{"id":10477,"date":"2026-09-26T11:30:29","date_gmt":"2026-09-26T10:30:29","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-8-redox-chemistry-and-groups-1-2-and-7\/8b-groups-1-and-2\/trends-down-groups-1-and-2\/"},"modified":"2026-10-04T23:02:38","modified_gmt":"2026-10-04T22:02:38","slug":"trends-down-groups-1-and-2","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-8-redox-chemistry-and-groups-1-2-and-7\/8b-groups-1-and-2\/trends-down-groups-1-and-2\/","title":{"rendered":"Trends Down Groups 1 and 2"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<section class=\"ols-revision-page ols-redox-groups-page\">\n  <style>\n    .ols-revision-page {\n      --navy: #1C244B;\n      --blue: #2563eb;\n      --soft-blue: #eef4ff;\n      --soft-red: #fff7f7;\n      --soft-purple: #f7f0ff;\n      --soft-green: #f0f7f1;\n      --gold: #c9973a;\n      --grey-text: #667085;\n      --body-text: #1f2937;\n      --border: rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.14);\n      --shadow: 0 18px 45px rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.10);\n      --inner-shadow: 0 10px 26px rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.08);\n      font-family: Poppins, Arial, sans-serif;\n      color: var(--navy);\n      background: #ffffff;\n    }\n    .ols-revision-page * { box-sizing: border-box; }\n\n    .ols-breadcrumbs { display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; gap: 8px; margin: 10px 0 22px; font-size: 15px; color: var(--grey-text); }\n    .ols-breadcrumbs a, .ols-breadcrumbs span { color: var(--grey-text); text-decoration: none; font-weight: 600; }\n    .ols-breadcrumbs a { transition: color 0.2s ease, text-decoration-color 0.2s ease; }\n    .ols-breadcrumbs a:hover { color: var(--blue); text-decoration: underline; text-underline-offset: 3px; }\n    .ols-title-card, .ols-note-card, .ols-h5p-card, .ols-related-card { background: #ffffff; border: 1px solid var(--border); border-radius: 28px; box-shadow: var(--shadow); padding: 34px; margin-bottom: 24px; overflow: hidden; }\n    .ols-title-card { background: linear-gradient(135deg, #ffffff 0%, #f8fbff 100%); }\n    .ols-title-card h1 { margin: 0 0 18px; font-size: clamp(36px, 5vw, 58px); line-height: 1.08; font-weight: 800; letter-spacing: -0.04em; color: #111827; }\n    .ols-page-intro { font-size: 19px; line-height: 1.7; font-weight: 300; color: var(--body-text); margin: 0 0 22px; }\n    .ols-badges { display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; gap: 12px; margin-bottom: 22px; }\n    .ols-badge { display: inline-flex; align-items: center; padding: 9px 14px; border-radius: 999px; background: #ffffff; border: 1px solid var(--border); font-size: 15px; font-weight: 600; color: var(--navy); }\n    .ols-note-card.soft { background: linear-gradient(135deg, #ffffff 0%, var(--soft-red) 100%); }\n    .ols-note-card.purple { background: linear-gradient(135deg, #ffffff 0%, var(--soft-purple) 100%); }\n    .ols-note-title { display: flex; align-items: center; gap: 14px; margin-bottom: 20px; }\n    .ols-note-icon { width: 52px; height: 52px; border-radius: 16px; background: var(--navy); color: #ffffff; display: grid; place-items: center; font-size: 24px; font-weight: 800; flex-shrink: 0; }\n    .ols-note-title h2, .ols-h5p-card h2, .ols-related-card h2 { margin: 0; font-size: clamp(28px, 3.5vw, 42px); line-height: 1.15; font-weight: 800; color: #111827; letter-spacing: -0.03em; }\n    .ols-note-card p, .ols-note-card li, .ols-h5p-card p, .ols-related-card p { font-size: clamp(15px, 1.25vw, 17px); line-height: 1.65; font-weight: 300; color: var(--body-text); }\n    .ols-note-card strong, .ols-h5p-card strong, .ols-related-card strong, .ols-faq-card strong { font-weight: 750; color: var(--navy); }\n    .ols-note-card ul { margin: 0; padding-left: 22px; }\n    .ols-key-box { margin-top: 20px; background: var(--soft-green); border: 1px solid rgba(63, 143, 70, 0.25); border-radius: 20px; padding: 18px 20px; }\n    .ols-key-box p { margin: 0; font-weight: 400; color: var(--navy); }\n    .ols-figure-card { margin: 26px 0 4px; border: 1px solid var(--border); border-radius: 26px; overflow: hidden; background: #ffffff; box-shadow: var(--inner-shadow); }\n    .ols-figure-image { width: 100%; min-height: 390px; background-color: #ffffff; background-image: var(--ols-image); background-repeat: no-repeat; background-position: center; background-size: contain; border-bottom: 1px solid var(--border); }\n    .ols-figure-caption { padding: 22px 26px 24px; background: linear-gradient(135deg, #ffffff, #f8fbff); }\n    .ols-figure-caption h3 { margin: 0 0 8px; color: var(--navy); font-size: clamp(21px, 2vw, 30px); line-height: 1.25; font-weight: 800; font-style: italic; }\n    .ols-figure-caption p { margin: 0; color: #5f6b85; font-size: clamp(16px, 1.4vw, 19px); line-height: 1.65; font-weight: 300; font-style: italic; }\n    .ols-table-wrap { overflow-x: auto; border-radius: 22px; border: 1px solid var(--border); background: #ffffff; margin-top: 18px; }\n    .ols-table { width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; min-width: 680px; }\n    .ols-table th { background: var(--navy); color: #ffffff; padding: 14px 16px; text-align: left; font-size: 15px; font-weight: 700; }\n    .ols-table td { padding: 14px 16px; border-bottom: 1px solid var(--border); font-size: 15px; color: var(--body-text); vertical-align: top; }\n    .ols-table tr:last-child td { border-bottom: none; }\n    .ols-definition-box { background: linear-gradient(135deg, #ffffff, var(--soft-purple)); border: 2px dashed rgba(122, 62, 157, 0.35); border-radius: 24px; padding: 26px; margin-top: 22px; display: grid; grid-template-columns: 1fr; gap: 16px; align-items: center; }\n    .ols-definition-circle { width: 105px; height: 105px; border-radius: 50%; background: linear-gradient(135deg, #9b59b6, #6f3d96); color: white; display: grid; place-items: center; font-size: 28px; font-weight: 800; text-align: center; margin: 0 auto; }\n    .ols-h5p-card { background: linear-gradient(135deg, #ffffff 0%, #f7f0ff 100%); }\n    .ols-h5p-frame { margin-top: 22px; padding: 18px; border-radius: 24px; background: #ffffff; border: 1px solid var(--border); box-shadow: inset 0 0 0 1px rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.03); }\n    .ols-infographic-full { width: 100%; margin: 6px 0 30px; }\n    .ols-infographic-full-frame { width: 100%; border-radius: 22px; overflow: hidden; box-shadow: 0 18px 42px rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.13); background: #ffffff; }\n    .ols-infographic-full-frame img { width: 100%; height: auto; display: block; }\n    .ols-related-grid { display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(3, minmax(0, 1fr)); gap: 16px; margin-top: 18px; }\n    .ols-related-item { border: 1px solid var(--border); border-radius: 18px; padding: 18px; background: #ffffff; color: var(--navy); text-decoration: none; font-weight: 600; line-height: 1.5; transition: transform 0.2s ease, box-shadow 0.2s ease; }\n    .ols-related-item:hover { transform: translateY(-2px); box-shadow: 0 10px 22px rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.08); }\n    .ols-unlock { background: linear-gradient(135deg, var(--navy), #0f4fa8); border-radius: 30px; padding: 36px; color: #ffffff; box-shadow: var(--shadow); text-align: center; margin: 30px 0 24px; }\n    .ols-unlock h2 { margin: 0 0 12px; font-size: clamp(30px, 4vw, 46px); line-height: 1.15; font-weight: 800; color: #ffffff; text-align: center; }\n    .ols-unlock p { margin: 0 auto 24px; max-width: 700px; font-size: 20px; line-height: 1.6; font-weight: 300; text-align: center; color: #ffffff; }\n    .ols-cta-button { display: inline-flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center; padding: 14px 26px; border-radius: 999px; background: #ffffff; color: var(--navy); text-decoration: none; font-weight: 700; }\n\n    @media (max-width: 1050px) {\n      .ols-main { max-width: none; }\n      .ols-related-grid { grid-template-columns: repeat(2, minmax(0, 1fr)); }\n    }\n\n    @media (max-width: 760px) {\n      .ols-title-card, .ols-note-card, .ols-h5p-card, .ols-related-card, .ols-unlock { padding: 24px 18px; border-radius: 22px; }\n      .ols-note-title { align-items: flex-start; }\n      .ols-figure-card { border-radius: 22px; }\n      .ols-figure-image { min-height: 250px; }\n      .ols-figure-caption { padding: 18px; }\n      .ols-topic-list, .ols-related-grid { grid-template-columns: 1fr; }\n      .ols-infographic-full { margin: 0 0 26px; }\n      .ols-infographic-full-frame { border-radius: 18px; }\n    }\n    .ols-author {\n      display: flex;\n      align-items: center;\n      gap: 20px;\n      padding: 28px;\n      border-radius: 28px;\n      background: linear-gradient(135deg, #ffffff 0%, #f8fbff 100%);\n      border: 1px solid rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.12);\n      box-shadow: 0 18px 45px rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.10);\n      margin-top: 22px;\n    }\n    .ols-author-avatar-img {\n      width: 92px;\n      height: 92px;\n      border-radius: 50%;\n      object-fit: cover;\n      object-position: center;\n      flex-shrink: 0;\n      border: 4px solid #ffffff;\n      box-shadow: 0 14px 32px rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.18), 0 0 0 1px rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.10);\n      transition: transform 0.25s ease, box-shadow 0.25s ease;\n    }\n    .ols-author:hover .ols-author-avatar-img {\n      transform: scale(1.04);\n      box-shadow: 0 20px 42px rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.22), 0 0 0 1px rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.10);\n    }\n    .ols-author-content { min-width: 0; }\n    .ols-author-title {\n      margin: 0 0 4px;\n      font-size: clamp(24px, 3vw, 34px);\n      line-height: 1.15;\n      font-weight: 700;\n      color: var(--navy);\n      letter-spacing: -0.03em;\n    }\n    .ols-author-description {\n      margin: 0;\n      font-size: 17px;\n      line-height: 1.7;\n      font-weight: 300;\n      color: var(--grey-text);\n    }\n    .ols-linkedin-pill {\n      display: inline-flex;\n      align-items: center;\n      justify-content: center;\n      gap: 10px;\n      margin-top: 16px;\n      padding: 11px 18px;\n      border-radius: 999px;\n      background: linear-gradient(135deg, #0A66C2, #004182);\n      color: #ffffff;\n      text-decoration: none;\n      font-size: 14px;\n      line-height: 1;\n      font-weight: 700;\n      letter-spacing: 0.01em;\n      box-shadow: 0 10px 22px rgba(10, 102, 194, 0.24);\n      position: relative;\n      overflow: hidden;\n      transition: transform 0.22s ease, box-shadow 0.22s ease;\n    }\n    .ols-linkedin-pill:hover {\n      transform: translateY(-3px) scale(1.03);\n      box-shadow: 0 16px 34px rgba(10, 102, 194, 0.34), 0 0 0 6px rgba(10, 102, 194, 0.10);\n    }\n    .ols-linkedin-icon { width: 18px; height: 18px; display: block; flex-shrink: 0; }\n    .ols-attribution-card {\n      background: linear-gradient(135deg, #ffffff, #f8fbff);\n      border: 1px solid rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.14);\n      border-radius: 28px;\n      box-shadow: 0 18px 45px rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.10);\n      padding: 34px;\n      margin-bottom: 24px;\n      overflow: hidden;\n      box-sizing: border-box;\n    }\n    .ols-attribution-card p {\n      margin: 0;\n      font-size: 14px;\n      line-height: 1.65;\n      font-weight: 300;\n      color: #667085;\n    }\n    .ols-attribution-card strong { font-weight: 700; color: #1C244B; }\n      .ols-note-card h3 { margin: 22px 0 8px; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.25; font-weight: 500; color: var(--navy); }\n  \n    .ols-figure-placeholder .ols-placeholder-box { border: 2px dashed #c9973a; background: #fffaf0; border-radius: 16px; padding: 26px 22px; font-weight: 700; color: #7a4b12; text-align: center; line-height: 1.6; }\n    .ols-figure-placeholder .ols-figure-image { background: transparent; }\n    .ols-figure-placeholder { background: #ffffff; border: 1px solid rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.12); border-radius: 22px; padding: 14px; margin: 18px 0 6px; }\n    .ols-figure-placeholder .ols-figure-caption p { margin: 10px 0 0; font-size: 14px; color: #667085; text-align: center; }\n\n    \/* inline checks (H5P re-flow, Sep 2026) *\/\n    .ols-h5p-card.ols-h5p-inline { padding: 26px 28px; border-left: 6px solid #7c3aed; }\n    .ols-h5p-card.ols-h5p-inline h2 { font-size: clamp(20px, 2.2vw, 27px); letter-spacing: -0.02em; }\n    .ols-h5p-card.ols-h5p-inline > p { margin: 8px 0 0; }\n    .ols-h5p-card.ols-h5p-inline .ols-h5p-frame { margin-top: 16px; padding: 14px; border-radius: 20px; }\n    .ols-h5p-kicker { display: inline-block; margin-bottom: 10px; padding: 5px 12px; border-radius: 999px; background: #ede9fe; color: #5b21b6; font-size: 12px; font-weight: 700; letter-spacing: 0.06em; text-transform: uppercase; }\n    .ols-h5p-card.ols-h5p-recap { border-left-color: #c9973a; background: linear-gradient(135deg, #ffffff 0%, #fff8e8 100%); }\n    .ols-h5p-recap .ols-h5p-kicker { background: #fdf0d2; color: #8a5a00; }\n    @media (max-width: 760px) { .ols-h5p-card.ols-h5p-inline { padding: 20px 16px; } }\n\n.ols-faq-card,\n    .ols-quicksnap-card {\n      background: #ffffff;\n      border: 1px solid var(--border);\n      border-radius: 28px;\n      box-shadow: var(--shadow);\n      padding: 34px;\n      margin-bottom: 24px;\n      overflow: hidden;\n    }\n.ols-faq-card h2,\n    .ols-quicksnap-card h2,\n    .ols-infographic-title {\n      margin: 0;\n      font-size: clamp(28px, 3.5vw, 42px);\n      line-height: 1.15;\n      font-weight: 800;\n      color: #111827;\n      letter-spacing: -0.03em;\n    }\n.ols-faq-card h2,\n    .ols-quicksnap-card h2 {\n      margin-bottom: 14px;\n    }\n.ols-faq-card p,\n    .ols-quicksnap-card p {\n      font-size: clamp(15px, 1.25vw, 17px);\n      line-height: 1.65;\n      font-weight: 300;\n      color: var(--body-text);\n    }\n.ols-faq-card strong,\n    .ols-quicksnap-card strong {\n      font-weight: 700;\n      color: var(--navy);\n    }\n.ols-faq-list {\n      display: grid;\n      gap: 14px;\n      margin-top: 18px;\n    }\n.ols-faq-item {\n      background: #ffffff;\n      border: 1px solid var(--border);\n      border-radius: 18px;\n      padding: 18px 20px;\n      box-shadow: var(--inner-shadow);\n    }\n.ols-faq-item h3 {\n      margin: 0 0 8px;\n      font-size: 20px;\n      line-height: 1.3;\n      color: var(--navy);\n    }\n.ols-faq-item p {\n      margin: 0;\n      font-size: 16px;\n      line-height: 1.65;\n      color: var(--body-text);\n    }\n.ols-faq-card,\n      .ols-quicksnap-card,\n      .ols-attribution-card {\n        padding: 24px 18px;\n        border-radius: 22px;\n      }\n  <\/style>\n\n    <aside class=\"ols-sidebar\">\n  <div class=\"ols-sidebar-header\">\n    <h3>Revision Notes<\/h3>\n    <p>A Level Chemistry<\/p>\n  <\/div>\n\n  <div class=\"ols-topic-group\">\n    <h4>Topic 8 Redox &amp; Groups 1, 2 and 7<\/h4>\n\n    <ul class=\"ols-topic-list\">\n      <li>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-8-redox-chemistry-and-groups-1-2-and-7\/\">Topic 8 Overview<\/a>\n      <\/li>\n      <li>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-8-redox-chemistry-and-groups-1-2-and-7\/8a-redox-chemistry\/\">Topic 8A Redox Chemistry<\/a>\n        <ul class=\"ols-subtopic-list\">\n          <li>\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-8-redox-chemistry-and-groups-1-2-and-7\/8a-redox-chemistry\/oxidation-numbers\/\">Oxidation Numbers<\/a>\n          <\/li>\n          <li>\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-8-redox-chemistry-and-groups-1-2-and-7\/8a-redox-chemistry\/electron-transfer-and-half-equations\/\">Electron Transfer and Half-Equations<\/a>\n          <\/li>\n          <li>\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-8-redox-chemistry-and-groups-1-2-and-7\/8a-redox-chemistry\/disproportionation\/\">Disproportionation<\/a>\n          <\/li>\n          <li>\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-8-redox-chemistry-and-groups-1-2-and-7\/8a-redox-chemistry\/redox-classification\/\">Redox Classification<\/a>\n          <\/li>\n        <\/ul>\n      <\/li>\n      <li>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-8-redox-chemistry-and-groups-1-2-and-7\/8b-groups-1-and-2\/\">Topic 8B Groups 1 and 2<\/a>\n        <ul class=\"ols-subtopic-list\">\n          <li>\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-8-redox-chemistry-and-groups-1-2-and-7\/8b-groups-1-and-2\/trends-down-groups-1-and-2\/\">Trends Down Groups 1 and 2<\/a>\n          <\/li>\n          <li>\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-8-redox-chemistry-and-groups-1-2-and-7\/8b-groups-1-and-2\/reactions-of-the-group-1-and-2-elements\/\">Reactions of the Group 1 and 2 Elements<\/a>\n          <\/li>\n          <li>\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-8-redox-chemistry-and-groups-1-2-and-7\/8b-groups-1-and-2\/oxides-hydroxides-and-carbonates\/\">Oxides, Hydroxides and Carbonates<\/a>\n          <\/li>\n          <li>\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-8-redox-chemistry-and-groups-1-2-and-7\/8b-groups-1-and-2\/solubility-trends-and-the-sulfate-test\/\">Solubility Trends and the Sulfate Test<\/a>\n          <\/li>\n          <li>\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-8-redox-chemistry-and-groups-1-2-and-7\/8b-groups-1-and-2\/thermal-stability-and-flame-colours\/\">Thermal Stability and Flame Colours<\/a>\n          <\/li>\n          <li>\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-8-redox-chemistry-and-groups-1-2-and-7\/8b-groups-1-and-2\/tests-for-ions\/\">Tests for Ions<\/a>\n          <\/li>\n          <li>\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-8-redox-chemistry-and-groups-1-2-and-7\/8b-groups-1-and-2\/titrations-and-measurement-uncertainty\/\">Titrations and Measurement Uncertainty<\/a>\n          <\/li>\n          <li>\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/core-practicals\/cp-3-concentration-of-hcl-by-titration\/\">Core Practical 3<\/a>\n          <\/li>\n          <li>\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/core-practicals\/cp-4-preparation-of-a-standard-solution\/\">Core Practical 4<\/a>\n          <\/li>\n        <\/ul>\n      <\/li>\n      <li>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-8-redox-chemistry-and-groups-1-2-and-7\/8c-group-7\/\">Topic 8C Group 7<\/a>\n        <ul class=\"ols-subtopic-list\">\n          <li>\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-8-redox-chemistry-and-groups-1-2-and-7\/8c-group-7\/trends-in-the-halogens\/\">Trends in the Halogens<\/a>\n          <\/li>\n          <li>\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-8-redox-chemistry-and-groups-1-2-and-7\/8c-group-7\/halogens-as-oxidising-agents\/\">Halogens as Oxidising Agents<\/a>\n          <\/li>\n          <li>\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-8-redox-chemistry-and-groups-1-2-and-7\/8c-group-7\/disproportionation-reactions-of-chlorine\/\">Disproportionation Reactions of Chlorine<\/a>\n          <\/li>\n          <li>\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-8-redox-chemistry-and-groups-1-2-and-7\/8c-group-7\/halide-ions-reducing-agents-and-tests\/\">Halide Ions: Reducing Agents and Tests<\/a>\n          <\/li>\n        <\/ul>\n      <\/li>\n    <\/ul>\n  <\/div>\n\n  <div class=\"ols-topic-group\">\n    <h4>Other Topics<\/h4>\n\n    <ul class=\"ols-topic-list\">\n      <li>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-6-energetics\/\">Topic 6 Energetics<\/a>\n      <\/li>\n      <li>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-7-intermolecular-forces\/\">Topic 7 Intermolecular Forces<\/a>\n      <\/li>\n      <li>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-2-atomic-structure-and-the-periodic-table\/\">Topic 2 Atomic Structure &amp; The Periodic Table<\/a>\n      <\/li>\n      <li>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/core-practicals\/\">Core Practicals<\/a>\n      <\/li>\n    <\/ul>\n  <\/div>\n<\/aside>\n\n<script>\r\n(function() {\r\n  function normalisePath(path) {\r\n    return String(path || '')\r\n      .split('?')[0]\r\n      .split('#')[0]\r\n      .replace(\/\\\/+$\/, '')\r\n      .toLowerCase();\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  function highlightActive() {\r\n    var sidebar = document.querySelector('.ols-sidebar');\r\n    if (!sidebar) return false;\r\n\r\n    var currentPath = normalisePath(window.location.pathname);\r\n    var links = sidebar.querySelectorAll('a[href]');\r\n    var matched = null;\r\n    var matchedLength = 0;\r\n\r\n    sidebar.querySelectorAll('.active, .active-main, .parent-active').forEach(function(item) {\r\n      item.classList.remove('active', 'active-main', 'parent-active');\r\n    });\r\n\r\n    sidebar.querySelectorAll('a[data-ols-disabled-parent=\"1\"], a[aria-current]').forEach(function(a) {\r\n      a.removeAttribute('aria-current');\r\n      a.removeAttribute('tabindex');\r\n      a.removeAttribute('data-ols-disabled-parent');\r\n    });\r\n\r\n    links.forEach(function(a) {\r\n      try {\r\n        var href = a.getAttribute('href');\r\n\r\n        if (!href || href === '#' || href.charAt(0) === '#') {\r\n          return;\r\n        }\r\n\r\n        var linkPath = normalisePath(new URL(href, window.location.origin).pathname);\r\n\r\n        if (!linkPath) {\r\n          return;\r\n        }\r\n\r\n        if (currentPath === linkPath || currentPath.indexOf(linkPath + '\/') === 0) {\r\n          if (linkPath.length > matchedLength) {\r\n            matched = a;\r\n            matchedLength = linkPath.length;\r\n          }\r\n        }\r\n      } catch(e) {}\r\n    });\r\n\r\n    if (matched) {\r\n      var matchedLi = matched.closest('li');\r\n      var parentSub = matched.closest('.ols-subtopic-list');\r\n\r\n      if (parentSub) {\r\n        if (matchedLi) {\r\n          matchedLi.classList.add('active');\r\n          matched.setAttribute('aria-current', 'page');\r\n        }\r\n\r\n        var parentLi = parentSub.closest('li');\r\n\r\n        if (parentLi) {\r\n          parentLi.classList.add('parent-active', 'active-main');\r\n\r\n          var parentLink = parentLi.querySelector(':scope > a');\r\n\r\n          if (parentLink) {\r\n            parentLink.setAttribute('aria-current', 'true');\r\n            parentLink.setAttribute('tabindex', '-1');\r\n            parentLink.setAttribute('data-ols-disabled-parent', '1');\r\n          }\r\n        }\r\n      } else {\r\n        if (matchedLi) {\r\n          matchedLi.classList.add('parent-active', 'active-main');\r\n          matched.setAttribute('aria-current', 'page');\r\n          matched.setAttribute('tabindex', '-1');\r\n          matched.setAttribute('data-ols-disabled-parent', '1');\r\n        }\r\n      }\r\n    }\r\n\r\n    return true;\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  if (!highlightActive()) {\r\n    document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', highlightActive);\r\n  }\r\n})();\r\n<\/script>\r\n\n\n    <main class=\"ols-main\">\n\n      <!-- BREADCRUMBS - updated with full path and correct links -->\n      <nav class=\"ols-breadcrumbs\" aria-label=\"Breadcrumb\">\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/\">Revision Notes<\/a> \/\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/\">A Level Chemistry<\/a> \/\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/\">Edexcel International<\/a> \/\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-8-redox-chemistry-and-groups-1-2-and-7\/\">Topic 8 Redox Chemistry and Groups 1, 2 and 7<\/a> \/\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-8-redox-chemistry-and-groups-1-2-and-7\/8b-groups-1-and-2\/\">Topic 8B Groups 1 and 2<\/a> \/\n<span>Trends Down Groups 1 and 2<\/span>\n<\/nav>\n\n      <header class=\"ols-title-card\">\n        <h1>Trends Down Groups 1 and 2<\/h1>\n        <p class=\"ols-page-intro\">A concise revision guide to the trends down Groups 1 and 2: electron configurations, atomic radius, first and second ionisation energies and melting points, and why reactivity increases down each group.<\/p>\n        <div class=\"ols-badges\">\n<div class=\"ols-badge\">Exam board: Edexcel International<\/div>\n<div class=\"ols-badge\">Unit 2: WCH12\/01<\/div>\n<div class=\"ols-badge\">Topic 8B Groups 1 and 2<\/div>\n<\/div>\n        <div class=\"ols-author\">\n\n    <img decoding=\"async\"\n      class=\"ols-author-avatar-img\"\n      src=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/Author-Profile.jpeg\"\n      alt=\"Dr. Mohammed Al-Fatah\"\n    >\n\n    <div class=\"ols-author-content\">\n\n      <h2 class=\"ols-author-title\">\n        Written by: Dr. Mohammed Al-Fatah\n      <\/h2>\n\n      <p class=\"ols-author-description\">\n        Chemistry specialist revision notes for A Level Chemistry.\n      <\/p>\n\n      <a class=\"ols-linkedin-pill\" href=\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/doctormohammedfatah\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\n        <svg class=\"ols-linkedin-icon\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"currentColor\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n          <path d=\"M4.98 3.5C4.98 4.88 3.86 6 2.48 6S0 4.88 0 3.5 1.12 1 2.48 1s2.5 1.12 2.5 2.5zM.5 8h4V24h-4V8zm7 0h3.8v2.2h.1c.5-.9 1.8-2.2 3.9-2.2 4.2 0 5 2.8 5 6.4V24h-4v-7.6c0-1.8 0-4.2-2.6-4.2s-3 2-3 4v7.8h-4V8z\"\/>\n        <\/svg>\n        View LinkedIn Profile\n      <\/a>\n\n    <\/div>\n\n  <\/div>\n      <\/header>\n\n      <section class=\"ols-h5p-card ols-h5p-inline ols-h5p-recap\">\n<span class=\"ols-h5p-kicker\">Before you start<\/span>\n<h2>GCSE Recap: The Alkali Metals<\/h2>\n<p>Three quick questions on what you already know about Group 1: their electron configurations, their ions and why potassium is more reactive than lithium.<\/p>\n<div class=\"ols-h5p-frame\"><div class=\"h5p-content\" data-content-id=\"863\"><\/div><\/div>\n<\/section>\n<article class=\"ols-note-card\">\n<div class=\"ols-note-title\">\n<div class=\"ols-note-icon\">1<\/div>\n<h2>Electron Configurations and the Ions Formed<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<p>Every <strong>Group 1<\/strong> element has one electron in its outer s sub-shell (ns\u00b9) and every <strong>Group 2<\/strong> element has two (ns\u00b2). Sodium is 1s\u00b2 2s\u00b2 2p\u2076 3s\u00b9 and magnesium is 1s\u00b2 2s\u00b2 2p\u2076 3s\u00b2.<\/p>\n<p>Losing those outer electrons leaves the stable configuration of the noble gas before. The metals therefore form <strong>M\u207a<\/strong> and <strong>M\u00b2\u207a<\/strong> ions in every compound and their chemistry is a series of oxidations.<\/p>\n<p>Both groups are the <strong>s-block<\/strong>, and their reactions are alike because the same outer electrons are lost each time. The differences between the two groups come from the number of electrons lost, and the differences down each group come from how far those electrons sit from the nucleus.<\/p>\n<div class=\"ols-key-box\">\n<p><strong>Key idea:<\/strong> Group 1 loses one electron to give +1 ions; Group 2 loses two to give +2 ions. Every reaction of these metals is an oxidation of the metal.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/article>\n<article class=\"ols-note-card soft\">\n<div class=\"ols-note-title\">\n<div class=\"ols-note-icon\">2<\/div>\n<h2>Atomic Radius<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<p><strong>Atomic radius increases down each group<\/strong> because each element has one more occupied shell than the one above it. The extra inner shells also <strong>shield<\/strong> the outer electron from the nucleus, so the rise in nuclear charge does not pull the outer shell in.<\/p>\n<div class=\"ols-table-wrap\">\n<table class=\"ols-table\">\n<thead>\n<tr><th>Element<\/th><th>Atomic radius \/ pm<\/th><th>Element<\/th><th>Atomic radius \/ pm<\/th><\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr><td><strong>Li<\/strong><\/td><td>152<\/td><td>Be<\/td><td>112<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td><strong>Na<\/strong><\/td><td>186<\/td><td>Mg<\/td><td>160<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td><strong>K<\/strong><\/td><td>227<\/td><td>Ca<\/td><td>197<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td><strong>Rb<\/strong><\/td><td>248<\/td><td>Sr<\/td><td>215<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td><strong>Cs<\/strong><\/td><td>265<\/td><td>Ba<\/td><td>222<\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<!-- 3D card: atomic-radii (reused from 7978, 26 Sep 2026) -->\n<!-- Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Mohammed Al-Fatah, onlinelearningsystem.net. All rights reserved. -->\n<section class=\"ols-rad-001\" id=\"olsRad001\">\n<style>\n@import url('https:\/\/fonts.googleapis.com\/css2?family=Poppins:wght@300;400;500;600&display=swap');\n\n.ols-rad-001{\n  font-family:'Poppins',system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',Roboto,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;\n  color:#1C244B; background:#ffffff;\n  border:1px solid rgba(28,36,75,0.14);\n  border-radius:28px;\n  box-shadow:0 18px 45px rgba(28,36,75,0.10);\n  padding:44px; margin:26px auto; max-width:980px;\n  box-sizing:border-box; -webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased;\n}\n.ols-rad-001 *{box-sizing:border-box;}\n\n.ols-rad-001 .rad-head{margin:0 0 22px;}\n.ols-rad-001 h2.rad-title{\n  font-size:26px; line-height:1.25; font-weight:600; letter-spacing:-0.012em;\n  margin:0 0 9px; color:#1C244B;\n}\n.ols-rad-001 p.rad-sub{\n  font-size:14.5px; line-height:1.62; font-weight:300; color:#4a5270;\n  margin:0; max-width:66ch;\n}\n\n.ols-rad-001 .rad-stage{\n  position:relative; width:100%; height:520px;\n  background:#ffffff; border:1px solid rgba(28,36,75,0.12);\n  border-radius:18px; overflow:hidden;\n}\n.ols-rad-001 .rad-canvas{\n  display:block; width:100%; height:100%;\n  touch-action:none; cursor:grab; background:#ffffff;\n}\n.ols-rad-001 .rad-canvas.is-drag{cursor:grabbing;}\n\n.ols-rad-001 .rad-caption{\n  position:absolute; left:14px; top:14px; max-width:64%;\n  font-size:12px; font-weight:500; color:#4a5270;\n  background:rgba(255,255,255,0.92); padding:6px 12px;\n  border-radius:999px; border:1px solid rgba(28,36,75,0.12);\n}\n.ols-rad-001 .rad-hint{\n  position:absolute; right:14px; top:14px;\n  font-size:11.5px; font-weight:400; color:#8b92a8;\n  background:rgba(255,255,255,0.9); padding:5px 11px;\n  border-radius:999px; border:1px solid rgba(28,36,75,0.10);\n}\n\n.ols-rad-001 .rad-controls{margin-top:20px; display:flex; flex-direction:column; gap:12px;}\n.ols-rad-001 .rad-row{display:flex; align-items:center; gap:10px; flex-wrap:wrap;}\n.ols-rad-001 .rad-rowlab{font-size:12px; font-weight:500; color:#6b7290; min-width:100px; flex:0 0 auto;}\n\n.ols-rad-001 .rad-seg{\n  display:inline-flex; border:1px solid rgba(28,36,75,0.16);\n  border-radius:12px; overflow:hidden; background:#fbfbfd; flex-wrap:wrap;\n}\n.ols-rad-001 .rad-seg button{\n  font-family:inherit; font-size:13.5px; font-weight:500; color:#3c4463;\n  background:transparent; border:0; border-right:1px solid rgba(28,36,75,0.12);\n  padding:9px 17px; cursor:pointer; transition:background .15s, color .15s;\n}\n.ols-rad-001 .rad-seg button:last-child{border-right:0;}\n.ols-rad-001 .rad-seg button:hover{background:rgba(37,99,235,0.06);}\n.ols-rad-001 .rad-seg button[aria-pressed=\"true\"]{background:#2563eb; color:#fff;}\n.ols-rad-001 .rad-seg button:focus-visible{outline:2px solid #2563eb; outline-offset:-2px;}\n\n.ols-rad-001 .rad-pill{\n  font-family:inherit; font-size:13px; font-weight:500; color:#3c4463;\n  background:#fbfbfd; border:1px solid rgba(28,36,75,0.16);\n  border-radius:999px; padding:8px 16px; cursor:pointer;\n  display:inline-flex; align-items:center; gap:8px;\n  transition:background .15s, border-color .15s, color .15s;\n}\n.ols-rad-001 .rad-pill:hover{border-color:rgba(37,99,235,0.4);}\n.ols-rad-001 .rad-pill:focus-visible{outline:2px solid #2563eb; outline-offset:2px;}\n.ols-rad-001 .rad-pill .dot{width:9px; height:9px; border-radius:50%; background:#c6cad8; flex:0 0 auto; transition:background .15s;}\n.ols-rad-001 .rad-pill[aria-pressed=\"true\"]{background:rgba(37,99,235,0.08); border-color:rgba(37,99,235,0.45); color:#1d47b8;}\n.ols-rad-001 .rad-pill[aria-pressed=\"true\"] .dot{background:#2563eb;}\n.ols-rad-001 .rad-pill.act{background:rgba(190,60,30,0.07); border-color:rgba(190,60,30,0.38); color:#a8401c;}\n.ols-rad-001 .rad-pill.act:hover{border-color:rgba(190,60,30,0.65);}\n.ols-rad-001 .rad-pill.is-off{opacity:0.42; cursor:default;}\n\n.ols-rad-001 .rad-info{\n  margin-top:22px; padding:22px 24px;\n  border:1px solid rgba(28,36,75,0.12); border-radius:16px; background:#fbfbfd;\n}\n.ols-rad-001 .rad-info h3{margin:0 0 8px; font-size:15.5px; font-weight:600; color:#1C244B;}\n.ols-rad-001 .rad-info p{margin:0; font-size:14px; line-height:1.68; font-weight:300; color:#41496a; max-width:74ch;}\n.ols-rad-001 .rad-facts{\n  margin-top:16px; display:flex; gap:26px; flex-wrap:wrap;\n  padding-top:16px; border-top:1px solid rgba(28,36,75,0.10);\n}\n.ols-rad-001 .rad-fact{min-width:110px;}\n.ols-rad-001 .rad-fact span{display:block; font-size:11.5px; color:#7d8399; font-weight:400; margin-bottom:3px;}\n.ols-rad-001 .rad-fact strong{display:block; font-size:15px; font-weight:600; color:#1C244B;}\n\n.ols-rad-001 .rad-key{\n  margin-top:16px; display:flex; gap:20px; flex-wrap:wrap;\n  font-size:12.5px; font-weight:400; color:#5a6180;\n}\n.ols-rad-001 .rad-key i{\n  display:inline-block; width:13px; height:13px; border-radius:3px;\n  margin-right:7px; vertical-align:-2px; border:1px solid rgba(28,36,75,0.18);\n}\n\n@media (max-width:760px){\n  .ols-rad-001{padding:26px; border-radius:22px;}\n  .ols-rad-001 h2.rad-title{font-size:20.5px;}\n  .ols-rad-001 p.rad-sub{font-size:13.5px;}\n  .ols-rad-001 .rad-stage{height:400px;}\n  .ols-rad-001 .rad-rowlab{min-width:100%;}\n  .ols-rad-001 .rad-seg button{padding:9px 12px; font-size:12.5px;}\n  .ols-rad-001 .rad-caption{font-size:10.5px; padding:5px 9px; max-width:68%;}\n  .ols-rad-001 .rad-info{padding:18px;}\n}\n@media (prefers-reduced-motion:reduce){\n  .ols-rad-001 .rad-seg button,.ols-rad-001 .rad-pill{transition:none;}\n}\n\n@media (max-width:480px){\n  .ols-rad-001 .rad-hint{display:none;}\n}\n\n.ols-cc-rad-001{\n  font-family:'Poppins',system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',Roboto,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;\n  margin:10px auto 0; text-align:center; font-size:11px; font-style:italic; color:#aab0c0;\n}\n.ols-cc-rad-001 a{color:#aab0c0; text-decoration:none;}\n.ols-cc-rad-001 a:hover{text-decoration:underline;}\n<\/style>\n\n<div class=\"rad-head\">\n  <h2 class=\"rad-title\">Atomic and Ionic Radii Across Period 3 and Down Group 1<\/h2>\n  <p class=\"rad-sub\">Every sphere is drawn to scale against the 0.1 nm ruler, so the sizes can be compared directly. Drag to rotate, scroll or pinch to zoom.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"rad-stage\" id=\"radStage\">\n  <canvas class=\"rad-canvas\" id=\"radCanvas\"><\/canvas>\n  <div class=\"rad-caption\" id=\"radCaption\"><\/div>\n  <div class=\"rad-hint\" id=\"radHint\">Drag to rotate<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"rad-controls\">\n  <div class=\"rad-row\">\n    <span class=\"rad-rowlab\">Step<\/span>\n    <div class=\"rad-seg\" role=\"group\" aria-label=\"Step\">\n      <button type=\"button\" data-step=\"1\" aria-pressed=\"true\">Period 3 atoms<\/button>\n      <button type=\"button\" data-step=\"2\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Period 3 ions<\/button>\n      <button type=\"button\" data-step=\"3\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Isoelectronic ions<\/button>\n      <button type=\"button\" data-step=\"4\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Shrink with nuclear charge<\/button>\n      <button type=\"button\" data-step=\"5\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Down Group 1<\/button>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n\n  <div class=\"rad-row\">\n    <span class=\"rad-rowlab\">View<\/span>\n    <button type=\"button\" class=\"rad-pill\" id=\"radResetV\">Reset view<\/button>\n  <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"rad-info\">\n  <h3 id=\"radInfoTitle\"><\/h3>\n  <p id=\"radInfoText\"><\/p>\n  <div class=\"rad-facts\" id=\"radFacts\"><\/div>\n  <div class=\"rad-key\" id=\"radKey\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n\n<p class=\"ols-cc-rad-001\">&copy; Dr. Mohammed Al-Fatah &#8211; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">onlinelearningsystem.net<\/a><\/p>\n\n<script src=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-content\/uploads\/JS\/atomic-radii.js?v=20261003e\"><\/script>\n<div class=\"ols-key-box\">\n<p><strong>Exam wording:<\/strong> &#8220;More shells&#8221; and &#8220;more shielding&#8221; are both needed. A larger atom is one whose outer electrons are in a higher energy level, further from the nucleus.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/article>\n<article class=\"ols-note-card purple\">\n<div class=\"ols-note-title\">\n<div class=\"ols-note-icon\">3<\/div>\n<h2>First and Second Ionisation Energies<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<p><strong>First ionisation energy<\/strong> decreases down each group. The outer electron is further from the nucleus and shielded by more inner shells, so the attraction holding it is weaker and less energy is needed to remove it. The increase in nuclear charge is outweighed by the extra distance and shielding.<\/p>\n<div class=\"ols-table-wrap\">\n<table class=\"ols-table\">\n<thead>\n<tr><th>Element<\/th><th>1st IE \/ kJ mol\u207b\u00b9<\/th><th>Element<\/th><th>1st IE \/ kJ mol\u207b\u00b9<\/th><th>2nd IE \/ kJ mol\u207b\u00b9<\/th><\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr><td><strong>Li<\/strong><\/td><td>520<\/td><td>Be<\/td><td>900<\/td><td>1757<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td><strong>Na<\/strong><\/td><td>496<\/td><td>Mg<\/td><td>738<\/td><td>1451<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td><strong>K<\/strong><\/td><td>419<\/td><td>Ca<\/td><td>590<\/td><td>1145<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td><strong>Rb<\/strong><\/td><td>403<\/td><td>Sr<\/td><td>550<\/td><td>1064<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td><strong>Cs<\/strong><\/td><td>376<\/td><td>Ba<\/td><td>503<\/td><td>965<\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p>For Group 2 the <strong>second ionisation energy<\/strong> matters too, because both outer electrons are lost.<\/p>\n<p>It is larger than the first, because the second electron is removed from a positive ion, but it follows the same downward trend for the same reasons.<\/p>\n<p>The sum of the first two ionisation energies is what decides how easily a Group 2 metal forms its 2+ ion.<\/p>\n<div class=\"ols-figure-card ols-zoom-pop\">\n<div class=\"ols-figure-image\">\n<a class=\"ols-image-fullscreen-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/redox-groups-trends-groups-1-and-2-graph.png\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" aria-label=\"Open image fullscreen\">\n<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/redox-groups-trends-groups-1-and-2-graph.png\" alt=\"Graphs of first ionisation energy and atomic radius down Groups 1 and 2\" data-fullscreen-src=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/redox-groups-trends-groups-1-and-2-graph.png\">\n<\/a>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"ols-figure-caption\"><p>Both groups show the same pattern: ionisation energy falls and atomic radius rises down the group, because each step adds a shell.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"ols-key-box\">\n<p><strong>Common mistake:<\/strong> Saying the outer electron is &#8220;less attracted because there are more electrons&#8221;. The reason is distance and shielding; the number of electrons on its own is not an explanation.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/article>\n<section class=\"ols-h5p-card ols-h5p-inline\">\n<span class=\"ols-h5p-kicker\">Check your understanding<\/span>\n<h2>Check: Explaining the Ionisation Energy Trend<\/h2>\n<p>Choose the complete explanation for a Group 2 data set and identify the flawed reasons in others.<\/p>\n<div class=\"ols-h5p-frame\"><div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-864\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"864\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Redox and Groups MCQ: Explaining the Ionisation Energy Trend\"><\/iframe><\/div><\/div>\n<\/section>\n<article class=\"ols-note-card\">\n<div class=\"ols-note-title\">\n<div class=\"ols-note-icon\">4<\/div>\n<h2>Melting Points<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<p>The s-block metals are held together by <strong>metallic bonding<\/strong>: positive ions in a sea of delocalised electrons.<\/p>\n<p>Down each group the ions get larger, so the delocalised electrons are further from the nuclei and the attraction between them is weaker. <strong>Melting points therefore generally fall down the group.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Group 1 shows a smooth fall (lithium 181 \u00b0C, sodium 98 \u00b0C, potassium 63 \u00b0C, rubidium 39 \u00b0C, caesium 28 \u00b0C).<\/p>\n<p>Group 2 falls overall (beryllium 1287 \u00b0C, barium 727 \u00b0C) but not smoothly, because magnesium adopts a different crystal structure from the metals below it.<\/p>\n<p>Group 2 metals melt at much higher temperatures than their Group 1 neighbours because each ion contributes two electrons to the sea and carries a 2+ charge, so the metallic bonding is much stronger.<\/p>\n<div class=\"ols-key-box\">\n<p><strong>Exam focus:<\/strong> Explain metallic melting points in terms of the charge on the ion, the size of the ion and the number of delocalised electrons per ion. Never mention covalent bonds or intermolecular forces for a metal.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"ols-figure-card ols-zoom-pop\">\n<div class=\"ols-figure-image\">\n<a class=\"ols-image-fullscreen-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/t8x-meltbars.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" aria-label=\"Open image fullscreen\">\n<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/t8x-meltbars.jpg\" alt=\"Bar charts of melting points down Group 1 and Group 2 with a cause chain for weaker metallic bonding down the group.\" data-fullscreen-src=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/t8x-meltbars.jpg\">\n<\/a>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"ols-figure-caption\"><p>Melting points fall down both groups because larger ions hold the delocalised electrons less tightly, and Group 2 metals melt higher because each ion is 2+ and gives two electrons to the sea.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/article>\n<section class=\"ols-h5p-card ols-h5p-inline\">\n<span class=\"ols-h5p-kicker\">Check your understanding<\/span>\n<h2>Check: Metallic Bonding Down a Group<\/h2>\n<p>Rank and explain melting points for metals from a data set that is not the one printed above.<\/p>\n<div class=\"ols-h5p-frame\"><div class=\"h5p-content\" data-content-id=\"865\"><\/div><\/div>\n<\/section>\n<article class=\"ols-note-card soft\">\n<div class=\"ols-note-title\">\n<div class=\"ols-note-icon\">5<\/div>\n<h2>Why Reactivity Increases Down the Group<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<p>Every reaction of these metals starts with the loss of the outer electrons, so <strong>reactivity increases down the group as ionisation energy falls<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>Potassium reacts more violently with water than lithium because its outer electron is further from the nucleus, more shielded and more easily lost. Barium reacts with cold water where magnesium barely does, for the same reason.<\/p>\n<p>This is a trend in the ease of forming the ion, not in the stability of the compounds formed. Once formed, Mg\u00b2\u207a and Ba\u00b2\u207a compounds are all stable ionic solids.<\/p>\n<div class=\"ols-key-box\">\n<p><strong>Exam sentence:<\/strong> Reactivity increases down Group 2 because the outer electrons are further from the nucleus and more shielded, so the first and second ionisation energies decrease and the electrons are lost more easily.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/article>\n<section class=\"ols-h5p-card ols-h5p-inline\">\n<span class=\"ols-h5p-kicker\">Check your understanding<\/span>\n<h2>Check: Predicting Reactivity<\/h2>\n<p>Apply the ionisation energy argument to predict and explain the behaviour of an s-block metal you have not been given data for.<\/p>\n<div class=\"ols-h5p-frame\"><div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-866\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"866\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Redox and Groups True or False: Predicting Reactivity\"><\/iframe><\/div><\/div>\n<\/section>\n<article class=\"ols-note-card\">\n<div class=\"ols-note-title\">\n<div class=\"ols-note-icon\">6<\/div>\n<h2>Common Exam Points<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<h3>Explain the trend in first ionisation energy down Group 2<\/h3><p>Atomic radius increases and shielding increases, so the outer electron is less strongly attracted to the nucleus and less energy is needed to remove it, even though the nuclear charge increases.<\/p>\n<h3>Explain why calcium is more reactive than magnesium<\/h3><p>The outer electrons of calcium are further from the nucleus and more shielded, so the first and second ionisation energies are lower and the electrons are lost more easily.<\/p>\n<h3>Explain the trend in melting point<\/h3><p>Larger ions with the same charge and the same number of delocalised electrons give weaker metallic bonding.<\/p>\n<h3>Do not say<\/h3><p>&#8220;The atom is bigger so it is more reactive&#8221; without mentioning ionisation energy; &#8220;more electrons means more shielding&#8221; as the whole answer.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<section class=\"ols-faq-card\">\n<h2>FAQs<\/h2>\n<p>Use these quick answers to check the Group 2 and Group 1 trends.<\/p>\n\n<div class=\"ols-faq-list\">\n<div class=\"ols-faq-item\">\n<h3>Why does atomic radius increase down the group?<\/h3>\n<p>Each element has one more occupied shell than the one above it, so the outer electrons are further from the nucleus.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"ols-faq-item\">\n<h3>Why does first ionisation energy decrease down the group?<\/h3>\n<p>The outer electron is further from the nucleus and shielded by more inner shells, so it is less strongly attracted and easier to remove, even though the nuclear charge is larger.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"ols-faq-item\">\n<h3>Why do Group 2 metals have higher melting points than Group 1 metals?<\/h3>\n<p>Each Group 2 ion is 2+ and gives two delocalised electrons, so the metallic bonding is much stronger.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"ols-faq-item\">\n<h3>Why is barium more reactive than magnesium?<\/h3>\n<p>Its outer electrons are further from the nucleus and more shielded, so its first and second ionisation energies are lower and the electrons are lost more easily.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"ols-faq-item\">\n<h3>Why is the second ionisation energy of magnesium larger than the first?<\/h3>\n<p>The second electron is removed from a positive ion, so it is held more strongly by the same nuclear charge.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"ols-related-card\">\n<h2>Related Topic 8B Groups 1 and 2 Pages<\/h2>\n<p>Use these pages to connect the ideas across groups 1 and 2 and the rest of Topic 8.<\/p>\n<div class=\"ols-related-grid\">\n<a class=\"ols-related-item\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-8-redox-chemistry-and-groups-1-2-and-7\/8b-groups-1-and-2\/reactions-of-the-group-1-and-2-elements\/\">Reactions of the Group 1 and 2 Elements<\/a>\n<a class=\"ols-related-item\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-8-redox-chemistry-and-groups-1-2-and-7\/8b-groups-1-and-2\/oxides-hydroxides-and-carbonates\/\">Oxides, Hydroxides and Carbonates<\/a>\n<a class=\"ols-related-item\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-8-redox-chemistry-and-groups-1-2-and-7\/8b-groups-1-and-2\/solubility-trends-and-the-sulfate-test\/\">Solubility Trends and the Sulfate Test<\/a>\n<a class=\"ols-related-item\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-8-redox-chemistry-and-groups-1-2-and-7\/8b-groups-1-and-2\/thermal-stability-and-flame-colours\/\">Thermal Stability and Flame Colours<\/a>\n<a class=\"ols-related-item\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-8-redox-chemistry-and-groups-1-2-and-7\/8b-groups-1-and-2\/tests-for-ions\/\">Tests for Ions<\/a>\n<a class=\"ols-related-item\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-8-redox-chemistry-and-groups-1-2-and-7\/8b-groups-1-and-2\/titrations-and-measurement-uncertainty\/\">Titrations and Measurement Uncertainty<\/a>\n<a class=\"ols-related-item\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-8-redox-chemistry-and-groups-1-2-and-7\/8b-groups-1-and-2\/\">Topic 8B Groups 1 and 2 Overview<\/a>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"ols-attribution-card\">\n        <p><strong>Copyright notice:<\/strong> This OLS revision content, including the explanations, layout, diagrams, tables and embedded learning structure, is authored for Online Learning System by Dr. Mohammed Al-Fatah. It may not be copied, reproduced, redistributed or adapted without written permission.<\/p>\n      <\/section>\n    <\/main>\n  \n\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">\n{\n  \"@context\": \"https:\/\/schema.org\",\n  \"@graph\": [\n    {\n      \"@type\": \"WebPage\",\n      \"@id\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-8-redox-chemistry-and-groups-1-2-and-7\/8b-groups-1-and-2\/trends-down-groups-1-and-2\/#webpage\",\n      \"url\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-8-redox-chemistry-and-groups-1-2-and-7\/8b-groups-1-and-2\/trends-down-groups-1-and-2\/\",\n      \"name\": \"Trends Down Groups 1 and 2 | Topic 8B Groups 1 and 2 | Online Learning System\",\n      \"description\": \"Edexcel International A Level Chemistry revision notes on the trends down Group 2 and Group 1: atomic radius, ionisation energies, melting points and the increase in reactivity down the group.\",\n      \"isPartOf\": {\n        \"@id\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/#website\"\n      },\n      \"breadcrumb\": {\n        \"@id\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-8-redox-chemistry-and-groups-1-2-and-7\/8b-groups-1-and-2\/trends-down-groups-1-and-2\/#breadcrumb\"\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"@type\": \"WebSite\",\n      \"@id\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/#website\",\n      \"url\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/\",\n      \"name\": \"Online Learning System\"\n    },\n    {\n      \"@type\": \"BreadcrumbList\",\n      \"@id\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-8-redox-chemistry-and-groups-1-2-and-7\/8b-groups-1-and-2\/trends-down-groups-1-and-2\/#breadcrumb\",\n      \"itemListElement\": [\n        {\n          \"@type\": \"ListItem\",\n          \"position\": 1,\n          \"item\": {\n            \"@type\": \"WebPage\",\n            \"@id\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/\",\n            \"url\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/\",\n            \"name\": \"Revision Notes\"\n          }\n        },\n        {\n          \"@type\": \"ListItem\",\n          \"position\": 2,\n          \"item\": {\n            \"@type\": \"WebPage\",\n            \"@id\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/\",\n            \"url\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/\",\n            \"name\": \"A Level Chemistry\"\n          }\n        },\n        {\n          \"@type\": \"ListItem\",\n          \"position\": 3,\n          \"item\": {\n            \"@type\": \"WebPage\",\n            \"@id\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/\",\n            \"url\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/\",\n            \"name\": \"Edexcel International\"\n          }\n        },\n        {\n          \"@type\": \"ListItem\",\n          \"position\": 4,\n          \"item\": {\n            \"@type\": \"WebPage\",\n            \"@id\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-8-redox-chemistry-and-groups-1-2-and-7\/\",\n            \"url\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-8-redox-chemistry-and-groups-1-2-and-7\/\",\n            \"name\": \"Topic 8 Redox Chemistry and Groups 1, 2 and 7\"\n          }\n        },\n        {\n          \"@type\": \"ListItem\",\n          \"position\": 5,\n          \"item\": {\n            \"@type\": \"WebPage\",\n            \"@id\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-8-redox-chemistry-and-groups-1-2-and-7\/8b-groups-1-and-2\/\",\n            \"url\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-8-redox-chemistry-and-groups-1-2-and-7\/8b-groups-1-and-2\/\",\n            \"name\": \"Topic 8B Groups 1 and 2\"\n          }\n        },\n        {\n          \"@type\": \"ListItem\",\n          \"position\": 6,\n          \"item\": {\n            \"@type\": \"WebPage\",\n            \"@id\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-8-redox-chemistry-and-groups-1-2-and-7\/8b-groups-1-and-2\/trends-down-groups-1-and-2\/\",\n            \"url\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-8-redox-chemistry-and-groups-1-2-and-7\/8b-groups-1-and-2\/trends-down-groups-1-and-2\/\",\n            \"name\": \"Trends Down Groups 1 and 2\"\n          }\n        }\n      ]\n    },\n    {\n      \"@type\": \"Course\",\n      \"@id\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-8-redox-chemistry-and-groups-1-2-and-7\/8b-groups-1-and-2\/trends-down-groups-1-and-2\/#course\",\n      \"name\": \"Trends Down Groups 1 and 2\",\n      \"description\": \"Edexcel International A Level Chemistry revision notes on the trends down Group 2 and Group 1: atomic radius, ionisation energies, melting points and the increase in reactivity down the group.\",\n      \"provider\": {\n        \"@type\": \"Organization\",\n        \"name\": \"Online Learning System\",\n        \"url\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/\"\n      },\n      \"educationalLevel\": \"A Level\",\n      \"about\": [\n        \"Redox\",\n        \"Oxidation number\",\n        \"Group 2\",\n        \"Group 1\",\n        \"Group 7\",\n        \"Halogens\",\n        \"Inorganic chemistry\"\n      ],\n      \"hasCourseInstance\": {\n        \"@type\": \"CourseInstance\",\n        \"courseMode\": \"Online\"\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"@type\": \"ItemList\",\n      \"@id\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-8-redox-chemistry-and-groups-1-2-and-7\/8b-groups-1-and-2\/trends-down-groups-1-and-2\/#relatedtopics\",\n      \"name\": \"Related Topic 8B Groups 1 and 2 Pages\",\n      \"itemListElement\": [\n        {\n          \"@type\": \"ListItem\",\n          \"position\": 1,\n          \"item\": {\n            \"@type\": \"Course\",\n            \"name\": \"Reactions of the Group 1 and 2 Elements\",\n            \"url\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-8-redox-chemistry-and-groups-1-2-and-7\/8b-groups-1-and-2\/reactions-of-the-group-1-and-2-elements\/\",\n            \"description\": \"Edexcel International A Level Chemistry revision notes on the reactions of the Group 2 and Group 1 elements with oxygen, chlorine, water, steam and dilute acids, with equations, observations and redox analysis.\"\n          }\n        },\n        {\n          \"@type\": \"ListItem\",\n          \"position\": 2,\n          \"item\": {\n            \"@type\": \"Course\",\n            \"name\": \"Oxides, Hydroxides and Carbonates\",\n            \"url\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-8-redox-chemistry-and-groups-1-2-and-7\/8b-groups-1-and-2\/oxides-hydroxides-and-carbonates\/\",\n            \"description\": \"Edexcel International A Level Chemistry revision notes on Group 2 oxides, hydroxides and carbonates: reactions with water and acids, pH trend, and uses of Ca(OH)\u2082, Mg(OH)\u2082 and CaCO\u2083.\"\n          }\n        },\n        {\n          \"@type\": \"ListItem\",\n          \"position\": 3,\n          \"item\": {\n            \"@type\": \"Course\",\n            \"name\": \"Solubility Trends and the Sulfate Test\",\n            \"url\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-8-redox-chemistry-and-groups-1-2-and-7\/8b-groups-1-and-2\/solubility-trends-and-the-sulfate-test\/\",\n            \"description\": \"Edexcel International A Level Chemistry revision notes on Group 2 solubility trends: hydroxides and sulfates, Mg(OH)\u2082 and BaSO\u2084, the acidified barium chloride test for sulfate ions and barium meals.\"\n          }\n        },\n        {\n          \"@type\": \"ListItem\",\n          \"position\": 4,\n          \"item\": {\n            \"@type\": \"Course\",\n            \"name\": \"Thermal Stability and Flame Colours\",\n            \"url\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-8-redox-chemistry-and-groups-1-2-and-7\/8b-groups-1-and-2\/thermal-stability-and-flame-colours\/\",\n            \"description\": \"Edexcel International A Level Chemistry revision notes on thermal stability of Group 1 and 2 nitrates and carbonates, polarisation by the cation, the experiments, and flame colours explained by electron transitions.\"\n          }\n        },\n        {\n          \"@type\": \"ListItem\",\n          \"position\": 5,\n          \"item\": {\n            \"@type\": \"Course\",\n            \"name\": \"Tests for Ions\",\n            \"url\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-8-redox-chemistry-and-groups-1-2-and-7\/8b-groups-1-and-2\/tests-for-ions\/\",\n            \"description\": \"Edexcel International A Level Chemistry revision notes on tests for carbonate, hydrogencarbonate, sulfate, halide and ammonium ions, with ionic equations and the order of tests on an unknown.\"\n          }\n        },\n        {\n          \"@type\": \"ListItem\",\n          \"position\": 6,\n          \"item\": {\n            \"@type\": \"Course\",\n            \"name\": \"Titrations and Measurement Uncertainty\",\n            \"url\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-8-redox-chemistry-and-groups-1-2-and-7\/8b-groups-1-and-2\/titrations-and-measurement-uncertainty\/\",\n            \"description\": \"Edexcel International A Level Chemistry revision notes on titration calculations, concordant titres, concentrations in mol dm\u207b\u00b3 and g dm\u207b\u00b3, and estimating and minimising measurement uncertainty.\"\n          }\n        }\n      ]\n    }\n  ]\n}\n<\/script>\n\n<\/section>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Revision Notes \/ A Level Chemistry \/ Edexcel International \/ Topic 8 Redox Chemistry and Groups 1, 2 and 7 \/ Topic 8B Groups 1 and 2 \/ Trends Down Groups 1 and 2 Trends Down Groups 1 and 2 A concise revision guide to the trends down Groups 1 and 2: electron configurations, atomic [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":12,"featured_media":0,"parent":10471,"menu_order":4,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-10477","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/10477","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/12"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=10477"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/10477\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":14145,"href":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/10477\/revisions\/14145"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/10471"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=10477"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}