{"id":10706,"date":"2026-09-26T13:54:21","date_gmt":"2026-09-26T12:54:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-9-kinetics-and-equilibria\/"},"modified":"2026-09-26T13:54:21","modified_gmt":"2026-09-26T12:54:21","slug":"topic-9-kinetics-and-equilibria","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-9-kinetics-and-equilibria\/","title":{"rendered":"Topic 9 Kinetics and Equilibria"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"ols-t9-page\">\n\n  <aside class=\"ols-sidebar\">\n  <div class=\"ols-sidebar-header\">\n    <h3>Revision Notes<\/h3>\n    <p>A Level Chemistry<\/p>\n  <\/div>\n\n  <div class=\"ols-topic-group\">\n    <h4>Topic 9 Kinetics &amp; Equilibria<\/h4>\n\n    <ul class=\"ols-topic-list\">\n      <li>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-9-kinetics-and-equilibria\/\">Topic 9 Overview<\/a>\n      <\/li>\n      <li>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-9-kinetics-and-equilibria\/9a-kinetics\/\">Topic 9A Kinetics<\/a>\n        <ul class=\"ols-subtopic-list\">\n          <li>\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-9-kinetics-and-equilibria\/9a-kinetics\/collision-theory-and-rates-of-reaction\/\">Collision Theory and Rates of Reaction<\/a>\n          <\/li>\n          <li>\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-9-kinetics-and-equilibria\/9a-kinetics\/measuring-and-calculating-rates\/\">Measuring and Calculating Rates<\/a>\n          <\/li>\n          <li>\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-9-kinetics-and-equilibria\/9a-kinetics\/maxwell-boltzmann-distribution\/\">The Maxwell\u2013Boltzmann Distribution<\/a>\n          <\/li>\n          <li>\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-9-kinetics-and-equilibria\/9a-kinetics\/catalysts-and-reaction-profiles\/\">Catalysts and Reaction Profiles<\/a>\n          <\/li>\n          <li>\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/core-practicals\/cp-9a-9b-iodine-propanone-and-clock-reaction-kinetics\/\">Core Practical 9A\/9B<\/a>\n          <\/li>\n        <\/ul>\n      <\/li>\n      <li>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-9-kinetics-and-equilibria\/9b-equilibria\/\">Topic 9B Equilibria<\/a>\n        <ul class=\"ols-subtopic-list\">\n          <li>\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-9-kinetics-and-equilibria\/9b-equilibria\/dynamic-equilibrium\/\">Dynamic Equilibrium<\/a>\n          <\/li>\n          <li>\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-9-kinetics-and-equilibria\/9b-equilibria\/le-chateliers-principle\/\">Le Chatelier's Principle<\/a>\n          <\/li>\n          <li>\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-9-kinetics-and-equilibria\/9b-equilibria\/equilibria-in-industry\/\">Equilibria in Industry<\/a>\n          <\/li>\n        <\/ul>\n      <\/li>\n    <\/ul>\n  <\/div>\n\n  <div class=\"ols-topic-group\">\n    <h4>Other Topics<\/h4>\n\n    <ul class=\"ols-topic-list\">\n      <li>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-6-energetics\/\">Topic 6 Energetics<\/a>\n      <\/li>\n      <li>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-7-intermolecular-forces\/\">Topic 7 Intermolecular Forces<\/a>\n      <\/li>\n      <li>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-8-redox-chemistry-and-groups-1-2-and-7\/\">Topic 8 Redox &amp; Groups 1, 2 and 7<\/a>\n      <\/li>\n      <li>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/core-practicals\/\">Core Practicals<\/a>\n     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#166534 100%); }\n    .ols-t9-visual--kp { background: radial-gradient(circle at 24% 18%, rgba(255,255,255,0.46), transparent 24%), linear-gradient(135deg, #fefce8 0%, #facc15 45%, #854d0e 100%); }\n    .ols-t9-visual--ab { background: radial-gradient(circle at 24% 18%, rgba(255,255,255,0.46), transparent 24%), linear-gradient(135deg, #fdf2f8 0%, #f472b6 45%, #9d174d 100%); }\n  <\/style>\n\n  <!-- BREADCRUMB BAR - sits above everything -->\n  <div class=\"ols-t9-breadcrumb-bar\">\n    <div class=\"ols-t9-container\">\n      <nav class=\"ols-t9-breadcrumb\" aria-label=\"Breadcrumb\">\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/\">Revision Notes<\/a> \/\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/\">A Level Chemistry<\/a> \/\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/\">Edexcel International<\/a> \/\n        <span>Topic 9 Kinetics and Equilibria<\/span>\n      <\/nav>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n\n  <!-- INTRO -->\n  <section class=\"ols-t9-intro\">\n    <div class=\"ols-t9-container\">\n      <div class=\"ols-t9-intro-inner\">\n\n        <div>\n          <div class=\"ols-t9-eyebrow\">Edexcel International A Level Chemistry<\/div>\n          <h1>Topic 9<br>Kinetics &amp;<br>Equilibria<\/h1>\n          <div class=\"ols-t9-accent-bar\"><\/div>\n          <p class=\"ols-t9-intro-lead\">\n            Topic 9 asks two questions about every reaction: how fast does it go, and how far? Part 9A Kinetics builds collision theory, activation energy, the measurement of rates, the Maxwell\u2013Boltzmann distribution and catalysts. Part 9B Equilibria covers reversible reactions, dynamic equilibrium, Le Chatelier&#8217;s principle and the compromises made in industry. Both are examined in Unit 2 and assessed practically through Core Practical 9.\n          <\/p>\n        <\/div>\n\n        <div class=\"ols-t9-info-grid\">\n          <div class=\"ols-t9-info-card\">\n            <div class=\"ols-t9-info-card-label\">Exam Unit<\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-t9-info-card-value\">Unit 2<\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-t9-info-card-sub\">WCH12\/01 &#8211; IAS<\/div>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-t9-info-card\">\n            <div class=\"ols-t9-info-card-label\">Specification Points<\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-t9-info-card-value\">9.1 &#8211; 9.11<\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-t9-info-card-sub\">11 points covered<\/div>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-t9-info-card\">\n            <div class=\"ols-t9-info-card-label\">Topic Parts<\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-t9-info-card-value\">2 parts<\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-t9-info-card-sub\">7 revision pages<\/div>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-t9-info-card\">\n            <div class=\"ols-t9-info-card-label\">Exam Board<\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-t9-info-card-value\">Edexcel IAL<\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-t9-info-card-sub\">Pearson International<\/div>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/section>\n\n  <!-- TOPIC CARDS -->\n  <section class=\"ols-t9-topics\">\n    <div class=\"ols-t9-container\">\n\n      <div class=\"ols-t9-section-header\">\n        <h2 class=\"ols-t9-section-title\">Revision Notes<\/h2>\n      <\/div>\n\n      <div class=\"ols-t9-cards-grid\">\n\n        <!-- Card 1: Topic 9A Kinetics -->\n        <a class=\"ols-t9-card ols-t9-card--available\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-9-kinetics-and-equilibria\/9a-kinetics\/\">\n          <div class=\"ols-t9-card-img-wrap\">\n            <div class=\"ols-t9-visual ols-t9-visual--ox\">\n              <div class=\"ols-t9-visual-panel\">\n                <div class=\"ols-t9-visual-kicker\">9.1 &#8211; 9.8<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-t9-visual-main\">Kinetics<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-t9-visual-sub\">collision theory, rates, catalysts<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-t9-card-num\">1<\/div>\n            <span class=\"ols-t9-card-status ols-t9-card-status--available\">Available<\/span>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-t9-card-body\">\n            <p class=\"ols-t9-card-title\">Topic 9A Kinetics<\/p>\n            <p class=\"ols-t9-card-desc\">Collision theory and activation energy, measuring and calculating rates, the Maxwell\u2013Boltzmann distribution, and catalysts with their reaction profiles and industrial uses.<\/p>\n            <span class=\"ols-t9-card-cta\">\n              Start revising\n              <svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"><\/path><\/svg>\n            <\/span>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n\n        <!-- Card 2: Topic 9B Equilibria -->\n        <a class=\"ols-t9-card ols-t9-card--available\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-9-kinetics-and-equilibria\/9b-equilibria\/\">\n          <div class=\"ols-t9-card-img-wrap\">\n            <div class=\"ols-t9-visual ols-t9-visual--de\">\n              <div class=\"ols-t9-visual-panel\">\n                <div class=\"ols-t9-visual-kicker\">9.9 &#8211; 9.11<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-t9-visual-main\">Equilibria<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-t9-visual-sub\">dynamic equilibrium, Le Chatelier, industry<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-t9-card-num\">2<\/div>\n            <span class=\"ols-t9-card-status ols-t9-card-status--available\">Available<\/span>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-t9-card-body\">\n            <p class=\"ols-t9-card-title\">Topic 9B Equilibria<\/p>\n            <p class=\"ols-t9-card-desc\">Reversible reactions and dynamic equilibrium, Le Chatelier&#8217;s principle for temperature, pressure and concentration, and the yield-versus-rate compromise in the Haber and Contact processes.<\/p>\n            <span class=\"ols-t9-card-cta\">\n              Start revising\n              <svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"><\/path><\/svg>\n            <\/span>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/section>\n\n  <!-- SPECIFICATION -->\n  <section class=\"ols-t9-spec-section\">\n    <div class=\"ols-t9-container\">\n\n      <!-- DESKTOP SPECIFICATION -->\n      <div class=\"ols-t9-spec-desktop\">\n        <div class=\"ols-t9-spec-wrap\">\n          <div class=\"ols-t9-spec-pill\">Specification Coverage<\/div>\n          <h2 class=\"ols-t9-spec-heading\">Topic 9 Kinetics and Equilibria &#8211; Edexcel International A Level Chemistry<\/h2>\n          <p class=\"ols-t9-spec-intro-text\">The following specification points outline the knowledge and skills students are expected to demonstrate for Topic 9.<\/p>\n\n                    <h3 class=\"ols-t9-spec-group-title\">9A: Kinetics<\/h3>\n          <div class=\"ols-t9-spec-rows\">\n\n            <div class=\"ols-t9-spec-row ols-t9-spec-row--mid\">\n              <div class=\"ols-t9-spec-code ols-t9-spec-code--mid\">9.1<\/div>\n              <div class=\"ols-t9-spec-text\">\n                <div style=\"margin:0 0 12px;\">understand the effect on the rate of reaction, in terms of collision theory, of changes in:<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-t9-spec-sub-list\">\n                  <div class=\"ols-t9-spec-sub-row\">\n                    <div class=\"ols-t9-spec-sub-code\">i<\/div>\n                    <div class=\"ols-t9-spec-sub-text\">concentration<\/div>\n                  <\/div>\n                  <div class=\"ols-t9-spec-sub-row\">\n                    <div class=\"ols-t9-spec-sub-code\">ii<\/div>\n                    <div class=\"ols-t9-spec-sub-text\">temperature<\/div>\n                  <\/div>\n                  <div class=\"ols-t9-spec-sub-row\">\n                    <div class=\"ols-t9-spec-sub-code\">iii<\/div>\n                    <div class=\"ols-t9-spec-sub-text\">pressure<\/div>\n                  <\/div>\n                  <div class=\"ols-t9-spec-sub-row\">\n                    <div class=\"ols-t9-spec-sub-code\">iv<\/div>\n                    <div class=\"ols-t9-spec-sub-text\">surface area<\/div>\n                  <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n              <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n\n            <div class=\"ols-t9-spec-row ols-t9-spec-row--light\">\n              <div class=\"ols-t9-spec-code ols-t9-spec-code--dark\">9.2<\/div>\n              <div class=\"ols-t9-spec-text\">understand that reactions take place only when collisions have sufficient energy, known as the activation energy<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n\n            <div class=\"ols-t9-spec-row ols-t9-spec-row--mid\">\n              <div class=\"ols-t9-spec-code ols-t9-spec-code--mid\">9.3<\/div>\n              <div class=\"ols-t9-spec-text\">\n                <div style=\"margin:0 0 12px;\">be able to calculate the rate of a reaction from:<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-t9-spec-sub-list\">\n                  <div class=\"ols-t9-spec-sub-row\">\n                    <div class=\"ols-t9-spec-sub-code\">i<\/div>\n                    <div class=\"ols-t9-spec-sub-text\">the time taken for a reaction, using rate = 1\/time<\/div>\n                  <\/div>\n                  <div class=\"ols-t9-spec-sub-row\">\n                    <div class=\"ols-t9-spec-sub-code\">ii<\/div>\n                    <div class=\"ols-t9-spec-sub-text\">the gradient of a suitable graph, by drawing a tangent, either for initial rate or at a time, t<\/div>\n                  <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n              <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n\n            <div class=\"ols-t9-spec-row ols-t9-spec-row--light\">\n              <div class=\"ols-t9-spec-code ols-t9-spec-code--dark\">9.4<\/div>\n              <div class=\"ols-t9-spec-text\">understand qualitatively, in terms of the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution of molecular energies, how changes in temperature affect the rate of a reaction<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n\n            <div class=\"ols-t9-spec-row ols-t9-spec-row--light\">\n              <div class=\"ols-t9-spec-code ols-t9-spec-code--dark\">9.5<\/div>\n              <div class=\"ols-t9-spec-text\">understand the role of catalysts in providing alternative reaction routes of lower activation energy<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n\n            <div class=\"ols-t9-spec-row ols-t9-spec-row--light\">\n              <div class=\"ols-t9-spec-code ols-t9-spec-code--dark\">9.6<\/div>\n              <div class=\"ols-t9-spec-text\">be able to draw reaction profiles for uncatalysed and catalysed reactions, including the energy level of the intermediate formed with the catalyst<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n\n            <div class=\"ols-t9-spec-row ols-t9-spec-row--light\">\n              <div class=\"ols-t9-spec-code ols-t9-spec-code--dark\">9.7<\/div>\n              <div class=\"ols-t9-spec-text\">understand the use of catalysts in industry to make processes more sustainable by using less energy and through higher atom economy<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n\n            <div class=\"ols-t9-spec-row ols-t9-spec-row--light\">\n              <div class=\"ols-t9-spec-code ols-t9-spec-code--dark\">9.8<\/div>\n              <div class=\"ols-t9-spec-text\">be able to interpret the action of a catalyst in terms of a qualitative understanding of the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution of molecular energies<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n\n          <\/div>\n\n          <h3 class=\"ols-t9-spec-group-title\">9B: Equilibria<\/h3>\n          <div class=\"ols-t9-spec-rows\">\n\n            <div class=\"ols-t9-spec-row ols-t9-spec-row--mid\">\n              <div class=\"ols-t9-spec-code ols-t9-spec-code--mid\">9.9<\/div>\n              <div class=\"ols-t9-spec-text\">\n                <div style=\"margin:0 0 12px;\">know that many reactions are readily reversible and that they can reach a state of dynamic equilibrium in which:<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-t9-spec-sub-list\">\n                  <div class=\"ols-t9-spec-sub-row\">\n                    <div class=\"ols-t9-spec-sub-code\">i<\/div>\n                    <div class=\"ols-t9-spec-sub-text\">the rate of the forward reaction is equal to the rate of the backward reaction<\/div>\n                  <\/div>\n                  <div class=\"ols-t9-spec-sub-row\">\n                    <div class=\"ols-t9-spec-sub-code\">ii<\/div>\n                    <div class=\"ols-t9-spec-sub-text\">the concentrations of the reactants and products remain constant<\/div>\n                  <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n              <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n\n            <div class=\"ols-t9-spec-row ols-t9-spec-row--light\">\n              <div class=\"ols-t9-spec-code ols-t9-spec-code--dark\">9.10<\/div>\n              <div class=\"ols-t9-spec-text\">be able to predict and justify the qualitative effect of temperature, pressure and concentration changes on the position of equilibrium in a homogeneous system<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n\n            <div class=\"ols-t9-spec-row ols-t9-spec-row--light\">\n              <div class=\"ols-t9-spec-code ols-t9-spec-code--dark\">9.11<\/div>\n              <div class=\"ols-t9-spec-text\">evaluate data to explain why industrial processes compromise between yield and rate of reaction<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n\n          <\/div>\n\n        <\/div>\n      <\/div>\n\n      <!-- MOBILE SPECIFICATION -->\n      <div class=\"ols-t9-spec-mobile\">\n        <div class=\"ols-t9-spec-wrap\">\n          <div class=\"ols-t9-spec-pill\">Specification Coverage<\/div>\n          <h2 class=\"ols-t9-spec-heading\">Topic 9 Kinetics and Equilibria &#8211; Edexcel International A Level Chemistry<\/h2>\n          <p class=\"ols-t9-spec-intro-text\">The following specification points outline the knowledge and skills students are expected to demonstrate for Topic 9.<\/p>\n\n                    <h3 class=\"ols-t9-spec-group-title\">9A: Kinetics<\/h3>\n          <div class=\"ols-t9-spec-mob-rows\">\n\n            <div class=\"ols-t9-spec-mob-row ols-t9-spec-mob-row--mid\">\n              <div class=\"ols-t9-spec-mob-code ols-t9-spec-mob-code--mid\">9.1<\/div>\n              <div class=\"ols-t9-spec-mob-text\">\n                <div style=\"margin:0 0 10px;\">understand the effect on the rate of reaction, in terms of collision theory, of changes in:<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-t9-spec-mob-sub-list\">\n                  <div class=\"ols-t9-spec-mob-sub-row\">\n                    <div class=\"ols-t9-spec-mob-sub-code\">i<\/div>\n                    <div class=\"ols-t9-spec-mob-sub-text\">concentration<\/div>\n                  <\/div>\n                  <div class=\"ols-t9-spec-mob-sub-row\">\n                    <div class=\"ols-t9-spec-mob-sub-code\">ii<\/div>\n                    <div class=\"ols-t9-spec-mob-sub-text\">temperature<\/div>\n                  <\/div>\n                  <div class=\"ols-t9-spec-mob-sub-row\">\n                    <div class=\"ols-t9-spec-mob-sub-code\">iii<\/div>\n                    <div class=\"ols-t9-spec-mob-sub-text\">pressure<\/div>\n                  <\/div>\n                  <div class=\"ols-t9-spec-mob-sub-row\">\n                    <div class=\"ols-t9-spec-mob-sub-code\">iv<\/div>\n                    <div class=\"ols-t9-spec-mob-sub-text\">surface area<\/div>\n                  <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n              <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n\n            <div class=\"ols-t9-spec-mob-row ols-t9-spec-mob-row--light\">\n              <div class=\"ols-t9-spec-mob-code ols-t9-spec-mob-code--dark\">9.2<\/div>\n              <div class=\"ols-t9-spec-mob-text\">understand that reactions take place only when collisions have sufficient energy, known as the activation energy<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n\n            <div class=\"ols-t9-spec-mob-row ols-t9-spec-mob-row--mid\">\n              <div class=\"ols-t9-spec-mob-code ols-t9-spec-mob-code--mid\">9.3<\/div>\n              <div class=\"ols-t9-spec-mob-text\">\n                <div style=\"margin:0 0 10px;\">be able to calculate the rate of a reaction from:<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-t9-spec-mob-sub-list\">\n                  <div class=\"ols-t9-spec-mob-sub-row\">\n                    <div class=\"ols-t9-spec-mob-sub-code\">i<\/div>\n                    <div class=\"ols-t9-spec-mob-sub-text\">the time taken for a reaction, using rate = 1\/time<\/div>\n                  <\/div>\n                  <div class=\"ols-t9-spec-mob-sub-row\">\n                    <div class=\"ols-t9-spec-mob-sub-code\">ii<\/div>\n                    <div class=\"ols-t9-spec-mob-sub-text\">the gradient of a suitable graph, by drawing a tangent, either for initial rate or at a time, t<\/div>\n                  <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n              <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n\n            <div class=\"ols-t9-spec-mob-row ols-t9-spec-mob-row--light\">\n              <div class=\"ols-t9-spec-mob-code ols-t9-spec-mob-code--dark\">9.4<\/div>\n              <div class=\"ols-t9-spec-mob-text\">understand qualitatively, in terms of the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution of molecular energies, how changes in temperature affect the rate of a reaction<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n\n            <div class=\"ols-t9-spec-mob-row ols-t9-spec-mob-row--light\">\n              <div class=\"ols-t9-spec-mob-code ols-t9-spec-mob-code--dark\">9.5<\/div>\n              <div class=\"ols-t9-spec-mob-text\">understand the role of catalysts in providing alternative reaction routes of lower activation energy<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n\n            <div class=\"ols-t9-spec-mob-row ols-t9-spec-mob-row--light\">\n              <div class=\"ols-t9-spec-mob-code ols-t9-spec-mob-code--dark\">9.6<\/div>\n              <div class=\"ols-t9-spec-mob-text\">be able to draw reaction profiles for uncatalysed and catalysed reactions, including the energy level of the intermediate formed with the catalyst<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n\n            <div class=\"ols-t9-spec-mob-row ols-t9-spec-mob-row--light\">\n              <div class=\"ols-t9-spec-mob-code ols-t9-spec-mob-code--dark\">9.7<\/div>\n              <div class=\"ols-t9-spec-mob-text\">understand the use of catalysts in industry to make processes more sustainable by using less energy and through higher atom economy<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n\n            <div class=\"ols-t9-spec-mob-row ols-t9-spec-mob-row--light\">\n              <div class=\"ols-t9-spec-mob-code ols-t9-spec-mob-code--dark\">9.8<\/div>\n              <div class=\"ols-t9-spec-mob-text\">be able to interpret the action of a catalyst in terms of a qualitative understanding of the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution of molecular energies<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n\n          <\/div>\n\n          <h3 class=\"ols-t9-spec-group-title\">9B: Equilibria<\/h3>\n          <div class=\"ols-t9-spec-mob-rows\">\n\n            <div class=\"ols-t9-spec-mob-row ols-t9-spec-mob-row--mid\">\n              <div class=\"ols-t9-spec-mob-code ols-t9-spec-mob-code--mid\">9.9<\/div>\n              <div class=\"ols-t9-spec-mob-text\">\n                <div style=\"margin:0 0 10px;\">know that many reactions are readily reversible and that they can reach a state of dynamic equilibrium in which:<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-t9-spec-mob-sub-list\">\n                  <div class=\"ols-t9-spec-mob-sub-row\">\n                    <div class=\"ols-t9-spec-mob-sub-code\">i<\/div>\n                    <div class=\"ols-t9-spec-mob-sub-text\">the rate of the forward reaction is equal to the rate of the backward reaction<\/div>\n                  <\/div>\n                  <div class=\"ols-t9-spec-mob-sub-row\">\n                    <div class=\"ols-t9-spec-mob-sub-code\">ii<\/div>\n                    <div class=\"ols-t9-spec-mob-sub-text\">the concentrations of the reactants and products remain constant<\/div>\n                  <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n              <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n\n            <div class=\"ols-t9-spec-mob-row ols-t9-spec-mob-row--light\">\n              <div class=\"ols-t9-spec-mob-code ols-t9-spec-mob-code--dark\">9.10<\/div>\n              <div class=\"ols-t9-spec-mob-text\">be able to predict and justify the qualitative effect of temperature, pressure and concentration changes on the position of equilibrium in a homogeneous system<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n\n            <div class=\"ols-t9-spec-mob-row ols-t9-spec-mob-row--light\">\n              <div class=\"ols-t9-spec-mob-code ols-t9-spec-mob-code--dark\">9.11<\/div>\n              <div class=\"ols-t9-spec-mob-text\">evaluate data to explain why industrial processes compromise between yield and rate of reaction<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n\n          <\/div>\n\n\n        <\/div>\n      <\/div>\n\n    <\/div>\n  <\/section>\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Revision Notes \/ A Level Chemistry \/ Edexcel International \/ Topic 9 Kinetics and Equilibria Edexcel International A Level Chemistry Topic 9Kinetics &amp;Equilibria Topic 9 asks two questions about every reaction: how fast does it go, and how far? Part 9A Kinetics builds collision theory, activation energy, the measurement of rates, the Maxwell\u2013Boltzmann distribution and [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":12,"featured_media":0,"parent":1786,"menu_order":9,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-10706","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/10706","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/12"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=10706"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/10706\/revisions"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1786"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=10706"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}