{"id":10749,"date":"2026-09-26T13:56:25","date_gmt":"2026-09-26T12:56:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/ocr-a\/3-2-2-reaction-rates\/"},"modified":"2026-09-26T13:56:25","modified_gmt":"2026-09-26T12:56:25","slug":"3-2-2-reaction-rates","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/ocr-a\/3-2-2-reaction-rates\/","title":{"rendered":"3.2.2 Reaction Rates"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"ols-ocr322-page\">\n\n  <aside class=\"ols-sidebar\">\n  <div class=\"ols-sidebar-header\">\n    <h3>Revision Notes<\/h3>\n    <p>A Level Chemistry<\/p>\n  <\/div>\n\n  <div class=\"ols-topic-group\">\n    <h4>3.2.2 Reaction Rates<\/h4>\n\n    <ul class=\"ols-topic-list\">\n      <li>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/ocr-a\/3-2-2-reaction-rates\/\">3.2.2 Overview<\/a>\n      <\/li>\n      <li>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/ocr-a\/3-2-2-reaction-rates\/collision-theory-and-rates-of-reaction\/\">Collision Theory and Rates of Reaction<\/a>\n      <\/li>\n      <li>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/ocr-a\/3-2-2-reaction-rates\/measuring-and-calculating-rates\/\">Measuring and Calculating Rates<\/a>\n      <\/li>\n      <li>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/ocr-a\/3-2-2-reaction-rates\/maxwell-boltzmann-distribution\/\">The Maxwell\u2013Boltzmann Distribution<\/a>\n      <\/li>\n      <li>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/ocr-a\/3-2-2-reaction-rates\/catalysts-and-reaction-profiles\/\">Catalysts and Reaction Profiles<\/a>\n      <\/li>\n    <\/ul>\n  <\/div>\n\n  <div class=\"ols-topic-group\">\n    <h4>Other Sections<\/h4>\n\n    <ul class=\"ols-topic-list\">\n      <li>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/ocr-a\/3-2-3-chemical-equilibrium\/\">3.2.3 Chemical Equilibrium<\/a>\n      <\/li>\n      <li>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/ocr-a\/3-2-1-enthalpy-changes\/\">3.2.1 Enthalpy Changes<\/a>\n      <\/li>\n      <li>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/ocr-a\/2-1-5-redox\/\">2.1.5 Redox<\/a>\n      <\/li>\n      <li>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/ocr-a\/3-1-1-periodicity\/\">3.1.1 Periodicity<\/a>\n      <\/li>\n    <\/ul>\n  <\/div>\n<\/aside>\n\n<script>\r\n(function() {\r\n  function normalisePath(path) {\r\n    return String(path || '')\r\n      .split('?')[0]\r\n      .split('#')[0]\r\n      .replace(\/\\\/+$\/, '')\r\n      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<\/style>\n\n  <!-- BREADCRUMB BAR -->\n  <div class=\"ols-ocr322-breadcrumb-bar\">\n    <div class=\"ols-ocr322-container\">\n      <nav class=\"ols-ocr322-breadcrumb\" aria-label=\"Breadcrumb\">\n          <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/\">Revision Notes<\/a> \/\n          <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/\">A Level Chemistry<\/a> \/\n          <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/ocr-a\/\">OCR<\/a> \/\n          <span>3.2.2 Reaction Rates<\/span>\n        <\/nav>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n\n  <!-- INTRO -->\n  <section class=\"ols-ocr322-intro\">\n    <div class=\"ols-ocr322-container\">\n      <div class=\"ols-ocr322-intro-inner\">\n        <div>\n          <div class=\"ols-ocr322-eyebrow\">OCR A Level Chemistry A &#8211; Module 3 Periodic Table and Energy<\/div>\n          <h1>3.2.2<br>Reaction Rates<\/h1>\n          <div class=\"ols-ocr322-accent-bar\"><\/div>\n          <p class=\"ols-ocr322-intro-lead\">Section 3.2.2 covers the effect of concentration and pressure on rate in terms of collision frequency, calculating rates from the gradients of graphs, the techniques used to follow a reaction (mass, gas volume, time), catalysts and their economic and environmental importance, homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis, and the Boltzmann distribution used to explain the effects of temperature and of a catalyst.<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"ols-ocr322-info-grid\">\n          <div class=\"ols-ocr322-info-card\"><div class=\"ols-ocr322-info-card-label\">Exam Paper<\/div><div class=\"ols-ocr322-info-card-value\">Paper 1 &amp; 3<\/div><div class=\"ols-ocr322-info-card-sub\">H432\/01 and H432\/03<\/div><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-ocr322-info-card\"><div class=\"ols-ocr322-info-card-label\">Specification Points<\/div><div class=\"ols-ocr322-info-card-value\">3.2.2 (a) &#8211; (g)<\/div><div class=\"ols-ocr322-info-card-sub\">7 learning outcomes<\/div><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-ocr322-info-card\"><div class=\"ols-ocr322-info-card-label\">Topic Parts<\/div><div class=\"ols-ocr322-info-card-value\">4 pages<\/div><div class=\"ols-ocr322-info-card-sub\">Revision notes available<\/div><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-ocr322-info-card\"><div class=\"ols-ocr322-info-card-label\">Exam Board<\/div><div class=\"ols-ocr322-info-card-value\">OCR A<\/div><div class=\"ols-ocr322-info-card-sub\">H432 (2015 onwards)<\/div><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/section>\n\n  <!-- TOPIC CARDS -->\n  <section class=\"ols-ocr322-topics\">\n    <div class=\"ols-ocr322-container\">\n      <div class=\"ols-ocr322-section-header\">\n        <h2 class=\"ols-ocr322-section-title\">Revision Notes<\/h2>\n        <p class=\"ols-ocr322-section-sub\">Work through 3.2.2 Reaction Rates in a structured sequence.<\/p>\n      <\/div>\n      <div class=\"ols-ocr322-cards-grid\">\n\n        <!-- Card 1: Collision Theory and Rates of Reaction -->\n        <a class=\"ols-ocr322-card ols-ocr322-card--available\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/ocr-a\/3-2-2-reaction-rates\/collision-theory-and-rates-of-reaction\/\">\n          <div class=\"ols-ocr322-card-img-wrap\">\n            <div class=\"ols-ocr322-visual ols-ocr322-visual--ox\">\n              <div class=\"ols-ocr322-visual-panel\">\n                <div class=\"ols-ocr322-visual-kicker\">Collision theory<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-ocr322-visual-main\">Rates of<br>Reaction<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-ocr322-config-line\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span>E\u2090, concentration, temperature<\/span><\/div>\n              <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-ocr322-card-num\">1<\/div>\n            <span class=\"ols-ocr322-card-status ols-ocr322-card-status--available\">Available<\/span>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-ocr322-card-body\">\n            <p class=\"ols-ocr322-card-title\">Collision Theory and Rates of Reaction<\/p>\n            <p class=\"ols-ocr322-card-desc\">Collision theory: rate of reaction, activation energy, effective collisions and the effects of concentration, pressure, surface area and temperature.<\/p>\n            <span class=\"ols-ocr322-card-cta\">Start revising<svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n\n        <!-- Card 2: Measuring and Calculating Rates -->\n        <a class=\"ols-ocr322-card ols-ocr322-card--available\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/ocr-a\/3-2-2-reaction-rates\/measuring-and-calculating-rates\/\">\n          <div class=\"ols-ocr322-card-img-wrap\">\n            <div class=\"ols-ocr322-visual ols-ocr322-visual--tc\">\n              <div class=\"ols-ocr322-visual-panel\">\n                <div class=\"ols-ocr322-visual-kicker\">Gradients<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-ocr322-visual-main\">Measuring<br>Rates<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-ocr322-config-line\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span>tangents, 1\/t, mol dm\u207b\u00b3 s\u207b\u00b9<\/span><\/div>\n              <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-ocr322-card-num\">2<\/div>\n            <span class=\"ols-ocr322-card-status ols-ocr322-card-status--available\">Available<\/span>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-ocr322-card-body\">\n            <p class=\"ols-ocr322-card-title\">Measuring and Calculating Rates<\/p>\n            <p class=\"ols-ocr322-card-desc\">Measuring rates: mass, gas volume and clock methods, rate = 1\/time, tangents and initial rate on concentration\u2013time graphs.<\/p>\n            <span class=\"ols-ocr322-card-cta\">Start revising<svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n\n        <!-- Card 3: The Maxwell\u2013Boltzmann Distribution -->\n        <a class=\"ols-ocr322-card ols-ocr322-card--available\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/ocr-a\/3-2-2-reaction-rates\/maxwell-boltzmann-distribution\/\">\n          <div class=\"ols-ocr322-card-img-wrap\">\n            <div class=\"ols-ocr322-visual ols-ocr322-visual--tr\">\n              <div class=\"ols-ocr322-visual-panel\">\n                <div class=\"ols-ocr322-visual-kicker\">Energy spread<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-ocr322-visual-main\">Boltzmann<br>Distribution<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-ocr322-config-line\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span>temperature, E\u2090, catalyst<\/span><\/div>\n              <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-ocr322-card-num\">3<\/div>\n            <span class=\"ols-ocr322-card-status ols-ocr322-card-status--available\">Available<\/span>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-ocr322-card-body\">\n            <p class=\"ols-ocr322-card-title\">The Maxwell\u2013Boltzmann Distribution<\/p>\n            <p class=\"ols-ocr322-card-desc\">The Boltzmann distribution: shape, activation energy, the effect of temperature and the effect of a catalyst on the proportion of molecules that can react.<\/p>\n            <span class=\"ols-ocr322-card-cta\">Start revising<svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n\n        <!-- Card 4: Catalysts and Reaction Profiles -->\n        <a class=\"ols-ocr322-card ols-ocr322-card--available\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/ocr-a\/3-2-2-reaction-rates\/catalysts-and-reaction-profiles\/\">\n          <div class=\"ols-ocr322-card-img-wrap\">\n            <div class=\"ols-ocr322-visual ols-ocr322-visual--ca\">\n              <div class=\"ols-ocr322-visual-panel\">\n                <div class=\"ols-ocr322-visual-kicker\">Lower E\u2090<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-ocr322-visual-main\">Catalysts<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-ocr322-config-line\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span>profiles, surfaces, industry<\/span><\/div>\n              <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-ocr322-card-num\">4<\/div>\n            <span class=\"ols-ocr322-card-status ols-ocr322-card-status--available\">Available<\/span>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-ocr322-card-body\">\n            <p class=\"ols-ocr322-card-title\">Catalysts and Reaction Profiles<\/p>\n            <p class=\"ols-ocr322-card-desc\">Catalysts: lower activation energy, enthalpy profile diagrams with the intermediate, homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis, and the economic and environmental benefits.<\/p>\n            <span class=\"ols-ocr322-card-cta\">Start revising<svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/section>\n\n  <!-- SPECIFICATION -->\n  <section class=\"ols-ocr322-spec-section\">\n    <div class=\"ols-ocr322-container\">\n      <div class=\"ols-ocr322-spec-wrap\">\n        <div class=\"ols-ocr322-spec-pill\">Specification Coverage<\/div>\n        <h2 class=\"ols-ocr322-spec-heading\">3.2.2 Reaction Rates &#8211; OCR A Level Chemistry A<\/h2>\n        <p class=\"ols-ocr322-spec-intro-text\">The following OCR A learning outcomes state what candidates should be able to do. Wording is taken from the OCR A Level Chemistry A (H432) specification.<\/p>\n        <h3 class=\"ols-ocr322-spec-group-title\">3.2.2 Reaction rates<\/h3>\n        <div class=\"ols-ocr322-spec-rows\">\n          <div class=\"ols-ocr322-spec-row ols-ocr322-spec-row--light\"><div class=\"ols-ocr322-spec-code\">3.2.2(a)<\/div><div class=\"ols-ocr322-spec-text\">the effect of concentration, including the pressure of gases, on the rate of a reaction, in terms of frequency of collisions<\/div><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-ocr322-spec-row ols-ocr322-spec-row--mid\"><div class=\"ols-ocr322-spec-code ols-ocr322-spec-code--mid\">3.2.2(b)<\/div><div class=\"ols-ocr322-spec-text\">calculation of reaction rate from the gradients of graphs measuring how a physical quantity changes with time<\/div><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-ocr322-spec-row ols-ocr322-spec-row--light\"><div class=\"ols-ocr322-spec-code\">3.2.2(c)<\/div><div class=\"ols-ocr322-spec-text\">explanation of the role of a catalyst:<div class=\"ols-ocr322-spec-sub-list\"><div class=\"ols-ocr322-spec-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-ocr322-spec-sub-code\">i<\/div><div class=\"ols-ocr322-spec-sub-text\">in increasing reaction rate without being used up by the overall reaction<\/div><\/div><div class=\"ols-ocr322-spec-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-ocr322-spec-sub-code\">ii<\/div><div class=\"ols-ocr322-spec-sub-text\">in allowing a reaction to proceed via a different route with lower activation energy, as shown by enthalpy profile diagrams<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-ocr322-spec-row ols-ocr322-spec-row--mid\"><div class=\"ols-ocr322-spec-code ols-ocr322-spec-code--mid\">3.2.2(d)<\/div><div class=\"ols-ocr322-spec-text\">catalysts:<div class=\"ols-ocr322-spec-sub-list\"><div class=\"ols-ocr322-spec-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-ocr322-spec-sub-code\">i<\/div><div class=\"ols-ocr322-spec-sub-text\">explanation of the terms homogeneous and heterogeneous catalyst<\/div><\/div><div class=\"ols-ocr322-spec-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-ocr322-spec-sub-code\">ii<\/div><div class=\"ols-ocr322-spec-sub-text\">explanation that catalysts have great economic importance and benefits for increased sustainability by lowering temperatures and reducing energy demand from combustion of fossil fuels, with resulting reduction in CO\u2082 emissions<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-ocr322-spec-row ols-ocr322-spec-row--light\"><div class=\"ols-ocr322-spec-code\">3.2.2(e)<\/div><div class=\"ols-ocr322-spec-text\">the techniques and procedures used to investigate reaction rates including the measurement of mass, gas volumes and time<\/div><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-ocr322-spec-row ols-ocr322-spec-row--mid\"><div class=\"ols-ocr322-spec-code ols-ocr322-spec-code--mid\">3.2.2(f)<\/div><div class=\"ols-ocr322-spec-text\">qualitative explanation of the Boltzmann distribution and its relationship with activation energy<\/div><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-ocr322-spec-row ols-ocr322-spec-row--light\"><div class=\"ols-ocr322-spec-code\">3.2.2(g)<\/div><div class=\"ols-ocr322-spec-text\">explanation, using Boltzmann distributions, of the qualitative effect on the proportion of molecules exceeding the activation energy and hence the reaction rate, for:<div class=\"ols-ocr322-spec-sub-list\"><div class=\"ols-ocr322-spec-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-ocr322-spec-sub-code\">i<\/div><div class=\"ols-ocr322-spec-sub-text\">temperature changes<\/div><\/div><div class=\"ols-ocr322-spec-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-ocr322-spec-sub-code\">ii<\/div><div class=\"ols-ocr322-spec-sub-text\">catalytic behaviour<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/section>\n  <script type=\"application\/ld+json\">\n{\n  \"@context\": \"https:\/\/schema.org\",\n  \"@graph\": [\n    {\n      \"@type\": \"CollectionPage\",\n      \"@id\": 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