margin: 0;\n      font-size: clamp(28px, 3.5vw, 42px);\n      line-height: 1.15;\n      font-weight: 800;\n      color: #111827;\n      letter-spacing: -0.03em;\n    }\n\n    .ols-related-card h2 { margin-bottom: 14px; }\n\n    .ols-note-card p,\n    .ols-note-card li,\n    .ols-related-card p,\n    .ols-attribution-card p {\n      font-size: clamp(15px, 1.3vw, 18px);\n      line-height: 1.65;\n      font-weight: 300;\n      color: var(--body-text);\n    }\n\n    .ols-note-card strong,\n    .ols-related-card strong,\n    .ols-attribution-card strong {\n      font-weight: 700;\n      color: var(--navy);\n    }\n\n    .ols-key-box {\n      margin-top: 20px;\n      background: var(--soft-green);\n      border: 1px solid rgba(63, 143, 70, 0.25);\n      border-radius: 20px;\n      padding: 18px 20px;\n    }\n\n    .ols-key-box p {\n      margin: 0;\n      font-weight: 400;\n      color: var(--navy);\n    }\n\n    .ols-ert-grid {\n      display: grid;\n      grid-template-columns: repeat(3, minmax(0, 1fr));\n      gap: 18px;\n      margin-top: 26px;\n    }\n\n    .ols-ert-card {\n      position: relative;\n      display: grid;\n      grid-template-rows: auto 1fr auto;\n      min-height: 285px;\n      padding: 24px;\n      border-radius: 24px;\n      border: 1px solid rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.13);\n      background:\n        radial-gradient(circle at top right, rgba(37, 99, 235, 0.13), transparent 34%),\n        linear-gradient(135deg, #ffffff 0%, #f8fbff 100%);\n      color: var(--navy);\n      text-decoration: none;\n      overflow: hidden;\n      box-shadow: var(--inner-shadow);\n      transition: transform 0.24s ease, box-shadow 0.24s ease, border-color 0.24s ease, background 0.24s ease;\n    }\n\n    .ols-ert-card:hover {\n      transform: translateY(-6px);\n      border-color: rgba(37, 99, 235, 0.28);\n      box-shadow: 0 24px 52px rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.15);\n      color: var(--navy);\n    }\n\n    .ols-ert-card::before {\n      content: \"\";\n      position: absolute;\n      top: -60px;\n      right: -60px;\n      width: 145px;\n      height: 145px;\n      border-radius: 50%;\n      background: rgba(37, 99, 235, 0.08);\n      transition: transform 0.28s ease, background 0.28s ease;\n    }\n\n    .ols-ert-card:hover::before {\n      transform: scale(1.22);\n      background: rgba(37, 99, 235, 0.13);\n    }\n\n    .ols-ert-visual {\n      position: relative;\n      z-index: 1;\n      min-height: 94px;\n      display: flex;\n      align-items: center;\n      justify-content: center;\n      margin-bottom: 18px;\n    }\n\n    .ols-ert-icon {\n      position: relative;\n      width: 150px;\n      height: 94px;\n    }\n\n    .ols-ert-line,\n    .ols-ert-arrow,\n    .ols-ert-label-mini,\n    .ols-ert-ion,\n    .ols-ert-pull,\n    .ols-ert-lattice {\n      position: absolute;\n      display: block;\n    }\n\n    .ols-ert-ionic .ols-ert-ion {\n      width: 40px;\n      height: 40px;\n      border-radius: 50%;\n      display: grid;\n      place-items: center;\n      font-size: 15px;\n      font-weight: 800;\n      color: #ffffff;\n      box-shadow: 0 12px 24px rgba(28,36,75,0.14);\n    }\n\n    .ols-ert-ionic .ols-ert-ion.left {\n      left: 24px;\n      top: 24px;\n      background: var(--blue);\n    }\n\n    .ols-ert-ionic .ols-ert-ion.right {\n      right: 24px;\n      top: 24px;\n      background: var(--gold);\n    }\n\n    .ols-ert-ionic .ols-ert-arrow {\n      left: 68px;\n      top: 43px;\n      width: 36px;\n      height: 3px;\n      border-radius: 999px;\n      background: rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.65);\n    }\n\n    .ols-ert-ionic .ols-ert-arrow::after {\n      content: \"\";\n      position: absolute;\n      right: -1px;\n      top: 50%;\n      transform: translateY(-50%);\n      border-left: 10px solid rgba(28,36,75,0.65);\n      border-top: 6px solid transparent;\n      border-bottom: 6px solid transparent;\n    }\n\n    .ols-ert-ionic .ols-ert-label-mini {\n      left: 39px;\n      bottom: 8px;\n      color: var(--blue);\n      font-size: 13px;\n      font-weight: 800;\n    }\n\n    .ols-ert-polarisation .ols-ert-ion.large {\n      left: 21px;\n      top: 18px;\n      width: 58px;\n      height: 58px;\n      border-radius: 50%;\n      border: 3px solid rgba(37, 99, 235, 0.34);\n      background: rgba(238, 244, 255, 0.96);\n      box-shadow: inset -10px 0 0 rgba(37,99,235,0.10), 0 12px 24px rgba(28,36,75,0.10);\n    }\n\n    .ols-ert-polarisation .ols-ert-ion.small {\n      right: 33px;\n      top: 30px;\n      width: 34px;\n      height: 34px;\n      border-radius: 50%;\n      background: var(--gold);\n      box-shadow: 0 10px 22px rgba(201,151,58,0.20);\n    }\n\n    .ols-ert-polarisation .ols-ert-pull {\n      left: 82px;\n      top: 44px;\n      width: 34px;\n      height: 3px;\n      border-radius: 999px;\n      background: rgba(201,151,58,0.88);\n    }\n\n    .ols-ert-polarisation .ols-ert-pull::before,\n    .ols-ert-polarisation .ols-ert-pull::after {\n      content: \"\";\n      position: absolute;\n      top: 50%;\n      transform: translateY(-50%);\n      border-top: 6px solid transparent;\n      border-bottom: 6px solid transparent;\n    }\n\n    .ols-ert-polarisation .ols-ert-pull::before {\n      left: -1px;\n      border-right: 10px solid rgba(201,151,58,0.88);\n    }\n\n    .ols-ert-polarisation .ols-ert-pull::after {\n      right: -1px;\n      border-left: 10px solid rgba(201,151,58,0.88);\n    }\n\n    .ols-ert-polarisation .ols-ert-label-mini {\n      left: 34px;\n      bottom: 8px;\n      color: var(--gold);\n      font-size: 13px;\n      font-weight: 800;\n    }\n\n    .ols-ert-properties .ols-ert-lattice {\n      left: 31px;\n      top: 13px;\n      width: 88px;\n      height: 68px;\n      background:\n        radial-gradient(circle at 12px 12px, var(--blue) 0 7px, transparent 8px),\n        radial-gradient(circle at 44px 12px, var(--gold) 0 7px, transparent 8px),\n        radial-gradient(circle at 76px 12px, var(--blue) 0 7px, transparent 8px),\n        radial-gradient(circle at 12px 36px, var(--gold) 0 7px, transparent 8px),\n        radial-gradient(circle at 44px 36px, var(--blue) 0 7px, transparent 8px),\n        radial-gradient(circle at 76px 36px, var(--gold) 0 7px, transparent 8px),\n        radial-gradient(circle at 12px 60px, var(--blue) 0 7px, transparent 8px),\n        radial-gradient(circle at 44px 60px, var(--gold) 0 7px, transparent 8px),\n        radial-gradient(circle at 76px 60px, var(--blue) 0 7px, transparent 8px);\n      border-radius: 18px;\n      box-shadow: 0 12px 26px rgba(28,36,75,0.10);\n    }\n\n    .ols-ert-properties .ols-ert-lattice::before {\n      content: \"\";\n      position: absolute;\n      inset: 8px 6px;\n      background:\n        linear-gradient(90deg, rgba(28,36,75,0.16) 1px, transparent 1px) 0 0 \/ 32px 24px,\n        linear-gradient(0deg, rgba(28,36,75,0.16) 1px, transparent 1px) 0 0 \/ 32px 24px;\n      border-radius: 14px;\n      pointer-events: none;\n    }\n\n    .ols-ert-properties .ols-ert-label-mini {\n      left: 43px;\n      bottom: 7px;\n      color: var(--blue);\n      font-size: 13px;\n      font-weight: 800;\n    }\n\n    .ols-ert-card h3 {\n      position: relative;\n      z-index: 1;\n      margin: 0 0 10px;\n      font-size: 23px;\n      line-height: 1.2;\n      font-weight: 800;\n      letter-spacing: -0.02em;\n      color: #111827;\n    }\n\n    .ols-ert-card p {\n      position: relative;\n      z-index: 1;\n      margin: 0;\n      font-size: 15px;\n      line-height: 1.6;\n      font-weight: 300;\n      color: var(--body-text);\n    }\n\n    .ols-ert-card,\n    .ols-ert-card *,\n    .ols-ert-card:hover,\n    .ols-ert-card:hover *,\n    .ols-related-item,\n    .ols-related-item *,\n    .ols-related-item:hover,\n    .ols-related-item:hover * {\n      text-decoration: none !important;\n    }\n\n    .ols-ert-meta {\n      position: relative;\n      z-index: 1;\n      display: inline-flex;\n      align-items: center;\n      justify-content: center;\n      margin-top: 20px;\n      padding: 10px 14px;\n      border-radius: 999px;\n      background: var(--navy);\n      color: #ffffff;\n      font-size: 13px;\n      font-weight: 700;\n      width: fit-content;\n      transition: background 0.22s ease, transform 0.22s ease;\n    }\n\n    .ols-ert-card:hover .ols-ert-meta {\n      background: var(--blue);\n      transform: translateX(4px);\n    }\n\n    .ols-related-grid {\n      display: grid;\n      grid-template-columns: repeat(3, minmax(0, 1fr));\n      gap: 16px;\n      margin-top: 18px;\n    }\n\n    .ols-related-item {\n      border: 1px solid var(--border);\n      border-radius: 18px;\n      padding: 18px;\n      background: #ffffff;\n      color: var(--navy);\n      text-decoration: none;\n      font-weight: 600;\n      line-height: 1.5;\n      transition: transform 0.2s ease, box-shadow 0.2s ease, color 0.2s ease;\n    }\n\n    .ols-related-item:hover {\n      transform: translateY(-2px);\n      box-shadow: 0 10px 22px rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.08);\n      color: var(--blue);\n    }\n\n    .ols-attribution-card {\n      background: linear-gradient(135deg, #ffffff 0%, #f8fbff 100%);\n    }\n\n    .ols-attribution-card p {\n      margin: 0;\n      font-size: 14px;\n      color: var(--grey-text);\n    }\n\n    @media (max-width: 1050px) {\n      .ols-revision-layout { grid-template-columns: 1fr; }\n      .ols-main { max-width: none; }\n      .ols-ert-grid { grid-template-columns: repeat(2, minmax(0, 1fr)); }\n      .ols-related-grid { grid-template-columns: repeat(2, minmax(0, 1fr)); }\n    }\n\n    @media (max-width: 760px) {\n      .ols-revision-layout { padding: 14px 12px 44px; }\n      .ols-title-card, .ols-note-card, .ols-related-card, .ols-attribution-card { padding: 24px 18px; border-radius: 22px; }\n      .ols-note-title { align-items: flex-start; }\n      .ols-author { align-items: flex-start; padding: 22px 18px; border-radius: 22px; }\n      .ols-author-avatar-img { width: 72px; height: 72px; }\n      .ols-author-title { font-size: 24px; }\n      .ols-author-description { font-size: 15px; }\n      .ols-ert-grid { grid-template-columns: 1fr; }\n      .ols-ert-card { min-height: 255px; }\n      .ols-related-grid { grid-template-columns: 1fr; }\n    }\n  :root { --ols-navy: #1C244B; --ols-blue: #467FF7; --ols-soft-blue: #EEF4FF; --ols-border: rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.12); --ols-shadow: 0 18px 45px rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.12); --ols-shadow-soft: 0 10px 28px rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.09); --ols-muted: #4b5575; }\n    .ols-sub-cards-grid { margin-top: 26px; }\n    .ols-sub-cards-grid {\n      display: grid;\n      grid-template-columns: repeat(3, minmax(0, 1fr));\n      gap: 20px;\n    }\n\n    .ols-sub-card {\n      display: flex;\n      flex-direction: column;\n      background: #ffffff;\n      border: 1px solid var(--ols-border);\n      border-radius: 22px;\n      overflow: hidden;\n      box-shadow: var(--ols-shadow-soft);\n      text-decoration: none;\n      color: var(--ols-navy);\n      transition:\n        transform 0.28s cubic-bezier(0.34, 1.56, 0.64, 1),\n        box-shadow 0.28s ease,\n        border-color 0.28s ease;\n      position: relative;\n    }\n\n    .ols-sub-card.ols-sub-card--available:hover {\n      transform: translateY(-10px) scale(1.02);\n      box-shadow: 0 28px 56px rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.16);\n      border-color: rgba(70, 127, 247, 0.35);\n    }\n\n    .ols-sub-card.ols-sub-card--available:hover .ols-sub-card-img-wrap::after {\n      opacity: 1;\n    }\n\n    .ols-sub-card-img-wrap {\n      position: relative;\n      width: 100%;\n      aspect-ratio: 4 \/ 3;\n      background: var(--ols-soft-blue);\n      overflow: hidden;\n    }\n\n    .ols-sub-card-img-wrap::after {\n      content: \"\";\n      position: absolute;\n      inset: 0;\n      background: linear-gradient(180deg, transparent 40%, rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.20) 100%);\n      opacity: 0;\n      transition: opacity 0.28s ease;\n      z-index: 1;\n    }\n\n    .ols-sub-card-num {\n      position: absolute;\n      top: 12px;\n      left: 12px;\n      width: 32px;\n      height: 32px;\n      border-radius: 50%;\n      background: var(--ols-navy);\n      color: #ffffff;\n      font-size: 13px;\n      font-weight: 800;\n      display: flex;\n      align-items: center;\n      justify-content: center;\n      z-index: 3;\n      box-shadow: 0 4px 12px rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.28);\n    }\n\n    .ols-sub-card-status {\n      position: absolute;\n      top: 12px;\n      right: 12px;\n      padding: 4px 10px;\n      border-radius: 999px;\n      font-size: 10px;\n      font-weight: 700;\n      z-index: 3;\n    }\n\n    .ols-sub-card-status--available {\n      background: #eaf3de;\n      color: #3B6D11;\n    }\n\n    .ols-sub-card-body {\n      padding: 18px 18px 22px;\n      flex: 1;\n      display: flex;\n      flex-direction: column;\n      gap: 6px;\n    }\n\n    .ols-sub-card-title {\n      font-size: 14px;\n      font-weight: 700;\n      color: var(--ols-navy);\n      line-height: 1.35;\n      margin: 0;\n    }\n\n    .ols-sub-card-desc {\n      font-size: 12px;\n      font-weight: 300;\n      color: var(--ols-muted);\n      line-height: 1.6;\n      margin: 0;\n    }\n\n    .ols-sub-card-cta {\n      display: inline-flex;\n      align-items: center;\n      gap: 5px;\n      margin-top: 10px;\n      font-size: 12px;\n      font-weight: 700;\n      color: var(--ols-blue);\n    }\n\n    .ols-sub-card-cta svg {\n      width: 14px;\n      height: 14px;\n      transition: transform 0.2s ease;\n    }\n\n    .ols-sub-card--available:hover .ols-sub-card-cta svg {\n      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var(--ols-navy);\n    }\n\n    \/* =========================================================\n       SPECIFICATION SECTION\n    ========================================================= *\/\n    @media (max-width: 1024px) { .ols-sub-cards-grid { grid-template-columns: repeat(2, minmax(0, 1fr)); } }\n    @media (max-width: 640px) { .ols-sub-cards-grid { grid-template-columns: 1fr; gap: 14px; } }\n    .ols-sub-card, .ols-sub-card *, .ols-sub-card:hover, .ols-sub-card:hover * { text-decoration: none !important; }\n    .ols-sub-card--soon { filter: grayscale(1); opacity: 0.62; cursor: not-allowed; }\n    .ols-sub-card-status--soon { background: #6b7280; color: #ffffff; }\n    .ols-sub-cards-grid .ols-sub-visual-main.ols-sub-visual-main { font-size: clamp(19px, 1.9vw, 26px) !important; line-height: 1.08; }\n    .ols-sub-cards-grid .ols-sub-visual-panel { width: min(86%, 270px); padding: 14px; }\n    .ols-sub-card .ols-sub-card-title.ols-sub-card-title { font-size: 14px; font-weight: 700; color: #1C244B; line-height: 1.35; margin: 0; }\n    .ols-sub-card .ols-sub-card-desc.ols-sub-card-desc { font-size: 12px; font-weight: 300; color: #4b5575; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0; }\n    .ols-sub-cards-grid .ols-sub-visual-main.ols-sub-visual-main--long { font-size: clamp(15px, 1.35vw, 19px) !important; line-height: 1.12; letter-spacing: -0.03em; }\n    .ols-sub-cards-grid .ols-sub-visual-main.ols-sub-visual-main--mid { font-size: clamp(17px, 1.6vw, 22px) !important; }\n    .ols-sub-cards-grid .ols-sub-visual-sub { font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.35; }\n<\/style>\n\n  <aside class=\"ols-sidebar\">\n  <div class=\"ols-sidebar-header\">\n    <h3>Revision Notes<\/h3>\n    <p>A Level Chemistry<\/p>\n  <\/div>\n\n  <div class=\"ols-topic-group\">\n    <h4>Topic 8 Redox &amp; Groups 1, 2 and 7<\/h4>\n\n    <ul class=\"ols-topic-list\">\n      <li>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-8-redox-chemistry-and-groups-1-2-and-7\/\">Topic 8 Overview<\/a>\n      <\/li>\n      <li>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-8-redox-chemistry-and-groups-1-2-and-7\/8a-redox-chemistry\/\">Topic 8A Redox Chemistry<\/a>\n        <ul class=\"ols-subtopic-list\">\n          <li>\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-8-redox-chemistry-and-groups-1-2-and-7\/8a-redox-chemistry\/oxidation-numbers\/\">Oxidation Numbers<\/a>\n          <\/li>\n          <li>\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-8-redox-chemistry-and-groups-1-2-and-7\/8a-redox-chemistry\/electron-transfer-and-half-equations\/\">Electron Transfer and Half-Equations<\/a>\n          <\/li>\n          <li>\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-8-redox-chemistry-and-groups-1-2-and-7\/8a-redox-chemistry\/disproportionation\/\">Disproportionation<\/a>\n          <\/li>\n          <li>\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-8-redox-chemistry-and-groups-1-2-and-7\/8a-redox-chemistry\/redox-classification\/\">Redox Classification<\/a>\n          <\/li>\n        <\/ul>\n      <\/li>\n      <li>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-8-redox-chemistry-and-groups-1-2-and-7\/8b-groups-1-and-2\/\">Topic 8B Groups 1 and 2<\/a>\n        <ul class=\"ols-subtopic-list\">\n          <li>\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-8-redox-chemistry-and-groups-1-2-and-7\/8b-groups-1-and-2\/trends-down-groups-1-and-2\/\">Trends Down Groups 1 and 2<\/a>\n          <\/li>\n          <li>\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-8-redox-chemistry-and-groups-1-2-and-7\/8b-groups-1-and-2\/reactions-of-the-group-1-and-2-elements\/\">Reactions of the Group 1 and 2 Elements<\/a>\n          <\/li>\n          <li>\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-8-redox-chemistry-and-groups-1-2-and-7\/8b-groups-1-and-2\/oxides-hydroxides-and-carbonates\/\">Oxides, Hydroxides and Carbonates<\/a>\n          <\/li>\n          <li>\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-8-redox-chemistry-and-groups-1-2-and-7\/8b-groups-1-and-2\/solubility-trends-and-the-sulfate-test\/\">Solubility Trends and the Sulfate Test<\/a>\n          <\/li>\n          <li>\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-8-redox-chemistry-and-groups-1-2-and-7\/8b-groups-1-and-2\/thermal-stability-and-flame-colours\/\">Thermal Stability and Flame Colours<\/a>\n          <\/li>\n          <li>\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-8-redox-chemistry-and-groups-1-2-and-7\/8b-groups-1-and-2\/tests-for-ions\/\">Tests for Ions<\/a>\n          <\/li>\n          <li>\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-8-redox-chemistry-and-groups-1-2-and-7\/8b-groups-1-and-2\/titrations-and-measurement-uncertainty\/\">Titrations and Measurement Uncertainty<\/a>\n          <\/li>\n          <li>\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/core-practicals\/cp-3-concentration-of-hcl-by-titration\/\">Core Practical 3<\/a>\n          <\/li>\n          <li>\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/core-practicals\/cp-4-preparation-of-a-standard-solution\/\">Core Practical 4<\/a>\n          <\/li>\n        <\/ul>\n      <\/li>\n      <li>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-8-redox-chemistry-and-groups-1-2-and-7\/8c-group-7\/\">Topic 8C Group 7<\/a>\n        <ul class=\"ols-subtopic-list\">\n          <li>\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-8-redox-chemistry-and-groups-1-2-and-7\/8c-group-7\/trends-in-the-halogens\/\">Trends in the Halogens<\/a>\n          <\/li>\n          <li>\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-8-redox-chemistry-and-groups-1-2-and-7\/8c-group-7\/halogens-as-oxidising-agents\/\">Halogens as Oxidising Agents<\/a>\n          <\/li>\n          <li>\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-8-redox-chemistry-and-groups-1-2-and-7\/8c-group-7\/disproportionation-reactions-of-chlorine\/\">Disproportionation Reactions of Chlorine<\/a>\n          <\/li>\n          <li>\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-8-redox-chemistry-and-groups-1-2-and-7\/8c-group-7\/halide-ions-reducing-agents-and-tests\/\">Halide Ions: Reducing Agents and Tests<\/a>\n          <\/li>\n        <\/ul>\n      <\/li>\n    <\/ul>\n  <\/div>\n\n  <div class=\"ols-topic-group\">\n    <h4>Other Topics<\/h4>\n\n    <ul class=\"ols-topic-list\">\n      <li>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-6-energetics\/\">Topic 6 Energetics<\/a>\n      <\/li>\n      <li>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-7-intermolecular-forces\/\">Topic 7 Intermolecular Forces<\/a>\n      <\/li>\n      <li>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-2-atomic-structure-and-the-periodic-table\/\">Topic 2 Atomic Structure &amp; The Periodic Table<\/a>\n      <\/li>\n      <li>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/core-practicals\/\">Core Practicals<\/a>\n      <\/li>\n    <\/ul>\n  <\/div>\n<\/aside>\n\n<script>\r\n(function() {\r\n  function normalisePath(path) {\r\n    return String(path || '')\r\n      .split('?')[0]\r\n      .split('#')[0]\r\n      .replace(\/\\\/+$\/, '')\r\n      .toLowerCase();\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  function highlightActive() {\r\n    var sidebar = document.querySelector('.ols-sidebar');\r\n    if (!sidebar) return false;\r\n\r\n    var currentPath = normalisePath(window.location.pathname);\r\n    var links = sidebar.querySelectorAll('a[href]');\r\n    var matched = null;\r\n    var matchedLength = 0;\r\n\r\n    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href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-8-redox-chemistry-and-groups-1-2-and-7\/\">Topic 8 Redox Chemistry and Groups 1, 2 and 7<\/a> \/\n      <span>Topic 8B Groups 1 and 2<\/span>\n    <\/nav>\n\n    <header class=\"ols-title-card\">\n      <h1>Topic 8B Groups 1 and 2<\/h1>\n      <p class=\"ols-page-intro\">Use this landing page to move between the seven Groups 1 and 2 revision pages of Topic 8. Each card links to a focused page with inline checks, worked examples and exam-style FAQs.<\/p>\n\n      <div class=\"ols-badges\">\n        <div class=\"ols-badge\">Exam board: Edexcel International<\/div>\n        <div class=\"ols-badge\">Unit 2: WCH12\/01<\/div>\n        <div class=\"ols-badge\">Topic 8B Groups 1 and 2<\/div>\n      <\/div>\n\n      <div class=\"ols-author\">\n        <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"ols-author-avatar-img\" src=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/Author-Profile.jpeg\" alt=\"Dr. Mohammed Al-Fatah\">\n\n        <div class=\"ols-author-content\">\n          <h2 class=\"ols-author-title\">Written by:<br><span>Dr. Mohammed Al-Fatah<\/span><\/h2>\n          <p class=\"ols-author-description\">Chemistry specialist revision notes for A Level Chemistry.<\/p>\n\n          <a class=\"ols-linkedin-pill\" href=\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/doctormohammedfatah\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\n            <svg class=\"ols-linkedin-icon\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"currentColor\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n              <path d=\"M4.98 3.5C4.98 4.88 3.86 6 2.48 6S0 4.88 0 3.5 1.12 1 2.48 1s2.5 1.12 2.5 2.5zM.5 8h4V24h-4V8zm7 0h3.8v2.2h.1c.5-.9 1.8-2.2 3.9-2.2 4.2 0 5 2.8 5 6.4V24h-4v-7.6c0-1.8 0-4.2-2.6-4.2s-3 2-3 4v7.8h-4V8z\"><\/path>\n            <\/svg>\n            View LinkedIn Profile\n          <\/a>\n        <\/div>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/header>\n\n    <article class=\"ols-note-card soft\">\n      <div class=\"ols-note-title\">\n        <div class=\"ols-note-icon\">1<\/div>\n        <h2>Choose a Groups 1 and 2 Page<\/h2>\n      <\/div>\n\n      <p>The s-block metals are the clearest example of trends down a group. These pages explain the trends in atomic radius, ionisation energy and reactivity, the reactions of the elements and their oxides, hydroxides and carbonates, the solubility and thermal stability patterns, flame colours and the tests for ions, and finish with titration calculations and measurement uncertainty.<\/p>\n\n      <div class=\"ols-key-box\">\n        <p><strong>Key idea:<\/strong> Almost every explanation in this section is about the size and charge of the metal ion: it decides ionisation energy and reactivity, how strongly the cation polarises a carbonate or nitrate ion, and how the solubilities change down the group.<\/p>\n      <\/div>\n\n      <div class=\"ols-sub-cards-grid\">\n        <a class=\"ols-sub-card ols-sub-card--available\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-8-redox-chemistry-and-groups-1-2-and-7\/8b-groups-1-and-2\/trends-down-groups-1-and-2\/\">\n          <div class=\"ols-sub-card-img-wrap\">\n            <div class=\"ols-sub-visual ols-sub-visual--particles\">\n              <div class=\"ols-sub-visual-panel\">\n                <div class=\"ols-sub-visual-kicker\">Down the group<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-sub-particle-diagram\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"ols-sub-particle-dot d1\"><\/span><span class=\"ols-sub-particle-dot d2\"><\/span><span class=\"ols-sub-particle-dot d3\"><\/span><\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-sub-visual-main ols-sub-visual-main--mid\">Group Trends<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-sub-visual-sub\">radius, ionisation energy, reactivity<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-sub-card-num\">1<\/div>\n            <span class=\"ols-sub-card-status ols-sub-card-status--available\">Available<\/span>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-sub-card-body\">\n            <p class=\"ols-sub-card-title\">Trends Down Groups 1 and 2<\/p>\n            <p class=\"ols-sub-card-desc\">The trends down Group 2 and Group 1: atomic radius, ionisation energies, melting points and the increase in reactivity down the group.<\/p>\n            <span class=\"ols-sub-card-cta\">\n              Start revising\n              <svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"><\/path><\/svg>\n            <\/span>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n\n        <a class=\"ols-sub-card ols-sub-card--available\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-8-redox-chemistry-and-groups-1-2-and-7\/8b-groups-1-and-2\/reactions-of-the-group-1-and-2-elements\/\">\n          <div class=\"ols-sub-card-img-wrap\">\n            <div class=\"ols-sub-visual ols-sub-visual--particles\">\n              <div class=\"ols-sub-visual-panel\">\n                <div class=\"ols-sub-visual-kicker\">The elements<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-sub-particle-diagram\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"ols-sub-particle-dot d1\"><\/span><span class=\"ols-sub-particle-dot d2\"><\/span><span class=\"ols-sub-particle-dot d3\"><\/span><\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-sub-visual-main ols-sub-visual-main--mid\">Metal Reactions<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-sub-visual-sub\">oxygen, chlorine, water, acids<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-sub-card-num\">2<\/div>\n            <span class=\"ols-sub-card-status ols-sub-card-status--available\">Available<\/span>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-sub-card-body\">\n            <p class=\"ols-sub-card-title\">Reactions of the Group 1 and 2 Elements<\/p>\n            <p class=\"ols-sub-card-desc\">The reactions of the Group 2 and Group 1 elements with oxygen, chlorine, water, steam and dilute acids, with equations, observations and redox analysis.<\/p>\n            <span class=\"ols-sub-card-cta\">\n              Start revising\n              <svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"><\/path><\/svg>\n            <\/span>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n\n        <a class=\"ols-sub-card ols-sub-card--available\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-8-redox-chemistry-and-groups-1-2-and-7\/8b-groups-1-and-2\/oxides-hydroxides-and-carbonates\/\">\n          <div class=\"ols-sub-card-img-wrap\">\n            <div class=\"ols-sub-visual ols-sub-visual--particles\">\n              <div class=\"ols-sub-visual-panel\">\n                <div class=\"ols-sub-visual-kicker\">Bases<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-sub-particle-diagram\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"ols-sub-particle-dot d1\"><\/span><span class=\"ols-sub-particle-dot d2\"><\/span><span class=\"ols-sub-particle-dot d3\"><\/span><\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-sub-visual-main ols-sub-visual-main--mid\">Oxides and Hydroxides<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-sub-visual-sub\">water, acids, pH, uses<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-sub-card-num\">3<\/div>\n            <span class=\"ols-sub-card-status ols-sub-card-status--available\">Available<\/span>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-sub-card-body\">\n            <p class=\"ols-sub-card-title\">Oxides, Hydroxides and Carbonates<\/p>\n            <p class=\"ols-sub-card-desc\">Group 2 oxides, hydroxides and carbonates: reactions with water and acids, pH trend, and uses of Ca(OH)\u2082, Mg(OH)\u2082 and CaCO\u2083.<\/p>\n            <span class=\"ols-sub-card-cta\">\n              Start revising\n              <svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"><\/path><\/svg>\n            <\/span>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n\n        <a class=\"ols-sub-card ols-sub-card--available\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-8-redox-chemistry-and-groups-1-2-and-7\/8b-groups-1-and-2\/solubility-trends-and-the-sulfate-test\/\">\n          <div class=\"ols-sub-card-img-wrap\">\n            <div class=\"ols-sub-visual ols-sub-visual--particles\">\n              <div class=\"ols-sub-visual-panel\">\n                <div class=\"ols-sub-visual-kicker\">Opposite trends<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-sub-particle-diagram\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"ols-sub-particle-dot d1\"><\/span><span class=\"ols-sub-particle-dot d2\"><\/span><span class=\"ols-sub-particle-dot d3\"><\/span><\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-sub-visual-main ols-sub-visual-main--mid\">Solubility Trends<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-sub-visual-sub\">hydroxides up, sulfates down<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-sub-card-num\">4<\/div>\n            <span class=\"ols-sub-card-status ols-sub-card-status--available\">Available<\/span>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-sub-card-body\">\n            <p class=\"ols-sub-card-title\">Solubility Trends and the Sulfate Test<\/p>\n            <p class=\"ols-sub-card-desc\">Group 2 solubility trends: hydroxides and sulfates, Mg(OH)\u2082 and BaSO\u2084, the acidified barium chloride test for sulfate ions and barium meals.<\/p>\n            <span class=\"ols-sub-card-cta\">\n              Start revising\n              <svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"><\/path><\/svg>\n            <\/span>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n\n        <a class=\"ols-sub-card ols-sub-card--available\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-8-redox-chemistry-and-groups-1-2-and-7\/8b-groups-1-and-2\/thermal-stability-and-flame-colours\/\">\n          <div class=\"ols-sub-card-img-wrap\">\n            <div class=\"ols-sub-visual ols-sub-visual--particles\">\n              <div class=\"ols-sub-visual-panel\">\n                <div class=\"ols-sub-visual-kicker\">Heat and light<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-sub-particle-diagram\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"ols-sub-particle-dot d1\"><\/span><span class=\"ols-sub-particle-dot d2\"><\/span><span class=\"ols-sub-particle-dot d3\"><\/span><\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-sub-visual-main ols-sub-visual-main--mid\">Thermal Stability<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-sub-visual-sub\">polarisation and flame colours<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-sub-card-num\">5<\/div>\n            <span class=\"ols-sub-card-status ols-sub-card-status--available\">Available<\/span>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-sub-card-body\">\n            <p class=\"ols-sub-card-title\">Thermal Stability and Flame Colours<\/p>\n            <p class=\"ols-sub-card-desc\">Thermal stability of Group 1 and 2 nitrates and carbonates, polarisation by the cation, the experiments, and flame colours explained by electron transitions.<\/p>\n            <span class=\"ols-sub-card-cta\">\n              Start revising\n              <svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"><\/path><\/svg>\n            <\/span>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n\n        <a class=\"ols-sub-card ols-sub-card--available\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-8-redox-chemistry-and-groups-1-2-and-7\/8b-groups-1-and-2\/tests-for-ions\/\">\n          <div class=\"ols-sub-card-img-wrap\">\n            <div class=\"ols-sub-visual ols-sub-visual--particles\">\n              <div class=\"ols-sub-visual-panel\">\n                <div class=\"ols-sub-visual-kicker\">Qualitative analysis<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-sub-particle-diagram\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"ols-sub-particle-dot d1\"><\/span><span class=\"ols-sub-particle-dot d2\"><\/span><span class=\"ols-sub-particle-dot d3\"><\/span><\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-sub-visual-main ols-sub-visual-main--mid\">Tests for Ions<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-sub-visual-sub\">CO\u2083\u00b2\u207b, SO\u2084\u00b2\u207b, halides, NH\u2084\u207a<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-sub-card-num\">6<\/div>\n            <span class=\"ols-sub-card-status ols-sub-card-status--available\">Available<\/span>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-sub-card-body\">\n            <p class=\"ols-sub-card-title\">Tests for Ions<\/p>\n            <p class=\"ols-sub-card-desc\">Tests for carbonate, hydrogencarbonate, sulfate, halide and ammonium ions, with ionic equations and the order of tests on an unknown.<\/p>\n            <span class=\"ols-sub-card-cta\">\n              Start revising\n              <svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"><\/path><\/svg>\n            <\/span>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n\n        <a class=\"ols-sub-card ols-sub-card--available\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-8-redox-chemistry-and-groups-1-2-and-7\/8b-groups-1-and-2\/titrations-and-measurement-uncertainty\/\">\n          <div class=\"ols-sub-card-img-wrap\">\n            <div class=\"ols-sub-visual ols-sub-visual--particles\">\n              <div class=\"ols-sub-visual-panel\">\n                <div class=\"ols-sub-visual-kicker\">Volumetric analysis<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-sub-particle-diagram\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"ols-sub-particle-dot d1\"><\/span><span class=\"ols-sub-particle-dot d2\"><\/span><span class=\"ols-sub-particle-dot d3\"><\/span><\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-sub-visual-main ols-sub-visual-main--mid\">Titrations and Uncertainty<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-sub-visual-sub\">concordant titres, \u00b1 values<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-sub-card-num\">7<\/div>\n            <span class=\"ols-sub-card-status ols-sub-card-status--available\">Available<\/span>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-sub-card-body\">\n            <p class=\"ols-sub-card-title\">Titrations and Measurement Uncertainty<\/p>\n            <p class=\"ols-sub-card-desc\">Titration calculations, concordant titres, concentrations in mol dm\u207b\u00b3 and g dm\u207b\u00b3, and estimating and minimising measurement uncertainty.<\/p>\n            <span class=\"ols-sub-card-cta\">\n              Start revising\n              <svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"><\/path><\/svg>\n            <\/span>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/article>\n\n    <article class=\"ols-note-card purple\">\n      <div class=\"ols-note-title\">\n        <div class=\"ols-note-icon\">\u2713<\/div>\n        <h2>How to Use These Pages<\/h2>\n      <\/div>\n\n      <p>Work through the trends first so that the reasoning is secure, then the reactions of the elements and their compounds. The solubility, thermal stability and tests pages are where the observations live; learn them with the equations that explain them.<\/p>\n\n      <div class=\"ols-key-box\">\n        <p><strong>Exam focus:<\/strong> Give observations as well as equations: fizzing, a white precipitate, a cloudy suspension, a brown gas or a coloured flame are marks in their own right.<\/p>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/article>\n\n    <section class=\"ols-related-card\">\n      <h2>Related Topic 8 Pages<\/h2>\n      <p>Use these pages to connect groups 1 and 2 with the other parts of Topic 8 and with the core practicals.<\/p>\n\n      <div class=\"ols-related-grid\">\n        <a class=\"ols-related-item\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-8-redox-chemistry-and-groups-1-2-and-7\/8a-redox-chemistry\/\">Topic 8A Redox Chemistry<\/a>\n        <a class=\"ols-related-item\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-8-redox-chemistry-and-groups-1-2-and-7\/8c-group-7\/\">Topic 8C Group 7<\/a>\n        <a class=\"ols-related-item\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-8-redox-chemistry-and-groups-1-2-and-7\/\">Topic 8 Overview<\/a>\n        <a class=\"ols-related-item\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/core-practicals\/cp-3-concentration-of-hcl-by-titration\/\">CP 3 Concentration of HCl by Titration<\/a>\n        <a class=\"ols-related-item\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/core-practicals\/cp-4-preparation-of-a-standard-solution\/\">CP 4 Preparation of a Standard Solution<\/a>\n        <a class=\"ols-related-item\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/core-practicals\/cp-8-analysis-of-inorganic-and-organic-unknowns\/\">CP 8 Analysis of Inorganic and Organic Unknowns<\/a>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/section>\n\n    <section class=\"ols-attribution-card\">\n      <p><strong>Copyright notice:<\/strong> This revision page, including its written explanations, layout and teaching sequence, is produced for Online Learning System by Dr. Mohammed Al-Fatah. It is intended for student revision and may not be copied, redistributed or republished without permission.<\/p>\n    <\/section>\n\n    <script type=\"application\/ld+json\">\n{\n  \"@context\": \"https:\/\/schema.org\",\n  \"@graph\": [\n    {\n      \"@type\": \"WebPage\",\n      \"@id\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-8-redox-chemistry-and-groups-1-2-and-7\/8b-groups-1-and-2\/#webpage\",\n      \"url\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-8-redox-chemistry-and-groups-1-2-and-7\/8b-groups-1-and-2\/\",\n      \"name\": \"Topic 8B Groups 1 and 2 | Edexcel International A Level Chemistry\",\n      \"description\": \"Edexcel International A Level Chemistry Topic 8B Groups 1 and 2 landing page: trends down groups 1 and 2, reactions of the group 1 and 2 elements, oxides, hydroxides and carbonates, solubility trends and the sulfate test, 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