{"id":10736,"date":"2026-09-26T13:55:55","date_gmt":"2026-09-26T12:55:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-6-chemical-equilibria-le-chateliers-principle-and-kc\/"},"modified":"2026-09-26T13:55:55","modified_gmt":"2026-09-26T12:55:55","slug":"3-1-6-chemical-equilibria-le-chateliers-principle-and-kc","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-6-chemical-equilibria-le-chateliers-principle-and-kc\/","title":{"rendered":"3.1.6 Chemical Equilibria, Le Chatelier&#8217;s Principle and Kc"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"ols-aqa316-page\">\n\n  <aside class=\"ols-sidebar\">\n  <div class=\"ols-sidebar-header\">\n    <h3>Revision Notes<\/h3>\n    <p>A Level Chemistry<\/p>\n  <\/div>\n\n  <div class=\"ols-topic-group\">\n    <h4>3.1.6 Chemical Equilibria<\/h4>\n\n    <ul class=\"ols-topic-list\">\n      <li>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-6-chemical-equilibria-le-chateliers-principle-and-kc\/\">3.1.6 Overview<\/a>\n      <\/li>\n      <li>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-6-chemical-equilibria-le-chateliers-principle-and-kc\/dynamic-equilibrium\/\">Dynamic Equilibrium<\/a>\n      <\/li>\n      <li>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-6-chemical-equilibria-le-chateliers-principle-and-kc\/le-chateliers-principle\/\">Le Chatelier's Principle<\/a>\n      <\/li>\n      <li>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-6-chemical-equilibria-le-chateliers-principle-and-kc\/equilibria-in-industry\/\">Equilibria in Industry<\/a>\n      <\/li>\n      <li>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-6-chemical-equilibria-le-chateliers-principle-and-kc\/equilibrium-constant-kc\/\">The Equilibrium Constant Kc<\/a>\n      <\/li>\n    <\/ul>\n  <\/div>\n\n  <div class=\"ols-topic-group\">\n    <h4>Other Sections<\/h4>\n\n    <ul class=\"ols-topic-list\">\n      <li>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-5-kinetics\/\">3.1.5 Kinetics<\/a>\n      <\/li>\n      <li>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-4-energetics\/\">3.1.4 Energetics<\/a>\n      <\/li>\n      <li>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-2-amount-of-substance\/\">3.1.2 Amount of Substance<\/a>\n      <\/li>\n      <li>\n        <a 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at 24% 18%, rgba(255,255,255,0.46), transparent 24%), linear-gradient(135deg, #fefce8 0%, #facc15 45%, #854d0e 100%); }\n    .ols-aqa316-visual--ab { background: radial-gradient(circle at 24% 18%, rgba(255,255,255,0.46), transparent 24%), linear-gradient(135deg, #fdf2f8 0%, #f472b6 45%, #9d174d 100%); }\n  <\/style>\n\n  <!-- BREADCRUMB BAR -->\n  <div class=\"ols-aqa316-breadcrumb-bar\">\n    <div class=\"ols-aqa316-container\">\n      <nav class=\"ols-aqa316-breadcrumb\" aria-label=\"Breadcrumb\">\n          <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/\">Revision Notes<\/a> \/\n          <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/\">A Level Chemistry<\/a> \/\n          <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/\">AQA<\/a> \/\n          <span>3.1.6 Chemical Equilibria<\/span>\n        <\/nav>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n\n  <!-- INTRO -->\n  <section class=\"ols-aqa316-intro\">\n    <div class=\"ols-aqa316-container\">\n      <div class=\"ols-aqa316-intro-inner\">\n        <div>\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa316-eyebrow\">AQA A Level Chemistry<\/div>\n          <h1>3.1.6<br>Chemical Equilibria,<br>Le Chatelier and Kc<\/h1>\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa316-accent-bar\"><\/div>\n          <p class=\"ols-aqa316-intro-lead\">Section 3.1.6 covers reversible reactions and dynamic equilibrium, Le Chatelier&#8217;s principle for temperature, pressure and concentration, why a catalyst does not move the position of equilibrium, the compromise conditions used in industry, and the equilibrium constant Kc: writing the expression, calculating a value from equilibrium concentrations and predicting how temperature changes it.<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"ols-aqa316-info-grid\">\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa316-info-card\"><div class=\"ols-aqa316-info-card-label\">Exam Paper<\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa316-info-card-value\">Paper 1 &amp; 2<\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa316-info-card-sub\">7405\/1 and 7405\/2<\/div><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa316-info-card\"><div class=\"ols-aqa316-info-card-label\">Specification Points<\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa316-info-card-value\">3.1.6.1 &#8211; 3.1.6.2<\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa316-info-card-sub\">2 sections covered<\/div><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa316-info-card\"><div class=\"ols-aqa316-info-card-label\">Topic Parts<\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa316-info-card-value\">4 pages<\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa316-info-card-sub\">Revision notes available<\/div><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa316-info-card\"><div class=\"ols-aqa316-info-card-label\">Exam Board<\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa316-info-card-value\">AQA<\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa316-info-card-sub\">7405 (2015 onwards)<\/div><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/section>\n\n  <!-- TOPIC CARDS -->\n  <section class=\"ols-aqa316-topics\">\n    <div class=\"ols-aqa316-container\">\n      <div class=\"ols-aqa316-section-header\">\n        <h2 class=\"ols-aqa316-section-title\">Revision Notes<\/h2>\n        <p class=\"ols-aqa316-section-sub\">Work through 3.1.6 Chemical Equilibria in a structured sequence.<\/p>\n      <\/div>\n      <div class=\"ols-aqa316-cards-grid\">\n\n        <!-- Card 1: Dynamic Equilibrium -->\n        <a class=\"ols-aqa316-card ols-aqa316-card--available\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-6-chemical-equilibria-le-chateliers-principle-and-kc\/dynamic-equilibrium\/\">\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa316-card-img-wrap\">\n            <div class=\"ols-aqa316-visual ols-aqa316-visual--de\">\n              <div class=\"ols-aqa316-visual-panel\">\n                <div class=\"ols-aqa316-visual-kicker\">Reversible<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-aqa316-visual-main\">Dynamic<br>Equilibrium<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-aqa316-config-line\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span>rates equal, concentrations constant<\/span><\/div>\n              <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-aqa316-card-num\">1<\/div>\n            <span class=\"ols-aqa316-card-status ols-aqa316-card-status--available\">Available<\/span>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa316-card-body\">\n            <p class=\"ols-aqa316-card-title\">Dynamic Equilibrium<\/p>\n            <p class=\"ols-aqa316-card-desc\">Dynamic equilibrium: reversible reactions, equal forward and reverse rates, constant concentrations, closed systems and the position of equilibrium.<\/p>\n            <span class=\"ols-aqa316-card-cta\">Start revising<svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n\n        <!-- Card 2: Le Chatelier's Principle -->\n        <a class=\"ols-aqa316-card ols-aqa316-card--available\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-6-chemical-equilibria-le-chateliers-principle-and-kc\/le-chateliers-principle\/\">\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa316-card-img-wrap\">\n            <div class=\"ols-aqa316-visual ols-aqa316-visual--lc\">\n              <div class=\"ols-aqa316-visual-panel\">\n                <div class=\"ols-aqa316-visual-kicker\">Shifts<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-aqa316-visual-main\">Le Chatelier&#8217;s<br>Principle<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-aqa316-config-line\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span>temperature, pressure, concentration<\/span><\/div>\n              <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-aqa316-card-num\">2<\/div>\n            <span class=\"ols-aqa316-card-status ols-aqa316-card-status--available\">Available<\/span>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa316-card-body\">\n            <p class=\"ols-aqa316-card-title\">Le Chatelier&#8217;s Principle<\/p>\n            <p class=\"ols-aqa316-card-desc\">Le Chatelier&#8217;s principle: temperature, pressure and concentration changes, catalysts, and the ammonia and chromate equilibria as examples.<\/p>\n            <span class=\"ols-aqa316-card-cta\">Start revising<svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n\n        <!-- Card 3: Equilibria in Industry -->\n        <a class=\"ols-aqa316-card ols-aqa316-card--available\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-6-chemical-equilibria-le-chateliers-principle-and-kc\/equilibria-in-industry\/\">\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa316-card-img-wrap\">\n            <div class=\"ols-aqa316-visual ols-aqa316-visual--ei\">\n              <div class=\"ols-aqa316-visual-panel\">\n                <div class=\"ols-aqa316-visual-kicker\">Yield versus rate<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-aqa316-visual-main\">Equilibria in<br>Industry<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-aqa316-config-line\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span>Haber, Contact, compromise<\/span><\/div>\n              <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-aqa316-card-num\">3<\/div>\n            <span class=\"ols-aqa316-card-status ols-aqa316-card-status--available\">Available<\/span>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa316-card-body\">\n            <p class=\"ols-aqa316-card-title\">Equilibria in Industry<\/p>\n            <p class=\"ols-aqa316-card-desc\">Equilibria in industry: the Haber and Contact processes, compromise temperature and pressure, catalysts and evaluating yield data.<\/p>\n            <span class=\"ols-aqa316-card-cta\">Start revising<svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n\n        <!-- Card 4: The Equilibrium Constant Kc -->\n        <a class=\"ols-aqa316-card ols-aqa316-card--available\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-6-chemical-equilibria-le-chateliers-principle-and-kc\/equilibrium-constant-kc\/\">\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa316-card-img-wrap\">\n            <div class=\"ols-aqa316-visual ols-aqa316-visual--kc\">\n              <div class=\"ols-aqa316-visual-panel\">\n                <div class=\"ols-aqa316-visual-kicker\">Products over reactants<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-aqa316-visual-main\">Equilibrium<br>Constant Kc<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-aqa316-config-line\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span>expression, units, calculation<\/span><\/div>\n              <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-aqa316-card-num\">4<\/div>\n            <span class=\"ols-aqa316-card-status ols-aqa316-card-status--available\">Available<\/span>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa316-card-body\">\n            <p class=\"ols-aqa316-card-title\">The Equilibrium Constant Kc<\/p>\n            <p class=\"ols-aqa316-card-desc\">Kc: expressions, units, calculations from equilibrium amounts, the magnitude of Kc and the effect of temperature.<\/p>\n            <span class=\"ols-aqa316-card-cta\">Start revising<svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/section>\n\n  <!-- SPECIFICATION -->\n  <section class=\"ols-aqa316-spec-section\">\n    <div class=\"ols-aqa316-container\">\n      <div class=\"ols-aqa316-spec-wrap\">\n        <div class=\"ols-aqa316-spec-pill\">Specification Coverage<\/div>\n        <h2 class=\"ols-aqa316-spec-heading\">3.1.6 Chemical Equilibria, Le Chatelier&#8217;s Principle and Kc &#8211; AQA A Level Chemistry<\/h2>\n        <p class=\"ols-aqa316-spec-intro-text\">The following AQA specification points outline the knowledge and skills students are expected to demonstrate. Wording follows the AQA A Level Chemistry (7405) specification.<\/p>\n        <h3 class=\"ols-aqa316-spec-group-title\">3.1.6.1 Chemical equilibria and Le Chatelier&#8217;s principle<\/h3>\n        <div class=\"ols-aqa316-spec-rows\">\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa316-spec-row ols-aqa316-spec-row--light\"><div class=\"ols-aqa316-spec-code\">i<\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa316-spec-text\">Many chemical reactions are reversible.<\/div><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa316-spec-row ols-aqa316-spec-row--mid\"><div class=\"ols-aqa316-spec-code ols-aqa316-spec-code--mid\">ii<\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa316-spec-text\">In a reversible reaction at equilibrium, forward and reverse reactions proceed at equal rates and the concentrations of reactants and products remain constant.<\/div><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa316-spec-row ols-aqa316-spec-row--light\"><div class=\"ols-aqa316-spec-code\">iii<\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa316-spec-text\">Apply Le Chatelier&#8217;s principle to predict the effect of changes in temperature, pressure and concentration on the position of equilibrium in homogeneous reactions.<\/div><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa316-spec-row ols-aqa316-spec-row--mid\"><div class=\"ols-aqa316-spec-code ols-aqa316-spec-code--mid\">iv<\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa316-spec-text\">A catalyst does not affect the position of equilibrium.<\/div><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa316-spec-row ols-aqa316-spec-row--light\"><div class=\"ols-aqa316-spec-code\">v<\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa316-spec-text\">Explain why, for a reversible reaction used in an industrial process, a compromise temperature and pressure may be used.<\/div><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n\n        <h3 class=\"ols-aqa316-spec-group-title\">3.1.6.2 Equilibrium constant Kc for homogeneous systems<\/h3>\n        <div class=\"ols-aqa316-spec-rows\">\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa316-spec-row ols-aqa316-spec-row--mid\"><div class=\"ols-aqa316-spec-code ols-aqa316-spec-code--mid\">i<\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa316-spec-text\">Construct an expression for Kc for a homogeneous system in equilibrium; the concentration of a species X is represented by [X] in mol dm\u207b\u00b3.<\/div><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa316-spec-row ols-aqa316-spec-row--light\"><div class=\"ols-aqa316-spec-code\">ii<\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa316-spec-text\">The value of Kc is not affected by changes in concentration or by addition of a catalyst.<\/div><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa316-spec-row ols-aqa316-spec-row--mid\"><div class=\"ols-aqa316-spec-code ols-aqa316-spec-code--mid\">iii<\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa316-spec-text\">Calculate a value for Kc from the equilibrium concentrations for a homogeneous system at constant temperature, and perform calculations involving Kc.<\/div><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa316-spec-row ols-aqa316-spec-row--light\"><div class=\"ols-aqa316-spec-code\">iv<\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa316-spec-text\">Predict the qualitative effects of changes of temperature on the value of Kc.<\/div><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/section>\n\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">\n{\n  \"@context\": \"https:\/\/schema.org\",\n  \"@graph\": [\n    {\n      \"@type\": \"CollectionPage\",\n      \"@id\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-6-chemical-equilibria-le-chateliers-principle-and-kc\/#webpage\",\n      \"url\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-6-chemical-equilibria-le-chateliers-principle-and-kc\/\",\n      \"name\": \"3.1.6 Chemical Equilibria | AQA A Level Chemistry | Online Learning System\",\n      \"description\": \"AQA A Level Chemistry 3.1.6 Chemical Equilibria revision notes: dynamic equilibrium, le chatelier's principle, equilibria in industry, the equilibrium constant kc.\",\n      \"isPartOf\": {\n        \"@id\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/#website\"\n      },\n      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[&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":12,"featured_media":0,"parent":5210,"menu_order":5,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-10736","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/10736","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/12"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=10736"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/10736\/revisions"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/5210"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=10736"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}