{"id":10899,"date":"2026-09-26T21:56:33","date_gmt":"2026-09-26T20:56:33","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-10-alcohols-halogenoalkanes-and-spectra\/"},"modified":"2026-09-26T21:56:33","modified_gmt":"2026-09-26T20:56:33","slug":"topic-10-alcohols-halogenoalkanes-and-spectra","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-10-alcohols-halogenoalkanes-and-spectra\/","title":{"rendered":"Topic 10 Alcohols, Halogenoalkanes and Spectra"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"ols-t10-page\">\n\n  <aside class=\"ols-sidebar\">\n  <div class=\"ols-sidebar-header\">\n    <h3>Revision Notes<\/h3>\n    <p>A Level Chemistry<\/p>\n  <\/div>\n\n  <div class=\"ols-topic-group\">\n    <h4>Topic 10 Alcohols, Halogenoalkanes &amp; Spectra<\/h4>\n\n    <ul class=\"ols-topic-list\">\n      <li>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-10-alcohols-halogenoalkanes-and-spectra\/\">Topic 10 Overview<\/a>\n      <\/li>\n      <li>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-10-alcohols-halogenoalkanes-and-spectra\/10a-alcohols\/\">Topic 10A Alcohols<\/a>\n        <ul class=\"ols-subtopic-list\">\n          <li>\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-10-alcohols-halogenoalkanes-and-spectra\/10a-alcohols\/alcohols-naming-classification-and-properties\/\">Alcohols: Naming, Classification and Properties<\/a>\n          <\/li>\n          <li>\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-10-alcohols-halogenoalkanes-and-spectra\/10a-alcohols\/oxidation-of-alcohols\/\">Oxidation of Alcohols<\/a>\n          <\/li>\n          <li>\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-10-alcohols-halogenoalkanes-and-spectra\/10a-alcohols\/reactions-of-alcohols\/\">Substitution and Elimination Reactions of Alcohols<\/a>\n          <\/li>\n          <li>\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-10-alcohols-halogenoalkanes-and-spectra\/10a-alcohols\/preparing-and-purifying-organic-liquids\/\">Preparing and Purifying Organic Liquids<\/a>\n          <\/li>\n          <li>\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/core-practicals\/cp-6-chlorination-of-2-methylpropan-2-ol\/\">Core Practical 6<\/a>\n          <\/li>\n          <li>\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/core-practicals\/cp-7-oxidation-of-propan-1-ol\/\">Core Practical 7<\/a>\n          <\/li>\n        <\/ul>\n      <\/li>\n      <li>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-10-alcohols-halogenoalkanes-and-spectra\/10b-halogenoalkanes\/\">Topic 10B Halogenoalkanes<\/a>\n        <ul class=\"ols-subtopic-list\">\n          <li>\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-10-alcohols-halogenoalkanes-and-spectra\/10b-halogenoalkanes\/reaction-types-mechanisms-and-nucleophiles\/\">Reaction Types, Mechanisms and Nucleophiles<\/a>\n          <\/li>\n          <li>\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-10-alcohols-halogenoalkanes-and-spectra\/10b-halogenoalkanes\/halogenoalkanes-naming-classification-and-bonding\/\">Halogenoalkanes: Naming, Classification and the C\u2013X Bond<\/a>\n          <\/li>\n          <li>\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-10-alcohols-halogenoalkanes-and-spectra\/10b-halogenoalkanes\/nucleophilic-substitution-reactions\/\">Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions<\/a>\n          <\/li>\n          <li>\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-10-alcohols-halogenoalkanes-and-spectra\/10b-halogenoalkanes\/elimination-reactions-of-halogenoalkanes\/\">Elimination Reactions of Halogenoalkanes<\/a>\n          <\/li>\n          <li>\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-10-alcohols-halogenoalkanes-and-spectra\/10b-halogenoalkanes\/rates-of-hydrolysis-and-bond-enthalpy\/\">Rates of Hydrolysis and Bond Enthalpy<\/a>\n          <\/li>\n          <li>\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/core-practicals\/cp-5-hydrolysis-of-halogenoalkanes\/\">Core Practical 5<\/a>\n          <\/li>\n        <\/ul>\n      <\/li>\n      <li>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-10-alcohols-halogenoalkanes-and-spectra\/10c-spectra\/\">Topic 10C Spectra<\/a>\n        <ul class=\"ols-subtopic-list\">\n          <li>\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-10-alcohols-halogenoalkanes-and-spectra\/10c-spectra\/mass-spectra-of-organic-compounds\/\">Mass Spectra of Organic Compounds<\/a>\n          <\/li>\n          <li>\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-10-alcohols-halogenoalkanes-and-spectra\/10c-spectra\/infrared-spectroscopy\/\">Infrared Spectroscopy<\/a>\n          <\/li>\n          <li>\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-10-alcohols-halogenoalkanes-and-spectra\/10c-spectra\/identifying-unknown-compounds\/\">Identifying Unknown Compounds<\/a>\n          <\/li>\n          <li>\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/core-practicals\/cp-8-analysis-of-inorganic-and-organic-unknowns\/\">Core Practical 8<\/a>\n          <\/li>\n        <\/ul>\n      <\/li>\n    <\/ul>\n  <\/div>\n\n  <div class=\"ols-topic-group\">\n    <h4>Other Topics<\/h4>\n\n    <ul class=\"ols-topic-list\">\n      <li>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-4-organic-chemistry-and-alkanes\/\">Topic 4 Organic Chemistry &amp; Alkanes<\/a>\n      <\/li>\n      <li>\n        <a 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<div class=\"ols-t10-container\">\n      <nav class=\"ols-t10-breadcrumb\" aria-label=\"Breadcrumb\">\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/\">Revision Notes<\/a> \/\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/\">A Level Chemistry<\/a> \/\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/\">Edexcel International<\/a> \/\n        <span>Topic 10 Alcohols, Halogenoalkanes and Spectra<\/span>\n      <\/nav>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n\n  <!-- INTRO -->\n  <section class=\"ols-t10-intro\">\n    <div class=\"ols-t10-container\">\n      <div class=\"ols-t10-intro-inner\">\n\n        <div>\n          <div class=\"ols-t10-eyebrow\">Edexcel International A Level Chemistry<\/div>\n          <h1>Topic 10<br>Alcohols, Halogenoalkanes<br>&amp; Spectra<\/h1>\n          <div class=\"ols-t10-accent-bar\"><\/div>\n          <p class=\"ols-t10-intro-lead\">\n            Topic 10 is the organic chemistry of Unit 2. Part 10A Alcohols covers naming and classification, oxidation with acidified dichromate(VI), the substitution and elimination reactions of alcohols, and the practical techniques for preparing and purifying a liquid. Part 10B Halogenoalkanes builds the language of mechanisms, then nucleophilic substitution, elimination and the rates of hydrolysis. Part 10C Spectra reads mass spectra and infrared spectra and combines them with chemical tests to identify unknowns. Core Practicals 5, 6, 7 and 8 belong to this topic.\n          <\/p>\n        <\/div>\n\n        <div class=\"ols-t10-info-grid\">\n          <div class=\"ols-t10-info-card\">\n            <div class=\"ols-t10-info-card-label\">Exam Unit<\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-t10-info-card-value\">Unit 2<\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-t10-info-card-sub\">WCH12\/01 &#8211; IAS<\/div>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-t10-info-card\">\n            <div class=\"ols-t10-info-card-label\">Specification Points<\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-t10-info-card-value\">10.1 &#8211; 10.23<\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-t10-info-card-sub\">23 points covered<\/div>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-t10-info-card\">\n            <div class=\"ols-t10-info-card-label\">Topic Parts<\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-t10-info-card-value\">3 parts<\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-t10-info-card-sub\">12 revision pages<\/div>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-t10-info-card\">\n            <div class=\"ols-t10-info-card-label\">Exam Board<\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-t10-info-card-value\">Edexcel IAL<\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-t10-info-card-sub\">Pearson International<\/div>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/section>\n\n  <!-- TOPIC CARDS -->\n  <section class=\"ols-t10-topics\">\n    <div class=\"ols-t10-container\">\n\n      <div class=\"ols-t10-section-header\">\n        <h2 class=\"ols-t10-section-title\">Revision Notes<\/h2>\n      <\/div>\n\n      <div class=\"ols-t10-cards-grid\">\n\n        <!-- Card 1: Topic 10A Alcohols -->\n        <a class=\"ols-t10-card ols-t10-card--available\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-10-alcohols-halogenoalkanes-and-spectra\/10a-alcohols\/\">\n          <div class=\"ols-t10-card-img-wrap\">\n            <div class=\"ols-t10-visual ols-t10-visual--oh\">\n              <div class=\"ols-t10-visual-panel\">\n                <div class=\"ols-t10-visual-kicker\">10.15 &#8211; 10.20<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-t10-visual-main\">Alcohols<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-t10-visual-sub\">naming, oxidation, reactions<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-t10-card-num\">1<\/div>\n            <span class=\"ols-t10-card-status ols-t10-card-status--available\">Available<\/span>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-t10-card-body\">\n            <p class=\"ols-t10-card-title\">Topic 10A Alcohols<\/p>\n            <p class=\"ols-t10-card-desc\">Naming and classifying alcohols, their hydrogen bonding, oxidation with acidified dichromate(VI), substitution and elimination reactions, and the techniques for preparing and purifying a liquid product (Core Practical 7).<\/p>\n            <span class=\"ols-t10-card-cta\">\n              Start revising\n              <svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"><\/path><\/svg>\n            <\/span>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n\n        <!-- Card 2: Topic 10B Halogenoalkanes -->\n        <a class=\"ols-t10-card ols-t10-card--available\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-10-alcohols-halogenoalkanes-and-spectra\/10b-halogenoalkanes\/\">\n          <div class=\"ols-t10-card-img-wrap\">\n            <div class=\"ols-t10-visual ols-t10-visual--hi\">\n              <div class=\"ols-t10-visual-panel\">\n                <div class=\"ols-t10-visual-kicker\">10.1 &#8211; 10.14<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-t10-visual-main\">Halogenoalkanes<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-t10-visual-sub\">nucleophiles, substitution, elimination<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-t10-card-num\">2<\/div>\n            <span class=\"ols-t10-card-status ols-t10-card-status--available\">Available<\/span>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-t10-card-body\">\n            <p class=\"ols-t10-card-title\">Topic 10B Halogenoalkanes<\/p>\n            <p class=\"ols-t10-card-desc\">Reaction types and mechanisms, naming and classifying halogenoalkanes, nucleophilic substitution with hydroxide, water, ammonia and cyanide, elimination with ethanolic KOH, and rates of hydrolysis (Core Practicals 5 and 6).<\/p>\n            <span class=\"ols-t10-card-cta\">\n              Start revising\n              <svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"><\/path><\/svg>\n            <\/span>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n\n        <!-- Card 3: Topic 10C Spectra -->\n        <a class=\"ols-t10-card ols-t10-card--available\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-10-alcohols-halogenoalkanes-and-spectra\/10c-spectra\/\">\n          <div class=\"ols-t10-card-img-wrap\">\n            <div class=\"ols-t10-visual ols-t10-visual--cd\">\n              <div class=\"ols-t10-visual-panel\">\n                <div class=\"ols-t10-visual-kicker\">10.21 &#8211; 10.23<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-t10-visual-main\">Spectra<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-t10-visual-sub\">mass spectra, infrared, unknowns<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-t10-card-num\">3<\/div>\n            <span class=\"ols-t10-card-status ols-t10-card-status--available\">Available<\/span>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-t10-card-body\">\n            <p class=\"ols-t10-card-title\">Topic 10C Spectra<\/p>\n            <p class=\"ols-t10-card-desc\">Molecular ions and fragmentation in mass spectra, infrared absorptions of functional groups, and combining spectra with chemical tests to identify unknown compounds (Core Practical 8).<\/p>\n            <span class=\"ols-t10-card-cta\">\n              Start revising\n              <svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"><\/path><\/svg>\n            <\/span>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/section>\n\n  <!-- SPECIFICATION -->\n  <section class=\"ols-t10-spec-section\">\n    <div class=\"ols-t10-container\">\n\n      <!-- DESKTOP SPECIFICATION -->\n      <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-desktop\">\n        <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-wrap\">\n          <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-pill\">Specification Coverage<\/div>\n          <h2 class=\"ols-t10-spec-heading\">Topic 10 Alcohols, Halogenoalkanes and Spectra &#8211; Edexcel International A Level Chemistry<\/h2>\n          <p class=\"ols-t10-spec-intro-text\">The following specification points outline the knowledge and skills students are expected to demonstrate for Topic 10.<\/p>\n\n                    <h3 class=\"ols-t10-spec-group-title\">10A: Alcohols (10.15 &#8211; 10.20)<\/h3>\n          <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-rows\">\n\n            <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-row ols-t10-spec-row--light\">\n              <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-code ols-t10-spec-code--dark\">10.15<\/div>\n              <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-text\">understand the nomenclature of alcohols and be able to draw their structural, displayed and skeletal formulae<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n\n            <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-row ols-t10-spec-row--light\">\n              <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-code ols-t10-spec-code--dark\">10.16<\/div>\n              <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-text\">understand the distinction between primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n\n            <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-row ols-t10-spec-row--mid\">\n              <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-code ols-t10-spec-code--mid\">10.17<\/div>\n              <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-text\">\n                <div style=\"margin:0 0 12px;\">understand the reactions of alcohols with:<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-sub-list\">\n                  <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-sub-row\">\n                    <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-sub-code\">i<\/div>\n                    <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-sub-text\">oxygen in air (combustion)<\/div>\n                  <\/div>\n                  <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-sub-row\">\n                    <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-sub-code\">ii<\/div>\n                    <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-sub-text\">PCl\u2085 to produce chloroalkanes (also a qualitative test for the \u2013OH group), 50% concentrated sulfuric acid and potassium bromide to produce bromoalkanes, and red phosphorus and iodine to produce iodoalkanes<\/div>\n                  <\/div>\n                  <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-sub-row\">\n                    <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-sub-code\">iii<\/div>\n                    <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-sub-text\">concentrated phosphoric acid to form alkenes by elimination (mechanisms not required)<\/div>\n                  <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n              <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n\n            <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-row ols-t10-spec-row--mid\">\n              <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-code ols-t10-spec-code--mid\">10.18<\/div>\n              <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-text\">\n                <div style=\"margin:0 0 12px;\">understand that potassium dichromate(VI) in dilute sulfuric acid can oxidise:<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-sub-list\">\n                  <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-sub-row\">\n                    <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-sub-code\">i<\/div>\n                    <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-sub-text\">primary alcohols to aldehydes (positive Benedict&#8217;s or Fehling&#8217;s test) if the product is distilled as it forms<\/div>\n                  <\/div>\n                  <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-sub-row\">\n                    <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-sub-code\">ii<\/div>\n                    <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-sub-text\">primary alcohols to carboxylic acids (positive test with sodium carbonate or sodium hydrogencarbonate) if heated under reflux<\/div>\n                  <\/div>\n                  <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-sub-row\">\n                    <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-sub-code\">iii<\/div>\n                    <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-sub-text\">secondary alcohols to ketones; the oxidising agent can be represented by [O]<\/div>\n                  <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n              <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n\n            <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-row ols-t10-spec-row--mid\">\n              <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-code ols-t10-spec-code--mid\">10.19<\/div>\n              <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-text\">\n                <div style=\"margin:0 0 12px;\">understand the following techniques in the preparation and purification of a liquid organic compound:<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-sub-list\">\n                  <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-sub-row\">\n                    <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-sub-code\">i<\/div>\n                    <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-sub-text\">heating under reflux<\/div>\n                  <\/div>\n                  <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-sub-row\">\n                    <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-sub-code\">ii<\/div>\n                    <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-sub-text\">extraction with a solvent using a separating funnel<\/div>\n                  <\/div>\n                  <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-sub-row\">\n                    <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-sub-code\">iii<\/div>\n                    <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-sub-text\">distillation<\/div>\n                  <\/div>\n                  <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-sub-row\">\n                    <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-sub-code\">iv<\/div>\n                    <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-sub-text\">drying with an anhydrous salt<\/div>\n                  <\/div>\n                  <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-sub-row\">\n                    <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-sub-code\">v<\/div>\n                    <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-sub-text\">boiling temperature determination<\/div>\n                  <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n              <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n\n            <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-row ols-t10-spec-row--light\">\n              <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-code ols-t10-spec-code--dark\">10.20<\/div>\n              <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-text\">CORE PRACTICAL 7: the oxidation of propan-1-ol to produce propanal and propanoic acid<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n\n          <\/div>\n\n          <h3 class=\"ols-t10-spec-group-title\">10B: Halogenoalkanes (10.1 &#8211; 10.14)<\/h3>\n          <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-rows\">\n\n            <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-row ols-t10-spec-row--light\">\n              <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-code ols-t10-spec-code--dark\">10.1<\/div>\n              <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-text\">be able to classify reactions as addition, elimination, substitution, oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis or polymerisation<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n\n            <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-row ols-t10-spec-row--light\">\n              <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-code ols-t10-spec-code--dark\">10.2<\/div>\n              <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-text\">understand the concept of a reaction mechanism<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n\n            <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-row ols-t10-spec-row--light\">\n              <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-code ols-t10-spec-code--dark\">10.3<\/div>\n              <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-text\">understand that heterolytic bond breaking results in electrophiles and nucleophiles<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n\n            <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-row ols-t10-spec-row--light\">\n              <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-code ols-t10-spec-code--dark\">10.4<\/div>\n              <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-text\">know the definition of the term nucleophile<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n\n            <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-row ols-t10-spec-row--light\">\n              <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-code ols-t10-spec-code--dark\">10.5<\/div>\n              <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-text\">understand the link between bond polarity and the type of reaction mechanism a compound will undergo<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n\n            <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-row ols-t10-spec-row--light\">\n              <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-code ols-t10-spec-code--dark\">10.6<\/div>\n              <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-text\">understand the nomenclature of halogenoalkanes and be able to draw their structural, displayed and skeletal formulae<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n\n            <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-row ols-t10-spec-row--light\">\n              <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-code ols-t10-spec-code--dark\">10.7<\/div>\n              <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-text\">understand the distinction between primary, secondary and tertiary halogenoalkanes<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n\n            <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-row ols-t10-spec-row--mid\">\n              <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-code ols-t10-spec-code--mid\">10.8<\/div>\n              <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-text\">\n                <div style=\"margin:0 0 12px;\">understand the reactions of halogenoalkanes with:<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-sub-list\">\n                  <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-sub-row\">\n                    <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-sub-code\">i<\/div>\n                    <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-sub-text\">aqueous alkali, including KOH(aq), to produce alcohols (hydroxide ion as a nucleophile)<\/div>\n                  <\/div>\n                  <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-sub-row\">\n                    <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-sub-code\">ii<\/div>\n                    <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-sub-text\">ethanolic potassium hydroxide to produce alkenes by elimination (hydroxide ion as a base)<\/div>\n                  <\/div>\n                  <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-sub-row\">\n                    <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-sub-code\">iii<\/div>\n                    <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-sub-text\">aqueous silver nitrate in ethanol (water as a nucleophile)<\/div>\n                  <\/div>\n                  <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-sub-row\">\n                    <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-sub-code\">iv<\/div>\n                    <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-sub-text\">alcoholic ammonia under pressure to produce amines (ammonia as a nucleophile)<\/div>\n                  <\/div>\n                  <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-sub-row\">\n                    <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-sub-code\">v<\/div>\n                    <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-sub-text\">alcoholic potassium cyanide to produce nitriles (cyanide ion as a nucleophile), an example of increasing the length of the carbon chain<\/div>\n                  <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n              <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n\n            <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-row ols-t10-spec-row--light\">\n              <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-code ols-t10-spec-code--dark\">10.9<\/div>\n              <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-text\">understand the mechanisms of the nucleophilic substitution reactions between primary halogenoalkanes and aqueous potassium hydroxide, and ammonia (S\u20991 and S\u20992 mechanisms are tested in Unit 4)<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n\n            <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-row ols-t10-spec-row--mid\">\n              <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-code ols-t10-spec-code--mid\">10.10<\/div>\n              <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-text\">\n                <div style=\"margin:0 0 12px;\">understand that experimental observations and data can be used to compare the relative rates of hydrolysis of:<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-sub-list\">\n                  <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-sub-row\">\n                    <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-sub-code\">i<\/div>\n                    <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-sub-text\">primary, secondary and tertiary structural isomers of a halogenoalkane<\/div>\n                  <\/div>\n                  <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-sub-row\">\n                    <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-sub-code\">ii<\/div>\n                    <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-sub-text\">primary chloro-, bromo- and iodoalkanes using aqueous silver nitrate in ethanol<\/div>\n                  <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n              <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n\n            <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-row ols-t10-spec-row--light\">\n              <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-code ols-t10-spec-code--dark\">10.11<\/div>\n              <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-text\">CORE PRACTICAL 5: investigation of the rates of hydrolysis of some halogenoalkanes<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n\n            <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-row ols-t10-spec-row--light\">\n              <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-code ols-t10-spec-code--dark\">10.12<\/div>\n              <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-text\">know the trend in reactivity of primary, secondary and tertiary halogenoalkanes<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n\n            <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-row ols-t10-spec-row--light\">\n              <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-code ols-t10-spec-code--dark\">10.13<\/div>\n              <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-text\">understand the trend in reactivity of chloro-, bromo- and iodoalkanes in terms of bond enthalpy<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n\n            <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-row ols-t10-spec-row--light\">\n              <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-code ols-t10-spec-code--dark\">10.14<\/div>\n              <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-text\">CORE PRACTICAL 6: chlorination of 2-methylpropan-2-ol with concentrated hydrochloric acid<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n\n          <\/div>\n\n          <h3 class=\"ols-t10-spec-group-title\">10C: Spectra (10.21 &#8211; 10.23)<\/h3>\n          <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-rows\">\n\n            <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-row ols-t10-spec-row--light\">\n              <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-code ols-t10-spec-code--dark\">10.21<\/div>\n              <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-text\">be able to interpret data from mass spectra to suggest possible structures of simple organic compounds using the m\/z of the molecular ion and fragmentation patterns<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n\n            <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-row ols-t10-spec-row--mid\">\n              <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-code ols-t10-spec-code--mid\">10.22<\/div>\n              <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-text\">\n                <div style=\"margin:0 0 12px;\">be able to use infrared spectra, or data from them, to deduce functional groups present and to predict absorptions, given wavenumber data, for:<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-sub-list\">\n                  <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-sub-row\">\n                    <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-sub-code\">i<\/div>\n                    <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-sub-text\">C\u2013H stretching in alkanes, alkenes and aldehydes<\/div>\n                  <\/div>\n                  <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-sub-row\">\n                    <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-sub-code\">ii<\/div>\n                    <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-sub-text\">C=C stretching in alkenes<\/div>\n                  <\/div>\n                  <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-sub-row\">\n                    <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-sub-code\">iii<\/div>\n                    <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-sub-text\">O\u2013H stretching in alcohols and carboxylic acids<\/div>\n                  <\/div>\n                  <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-sub-row\">\n                    <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-sub-code\">iv<\/div>\n                    <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-sub-text\">C=O stretching in aldehydes, ketones and carboxylic acids<\/div>\n                  <\/div>\n                  <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-sub-row\">\n                    <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-sub-code\">v<\/div>\n                    <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-sub-text\">C\u2013X stretching in halogenoalkanes<\/div>\n                  <\/div>\n                  <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-sub-row\">\n                    <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-sub-code\">vi<\/div>\n                    <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-sub-text\">N\u2013H stretching in amines<\/div>\n                  <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n              <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n\n            <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-row ols-t10-spec-row--light\">\n              <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-code ols-t10-spec-code--dark\">10.23<\/div>\n              <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-text\">CORE PRACTICAL 8: analysis of some inorganic and organic unknowns<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n\n          <\/div>\n\n        <\/div>\n      <\/div>\n\n      <!-- MOBILE SPECIFICATION -->\n      <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-mobile\">\n        <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-wrap\">\n          <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-pill\">Specification Coverage<\/div>\n          <h2 class=\"ols-t10-spec-heading\">Topic 10 Alcohols, Halogenoalkanes and Spectra &#8211; Edexcel International A Level Chemistry<\/h2>\n          <p class=\"ols-t10-spec-intro-text\">The following specification points outline the knowledge and skills students are expected to demonstrate for Topic 10.<\/p>\n\n                    <h3 class=\"ols-t10-spec-group-title\">10A: Alcohols (10.15 &#8211; 10.20)<\/h3>\n          <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-mob-rows\">\n\n            <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-mob-row ols-t10-spec-mob-row--light\">\n              <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-mob-code ols-t10-spec-mob-code--dark\">10.15<\/div>\n              <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-mob-text\">understand the nomenclature of alcohols and be able to draw their structural, displayed and skeletal formulae<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n\n            <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-mob-row ols-t10-spec-mob-row--light\">\n              <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-mob-code ols-t10-spec-mob-code--dark\">10.16<\/div>\n              <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-mob-text\">understand the distinction between primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n\n            <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-mob-row ols-t10-spec-mob-row--mid\">\n              <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-mob-code ols-t10-spec-mob-code--mid\">10.17<\/div>\n              <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-mob-text\">\n                <div style=\"margin:0 0 10px;\">understand the reactions of alcohols with:<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-mob-sub-list\">\n                  <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-mob-sub-row\">\n                    <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-mob-sub-code\">i<\/div>\n                    <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-mob-sub-text\">oxygen in air (combustion)<\/div>\n                  <\/div>\n                  <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-mob-sub-row\">\n                    <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-mob-sub-code\">ii<\/div>\n                    <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-mob-sub-text\">PCl\u2085 to produce chloroalkanes (also a qualitative test for the \u2013OH group), 50% concentrated sulfuric acid and potassium bromide to produce bromoalkanes, and red phosphorus and iodine to produce iodoalkanes<\/div>\n                  <\/div>\n                  <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-mob-sub-row\">\n                    <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-mob-sub-code\">iii<\/div>\n                    <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-mob-sub-text\">concentrated phosphoric acid to form alkenes by elimination (mechanisms not required)<\/div>\n                  <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n              <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n\n            <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-mob-row ols-t10-spec-mob-row--mid\">\n              <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-mob-code ols-t10-spec-mob-code--mid\">10.18<\/div>\n              <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-mob-text\">\n                <div style=\"margin:0 0 10px;\">understand that potassium dichromate(VI) in dilute sulfuric acid can oxidise:<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-mob-sub-list\">\n                  <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-mob-sub-row\">\n                    <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-mob-sub-code\">i<\/div>\n                    <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-mob-sub-text\">primary alcohols to aldehydes (positive Benedict&#8217;s or Fehling&#8217;s test) if the product is distilled as it forms<\/div>\n                  <\/div>\n                  <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-mob-sub-row\">\n                    <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-mob-sub-code\">ii<\/div>\n                    <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-mob-sub-text\">primary alcohols to carboxylic acids (positive test with sodium carbonate or sodium hydrogencarbonate) if heated under reflux<\/div>\n                  <\/div>\n                  <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-mob-sub-row\">\n                    <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-mob-sub-code\">iii<\/div>\n                    <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-mob-sub-text\">secondary alcohols to ketones; the oxidising agent can be represented by [O]<\/div>\n                  <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n              <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n\n            <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-mob-row ols-t10-spec-mob-row--mid\">\n              <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-mob-code ols-t10-spec-mob-code--mid\">10.19<\/div>\n              <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-mob-text\">\n                <div style=\"margin:0 0 10px;\">understand the following techniques in the preparation and purification of a liquid organic compound:<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-mob-sub-list\">\n                  <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-mob-sub-row\">\n                    <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-mob-sub-code\">i<\/div>\n                    <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-mob-sub-text\">heating under reflux<\/div>\n                  <\/div>\n                  <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-mob-sub-row\">\n                    <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-mob-sub-code\">ii<\/div>\n                    <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-mob-sub-text\">extraction with a solvent using a separating funnel<\/div>\n                  <\/div>\n                  <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-mob-sub-row\">\n                    <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-mob-sub-code\">iii<\/div>\n                    <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-mob-sub-text\">distillation<\/div>\n                  <\/div>\n                  <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-mob-sub-row\">\n                    <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-mob-sub-code\">iv<\/div>\n                    <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-mob-sub-text\">drying with an anhydrous salt<\/div>\n                  <\/div>\n                  <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-mob-sub-row\">\n                    <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-mob-sub-code\">v<\/div>\n                    <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-mob-sub-text\">boiling temperature determination<\/div>\n                  <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n              <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n\n            <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-mob-row ols-t10-spec-mob-row--light\">\n              <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-mob-code ols-t10-spec-mob-code--dark\">10.20<\/div>\n              <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-mob-text\">CORE PRACTICAL 7: the oxidation of propan-1-ol to produce propanal and propanoic acid<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n\n          <\/div>\n\n          <h3 class=\"ols-t10-spec-group-title\">10B: Halogenoalkanes (10.1 &#8211; 10.14)<\/h3>\n          <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-mob-rows\">\n\n            <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-mob-row ols-t10-spec-mob-row--light\">\n              <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-mob-code ols-t10-spec-mob-code--dark\">10.1<\/div>\n              <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-mob-text\">be able to classify reactions as addition, elimination, substitution, oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis or polymerisation<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n\n            <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-mob-row ols-t10-spec-mob-row--light\">\n              <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-mob-code ols-t10-spec-mob-code--dark\">10.2<\/div>\n              <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-mob-text\">understand the concept of a reaction mechanism<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n\n            <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-mob-row ols-t10-spec-mob-row--light\">\n              <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-mob-code ols-t10-spec-mob-code--dark\">10.3<\/div>\n              <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-mob-text\">understand that heterolytic bond breaking results in electrophiles and nucleophiles<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n\n            <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-mob-row ols-t10-spec-mob-row--light\">\n              <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-mob-code ols-t10-spec-mob-code--dark\">10.4<\/div>\n              <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-mob-text\">know the definition of the term nucleophile<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n\n            <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-mob-row ols-t10-spec-mob-row--light\">\n              <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-mob-code ols-t10-spec-mob-code--dark\">10.5<\/div>\n              <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-mob-text\">understand the link between bond polarity and the type of reaction mechanism a compound will undergo<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n\n            <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-mob-row ols-t10-spec-mob-row--light\">\n              <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-mob-code ols-t10-spec-mob-code--dark\">10.6<\/div>\n              <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-mob-text\">understand the nomenclature of halogenoalkanes and be able to draw their structural, displayed and skeletal formulae<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n\n            <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-mob-row ols-t10-spec-mob-row--light\">\n              <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-mob-code ols-t10-spec-mob-code--dark\">10.7<\/div>\n              <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-mob-text\">understand the distinction between primary, secondary and tertiary halogenoalkanes<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n\n            <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-mob-row ols-t10-spec-mob-row--mid\">\n              <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-mob-code ols-t10-spec-mob-code--mid\">10.8<\/div>\n              <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-mob-text\">\n                <div style=\"margin:0 0 10px;\">understand the reactions of halogenoalkanes with:<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-mob-sub-list\">\n                  <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-mob-sub-row\">\n                    <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-mob-sub-code\">i<\/div>\n                    <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-mob-sub-text\">aqueous alkali, including KOH(aq), to produce alcohols (hydroxide ion as a nucleophile)<\/div>\n                  <\/div>\n                  <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-mob-sub-row\">\n                    <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-mob-sub-code\">ii<\/div>\n                    <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-mob-sub-text\">ethanolic potassium hydroxide to produce alkenes by elimination (hydroxide ion as a base)<\/div>\n                  <\/div>\n                  <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-mob-sub-row\">\n                    <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-mob-sub-code\">iii<\/div>\n                    <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-mob-sub-text\">aqueous silver nitrate in ethanol (water as a nucleophile)<\/div>\n                  <\/div>\n                  <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-mob-sub-row\">\n                    <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-mob-sub-code\">iv<\/div>\n                    <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-mob-sub-text\">alcoholic ammonia under pressure to produce amines (ammonia as a nucleophile)<\/div>\n                  <\/div>\n                  <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-mob-sub-row\">\n                    <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-mob-sub-code\">v<\/div>\n                    <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-mob-sub-text\">alcoholic potassium cyanide to produce nitriles (cyanide ion as a nucleophile), an example of increasing the length of the carbon chain<\/div>\n                  <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n              <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n\n            <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-mob-row ols-t10-spec-mob-row--light\">\n              <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-mob-code ols-t10-spec-mob-code--dark\">10.9<\/div>\n              <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-mob-text\">understand the mechanisms of the nucleophilic substitution reactions between primary halogenoalkanes and aqueous potassium hydroxide, and ammonia (S\u20991 and S\u20992 mechanisms are tested in Unit 4)<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n\n            <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-mob-row ols-t10-spec-mob-row--mid\">\n              <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-mob-code ols-t10-spec-mob-code--mid\">10.10<\/div>\n              <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-mob-text\">\n                <div style=\"margin:0 0 10px;\">understand that experimental observations and data can be used to compare the relative rates of hydrolysis of:<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-mob-sub-list\">\n                  <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-mob-sub-row\">\n                    <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-mob-sub-code\">i<\/div>\n                    <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-mob-sub-text\">primary, secondary and tertiary structural isomers of a halogenoalkane<\/div>\n                  <\/div>\n                  <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-mob-sub-row\">\n                    <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-mob-sub-code\">ii<\/div>\n                    <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-mob-sub-text\">primary chloro-, bromo- and iodoalkanes using aqueous silver nitrate in ethanol<\/div>\n                  <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n              <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n\n            <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-mob-row ols-t10-spec-mob-row--light\">\n              <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-mob-code ols-t10-spec-mob-code--dark\">10.11<\/div>\n              <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-mob-text\">CORE PRACTICAL 5: investigation of the rates of hydrolysis of some halogenoalkanes<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n\n            <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-mob-row ols-t10-spec-mob-row--light\">\n              <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-mob-code ols-t10-spec-mob-code--dark\">10.12<\/div>\n              <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-mob-text\">know the trend in reactivity of primary, secondary and tertiary halogenoalkanes<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n\n            <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-mob-row ols-t10-spec-mob-row--light\">\n              <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-mob-code ols-t10-spec-mob-code--dark\">10.13<\/div>\n              <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-mob-text\">understand the trend in reactivity of chloro-, bromo- and iodoalkanes in terms of bond enthalpy<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n\n            <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-mob-row ols-t10-spec-mob-row--light\">\n              <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-mob-code ols-t10-spec-mob-code--dark\">10.14<\/div>\n              <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-mob-text\">CORE PRACTICAL 6: chlorination of 2-methylpropan-2-ol with concentrated hydrochloric acid<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n\n          <\/div>\n\n          <h3 class=\"ols-t10-spec-group-title\">10C: Spectra (10.21 &#8211; 10.23)<\/h3>\n          <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-mob-rows\">\n\n            <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-mob-row ols-t10-spec-mob-row--light\">\n              <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-mob-code ols-t10-spec-mob-code--dark\">10.21<\/div>\n              <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-mob-text\">be able to interpret data from mass spectra to suggest possible structures of simple organic compounds using the m\/z of the molecular ion and fragmentation patterns<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n\n            <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-mob-row ols-t10-spec-mob-row--mid\">\n              <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-mob-code ols-t10-spec-mob-code--mid\">10.22<\/div>\n              <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-mob-text\">\n                <div style=\"margin:0 0 10px;\">be able to use infrared spectra, or data from them, to deduce functional groups present and to predict absorptions, given wavenumber data, for:<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-mob-sub-list\">\n                  <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-mob-sub-row\">\n                    <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-mob-sub-code\">i<\/div>\n                    <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-mob-sub-text\">C\u2013H stretching in alkanes, alkenes and aldehydes<\/div>\n                  <\/div>\n                  <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-mob-sub-row\">\n                    <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-mob-sub-code\">ii<\/div>\n                    <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-mob-sub-text\">C=C stretching in alkenes<\/div>\n                  <\/div>\n                  <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-mob-sub-row\">\n                    <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-mob-sub-code\">iii<\/div>\n                    <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-mob-sub-text\">O\u2013H stretching in alcohols and carboxylic acids<\/div>\n                  <\/div>\n                  <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-mob-sub-row\">\n                    <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-mob-sub-code\">iv<\/div>\n                    <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-mob-sub-text\">C=O stretching in aldehydes, ketones and carboxylic acids<\/div>\n                  <\/div>\n                  <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-mob-sub-row\">\n                    <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-mob-sub-code\">v<\/div>\n                    <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-mob-sub-text\">C\u2013X stretching in halogenoalkanes<\/div>\n                  <\/div>\n                  <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-mob-sub-row\">\n                    <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-mob-sub-code\">vi<\/div>\n                    <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-mob-sub-text\">N\u2013H stretching in amines<\/div>\n                  <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n              <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n\n            <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-mob-row ols-t10-spec-mob-row--light\">\n              <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-mob-code ols-t10-spec-mob-code--dark\">10.23<\/div>\n              <div class=\"ols-t10-spec-mob-text\">CORE PRACTICAL 8: analysis of some inorganic and organic unknowns<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n\n          <\/div>\n\n\n        <\/div>\n      <\/div>\n\n    <\/div>\n  <\/section>\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Revision Notes \/ A Level Chemistry \/ Edexcel International \/ Topic 10 Alcohols, Halogenoalkanes and Spectra Edexcel International A Level Chemistry Topic 10Alcohols, Halogenoalkanes&amp; Spectra Topic 10 is the organic chemistry of Unit 2. Part 10A Alcohols covers naming and classification, oxidation with acidified dichromate(VI), the substitution and elimination reactions of alcohols, and the practical [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":12,"featured_media":0,"parent":1786,"menu_order":10,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-10899","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/10899","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/12"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=10899"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/10899\/revisions"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1786"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=10899"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}