{"id":10741,"date":"2026-09-26T13:56:05","date_gmt":"2026-09-26T12:56:05","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-6-chemical-equilibria-le-chateliers-principle-and-kc\/dynamic-equilibrium\/"},"modified":"2026-10-03T11:33:14","modified_gmt":"2026-10-03T10:33:14","slug":"dynamic-equilibrium","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-6-chemical-equilibria-le-chateliers-principle-and-kc\/dynamic-equilibrium\/","title":{"rendered":"Dynamic Equilibrium"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<section class=\"ols-revision-page ols-nature-of-covalent-bonding-9ch0-page\">\n  <style>\n    .ols-revision-page {\n      --navy: #1C244B;\n      --blue: #2563eb;\n      --soft-blue: #eef4ff;\n      --soft-red: #fff7f7;\n      --soft-purple: #f7f0ff;\n      --soft-green: #f0f7f1;\n      --soft-orange: #fff7ed;\n      --grey-text: #667085;\n      --body-text: #1f2937;\n      --border: rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.14);\n      --shadow: 0 18px 45px rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.10);\n      --inner-shadow: 0 10px 26px rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.08);\n      font-family: Poppins, Arial, sans-serif;\n      color: var(--navy);\n      background: #ffffff;\n    }\n\n    .ols-revision-page * { box-sizing: border-box; }\n    .ols-main { min-width: 0; max-width: 970px; }\n    .ols-breadcrumbs { display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; gap: 8px; margin: 10px 0 22px; font-size: 15px; color: var(--grey-text); }\n    .ols-breadcrumbs a, .ols-breadcrumbs span { color: var(--grey-text); text-decoration: none; font-weight: 600; }\n    .ols-breadcrumbs a:hover { color: var(--blue); text-decoration: underline; text-underline-offset: 3px; }\n    .ols-title-card, .ols-note-card, .ols-h5p-card, .ols-related-card, .ols-faq-card { background: #ffffff; border: 1px solid var(--border); border-radius: 28px; box-shadow: var(--shadow); padding: 34px; margin-bottom: 24px; overflow: hidden; }\n    .ols-title-card { background: linear-gradient(135deg, #ffffff 0%, #f8fbff 100%); }\n    .ols-title-card h1 { margin: 0 0 18px; font-size: clamp(36px, 5vw, 58px); line-height: 1.08; font-weight: 800; letter-spacing: -0.04em; color: #111827; }\n    .ols-page-intro { font-size: 19px; line-height: 1.7; font-weight: 300; color: var(--body-text); margin: 0 0 22px; }\n    .ols-badges { display: flex; flex-direction: column; align-items: flex-start; gap: 12px; margin-bottom: 22px; }\n    .ols-badge { display: inline-flex; align-items: center; padding: 9px 14px; border-radius: 999px; background: #ffffff; border: 1px solid var(--border); font-size: 15px; font-weight: 600; color: var(--navy); }\n    .ols-author { display: flex; align-items: center; gap: 20px; padding: 28px; border-radius: 28px; background: linear-gradient(135deg, #ffffff 0%, #f8fbff 100%); border: 1px solid rgba(28,36,75,0.12); box-shadow: 0 18px 45px rgba(28,36,75,0.10); margin-top: 22px; }\n    .ols-author-avatar-img { width: 92px; height: 92px; border-radius: 50%; object-fit: cover; object-position: center; flex-shrink: 0; border: 4px solid #ffffff; box-shadow: 0 14px 32px rgba(28,36,75,0.18), 0 0 0 1px rgba(28,36,75,0.10); transition: transform 0.25s ease, box-shadow 0.25s ease; }\n    .ols-author:hover .ols-author-avatar-img { transform: scale(1.04); box-shadow: 0 20px 42px rgba(28,36,75,0.22), 0 0 0 1px rgba(28,36,75,0.10); }\n    .ols-author-content { min-width: 0; }\n    .ols-author-title { margin: 0 0 4px; font-size: clamp(24px,3vw,34px); line-height: 1.15; font-weight: 700; color: var(--navy); letter-spacing: -0.03em; }\n    .ols-author-description { margin: 0; font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.7; font-weight: 300; color: var(--grey-text); }\n    .ols-linkedin-pill { display: inline-flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center; gap: 10px; margin-top: 16px; padding: 11px 18px; border-radius: 999px; background: linear-gradient(135deg,#0A66C2,#004182); color: #ffffff; text-decoration: none; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1; font-weight: 700; letter-spacing: 0.01em; box-shadow: 0 10px 22px rgba(10,102,194,0.24); position: relative; overflow: hidden; transition: transform 0.22s ease, box-shadow 0.22s ease; }\n    .ols-linkedin-pill::before { content: \"\"; position: absolute; top: 0; left: -120%; width: 100%; height: 100%; background: linear-gradient(120deg, rgba(255,255,255,0) 0%, rgba(255,255,255,0.28) 50%, rgba(255,255,255,0) 100%); transition: left 0.7s ease; }\n    .ols-linkedin-pill:hover { transform: translateY(-3px) scale(1.03); box-shadow: 0 16px 34px rgba(10,102,194,0.34), 0 0 0 6px rgba(10,102,194,0.10); color: #ffffff; }\n    .ols-linkedin-pill:hover::before { left: 120%; }\n    .ols-linkedin-icon { width: 18px; height: 18px; display: block; flex-shrink: 0; }\n\n    .ols-note-card.soft { background: linear-gradient(135deg, #ffffff 0%, var(--soft-red) 100%); }\n    .ols-note-card.purple { background: linear-gradient(135deg, #ffffff 0%, var(--soft-purple) 100%); }\n    .ols-note-card.orange { background: linear-gradient(135deg, #ffffff 0%, var(--soft-orange) 100%); }\n    .ols-note-title { display: flex; align-items: center; gap: 14px; margin-bottom: 20px; }\n    .ols-note-icon { width: 52px; height: 52px; border-radius: 16px; background: var(--navy); color: #ffffff; display: grid; place-items: center; font-size: 24px; font-weight: 800; flex-shrink: 0; }\n    .ols-note-title h2, .ols-h5p-card h2, .ols-related-card h2, .ols-faq-card h2 { margin: 0; font-size: clamp(28px, 3.5vw, 42px); line-height: 1.15; font-weight: 800; color: #111827; letter-spacing: -0.03em; }\n    .ols-h5p-card h2, .ols-related-card h2, .ols-faq-card h2 { margin-bottom: 14px; }\n    .ols-note-card p, .ols-note-card li { font-size: clamp(15px, 1.25vw, 17px); line-height: 1.65; font-weight: 300; color: var(--body-text); }\n    .ols-h5p-card p, .ols-related-card p, .ols-faq-card p { font-size: clamp(15px, 1.3vw, 18px); line-height: 1.65; font-weight: 300; color: var(--body-text); }\n    .ols-note-card strong, .ols-h5p-card strong, .ols-related-card strong, .ols-faq-card strong { font-weight: 700; color: var(--navy); }\n    .ols-note-card ul, .ols-note-card ol { margin: 0; padding-left: 22px; }\n\n    .ols-key-box { margin-top: 20px; background: var(--soft-green); border: 1px solid rgba(63, 143, 70, 0.25); border-radius: 20px; padding: 18px 20px; }\n    .ols-key-box p { margin: 0; font-weight: 400; color: var(--navy); }\n    .ols-definition-box { background: linear-gradient(135deg, #ffffff, var(--soft-purple)); border: 2px dashed rgba(122, 62, 157, 0.35); border-radius: 24px; padding: 22px 24px; margin-top: 22px; }\n    .ols-definition-box p { margin: 0; color: var(--navy); font-weight: 400; }\n\n    .ols-rule-list { display: grid; gap: 14px; margin-top: 18px; }\n    .ols-rule-item { background: #ffffff; border: 1px solid var(--border); border-left: 5px solid var(--blue); border-radius: 18px; padding: 18px; box-shadow: var(--inner-shadow); }\n    .ols-rule-item h3 { margin: 0 0 8px; font-size: 20px; line-height: 1.25; color: var(--navy); }\n    .ols-rule-item p { margin: 0; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.6; }\n\n    .ols-figure-card { margin: 26px auto 4px; border: 1px solid var(--border); border-radius: 26px; overflow: hidden; background: #ffffff; box-shadow: var(--inner-shadow); max-width: 100%; }\n    .ols-figure-card.medium { max-width: 820px; }\n    .ols-figure-card.compact { max-width: 700px; }\n    .ols-figure-image { width: 100%; min-height: 260px; display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center; background: #ffffff; padding: 20px; }\n    .ols-figure-image img { max-width: 100%; height: auto; display: block; }\n    .ols-figure-caption { padding: 18px 24px 22px; background: linear-gradient(135deg, #ffffff, #f8fbff); border-top: 1px solid var(--border); }\n    .ols-figure-caption p { margin: 0; color: #5f6b85; font-size: clamp(15px, 1.3vw, 17px); line-height: 1.6; font-weight: 300; font-style: italic; }\n    .ols-zoom-card, .ols-zoom-card * { box-sizing: border-box; }\n    .ols-zoom-card { display: block !important; margin: 26px auto 34px !important; border: 1px solid rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.14) !important; border-radius: 26px !important; background: #ffffff !important; box-shadow: 0 18px 45px rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.10) !important; overflow: visible !important; position: relative !important; z-index: 1 !important; isolation: isolate !important; }\n    .ols-zoom-card.medium { max-width: 820px; }\n    .ols-zoom-card.compact { max-width: 700px; }\n    .ols-zoom-card.wide { max-width: 940px; }\n    .ols-zoom-card.slim { max-width: 600px; }\n    .ols-zoom-card:hover { z-index: 50 !important; }\n    .ols-zoom-card-image { display: flex !important; align-items: center !important; justify-content: center !important; width: 100% !important; min-height: 240px !important; padding: 20px !important; background: #ffffff !important; overflow: visible !important; border-top-left-radius: 26px !important; border-top-right-radius: 26px !important; position: relative !important; z-index: 2 !important; }\n    .ols-zoom-card img.ols-zoomable-img { display: block !important; max-width: 100% !important; height: auto !important; border-radius: 18px !important; cursor: zoom-in !important; pointer-events: auto !important; user-select: none !important; -webkit-user-drag: none !important; transform: translateZ(0) scale(1) !important; transform-origin: center center !important; transition: transform 0.32s ease, box-shadow 0.32s ease, filter 0.32s ease !important; position: relative !important; z-index: 2 !important; }\n    @media (hover: hover) and (pointer: fine) { .ols-zoom-card img.ols-zoomable-img:hover { transform: translateZ(0) scale(1.35) !important; box-shadow: 0 28px 70px rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.34) !important; filter: saturate(1.02) contrast(1.01) !important; z-index: 100 !important; } }\n    .ols-zoom-card-caption { padding: 18px 22px 20px !important; background: linear-gradient(135deg, #ffffff, #f8fbff) !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 26px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 26px !important; position: relative !important; z-index: 1 !important; }\n    .ols-zoom-card-caption p { margin: 0 !important; color: #5f6b85 !important; font-size: 15px !important; line-height: 1.65 !important; font-weight: 300 !important; font-style: italic !important; font-family: Poppins, Arial, sans-serif !important; }\n    .ols-image-lightbox { position: fixed; inset: 0; z-index: 999999; display: none; align-items: center; justify-content: center; padding: 34px; background: rgba(10, 15, 35, 0.86); backdrop-filter: blur(8px); -webkit-backdrop-filter: blur(8px); }\n    .ols-image-lightbox.is-open { display: flex; }\n    .ols-image-lightbox-inner { position: relative; width: min(96vw, 1500px); max-height: 92vh; display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center; }\n    .ols-image-lightbox-img { display: block; max-width: 100%; max-height: 92vh; height: auto; width: auto; border-radius: 22px; background: #ffffff; box-shadow: 0 32px 90px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.45); object-fit: contain; }\n    .ols-image-lightbox-close { position: absolute; top: -18px; right: -18px; width: 46px; height: 46px; border: 0; border-radius: 50%; background: #ffffff; color: var(--navy); font-family: Poppins, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 28px; line-height: 1; font-weight: 700; cursor: pointer; box-shadow: 0 16px 34px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.28); display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center; transition: transform 0.2s ease, background 0.2s ease, color 0.2s ease; }\n    .ols-image-lightbox-close:hover { transform: scale(1.08); background: var(--blue); color: #ffffff; }\n    @media (max-width: 760px) { .ols-zoom-card { border-radius: 22px !important; overflow: hidden !important; } .ols-zoom-card-image { min-height: auto !important; padding: 12px !important; overflow: hidden !important; border-top-left-radius: 22px !important; border-top-right-radius: 22px !important; } .ols-zoom-card img.ols-zoomable-img, .ols-zoom-card img.ols-zoomable-img:hover { transform: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; } .ols-zoom-card-caption { border-bottom-left-radius: 22px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 22px !important; } .ols-image-lightbox { padding: 16px; } .ols-image-lightbox-inner { width: 100%; max-height: 88vh; } .ols-image-lightbox-img { max-height: 88vh; border-radius: 16px; } .ols-image-lightbox-close { top: 10px; right: 10px; width: 42px; height: 42px; font-size: 26px; } }\n\n\n    .ols-table-wrap { overflow: hidden; border-radius: 22px; border: 1px solid var(--border); background: #ffffff; margin-top: 18px; }\n    .ols-table { width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; table-layout: fixed; }\n    .ols-table th { background: var(--navy); color: #ffffff; padding: 16px; text-align: left; font-size: clamp(14px, 1.2vw, 17px); font-weight: 600; overflow-wrap: anywhere; }\n    .ols-table td { padding: 16px; border-bottom: 1px solid var(--border); font-size: clamp(14px, 1.15vw, 16px); line-height: 1.45; color: var(--body-text); vertical-align: top; overflow-wrap: anywhere; }\n    .ols-table tr:last-child td { border-bottom: none; }\n\n    .ols-h5p-card { background: linear-gradient(135deg, #ffffff 0%, #f7f0ff 100%); }\n    .ols-h5p-frame { margin-top: 22px; padding: 18px; border-radius: 24px; background: #ffffff; border: 1px solid var(--border); box-shadow: inset 0 0 0 1px rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.03); }\n\n    .ols-faq-list { display: grid; gap: 14px; margin-top: 18px; }\n    .ols-faq-item { background: #ffffff; border: 1px solid var(--border); border-radius: 18px; padding: 18px 20px; box-shadow: var(--inner-shadow); }\n    .ols-faq-item h3 { margin: 0 0 8px; font-size: 20px; line-height: 1.3; color: var(--navy); }\n    .ols-faq-item p { margin: 0; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.65; color: var(--body-text); }\n\n    .ols-related-grid { display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(3, minmax(0, 1fr)); gap: 16px; margin-top: 18px; }\n    .ols-related-item { border: 1px solid var(--border); border-radius: 18px; padding: 18px; background: #ffffff; color: var(--navy); text-decoration: none; font-weight: 600; line-height: 1.5; transition: transform 0.2s ease, box-shadow 0.2s ease; }\n    .ols-related-item:hover { transform: translateY(-2px); box-shadow: 0 10px 22px rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.08); }\n\n    .ols-course-cta-covalent {\n      width: 100%;\n      margin: 30px 0 24px;\n      font-family: Poppins, Arial, sans-serif;\n    }\n    .ols-course-cta-covalent, .ols-course-cta-covalent * { box-sizing: border-box; }\n    .ols-course-cta-card {\n      overflow: hidden;\n      border-radius: 30px;\n      border: 1px solid var(--border);\n      background: radial-gradient(circle at top left, rgba(37, 99, 235, 0.16), transparent 34%), linear-gradient(135deg, #ffffff 0%, #f8fbff 100%);\n      box-shadow: var(--shadow);\n      padding: 30px;\n    }\n    .ols-course-cta-top {\n      display: grid;\n      grid-template-columns: minmax(260px, 0.9fr) minmax(0, 1.1fr);\n      gap: 28px;\n      align-items: center;\n      margin-bottom: 24px;\n    }\n    .ols-course-cta-image-link { display: block; text-decoration: none; border-radius: 24px; }\n    .ols-course-cta-image {\n      width: 100%;\n      border-radius: 24px;\n      overflow: hidden;\n      border: 1px solid var(--border);\n      background: #ffffff;\n      box-shadow: var(--inner-shadow);\n      transition: transform 0.35s ease, box-shadow 0.35s ease;\n    }\n    .ols-course-cta-image img { width: 100%; height: auto; display: block; transition: transform 0.45s ease; }\n    .ols-course-cta-image-link:hover .ols-course-cta-image { transform: translateY(-8px) scale(1.015); box-shadow: 0 26px 60px rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.18), 0 0 0 1px rgba(37, 99, 235, 0.12); }\n    .ols-course-cta-image-link:hover .ols-course-cta-image img { transform: scale(1.03); }\n    .ols-course-cta-header-row { display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; align-items: center; justify-content: space-between; gap: 14px; margin-bottom: 18px; }\n    .ols-course-cta-kicker { display: inline-flex; align-items: center; padding: 8px 14px; border-radius: 999px; background: #ffffff; border: 1px solid rgba(37, 99, 235, 0.18); color: var(--blue); font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: 700; box-shadow: var(--inner-shadow); }\n    .ols-course-cta-covalent h2 { margin: 0 0 14px; font-size: clamp(28px, 3.5vw, 42px); line-height: 1.15; font-weight: 800; letter-spacing: -0.03em; color: #111827; }\n    .ols-course-cta-intro { margin: 0 0 24px; color: var(--body-text); font-size: clamp(16px, 1.4vw, 18px); line-height: 1.7; font-weight: 300; }\n    .ols-course-cta-features { display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(2, minmax(0, 1fr)); gap: 14px; margin: 0 0 30px; }\n    .ols-course-feature { background: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.78); border: 1px solid var(--border); border-radius: 18px; padding: 16px 18px; }\n    .ols-course-feature h3 { margin: 0 0 6px; color: var(--navy); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.3; font-weight: 800; }\n    .ols-course-feature p { margin: 0; color: var(--body-text); font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.6; font-weight: 300; }\n    .ols-course-cta-bottom { display: flex; justify-content: center; padding-top: 22px; border-top: 1px solid var(--border); }\n    .ols-course-button { display: inline-flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center; padding: 15px 28px; border-radius: 999px; background: var(--navy); color: #ffffff; text-decoration: none; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: 800; box-shadow: 0 12px 26px rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.18); transition: transform 0.2s ease, background 0.2s ease, box-shadow 0.2s ease; }\n    .ols-course-button:hover { transform: translateY(-2px); background: var(--blue); color: #ffffff; box-shadow: 0 16px 32px rgba(37, 99, 235, 0.24); }\n    .ols-course-button-top { flex-shrink: 0; padding: 12px 22px; font-size: 15px; }\n\n    .ols-attribution-card {\n      background: linear-gradient(135deg, #ffffff, #f8fbff);\n      border: 1px solid rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.14);\n      border-radius: 28px;\n      box-shadow: 0 18px 45px rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.10);\n      padding: 34px;\n      margin-bottom: 24px;\n      overflow: hidden;\n      font-family: Poppins, Arial, sans-serif;\n      box-sizing: border-box;\n    }\n    .ols-attribution-card, .ols-attribution-card * { box-sizing: border-box; }\n    .ols-attribution-card p { margin: 0; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.65; font-weight: 300; color: #667085; }\n    .ols-attribution-card strong { font-weight: 700; color: #1C244B; }\n\n    @media (max-width: 1050px) {\n      .ols-main { max-width: none; }\n      .ols-related-grid { grid-template-columns: repeat(2, minmax(0, 1fr)); }\n      .ols-course-cta-top { grid-template-columns: 1fr; }\n      .ols-course-cta-image-link { max-width: 520px; margin: 0 auto; }\n    }\n\n    @media (max-width: 760px) {\n      .ols-title-card, .ols-note-card, .ols-h5p-card, .ols-related-card, .ols-faq-card, .ols-attribution-card { padding: 24px 18px; border-radius: 22px; }\n      .ols-note-title { align-items: flex-start; }\n      .ols-related-grid, .ols-course-cta-features { grid-template-columns: 1fr; }\n      .ols-figure-card { border-radius: 22px; }\n      .ols-figure-image { min-height: 210px; padding: 14px; }\n      .ols-figure-caption { padding: 16px; }\n      .ols-table-wrap { border: none; background: transparent; }\n      .ols-table, .ols-table thead, .ols-table tbody, .ols-table th, .ols-table td, .ols-table tr { display: block; width: 100%; }\n      .ols-table { border-collapse: separate; border-spacing: 0; }\n      .ols-table thead { display: none; }\n      .ols-table tr { margin-bottom: 14px; border: 1px solid var(--border); border-radius: 18px; overflow: hidden; background: #ffffff; box-shadow: var(--inner-shadow); }\n      .ols-table td { border-bottom: 1px solid var(--border); padding: 14px 16px; overflow-wrap: anywhere; }\n      .ols-table td:last-child { border-bottom: none; }\n      .ols-table td::before { content: attr(data-label); display: block; margin-bottom: 6px; font-size: 13px; font-weight: 700; color: var(--blue); }\n      .ols-author { align-items: flex-start; padding: 22px 18px; border-radius: 22px; }\n      .ols-author-avatar-img { width: 72px; height: 72px; }\n      .ols-author-title { font-size: 24px; }\n      .ols-author-description { font-size: 15px; }\n      .ols-course-cta-card { padding: 20px; border-radius: 24px; }\n      .ols-course-cta-header-row { align-items: stretch; }\n      .ols-course-button-top, .ols-course-button { width: 100%; }\n    }\n  \n    .ols-figure-placeholder .ols-placeholder-box { border: 2px dashed #c9973a; background: #fffaf0; border-radius: 16px; padding: 26px 22px; font-weight: 700; color: #7a4b12; text-align: center; line-height: 1.6; }\n    .ols-figure-placeholder .ols-figure-image { background: transparent; }\n    .ols-figure-placeholder { background: #ffffff; border: 1px solid rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.12); border-radius: 22px; padding: 14px; margin: 18px 0 6px; }\n    .ols-figure-placeholder .ols-figure-caption p { margin: 10px 0 0; font-size: 14px; color: #667085; text-align: center; }\n\n    \/* inline checks (H5P re-flow, Sep 2026) *\/\n    .ols-h5p-card.ols-h5p-inline { padding: 26px 28px; border-left: 6px solid #7c3aed; }\n    .ols-h5p-card.ols-h5p-inline h2 { font-size: clamp(20px, 2.2vw, 27px); letter-spacing: -0.02em; }\n    .ols-h5p-card.ols-h5p-inline > p { margin: 8px 0 0; }\n    .ols-h5p-card.ols-h5p-inline .ols-h5p-frame { margin-top: 16px; padding: 14px; border-radius: 20px; }\n    .ols-h5p-kicker { display: inline-block; margin-bottom: 10px; padding: 5px 12px; border-radius: 999px; background: #ede9fe; color: #5b21b6; font-size: 12px; font-weight: 700; letter-spacing: 0.06em; text-transform: uppercase; }\n    .ols-h5p-card.ols-h5p-recap { border-left-color: #c9973a; background: linear-gradient(135deg, #ffffff 0%, #fff8e8 100%); }\n    .ols-h5p-recap .ols-h5p-kicker { background: #fdf0d2; color: #8a5a00; }\n    @media (max-width: 760px) { .ols-h5p-card.ols-h5p-inline { padding: 20px 16px; } }\n<\/style>\n\n  <aside class=\"ols-sidebar\">\n  <div class=\"ols-sidebar-header\">\n    <h3>Revision Notes<\/h3>\n    <p>A Level Chemistry<\/p>\n  <\/div>\n\n  <div class=\"ols-topic-group\">\n    <h4>3.1.6 Chemical Equilibria<\/h4>\n\n    <ul class=\"ols-topic-list\">\n      <li>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-6-chemical-equilibria-le-chateliers-principle-and-kc\/\">3.1.6 Overview<\/a>\n      <\/li>\n      <li>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-6-chemical-equilibria-le-chateliers-principle-and-kc\/dynamic-equilibrium\/\">Dynamic Equilibrium<\/a>\n      <\/li>\n      <li>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-6-chemical-equilibria-le-chateliers-principle-and-kc\/le-chateliers-principle\/\">Le Chatelier's Principle<\/a>\n      <\/li>\n      <li>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-6-chemical-equilibria-le-chateliers-principle-and-kc\/equilibria-in-industry\/\">Equilibria in Industry<\/a>\n      <\/li>\n      <li>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-6-chemical-equilibria-le-chateliers-principle-and-kc\/equilibrium-constant-kc\/\">The Equilibrium Constant Kc<\/a>\n      <\/li>\n    <\/ul>\n  <\/div>\n\n  <div class=\"ols-topic-group\">\n    <h4>Other Sections<\/h4>\n\n    <ul class=\"ols-topic-list\">\n      <li>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-5-kinetics\/\">3.1.5 Kinetics<\/a>\n      <\/li>\n      <li>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-4-energetics\/\">3.1.4 Energetics<\/a>\n      <\/li>\n      <li>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-2-amount-of-substance\/\">3.1.2 Amount of Substance<\/a>\n      <\/li>\n      <li>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-7-oxidation-reduction-and-redox-equations\/\">3.1.7 Oxidation, Reduction and Redox<\/a>\n      <\/li>\n    <\/ul>\n  <\/div>\n<\/aside>\n\n<script>\r\n(function() {\r\n  function normalisePath(path) {\r\n    return String(path || '')\r\n      .split('?')[0]\r\n      .split('#')[0]\r\n      .replace(\/\\\/+$\/, '')\r\n      .toLowerCase();\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  function highlightActive() {\r\n    var sidebar = document.querySelector('.ols-sidebar');\r\n    if (!sidebar) return false;\r\n\r\n    var currentPath = normalisePath(window.location.pathname);\r\n    var links = sidebar.querySelectorAll('a[href]');\r\n    var matched = null;\r\n    var matchedLength = 0;\r\n\r\n    sidebar.querySelectorAll('.active, .active-main, .parent-active').forEach(function(item) {\r\n      item.classList.remove('active', 'active-main', 'parent-active');\r\n    });\r\n\r\n    sidebar.querySelectorAll('a[data-ols-disabled-parent=\"1\"], a[aria-current]').forEach(function(a) {\r\n      a.removeAttribute('aria-current');\r\n      a.removeAttribute('tabindex');\r\n      a.removeAttribute('data-ols-disabled-parent');\r\n    });\r\n\r\n    links.forEach(function(a) {\r\n      try {\r\n        var href = a.getAttribute('href');\r\n\r\n        if (!href || href === '#' || href.charAt(0) === '#') {\r\n          return;\r\n        }\r\n\r\n        var linkPath = normalisePath(new URL(href, window.location.origin).pathname);\r\n\r\n        if (!linkPath) {\r\n          return;\r\n        }\r\n\r\n        if (currentPath === linkPath || currentPath.indexOf(linkPath + '\/') === 0) {\r\n          if (linkPath.length > matchedLength) {\r\n            matched = a;\r\n            matchedLength = linkPath.length;\r\n          }\r\n        }\r\n      } catch(e) {}\r\n    });\r\n\r\n    if (matched) {\r\n      var matchedLi = matched.closest('li');\r\n      var parentSub = matched.closest('.ols-subtopic-list');\r\n\r\n      if (parentSub) {\r\n        if (matchedLi) {\r\n          matchedLi.classList.add('active');\r\n          matched.setAttribute('aria-current', 'page');\r\n        }\r\n\r\n        var parentLi = parentSub.closest('li');\r\n\r\n        if (parentLi) {\r\n          parentLi.classList.add('parent-active', 'active-main');\r\n\r\n          var parentLink = parentLi.querySelector(':scope > a');\r\n\r\n          if (parentLink) {\r\n            parentLink.setAttribute('aria-current', 'true');\r\n            parentLink.setAttribute('tabindex', '-1');\r\n            parentLink.setAttribute('data-ols-disabled-parent', '1');\r\n          }\r\n        }\r\n      } else {\r\n        if (matchedLi) {\r\n          matchedLi.classList.add('parent-active', 'active-main');\r\n          matched.setAttribute('aria-current', 'page');\r\n          matched.setAttribute('tabindex', '-1');\r\n          matched.setAttribute('data-ols-disabled-parent', '1');\r\n        }\r\n      }\r\n    }\r\n\r\n    return true;\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  if (!highlightActive()) {\r\n    document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', highlightActive);\r\n  }\r\n})();\r\n<\/script>\n\n  <main class=\"ols-main\">\n      <nav class=\"ols-breadcrumbs\" aria-label=\"Breadcrumb\">\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/\">Revision Notes<\/a> \/\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/\">A Level Chemistry<\/a> \/\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/\">AQA<\/a> \/\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-6-chemical-equilibria-le-chateliers-principle-and-kc\/\">3.1.6 Chemical Equilibria<\/a> \/\n<span>Dynamic Equilibrium<\/span>\n<\/nav>\n\n      <header class=\"ols-title-card\">\n        <h1>Dynamic Equilibrium<\/h1>\n        <p class=\"ols-page-intro\">A concise revision guide to reversible reactions and dynamic equilibrium: the two features of equilibrium, the need for a closed system, the position of equilibrium and the rate and concentration graphs as equilibrium is reached.<\/p>\n\n        <div class=\"ols-badges\">\n<div class=\"ols-badge\">Paper 1 and 2 AQA<\/div>\n<div class=\"ols-badge\">3.1.6 Chemical Equilibria, Le Chatelier&#8217;s Principle and Kc<\/div>\n<div class=\"ols-badge\">7405\/1 and 7405\/2<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n        <div class=\"ols-author\">\n\n    <img decoding=\"async\"\n      class=\"ols-author-avatar-img\"\n      src=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/Author-Profile.jpeg\"\n      alt=\"Dr. Mohammed Al-Fatah\"\n    >\n\n    <div class=\"ols-author-content\">\n\n      <h2 class=\"ols-author-title\">\n        Written by:<br><span>Dr. Mohammed Al-Fatah<\/span>\n      <\/h2>\n\n      <p class=\"ols-author-description\">\n        Chemistry specialist revision notes for A Level Chemistry.\n      <\/p>\n\n      <a class=\"ols-linkedin-pill\" href=\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/doctormohammedfatah\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\n        <svg class=\"ols-linkedin-icon\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"currentColor\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n          <path d=\"M4.98 3.5C4.98 4.88 3.86 6 2.48 6S0 4.88 0 3.5 1.12 1 2.48 1s2.5 1.12 2.5 2.5zM.5 8h4V24h-4V8zm7 0h3.8v2.2h.1c.5-.9 1.8-2.2 3.9-2.2 4.2 0 5 2.8 5 6.4V24h-4v-7.6c0-1.8 0-4.2-2.6-4.2s-3 2-3 4v7.8h-4V8z\"\/>\n        <\/svg>\n        View LinkedIn Profile\n      <\/a>\n\n    <\/div>\n\n  <\/div>\n      <\/header>\n\n      <section class=\"ols-h5p-card ols-h5p-inline ols-h5p-recap\">\n<span class=\"ols-h5p-kicker\">Before you start<\/span>\n<h2>GCSE Recap: Reversible Reactions<\/h2>\n<p>Three quick questions on reversible reactions and the \u21cc sign from GCSE.<\/p>\n<div class=\"ols-h5p-frame\"><div class=\"h5p-content\" data-content-id=\"911\"><\/div><\/div>\n<\/section>\n<article class=\"ols-note-card\">\n<div class=\"ols-note-title\">\n<div class=\"ols-note-icon\">1<\/div>\n<h2>Reversible Reactions<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<p>Many reactions are <strong>reversible<\/strong>: the products can react together to re-form the reactants.<\/p><p>Blue hydrated copper(II) sulfate loses its water on heating to give the white anhydrous salt, and the white salt turns blue again when water is added.<\/p><p>Reversible reactions are written with the equilibrium sign, \u21cc. The reaction from left to right is called the <strong>forward reaction<\/strong>, the one from right to left the <strong>reverse (backward) reaction<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>If the forward reaction is exothermic, the reverse reaction is endothermic by exactly the same amount, because the same bonds are broken and made in the opposite direction.<\/p>\n<div class=\"ols-key-box\">\n<p><strong>Key idea:<\/strong> A reversible reaction can go in either direction. Which direction dominates depends on the conditions.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"ols-zoom-card\">\n<div class=\"ols-zoom-card-image\">\n<a class=\"ols-lightbox-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/t9x-reversecuso4.jpg\" aria-label=\"Open image full screen\">\n<img decoding=\"async\" class=\"ols-zoomable-img ols-lightbox-target\" src=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/t9x-reversecuso4.jpg\" alt=\"Cycle showing blue hydrated copper sulfate heated to white anhydrous powder and turned blue again by adding water.\">\n<\/a>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"ols-zoom-card-caption\"><p>Hydrated copper(II) sulfate shows a reversible reaction: heating drives off water to leave white anhydrous powder, and adding water turns it blue again with an equal and opposite energy change.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/article>\n<article class=\"ols-note-card soft\">\n<div class=\"ols-note-title\">\n<div class=\"ols-note-icon\">2<\/div>\n<h2>The Two Features of Dynamic Equilibrium<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<p>Suppose a reversible reaction is started with only reactants in a <strong>closed system<\/strong>, one that nothing can enter or leave.<\/p><p>At first the forward reaction is fast, because the reactants are concentrated, and the reverse reaction cannot happen at all because there are no products.<\/p><p>As products build up the reverse reaction gets faster, and as reactants are used up the forward reaction gets slower, until the two rates are equal. From then on the mixture is at <strong>dynamic equilibrium<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>Dynamic equilibrium has two features that must both be stated:<\/p>\n<ul><li>the <strong>rate of the forward reaction equals the rate of the reverse reaction<\/strong>;<\/li><li>the <strong>concentrations of reactants and products remain constant<\/strong> (constant, not necessarily equal).<\/li><\/ul>\n<p>The word <strong>dynamic<\/strong> matters. Nothing looks to be happening, but both reactions are still going on at the same rate, so there is no overall change. It is like walking up a down escalator at the speed of the escalator: plenty of movement, no change in position.<\/p>\n<div class=\"ols-zoom-card\">\n<div class=\"ols-zoom-card-image\">\n<a class=\"ols-lightbox-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/kinetics-equilibria-dynamic-equilibrium-graphs.jpg\" aria-label=\"Open image full screen\">\n<img decoding=\"async\" class=\"ols-zoomable-img ols-lightbox-target\" src=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/kinetics-equilibria-dynamic-equilibrium-graphs.jpg\" alt=\"Graphs against time for a reaction reaching dynamic equilibrium: forward and reverse rates becoming equal and concentrations levelling off\">\n<\/a>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"ols-zoom-card-caption\"><p>The forward and reverse rates becoming equal, and the reactant and product concentrations levelling off, as a closed system reaches equilibrium.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"ols-key-box\">\n<p><strong>Definition:<\/strong> Dynamic equilibrium: in a closed system, the forward and reverse reactions occur at equal rates and the concentrations of reactants and products stay constant.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/article>\n<section class=\"ols-h5p-card ols-h5p-inline\">\n<span class=\"ols-h5p-kicker\">Check your understanding<\/span>\n<h2>Check: Features of Equilibrium<\/h2>\n<p>Decide which statements describe a system at dynamic equilibrium.<\/p>\n<div class=\"ols-h5p-frame\"><div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-912\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"912\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Kinetics and Equilibria Summary: Features of Equilibrium\"><\/iframe><\/div><\/div>\n<\/section>\n<article class=\"ols-note-card\">\n<div class=\"ols-note-title\">\n<div class=\"ols-note-icon\">3<\/div>\n<h2>Why the System Must Be Closed<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<p>Equilibrium can only be reached if none of the substances can escape. In an open flask a gaseous product leaves, so the reverse reaction can never build up to match the forward reaction and the reaction simply goes to completion.<\/p><p>Heating calcium carbonate in an open kiln gives calcium oxide and carbon dioxide until the carbonate is gone.<\/p><p>In a sealed vessel the carbon dioxide stays, the reverse reaction takes place, and an equilibrium is set up.<\/p>\n<p>The <strong>position of equilibrium<\/strong> describes the make-up of the equilibrium mixture. If it lies to the right, the mixture is mostly products; if to the left, mostly reactants.<\/p><p>The position depends on the temperature, and for many reactions on the pressure and concentrations, which is the subject of the next page.<\/p>\n<!-- 3D card: dynamic-equilibrium (26 Sep 2026) -->\n<!-- Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Mohammed Al-Fatah, onlinelearningsystem.net. All rights reserved. -->\n<section class=\"ols-deq-001\" id=\"olsDeq001\">\n<style>\n@import url('https:\/\/fonts.googleapis.com\/css2?family=Poppins:wght@300;400;500;600&display=swap');\n\n.ols-deq-001{\n  font-family:'Poppins',system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',Roboto,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;\n  color:#1C244B; background:#ffffff;\n  border:1px solid rgba(28,36,75,0.14);\n  border-radius:28px;\n  box-shadow:0 18px 45px rgba(28,36,75,0.10);\n  padding:44px; margin:26px auto; max-width:980px;\n  box-sizing:border-box; -webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased;\n}\n.ols-deq-001 *{box-sizing:border-box;}\n\n.ols-deq-001 .deq-head{margin:0 0 22px;}\n.ols-deq-001 h2.deq-title{\n  font-size:26px; line-height:1.25; font-weight:600; letter-spacing:-0.012em;\n  margin:0 0 9px; color:#1C244B;\n}\n.ols-deq-001 p.deq-sub{\n  font-size:14.5px; line-height:1.62; font-weight:300; color:#4a5270;\n  margin:0; max-width:66ch;\n}\n\n.ols-deq-001 .deq-stage{\n  position:relative; width:100%; height:560px;\n  background:#ffffff; border:1px solid rgba(28,36,75,0.12);\n  border-radius:18px; overflow:hidden;\n}\n.ols-deq-001 .deq-canvas{\n  display:block; width:100%; height:100%;\n  touch-action:none; cursor:grab; background:#ffffff;\n}\n.ols-deq-001 .deq-canvas.is-drag{cursor:grabbing;}\n.ols-deq-001 .deq-overlay{position:absolute; inset:0; pointer-events:none; overflow:hidden;}\n\n.ols-deq-001 .deq-lab{\n  position:absolute; left:0; top:0; transform:translate(-50%,-50%);\n  white-space:nowrap; font-size:12.5px; font-weight:500; line-height:1;\n  padding:5px 10px; background:rgba(255,255,255,0.93);\n  border:1px solid rgba(28,36,75,0.16); border-radius:999px;\n  color:#1C244B; will-change:transform;\n}\n.ols-deq-001 .deq-lab.l-dom{border-color:rgba(59,120,220,0.55); color:#1d4fb0;}\n.ols-deq-001 .deq-lab.l-mol{border-color:rgba(28,36,75,0.32); color:#1C244B;}\n.ols-deq-001 .deq-lab.l-bond{font-size:12px; font-weight:600; border-color:rgba(28,36,75,0.28); color:#1C244B;}\n.ols-deq-001 .deq-lab.l-a{font-size:12px; font-weight:600; border-color:rgba(28,36,75,0.3); color:#1C244B;}\n.ols-deq-001 .deq-lab.l-b{font-size:12px; font-weight:600; border-color:rgba(154,79,28,0.6); color:#7a3b12;}\n.ols-deq-001 .deq-lab.l-sp{font-size:13px; font-weight:600; border-color:rgba(52,98,200,0.55); color:#1d47b8;}\n.ols-deq-001 .deq-lab.l-site{font-size:11.5px; font-weight:500; border-color:rgba(47,158,87,0.6); color:#1f6b3a;}\n.ols-deq-001 .deq-lab.l-bad{font-size:11.5px; font-weight:600; border-color:rgba(217,67,58,0.6); color:#a8281f;}\n.ols-deq-001 .deq-lab.l-pro{font-size:11.5px; font-weight:600; border-color:rgba(143,64,212,0.55); color:#6a2ea8;}\n.ols-deq-001 .deq-lab.l-ion{font-size:13px; font-weight:600; border-color:rgba(28,36,75,0.32); color:#1C244B;}\n.ols-deq-001 .deq-lab.l-prod{font-size:12.5px; font-weight:600; border-color:rgba(201,150,28,0.75); color:#8a6410;}\n.ols-deq-001 .deq-lab.l-rul{font-size:11.5px; font-weight:600; padding:2px 7px; color:#1C244B; border-color:rgba(28,36,75,0.5); background:#ffffff;}\n.ols-deq-001 .deq-lab.l-ang{font-size:13.5px; font-weight:600; border-color:rgba(201,150,28,0.75); color:#8a6410; background:#ffffff;}\n\n.ols-deq-001 .deq-caption .c-heat{color:#b4531a;}\n.ols-deq-001 .deq-caption .c-comp{color:#1d47b8;}\n.ols-deq-001 .deq-caption .c-lid{color:#a8281f;}\n.ols-deq-001 .deq-caption{\n  position:absolute; left:14px; top:14px; max-width:60%;\n  font-size:12px; font-weight:500; color:#4a5270; line-height:1.35;\n  background:rgba(255,255,255,0.92); padding:6px 12px;\n  border-radius:14px; border:1px solid rgba(28,36,75,0.12);\n}\n.ols-deq-001 .deq-hint{\n  position:absolute; right:14px; top:14px;\n  font-size:11.5px; font-weight:400; color:#8b92a8;\n  background:rgba(255,255,255,0.9); padding:5px 11px;\n  border-radius:999px; border:1px solid rgba(28,36,75,0.10);\n}\n.ols-deq-001 .deq-badges{\n  position:absolute; right:14px; bottom:14px; max-width:58%;\n  display:flex; flex-direction:column; align-items:flex-end; gap:6px;\n}\n.ols-deq-001 .deq-badge{\n  font-size:12px; font-weight:500; color:#1C244B; line-height:1.35; text-align:right;\n  background:rgba(255,255,255,0.95); padding:5px 12px;\n  border-radius:14px; border:1px solid rgba(28,36,75,0.22);\n}\n.ols-deq-001 .deq-badge.b-eq{font-size:13.5px; font-weight:600; border-color:rgba(201,150,28,0.75);}\n.ols-deq-001 .deq-badge.b-shape{font-size:14px; font-weight:600; border-color:rgba(201,150,28,0.75);}\n.ols-deq-001 .deq-badges.hide{display:none;}\n\n.ols-deq-001 .deq-stack{\n  position:absolute; left:14px; top:52px; max-width:62%;\n  display:flex; flex-direction:column; align-items:flex-start; gap:6px; pointer-events:none;\n}\n.ols-deq-001 .deq-read{\n  display:flex; flex-direction:column; gap:3px;\n  background:rgba(255,255,255,0.94); padding:7px 12px;\n  border-radius:14px; border:1px solid rgba(28,36,75,0.14);\n}\n.ols-deq-001 .r-line{font-size:12.5px; font-weight:500; color:#1C244B; line-height:1.4; white-space:nowrap;}\n.ols-deq-001 .r-line b{font-weight:600;}\n.ols-deq-001 .r-hot b{color:#c0352d;}\n.ols-deq-001 .r-line span{margin-left:8px; font-size:11.5px; font-weight:400; color:#7d8399;}\n.ols-deq-001 .deq-panel{\n  position:absolute; left:50%; bottom:14px; transform:translateX(-50%);\n  font-size:14.5px; font-weight:600; color:#1C244B; white-space:nowrap;\n  background:#ffffff; padding:8px 16px;\n  border-radius:14px; border:1.5px solid rgba(201,150,28,0.8);\n  box-shadow:0 6px 18px rgba(28,36,75,0.08);\n}\n.ols-deq-001 .deq-panel .neg{color:#8a6410;}\n.ols-deq-001 .deq-read.hide,.ols-deq-001 .deq-panel.hide{display:none;}\n\n.ols-deq-001 .deq-controls{margin-top:20px; display:flex; flex-direction:column; gap:12px;}\n.ols-deq-001 .deq-row{display:flex; align-items:center; gap:10px; flex-wrap:wrap;}\n.ols-deq-001 .deq-rowlab{font-size:12px; font-weight:500; color:#6b7290; min-width:100px; flex:0 0 auto;}\n\n.ols-deq-001 .deq-seg{\n  display:inline-flex; border:1px solid rgba(28,36,75,0.16);\n  border-radius:12px; overflow:hidden; background:#fbfbfd; flex-wrap:wrap;\n}\n.ols-deq-001 .deq-seg button{\n  font-family:inherit; font-size:14px; font-weight:500; color:#3c4463;\n  background:transparent; border:0; border-right:1px solid rgba(28,36,75,0.12);\n  padding:9px 18px; cursor:pointer; transition:background .15s, color .15s;\n}\n.ols-deq-001 .deq-seg button:last-child{border-right:0;}\n.ols-deq-001 .deq-seg button:hover{background:rgba(37,99,235,0.06);}\n.ols-deq-001 .deq-seg button[aria-pressed=\"true\"]{background:#2563eb; color:#fff;}\n.ols-deq-001 .deq-seg button:focus-visible{outline:2px solid #2563eb; outline-offset:-2px;}\n\n.ols-deq-001 .deq-pill{\n  font-family:inherit; font-size:13px; font-weight:500; color:#3c4463;\n  background:#fbfbfd; border:1px solid rgba(28,36,75,0.16);\n  border-radius:999px; padding:8px 16px; cursor:pointer;\n  display:inline-flex; align-items:center; gap:8px;\n  transition:background .15s, border-color .15s, color .15s;\n}\n.ols-deq-001 .deq-pill:hover{border-color:rgba(37,99,235,0.4);}\n.ols-deq-001 .deq-pill:focus-visible{outline:2px solid #2563eb; outline-offset:2px;}\n.ols-deq-001 .deq-pill .dot{width:9px; height:9px; border-radius:50%; background:#c6cad8; flex:0 0 auto; transition:background .15s;}\n.ols-deq-001 .deq-pill[aria-pressed=\"true\"]{background:rgba(37,99,235,0.08); border-color:rgba(37,99,235,0.45); color:#1d47b8;}\n.ols-deq-001 .deq-pill[aria-pressed=\"true\"] .dot{background:#2563eb;}\n\n.ols-deq-001 .deq-info{\n  margin-top:22px; padding:22px 24px;\n  border:1px solid rgba(28,36,75,0.12); border-radius:16px; background:#fbfbfd;\n}\n.ols-deq-001 .deq-info h3{margin:0 0 8px; font-size:15.5px; font-weight:600; color:#1C244B;}\n.ols-deq-001 .deq-info p{margin:0; font-size:14px; line-height:1.68; font-weight:300; color:#41496a; max-width:74ch;}\n.ols-deq-001 .deq-facts{\n  margin-top:16px; display:flex; gap:26px; flex-wrap:wrap;\n  padding-top:16px; border-top:1px solid rgba(28,36,75,0.10);\n}\n.ols-deq-001 .deq-fact{min-width:110px;}\n.ols-deq-001 .deq-fact span{display:block; font-size:11.5px; color:#7d8399; font-weight:400; margin-bottom:3px;}\n.ols-deq-001 .deq-fact strong{display:block; font-size:15px; font-weight:600; color:#1C244B;}\n\n.ols-deq-001 .deq-key{\n  margin-top:16px; display:flex; gap:20px; flex-wrap:wrap;\n  font-size:12.5px; font-weight:400; color:#5a6180;\n}\n.ols-deq-001 .deq-key i{\n  display:inline-block; width:13px; height:13px; border-radius:3px;\n  margin-right:7px; vertical-align:-2px; border:1px solid rgba(28,36,75,0.18);\n}\n\n@media (max-width:760px){\n  .ols-deq-001{padding:26px; border-radius:22px;}\n  .ols-deq-001 h2.deq-title{font-size:20.5px;}\n  .ols-deq-001 p.deq-sub{font-size:13.5px;}\n  .ols-deq-001 .deq-stage{height:420px;}\n  .ols-deq-001 .deq-rowlab{min-width:100%;}\n  .ols-deq-001 .deq-seg button{padding:9px 13px; font-size:13px;}\n  .ols-deq-001 .deq-lab{font-size:10.5px; padding:4px 8px;}\n.ols-deq-001 .deq-caption .c-heat{color:#b4531a;}\n.ols-deq-001 .deq-caption .c-comp{color:#1d47b8;}\n.ols-deq-001 .deq-caption .c-lid{color:#a8281f;}\n.ols-deq-001 .deq-caption{font-size:10.5px; padding:5px 9px; max-width:64%;}\n  .ols-deq-001 .deq-badge{font-size:10.5px; padding:4px 9px;}\n  .ols-deq-001 .deq-badge.b-shape{font-size:12px;}\n  .ols-deq-001 .deq-badges{max-width:62%;}\n  .ols-deq-001 .deq-info{padding:18px;}\n  .ols-deq-001 .deq-stack{top:auto; bottom:auto; top:48px; max-width:72%;}\n  .ols-deq-001 .r-line{font-size:10.5px;}\n  .ols-deq-001 .r-line{white-space:normal;}\n  .ols-deq-001 .deq-lab.l-ion,.ols-deq-001 .deq-lab.l-prod,.ols-deq-001 .deq-lab.l-sp,.ols-deq-001 .deq-lab.l-bond{font-size:10px;}\n  .ols-deq-001 .deq-lab.l-a,.ols-deq-001 .deq-lab.l-b{font-size:10px;}\n  .ols-deq-001 .deq-lab.l-site,.ols-deq-001 .deq-lab.l-bad,.ols-deq-001 .deq-lab.l-pro{font-size:9.5px;}\n  .ols-deq-001 .deq-lab.l-rul{font-size:9.5px; padding:1px 5px;}\n  .ols-deq-001 .deq-badge.b-eq{font-size:11px;}\n  .ols-deq-001 .deq-read{padding:5px 9px;}\n  .ols-deq-001 .deq-panel{left:auto; right:14px; transform:none; font-size:11px; padding:6px 10px;}\n}\n\/* on a phone the caption needs the full top row, so the drag hint goes *\/\n@media (max-width:480px){\n  .ols-deq-001 .deq-hint{display:none;}\n}\n@media (prefers-reduced-motion:reduce){\n  .ols-deq-001 .deq-seg button,.ols-deq-001 .deq-pill{transition:none;}\n}\n\n.ols-cc-deq-001{\n  font-family:'Poppins',system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',Roboto,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;\n  margin:10px auto 0; text-align:center; font-size:11px; font-style:italic; color:#aab0c0;\n}\n.ols-cc-deq-001 a{color:#aab0c0; text-decoration:none;}\n.ols-cc-deq-001 a:hover{text-decoration:underline;}\n<\/style>\n\n<div class=\"deq-head\">\n  <h2 class=\"deq-title\">Dynamic Equilibrium in a Closed System<\/h2>\n  <p class=\"deq-sub\">Watch colourless N<sub>2<\/sub>O<sub>4<\/sub> split into brown NO<sub>2<\/sub> and NO<sub>2<\/sub> pair up again in a sealed box, until both reactions run at the same rate and the amounts stop changing.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"deq-stage\" id=\"deqStage\">\n  <canvas class=\"deq-canvas\" id=\"deqCanvas\"><\/canvas>\n  <div class=\"deq-overlay\" id=\"deqOverlay\"><\/div>\n  <div class=\"deq-caption\" id=\"deqCaption\"><\/div>\n  <div class=\"deq-hint\" id=\"deqHint\">Drag to rotate<\/div>\n  <div class=\"deq-badges\" id=\"deqBadges\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"deq-controls\">\n  <div class=\"deq-row\">\n    <span class=\"deq-rowlab\">Step<\/span>\n    <div class=\"deq-seg\" role=\"group\" aria-label=\"Step\">\n      <button type=\"button\" data-step=\"1\" aria-pressed=\"true\">Start<\/button>\n      <button type=\"button\" data-step=\"2\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Reacting<\/button>\n      <button type=\"button\" data-step=\"3\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Equilibrium<\/button>\n      <button type=\"button\" data-step=\"4\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Heat<\/button>\n      <button type=\"button\" data-step=\"5\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Compress<\/button>\n      <button type=\"button\" data-step=\"6\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Open lid<\/button>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n\n  <div class=\"deq-row\">\n    <span class=\"deq-rowlab\">View<\/span>\n    <button type=\"button\" class=\"deq-pill\" id=\"deqResetV\">Reset view<\/button>\n  <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"deq-info\">\n  <h3 id=\"deqInfoTitle\"><\/h3>\n  <p id=\"deqInfoText\"><\/p>\n  <div class=\"deq-facts\" id=\"deqFacts\"><\/div>\n  <div class=\"deq-key\">\n    <span><i style=\"background:#b9c8e6\"><\/i>N<sub>2<\/sub>O<sub>4<\/sub>, colourless (N pale blue, O pale red)<\/span>\n    <span><i style=\"background:#9a4f1c\"><\/i>NO<sub>2<\/sub>, brown<\/span>\n    <span><i style=\"background:#e83c34\"><\/i>Bond breaking<\/span>\n    <span><i style=\"background:#38b258\"><\/i>Bond forming<\/span>\n    <span><i style=\"background:rgba(150,80,30,0.3); border:1.5px solid rgba(28,36,75,0.5)\"><\/i>Sealed container<\/span>\n    <span><i style=\"background:#2563eb\"><\/i>Forward rate<\/span>\n    <span><i style=\"background:#b4531a\"><\/i>Reverse rate<\/span>\n  <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n\n<p class=\"ols-cc-deq-001\">&copy; Dr. Mohammed Al-Fatah &#8211; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">onlinelearningsystem.net<\/a><\/p>\n<script src=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-content\/uploads\/JS\/dynamic-equilibrium.js?v=20261003d\"><\/script>\n\n<div class=\"ols-key-box\">\n<p><strong>Exam wording:<\/strong> &#8220;Closed system&#8221; means no substance can enter or leave. Energy can still be exchanged with the surroundings; a closed system is not an insulated one.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/article>\n<section class=\"ols-h5p-card ols-h5p-inline\">\n<span class=\"ols-h5p-kicker\">Check your understanding<\/span>\n<h2>Check: Closed Systems and Position<\/h2>\n<p>Apply the ideas to systems that are not described on this page.<\/p>\n<div class=\"ols-h5p-frame\"><div class=\"h5p-content\" data-content-id=\"913\"><\/div><\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"ols-faq-card\">\n<h2>FAQs<\/h2>\n<p>Use these quick answers to check the equilibrium ideas.<\/p>\n\n<div class=\"ols-faq-list\">\n<div class=\"ols-faq-item\">\n<h3>Are the concentrations of reactants and products equal at equilibrium?<\/h3>\n<p>Not usually. They are constant, meaning they stop changing, but the mixture may be mostly products or mostly reactants depending on the position of equilibrium.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"ols-faq-item\">\n<h3>Has the reaction stopped at equilibrium?<\/h3>\n<p>No. Both the forward and reverse reactions continue at the same rate, so there is no overall change. That is what &#8220;dynamic&#8221; means.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"ols-faq-item\">\n<h3>Why must the system be closed?<\/h3>\n<p>If a product escapes, the reverse reaction can never catch up with the forward reaction, so equilibrium is never reached and the reaction goes to completion.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"ols-faq-item\">\n<h3>Can equilibrium be reached starting from the products?<\/h3>\n<p>Yes. The same equilibrium mixture is reached from either side at the same temperature, which is one of the tests that a true equilibrium has been established.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"ols-faq-item\">\n<h3>What does &#8220;position of equilibrium&#8221; mean?<\/h3>\n<p>The composition of the equilibrium mixture. A position to the right means mostly products; to the left means mostly reactants.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"ols-related-card\">\n<h2>Related 3.1.6 Chemical Equilibria Pages<\/h2>\n<p>Use these pages to connect the ideas across 3.1.6 Chemical Equilibria and the rest of the course.<\/p>\n<div class=\"ols-related-grid\">\n<a class=\"ols-related-item\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-6-chemical-equilibria-le-chateliers-principle-and-kc\/le-chateliers-principle\/\">Le Chatelier&#8217;s Principle<\/a>\n<a class=\"ols-related-item\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-6-chemical-equilibria-le-chateliers-principle-and-kc\/equilibria-in-industry\/\">Equilibria in Industry<\/a>\n<a class=\"ols-related-item\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-6-chemical-equilibria-le-chateliers-principle-and-kc\/equilibrium-constant-kc\/\">The Equilibrium Constant Kc<\/a>\n<a class=\"ols-related-item\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-6-chemical-equilibria-le-chateliers-principle-and-kc\/\">3.1.6 Chemical Equilibria Overview<\/a>\n<a class=\"ols-related-item\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-5-kinetics\/\">3.1.5 Kinetics<\/a>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"ols-attribution-card\">\n        <p><strong>Copyright and author footprint:<\/strong> This OLS revision page was written for Online Learning System by <strong>Dr. Mohammed Al-Fatah<\/strong>. It is designed for A Level Chemistry revision and should not be copied or redistributed without permission.<\/p>\n      <\/section>\n\n      <div class=\"ols-image-lightbox\" id=\"olsImageLightboxNatureCovalentBonding9ch0\" aria-hidden=\"true\" role=\"dialog\" aria-modal=\"true\" aria-label=\"Expanded revision image\">\n        <div class=\"ols-image-lightbox-inner\">\n          <button class=\"ols-image-lightbox-close\" type=\"button\" aria-label=\"Close enlarged image\">\u00d7<\/button>\n          <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"ols-image-lightbox-img\" src=\"\" alt=\"\">\n        <\/div>\n      <\/div>\n\n      <script>\n        (function(){\n          var page = document.querySelector(\".ols-nature-of-covalent-bonding-9ch0-page\");\n          if (!page) { return; }\n          var lightbox = page.querySelector(\"#olsImageLightboxNatureCovalentBonding9ch0\");\n          if (!lightbox) { return; }\n          var lightboxImage = lightbox.querySelector(\".ols-image-lightbox-img\");\n          var closeButton = lightbox.querySelector(\".ols-image-lightbox-close\");\n          var clickableImages = page.querySelectorAll(\"img.ols-lightbox-target\");\n          function openLightbox(image) {\n            lightboxImage.src = image.currentSrc || image.src;\n            lightboxImage.alt = image.alt || \"Expanded revision image\";\n            lightbox.classList.add(\"is-open\");\n            lightbox.setAttribute(\"aria-hidden\", \"false\");\n            if (!document.body.dataset.olsPreviousOverflow) {\n              document.body.dataset.olsPreviousOverflow = document.body.style.overflow || \"default\";\n            }\n            document.body.style.overflow = \"hidden\";\n          }\n          function closeLightbox() {\n            lightbox.classList.remove(\"is-open\");\n            lightbox.setAttribute(\"aria-hidden\", \"true\");\n            lightboxImage.src = \"\";\n            if (document.body.dataset.olsPreviousOverflow) {\n              document.body.style.overflow = document.body.dataset.olsPreviousOverflow === \"default\" ? \"\" : document.body.dataset.olsPreviousOverflow;\n              delete document.body.dataset.olsPreviousOverflow;\n            }\n          }\n          clickableImages.forEach(function(image){\n            image.addEventListener(\"click\", function(event){\n              event.preventDefault();\n              event.stopPropagation();\n              openLightbox(image);\n            });\n          });\n          closeButton.addEventListener(\"click\", closeLightbox);\n          lightbox.addEventListener(\"click\", function(event){ if (event.target === lightbox) { closeLightbox(); } });\n          document.addEventListener(\"keydown\", function(event){ if (event.key === \"Escape\" && lightbox.classList.contains(\"is-open\")) { closeLightbox(); } });\n        })();\n      <\/script>\n\n      <script type=\"application\/ld+json\">\n{\n  \"@context\": \"https:\/\/schema.org\",\n  \"@graph\": [\n    {\n      \"@type\": \"WebPage\",\n      \"@id\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-6-chemical-equilibria-le-chateliers-principle-and-kc\/dynamic-equilibrium\/#webpage\",\n      \"url\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-6-chemical-equilibria-le-chateliers-principle-and-kc\/dynamic-equilibrium\/\",\n      \"name\": \"Dynamic Equilibrium | 3.1.6 Chemical Equilibria | Online Learning System\",\n      \"description\": \"AQA A Level Chemistry revision notes on dynamic equilibrium: reversible reactions, equal forward and reverse rates, constant concentrations, closed systems and the position of equilibrium.\",\n      \"isPartOf\": {\n        \"@id\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/#website\"\n      },\n      \"breadcrumb\": {\n        \"@id\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-6-chemical-equilibria-le-chateliers-principle-and-kc\/dynamic-equilibrium\/#breadcrumb\"\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"@type\": \"WebSite\",\n      \"@id\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/#website\",\n      \"url\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/\",\n      \"name\": \"Online Learning System\"\n    },\n    {\n      \"@type\": \"BreadcrumbList\",\n      \"@id\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-6-chemical-equilibria-le-chateliers-principle-and-kc\/dynamic-equilibrium\/#breadcrumb\",\n      \"itemListElement\": [\n        {\n          \"@type\": \"ListItem\",\n          \"position\": 1,\n          \"item\": {\n            \"@type\": \"WebPage\",\n            \"@id\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/\",\n            \"url\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/\",\n            \"name\": \"Revision Notes\"\n          }\n        },\n        {\n          \"@type\": \"ListItem\",\n          \"position\": 2,\n          \"item\": {\n            \"@type\": \"WebPage\",\n            \"@id\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/\",\n            \"url\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/\",\n            \"name\": \"A Level Chemistry\"\n          }\n        },\n        {\n          \"@type\": \"ListItem\",\n          \"position\": 3,\n          \"item\": {\n            \"@type\": \"WebPage\",\n            \"@id\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/\",\n            \"url\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/\",\n            \"name\": \"AQA\"\n          }\n        },\n        {\n          \"@type\": \"ListItem\",\n          \"position\": 4,\n          \"item\": {\n            \"@type\": \"WebPage\",\n            \"@id\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-6-chemical-equilibria-le-chateliers-principle-and-kc\/\",\n            \"url\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-6-chemical-equilibria-le-chateliers-principle-and-kc\/\",\n            \"name\": \"3.1.6 Chemical Equilibria\"\n          }\n        },\n        {\n          \"@type\": \"ListItem\",\n          \"position\": 5,\n          \"item\": {\n            \"@type\": \"WebPage\",\n            \"@id\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-6-chemical-equilibria-le-chateliers-principle-and-kc\/dynamic-equilibrium\/\",\n            \"url\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-6-chemical-equilibria-le-chateliers-principle-and-kc\/dynamic-equilibrium\/\",\n            \"name\": \"Dynamic Equilibrium\"\n          }\n        }\n      ]\n    },\n    {\n      \"@type\": \"Course\",\n      \"@id\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-6-chemical-equilibria-le-chateliers-principle-and-kc\/dynamic-equilibrium\/#course\",\n      \"name\": \"Dynamic Equilibrium\",\n      \"description\": \"AQA A Level Chemistry revision notes on dynamic equilibrium: reversible reactions, equal forward and reverse rates, constant concentrations, closed systems and the position of equilibrium.\",\n      \"provider\": {\n        \"@type\": \"Organization\",\n        \"name\": \"Online Learning System\",\n        \"url\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/\"\n      },\n      \"educationalLevel\": \"A Level\",\n      \"about\": [\n        \"Kinetics\",\n        \"Rate of reaction\",\n        \"Activation energy\",\n        \"Catalysts\",\n        \"Dynamic equilibrium\",\n        \"Le Chatelier's principle\",\n        \"Equilibrium constant\"\n      ],\n      \"hasCourseInstance\": {\n        \"@type\": \"CourseInstance\",\n        \"courseMode\": \"Online\"\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"@type\": \"ItemList\",\n      \"@id\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-6-chemical-equilibria-le-chateliers-principle-and-kc\/dynamic-equilibrium\/#relatedtopics\",\n      \"name\": \"Related 3.1.6 Chemical Equilibria Pages\",\n      \"itemListElement\": [\n        {\n          \"@type\": \"ListItem\",\n          \"position\": 1,\n          \"item\": {\n            \"@type\": \"Course\",\n            \"name\": \"Le Chatelier's Principle\",\n            \"url\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-6-chemical-equilibria-le-chateliers-principle-and-kc\/le-chateliers-principle\/\",\n            \"description\": \"AQA A Level Chemistry revision notes on Le Chatelier's principle: temperature, pressure and concentration changes, catalysts, and the ammonia and chromate equilibria as examples.\"\n          }\n        },\n        {\n          \"@type\": \"ListItem\",\n          \"position\": 2,\n          \"item\": {\n            \"@type\": \"Course\",\n            \"name\": \"Equilibria in Industry\",\n            \"url\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-6-chemical-equilibria-le-chateliers-principle-and-kc\/equilibria-in-industry\/\",\n            \"description\": \"AQA A Level Chemistry revision notes on equilibria in industry: the Haber and Contact processes, compromise temperature and pressure, catalysts and evaluating yield data.\"\n          }\n        },\n        {\n          \"@type\": \"ListItem\",\n          \"position\": 3,\n          \"item\": {\n            \"@type\": \"Course\",\n            \"name\": \"The Equilibrium Constant Kc\",\n            \"url\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-6-chemical-equilibria-le-chateliers-principle-and-kc\/equilibrium-constant-kc\/\",\n            \"description\": \"AQA A Level Chemistry revision notes on Kc: expressions, units, calculations from equilibrium amounts, the magnitude of Kc and the effect of temperature.\"\n          }\n        }\n      ]\n    }\n  ]\n}\n<\/script>\n    <\/main>\n<\/section>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Revision Notes \/ A Level Chemistry \/ AQA \/ 3.1.6 Chemical Equilibria \/ Dynamic Equilibrium Dynamic Equilibrium A concise revision guide to reversible reactions and dynamic equilibrium: the two features of equilibrium, the need for a closed system, the position of equilibrium and the rate and concentration graphs as equilibrium is reached. Paper 1 and [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":12,"featured_media":0,"parent":10736,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-10741","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/10741","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/12"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=10741"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/10741\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":12822,"href":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/10741\/revisions\/12822"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/10736"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=10741"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}