{"id":10764,"date":"2026-09-26T13:56:55","date_gmt":"2026-09-26T12:56:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-7-equilibria\/"},"modified":"2026-09-26T13:56:55","modified_gmt":"2026-09-26T12:56:55","slug":"topic-7-equilibria","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-7-equilibria\/","title":{"rendered":"Topic 7 Equilibria"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"ols-cie7-page\">\n\n  <aside class=\"ols-sidebar\">\n  <div class=\"ols-sidebar-header\">\n    <h3>Revision Notes<\/h3>\n    <p>A Level Chemistry<\/p>\n  <\/div>\n\n  <div class=\"ols-topic-group\">\n    <h4>Topic 7 Equilibria<\/h4>\n\n    <ul class=\"ols-topic-list\">\n      <li>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-7-equilibria\/\">Topic 7 Overview<\/a>\n      <\/li>\n      <li>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-7-equilibria\/dynamic-equilibrium\/\">Dynamic Equilibrium<\/a>\n      <\/li>\n      <li>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-7-equilibria\/le-chateliers-principle\/\">Le Chatelier's Principle<\/a>\n      <\/li>\n      <li>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-7-equilibria\/equilibria-in-industry\/\">Equilibria in Industry<\/a>\n      <\/li>\n      <li>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-7-equilibria\/equilibrium-constant-kc\/\">The Equilibrium Constant Kc<\/a>\n      <\/li>\n      <li>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-7-equilibria\/kp-and-partial-pressures\/\">Kp and Partial Pressures<\/a>\n      <\/li>\n      <li>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-7-equilibria\/acids-bases-and-ph-curves\/\">Acids, Bases and pH Curves<\/a>\n      <\/li>\n    <\/ul>\n  <\/div>\n\n  <div class=\"ols-topic-group\">\n    <h4>Other Sections<\/h4>\n\n    <ul class=\"ols-topic-list\">\n      <li>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-8-reaction-kinetics\/\">Topic 8 Reaction Kinetics<\/a>\n      <\/li>\n      <li>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-5-chemical-energetics\/\">Topic 5 Chemical Energetics<\/a>\n      <\/li>\n      <li>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-6-electrochemistry\/\">Topic 6 Electrochemistry<\/a>\n      <\/li>\n      <li>\n        <a 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45%, #854d0e 100%); }\n    .ols-cie7-visual--ab { background: radial-gradient(circle at 24% 18%, rgba(255,255,255,0.46), transparent 24%), linear-gradient(135deg, #fdf2f8 0%, #f472b6 45%, #9d174d 100%); }\n  <\/style>\n\n  <!-- BREADCRUMB BAR -->\n  <div class=\"ols-cie7-breadcrumb-bar\">\n    <div class=\"ols-cie7-container\">\n      <nav class=\"ols-cie7-breadcrumb\" aria-label=\"Breadcrumb\">\n          <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/\">Revision Notes<\/a> \/\n          <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/\">A Level Chemistry<\/a> \/\n          <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/\">Cambridge International (CIE)<\/a> \/\n          <span>Topic 7 Equilibria<\/span>\n        <\/nav>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n\n  <!-- INTRO -->\n  <section class=\"ols-cie7-intro\">\n    <div class=\"ols-cie7-container\">\n      <div class=\"ols-cie7-intro-inner\">\n        <div>\n          <div class=\"ols-cie7-eyebrow\">Cambridge International AS &amp; A Level Chemistry &#8211; Physical Chemistry<\/div>\n          <h1>Topic 7<br>Equilibria<\/h1>\n          <div class=\"ols-cie7-accent-bar\"><\/div>\n          <p class=\"ols-cie7-intro-lead\">Topic 7 covers reversible reactions and dynamic equilibrium in a closed system, Le Chatelier&#8217;s principle, the equilibrium constants Kc and Kp with mole fractions and partial pressures, the Haber and Contact processes, and the AS acids-and-bases section: Br\u00f8nsted-Lowry theory, strong and weak acids and bases, pH, neutralisation, pH titration curves and the choice of indicator. Ionic equilibria (Ka, pH calculations, buffers) follow in Topic 25.<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"ols-cie7-info-grid\">\n          <div class=\"ols-cie7-info-card\"><div class=\"ols-cie7-info-card-label\">Exam Papers<\/div><div class=\"ols-cie7-info-card-value\">Papers 1 &amp; 2<\/div><div class=\"ols-cie7-info-card-sub\">9701 AS Level<\/div><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-cie7-info-card\"><div class=\"ols-cie7-info-card-label\">Learning Outcomes<\/div><div class=\"ols-cie7-info-card-value\">7.1 &#8211; 7.2<\/div><div class=\"ols-cie7-info-card-sub\">20 outcomes covered<\/div><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-cie7-info-card\"><div class=\"ols-cie7-info-card-label\">Topic Parts<\/div><div class=\"ols-cie7-info-card-value\">6 pages<\/div><div class=\"ols-cie7-info-card-sub\">Revision notes available<\/div><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-cie7-info-card\"><div class=\"ols-cie7-info-card-label\">Exam Board<\/div><div class=\"ols-cie7-info-card-value\">Cambridge<\/div><div class=\"ols-cie7-info-card-sub\">9701 (2025 onwards)<\/div><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/section>\n\n  <!-- TOPIC CARDS -->\n  <section class=\"ols-cie7-topics\">\n    <div class=\"ols-cie7-container\">\n      <div class=\"ols-cie7-section-header\">\n        <h2 class=\"ols-cie7-section-title\">Revision Notes<\/h2>\n        <p class=\"ols-cie7-section-sub\">Work through Topic 7 Equilibria in a structured sequence.<\/p>\n      <\/div>\n      <div class=\"ols-cie7-cards-grid\">\n\n        <!-- Card 1: Dynamic Equilibrium -->\n        <a class=\"ols-cie7-card ols-cie7-card--available\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-7-equilibria\/dynamic-equilibrium\/\">\n          <div class=\"ols-cie7-card-img-wrap\">\n            <div class=\"ols-cie7-visual ols-cie7-visual--de\">\n              <div class=\"ols-cie7-visual-panel\">\n                <div class=\"ols-cie7-visual-kicker\">Reversible<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-cie7-visual-main\">Dynamic<br>Equilibrium<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-cie7-config-line\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span>rates equal, concentrations constant<\/span><\/div>\n              <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-cie7-card-num\">1<\/div>\n            <span class=\"ols-cie7-card-status ols-cie7-card-status--available\">Available<\/span>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-cie7-card-body\">\n            <p class=\"ols-cie7-card-title\">Dynamic Equilibrium<\/p>\n            <p class=\"ols-cie7-card-desc\">Dynamic equilibrium: reversible reactions, equal forward and reverse rates, constant concentrations, closed systems and the position of equilibrium.<\/p>\n            <span class=\"ols-cie7-card-cta\">Start revising<svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n\n        <!-- Card 2: Le Chatelier's Principle -->\n        <a class=\"ols-cie7-card ols-cie7-card--available\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-7-equilibria\/le-chateliers-principle\/\">\n          <div class=\"ols-cie7-card-img-wrap\">\n            <div class=\"ols-cie7-visual ols-cie7-visual--lc\">\n              <div class=\"ols-cie7-visual-panel\">\n                <div class=\"ols-cie7-visual-kicker\">Shifts<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-cie7-visual-main\">Le Chatelier&#8217;s<br>Principle<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-cie7-config-line\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span>temperature, pressure, concentration<\/span><\/div>\n              <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-cie7-card-num\">2<\/div>\n            <span class=\"ols-cie7-card-status ols-cie7-card-status--available\">Available<\/span>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-cie7-card-body\">\n            <p class=\"ols-cie7-card-title\">Le Chatelier&#8217;s Principle<\/p>\n            <p class=\"ols-cie7-card-desc\">Le Chatelier&#8217;s principle: temperature, pressure and concentration changes, catalysts, and the ammonia and chromate equilibria as examples.<\/p>\n            <span class=\"ols-cie7-card-cta\">Start revising<svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n\n        <!-- Card 3: Equilibria in Industry -->\n        <a class=\"ols-cie7-card ols-cie7-card--available\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-7-equilibria\/equilibria-in-industry\/\">\n          <div class=\"ols-cie7-card-img-wrap\">\n            <div class=\"ols-cie7-visual ols-cie7-visual--ei\">\n              <div class=\"ols-cie7-visual-panel\">\n                <div class=\"ols-cie7-visual-kicker\">Yield versus rate<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-cie7-visual-main\">Equilibria in<br>Industry<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-cie7-config-line\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span>Haber, Contact, compromise<\/span><\/div>\n              <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-cie7-card-num\">3<\/div>\n            <span class=\"ols-cie7-card-status ols-cie7-card-status--available\">Available<\/span>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-cie7-card-body\">\n            <p class=\"ols-cie7-card-title\">Equilibria in Industry<\/p>\n            <p class=\"ols-cie7-card-desc\">Equilibria in industry: the Haber and Contact processes, compromise temperature and pressure, catalysts and evaluating yield data.<\/p>\n            <span class=\"ols-cie7-card-cta\">Start revising<svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n\n        <!-- Card 4: The Equilibrium Constant Kc -->\n        <a class=\"ols-cie7-card ols-cie7-card--available\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-7-equilibria\/equilibrium-constant-kc\/\">\n          <div class=\"ols-cie7-card-img-wrap\">\n            <div class=\"ols-cie7-visual ols-cie7-visual--kc\">\n              <div class=\"ols-cie7-visual-panel\">\n                <div class=\"ols-cie7-visual-kicker\">Products over reactants<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-cie7-visual-main\">Equilibrium<br>Constant Kc<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-cie7-config-line\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span>expression, units, calculation<\/span><\/div>\n              <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-cie7-card-num\">4<\/div>\n            <span class=\"ols-cie7-card-status ols-cie7-card-status--available\">Available<\/span>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-cie7-card-body\">\n            <p class=\"ols-cie7-card-title\">The Equilibrium Constant Kc<\/p>\n            <p class=\"ols-cie7-card-desc\">Kc: expressions, units, calculations from equilibrium amounts, the magnitude of Kc and the effect of temperature.<\/p>\n            <span class=\"ols-cie7-card-cta\">Start revising<svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n\n        <!-- Card 5: Kp and Partial Pressures -->\n        <a class=\"ols-cie7-card ols-cie7-card--available\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-7-equilibria\/kp-and-partial-pressures\/\">\n          <div class=\"ols-cie7-card-img-wrap\">\n            <div class=\"ols-cie7-visual ols-cie7-visual--kp\">\n              <div class=\"ols-cie7-visual-panel\">\n                <div class=\"ols-cie7-visual-kicker\">Gases<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-cie7-visual-main\">Kp and<br>Partial Pressures<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-cie7-config-line\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span>mole fraction, p = x \u00d7 P<\/span><\/div>\n              <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-cie7-card-num\">5<\/div>\n            <span class=\"ols-cie7-card-status ols-cie7-card-status--available\">Available<\/span>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-cie7-card-body\">\n            <p class=\"ols-cie7-card-title\">Kp and Partial Pressures<\/p>\n            <p class=\"ols-cie7-card-desc\">Kp: mole fraction, partial pressure, Kp expressions, units and calculations for gas equilibria.<\/p>\n            <span class=\"ols-cie7-card-cta\">Start revising<svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n\n        <!-- Card 6: Acids, Bases and pH Curves -->\n        <a class=\"ols-cie7-card ols-cie7-card--available\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-7-equilibria\/acids-bases-and-ph-curves\/\">\n          <div class=\"ols-cie7-card-img-wrap\">\n            <div class=\"ols-cie7-visual ols-cie7-visual--ab\">\n              <div class=\"ols-cie7-visual-panel\">\n                <div class=\"ols-cie7-visual-kicker\">Proton transfer<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-cie7-visual-main\">Acids, Bases<br>and pH Curves<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-cie7-config-line\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span>strong, weak, indicators<\/span><\/div>\n              <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-cie7-card-num\">6<\/div>\n            <span class=\"ols-cie7-card-status ols-cie7-card-status--available\">Available<\/span>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-cie7-card-body\">\n            <p class=\"ols-cie7-card-title\">Acids, Bases and pH Curves<\/p>\n            <p class=\"ols-cie7-card-desc\">Acids and bases: Br\u00f8nsted\u2013Lowry theory, strong and weak acids, pH, neutralisation, titration curves and indicators.<\/p>\n            <span class=\"ols-cie7-card-cta\">Start revising<svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/section>\n\n  <!-- SPECIFICATION -->\n  <section class=\"ols-cie7-spec-section\">\n    <div class=\"ols-cie7-container\">\n      <div class=\"ols-cie7-spec-wrap\">\n        <div class=\"ols-cie7-spec-pill\">Specification Coverage<\/div>\n        <h2 class=\"ols-cie7-spec-heading\">Topic 7 Equilibria &#8211; Cambridge International AS Level Chemistry<\/h2>\n        <p class=\"ols-cie7-spec-intro-text\">The following Cambridge learning outcomes state what candidates should be able to do. Wording is taken from the Cambridge International AS &amp; A Level Chemistry (9701) syllabus.<\/p>\n        <h3 class=\"ols-cie7-spec-group-title\">7.1 Chemical equilibria: reversible reactions, dynamic equilibrium<\/h3>\n        <div class=\"ols-cie7-spec-rows\">\n          <div class=\"ols-cie7-spec-row ols-cie7-spec-row--light\"><div class=\"ols-cie7-spec-code\">7.1.1<\/div><div class=\"ols-cie7-spec-text\">understand what is meant by a reversible reaction and by dynamic equilibrium (equal rates, constant concentrations), and the need for a closed system<\/div><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-cie7-spec-row ols-cie7-spec-row--mid\"><div class=\"ols-cie7-spec-code ols-cie7-spec-code--mid\">7.1.2<\/div><div class=\"ols-cie7-spec-text\">define Le Chatelier&#8217;s principle<\/div><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-cie7-spec-row ols-cie7-spec-row--light\"><div class=\"ols-cie7-spec-code\">7.1.3<\/div><div class=\"ols-cie7-spec-text\">use Le Chatelier&#8217;s principle to deduce qualitatively the effects of changes in temperature, concentration, pressure or the presence of a catalyst on a system at equilibrium<\/div><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-cie7-spec-row ols-cie7-spec-row--mid\"><div class=\"ols-cie7-spec-code ols-cie7-spec-code--mid\">7.1.4<\/div><div class=\"ols-cie7-spec-text\">deduce expressions for equilibrium constants in terms of concentrations, Kc<\/div><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-cie7-spec-row ols-cie7-spec-row--light\"><div class=\"ols-cie7-spec-code\">7.1.5<\/div><div class=\"ols-cie7-spec-text\">use the terms mole fraction and partial pressure<\/div><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-cie7-spec-row ols-cie7-spec-row--mid\"><div class=\"ols-cie7-spec-code ols-cie7-spec-code--mid\">7.1.6<\/div><div class=\"ols-cie7-spec-text\">deduce expressions for equilibrium constants in terms of partial pressures, Kp<\/div><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-cie7-spec-row ols-cie7-spec-row--light\"><div class=\"ols-cie7-spec-code\">7.1.7<\/div><div class=\"ols-cie7-spec-text\">use the Kc and Kp expressions to carry out calculations (no quadratic equations)<\/div><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-cie7-spec-row ols-cie7-spec-row--mid\"><div class=\"ols-cie7-spec-code ols-cie7-spec-code--mid\">7.1.8<\/div><div class=\"ols-cie7-spec-text\">calculate the quantities present at equilibrium, given appropriate data<\/div><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-cie7-spec-row ols-cie7-spec-row--light\"><div class=\"ols-cie7-spec-code\">7.1.9<\/div><div class=\"ols-cie7-spec-text\">state whether changes in temperature, concentration, pressure or the presence of a catalyst affect the value of the equilibrium constant<\/div><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-cie7-spec-row ols-cie7-spec-row--mid\"><div class=\"ols-cie7-spec-code ols-cie7-spec-code--mid\">7.1.10<\/div><div class=\"ols-cie7-spec-text\">describe and explain the conditions used in the Haber process and the Contact process, as examples of the importance of an understanding of dynamic equilibrium in the chemical industry and the application of Le Chatelier&#8217;s principle<\/div><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n\n        <h3 class=\"ols-cie7-spec-group-title\">7.2 Br\u00f8nsted\u2013Lowry theory of acids and bases<\/h3>\n        <div class=\"ols-cie7-spec-rows\">\n          <div class=\"ols-cie7-spec-row ols-cie7-spec-row--light\"><div class=\"ols-cie7-spec-code\">7.2.1<\/div><div class=\"ols-cie7-spec-text\">state the names and formulae of the common acids (HCl, H\u2082SO\u2084, HNO\u2083, CH\u2083COOH) and alkalis (NaOH, KOH, NH\u2083)<\/div><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-cie7-spec-row ols-cie7-spec-row--mid\"><div class=\"ols-cie7-spec-code ols-cie7-spec-code--mid\">7.2.3<\/div><div class=\"ols-cie7-spec-text\">describe the Br\u00f8nsted\u2013Lowry theory of acids and bases<\/div><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-cie7-spec-row ols-cie7-spec-row--light\"><div class=\"ols-cie7-spec-code\">7.2.4<\/div><div class=\"ols-cie7-spec-text\">describe strong acids and strong bases as fully dissociated, and weak acids and weak bases as partially dissociated, in aqueous solution<\/div><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-cie7-spec-row ols-cie7-spec-row--mid\"><div class=\"ols-cie7-spec-code ols-cie7-spec-code--mid\">7.2.5<\/div><div class=\"ols-cie7-spec-text\">appreciate that water has pH 7, acid solutions pH below 7 and alkaline solutions pH above 7<\/div><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-cie7-spec-row ols-cie7-spec-row--light\"><div class=\"ols-cie7-spec-code\">7.2.6<\/div><div class=\"ols-cie7-spec-text\">explain qualitatively the differences in behaviour between strong and weak acids, including the reaction with a reactive metal and the difference in pH values (pH meter, universal indicator or conductivity)<\/div><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-cie7-spec-row ols-cie7-spec-row--mid\"><div class=\"ols-cie7-spec-code ols-cie7-spec-code--mid\">7.2.7<\/div><div class=\"ols-cie7-spec-text\">understand that neutralisation reactions occur when H\u207a(aq) and OH\u207b(aq) form H\u2082O(l), and that salts are formed in neutralisation reactions<\/div><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-cie7-spec-row ols-cie7-spec-row--light\"><div class=\"ols-cie7-spec-code\">7.2.9<\/div><div class=\"ols-cie7-spec-text\">sketch the pH titration curves of titrations using combinations of strong and weak acids with strong and weak alkalis<\/div><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-cie7-spec-row ols-cie7-spec-row--mid\"><div class=\"ols-cie7-spec-code ols-cie7-spec-code--mid\">7.2.10<\/div><div class=\"ols-cie7-spec-text\">select suitable indicators for acid\u2013alkali titrations, given appropriate data<\/div><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/section>\n\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">\n{\n  \"@context\": \"https:\/\/schema.org\",\n  \"@graph\": [\n    {\n      \"@type\": \"CollectionPage\",\n      \"@id\": 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