{"id":10911,"date":"2026-09-26T21:56:53","date_gmt":"2026-09-26T20:56:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-10-alcohols-halogenoalkanes-and-spectra\/10b-halogenoalkanes\/rates-of-hydrolysis-and-bond-enthalpy\/"},"modified":"2026-10-04T23:03:51","modified_gmt":"2026-10-04T22:03:51","slug":"rates-of-hydrolysis-and-bond-enthalpy","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-10-alcohols-halogenoalkanes-and-spectra\/10b-halogenoalkanes\/rates-of-hydrolysis-and-bond-enthalpy\/","title":{"rendered":"Rates of Hydrolysis and Bond Enthalpy"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<section class=\"ols-revision-page ols-alcohols-halogenoalkanes-spectra-page\">\n  <style>\n    .ols-revision-page {\n      --navy: #1C244B;\n      --blue: #2563eb;\n      --soft-blue: #eef4ff;\n      --soft-red: #fff7f7;\n      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var(--border);\n      border-radius: 18px;\n      padding: 18px 20px;\n      box-shadow: var(--inner-shadow);\n    }\n.ols-faq-item h3 {\n      margin: 0 0 8px;\n      font-size: 20px;\n      line-height: 1.3;\n      color: var(--navy);\n    }\n.ols-faq-item p {\n      margin: 0;\n      font-size: 16px;\n      line-height: 1.65;\n      color: var(--body-text);\n    }\n.ols-faq-card,\n      .ols-quicksnap-card,\n      .ols-attribution-card {\n        padding: 24px 18px;\n        border-radius: 22px;\n      }\n  <\/style>\n\n    <aside class=\"ols-sidebar\">\n  <div class=\"ols-sidebar-header\">\n    <h3>Revision Notes<\/h3>\n    <p>A Level Chemistry<\/p>\n  <\/div>\n\n  <div class=\"ols-topic-group\">\n    <h4>Topic 10 Alcohols, Halogenoalkanes &amp; Spectra<\/h4>\n\n    <ul class=\"ols-topic-list\">\n      <li>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-10-alcohols-halogenoalkanes-and-spectra\/\">Topic 10 Overview<\/a>\n      <\/li>\n      <li>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-10-alcohols-halogenoalkanes-and-spectra\/10a-alcohols\/\">Topic 10A Alcohols<\/a>\n        <ul class=\"ols-subtopic-list\">\n          <li>\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-10-alcohols-halogenoalkanes-and-spectra\/10a-alcohols\/alcohols-naming-classification-and-properties\/\">Alcohols: Naming, Classification and Properties<\/a>\n          <\/li>\n          <li>\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-10-alcohols-halogenoalkanes-and-spectra\/10a-alcohols\/oxidation-of-alcohols\/\">Oxidation of Alcohols<\/a>\n          <\/li>\n          <li>\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-10-alcohols-halogenoalkanes-and-spectra\/10a-alcohols\/reactions-of-alcohols\/\">Substitution and Elimination Reactions of Alcohols<\/a>\n          <\/li>\n          <li>\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-10-alcohols-halogenoalkanes-and-spectra\/10a-alcohols\/preparing-and-purifying-organic-liquids\/\">Preparing and Purifying Organic Liquids<\/a>\n          <\/li>\n          <li>\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/core-practicals\/cp-6-chlorination-of-2-methylpropan-2-ol\/\">Core Practical 6<\/a>\n          <\/li>\n          <li>\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/core-practicals\/cp-7-oxidation-of-propan-1-ol\/\">Core Practical 7<\/a>\n          <\/li>\n        <\/ul>\n      <\/li>\n      <li>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-10-alcohols-halogenoalkanes-and-spectra\/10b-halogenoalkanes\/\">Topic 10B Halogenoalkanes<\/a>\n        <ul class=\"ols-subtopic-list\">\n          <li>\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-10-alcohols-halogenoalkanes-and-spectra\/10b-halogenoalkanes\/reaction-types-mechanisms-and-nucleophiles\/\">Reaction Types, Mechanisms and Nucleophiles<\/a>\n          <\/li>\n          <li>\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-10-alcohols-halogenoalkanes-and-spectra\/10b-halogenoalkanes\/halogenoalkanes-naming-classification-and-bonding\/\">Halogenoalkanes: Naming, Classification and the C\u2013X Bond<\/a>\n          <\/li>\n          <li>\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-10-alcohols-halogenoalkanes-and-spectra\/10b-halogenoalkanes\/nucleophilic-substitution-reactions\/\">Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions<\/a>\n          <\/li>\n          <li>\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-10-alcohols-halogenoalkanes-and-spectra\/10b-halogenoalkanes\/elimination-reactions-of-halogenoalkanes\/\">Elimination Reactions of Halogenoalkanes<\/a>\n          <\/li>\n          <li>\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-10-alcohols-halogenoalkanes-and-spectra\/10b-halogenoalkanes\/rates-of-hydrolysis-and-bond-enthalpy\/\">Rates of Hydrolysis and Bond Enthalpy<\/a>\n          <\/li>\n          <li>\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/core-practicals\/cp-5-hydrolysis-of-halogenoalkanes\/\">Core Practical 5<\/a>\n          <\/li>\n        <\/ul>\n      <\/li>\n      <li>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-10-alcohols-halogenoalkanes-and-spectra\/10c-spectra\/\">Topic 10C Spectra<\/a>\n        <ul class=\"ols-subtopic-list\">\n          <li>\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-10-alcohols-halogenoalkanes-and-spectra\/10c-spectra\/mass-spectra-of-organic-compounds\/\">Mass Spectra of Organic Compounds<\/a>\n          <\/li>\n          <li>\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-10-alcohols-halogenoalkanes-and-spectra\/10c-spectra\/infrared-spectroscopy\/\">Infrared Spectroscopy<\/a>\n          <\/li>\n          <li>\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-10-alcohols-halogenoalkanes-and-spectra\/10c-spectra\/identifying-unknown-compounds\/\">Identifying Unknown Compounds<\/a>\n          <\/li>\n          <li>\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/core-practicals\/cp-8-analysis-of-inorganic-and-organic-unknowns\/\">Core Practical 8<\/a>\n          <\/li>\n        <\/ul>\n      <\/li>\n    <\/ul>\n  <\/div>\n\n  <div class=\"ols-topic-group\">\n    <h4>Other Topics<\/h4>\n\n    <ul class=\"ols-topic-list\">\n      <li>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-4-organic-chemistry-and-alkanes\/\">Topic 4 Organic Chemistry &amp; Alkanes<\/a>\n      <\/li>\n      <li>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-5-alkenes\/\">Topic 5 Alkenes<\/a>\n      <\/li>\n      <li>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-9-kinetics-and-equilibria\/\">Topic 9 Kinetics &amp; Equilibria<\/a>\n      <\/li>\n      <li>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/core-practicals\/\">Core Practicals<\/a>\n      <\/li>\n    <\/ul>\n  <\/div>\n<\/aside>\n\n<script>\r\n(function() {\r\n  function normalisePath(path) {\r\n    return String(path || '')\r\n      .split('?')[0]\r\n      .split('#')[0]\r\n      .replace(\/\\\/+$\/, '')\r\n      .toLowerCase();\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  function highlightActive() {\r\n    var sidebar = document.querySelector('.ols-sidebar');\r\n    if (!sidebar) return false;\r\n\r\n    var currentPath = normalisePath(window.location.pathname);\r\n    var links = sidebar.querySelectorAll('a[href]');\r\n    var matched = null;\r\n    var matchedLength = 0;\r\n\r\n    sidebar.querySelectorAll('.active, .active-main, .parent-active').forEach(function(item) {\r\n      item.classList.remove('active', 'active-main', 'parent-active');\r\n    });\r\n\r\n    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href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-10-alcohols-halogenoalkanes-and-spectra\/10b-halogenoalkanes\/\">Topic 10B Halogenoalkanes<\/a> \/\n<span>Rates of Hydrolysis and Bond Enthalpy<\/span>\n<\/nav>\n\n      <header class=\"ols-title-card\">\n        <h1>Rates of Hydrolysis and Bond Enthalpy<\/h1>\n        <p class=\"ols-page-intro\">A concise revision guide to comparing the rates of hydrolysis of halogenoalkanes with aqueous silver nitrate in ethanol: the precipitate colours and times, the chloro-, bromo- and iodo- trend explained by bond enthalpy, and the primary, secondary and tertiary trend.<\/p>\n        <div class=\"ols-badges\">\n<div class=\"ols-badge\">Exam board: Edexcel International<\/div>\n<div class=\"ols-badge\">Unit 2: WCH12\/01<\/div>\n<div class=\"ols-badge\">Topic 10B Halogenoalkanes<\/div>\n<\/div>\n        <div class=\"ols-author\">\n\n    <img decoding=\"async\"\n      class=\"ols-author-avatar-img\"\n      src=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/Author-Profile.jpeg\"\n      alt=\"Dr. Mohammed Al-Fatah\"\n    >\n\n    <div class=\"ols-author-content\">\n\n      <h2 class=\"ols-author-title\">\n        Written by: Dr. Mohammed Al-Fatah\n      <\/h2>\n\n      <p class=\"ols-author-description\">\n        Chemistry specialist revision notes for A Level Chemistry.\n      <\/p>\n\n      <a class=\"ols-linkedin-pill\" href=\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/doctormohammedfatah\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\n        <svg class=\"ols-linkedin-icon\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"currentColor\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n          <path d=\"M4.98 3.5C4.98 4.88 3.86 6 2.48 6S0 4.88 0 3.5 1.12 1 2.48 1s2.5 1.12 2.5 2.5zM.5 8h4V24h-4V8zm7 0h3.8v2.2h.1c.5-.9 1.8-2.2 3.9-2.2 4.2 0 5 2.8 5 6.4V24h-4v-7.6c0-1.8 0-4.2-2.6-4.2s-3 2-3 4v7.8h-4V8z\"\/>\n        <\/svg>\n        View LinkedIn Profile\n      <\/a>\n\n    <\/div>\n\n  <\/div>\n      <\/header>\n\n      <article class=\"ols-note-card\">\n<div class=\"ols-note-title\">\n<div class=\"ols-note-icon\">1<\/div>\n<h2>Comparing Rates with Silver Nitrate<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<p>The rate at which different halogenoalkanes are hydrolysed is compared with <strong>aqueous silver nitrate in ethanol<\/strong>. Equal amounts of each halogenoalkane are placed in test tubes with ethanol, the tubes are warmed in a water bath at about 50 \u00b0C, aqueous silver nitrate at the same temperature is added to each at the same moment, and the time taken for a precipitate to appear is recorded. Water is the nucleophile: R\u2013X + H\u2082O \u2192 R\u2013OH + H\u207a + X\u207b. The halide ion released reacts with silver ions, Ag\u207a + X\u207b \u2192 AgX, and the sooner the precipitate forms, the faster the hydrolysis.<\/p>\n<p>The ethanol is a co-solvent that lets the water-insoluble halogenoalkane mix with the aqueous silver nitrate.<\/p><p>The water bath keeps every tube at the same temperature so that the comparison is fair.<\/p><p>The colour of the precipitate confirms which halogen has left: white silver chloride, cream silver bromide, yellow silver iodide.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/core-practicals\/cp-5-hydrolysis-of-halogenoalkanes\/\">Core Practical 5 (rates of hydrolysis of halogenoalkanes)<\/a> carries out this experiment and asks for the variables to be controlled: volume and concentration of each reagent, temperature, and the moment the timing starts.<\/p>\n<div class=\"ols-figure-card ols-zoom-pop\">\n<div class=\"ols-figure-image\">\n<a class=\"ols-image-fullscreen-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/alcohols-halogenoalkanes-spectra-hydrolysisrates.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" aria-label=\"Open image fullscreen\">\n<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/alcohols-halogenoalkanes-spectra-hydrolysisrates.jpg\" alt=\"Silver nitrate test comparing the rates of hydrolysis of 1-chloro-, 1-bromo- and 1-iodobutane, with bond enthalpies\" data-fullscreen-src=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/alcohols-halogenoalkanes-spectra-hydrolysisrates.jpg\">\n<\/a>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"ols-figure-caption\"><p>Three halogenoalkanes in aqueous silver nitrate and ethanol in a water bath: the precipitate colours, the times, and the bond enthalpies that explain them.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"ols-key-box\">\n<p><strong>Key idea:<\/strong> Faster precipitate means faster hydrolysis. Chloro slowest, iodo fastest; tertiary fastest, primary slowest.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/article>\n<section class=\"ols-h5p-card ols-h5p-inline\">\n<span class=\"ols-h5p-kicker\">Check your understanding<\/span>\n<h2>Check: The Silver Nitrate Experiment<\/h2>\n<p>Plan and interpret the experiment for compounds and conditions not described above.<\/p>\n<div class=\"ols-h5p-frame\"><div class=\"h5p-content\" data-content-id=\"961\"><\/div><\/div>\n<\/section>\n<article class=\"ols-note-card soft\">\n<div class=\"ols-note-title\">\n<div class=\"ols-note-icon\">2<\/div>\n<h2>Chloro, Bromo and Iodo: the Bond Enthalpy Trend<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<p>For primary compounds with the same carbon chain, the order of reactivity is <strong>iodoalkane > bromoalkane > chloroalkane<\/strong>. 1-iodobutane gives a yellow precipitate within seconds, 1-bromobutane a cream precipitate in a minute or two, and 1-chlorobutane only a faint white cloudiness after many minutes. Fluoroalkanes give no precipitate at all.<\/p>\n<p>The explanation is the <strong>bond enthalpy<\/strong> of the carbon\u2013halogen bond: C\u2013Cl 346, C\u2013Br 290, C\u2013I 228 kJ mol\u207b\u00b9.<\/p><p>The rate-determining step involves breaking the C\u2013X bond, so the weaker the bond, the lower the activation energy and the faster the reaction.<\/p><p>Bond polarity would predict the opposite order, because C\u2013Cl is the most polar of the three.<\/p><div class=\"ols-key-box\"><p><strong>Exam focus:<\/strong> The exam answer must be about bond strength: the C\u2013I bond is the longest and weakest and breaks most easily.<\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"ols-table-wrap\">\n<table class=\"ols-table\">\n<thead>\n<tr><th>Compound<\/th><th>C\u2013X bond enthalpy \/ kJ mol\u207b\u00b9<\/th><th>Precipitate<\/th><th>Relative rate<\/th><\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr><td><strong>1-chlorobutane<\/strong><\/td><td>346<\/td><td>white AgCl, very slow<\/td><td>slowest<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td><strong>1-bromobutane<\/strong><\/td><td>290<\/td><td>cream AgBr, a few minutes<\/td><td>middle<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td><strong>1-iodobutane<\/strong><\/td><td>228<\/td><td>yellow AgI, seconds<\/td><td>fastest<\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"ols-key-box\">\n<p><strong>Exam answer model:<\/strong> &#8220;The C\u2013I bond has the lowest bond enthalpy, so less energy is needed to break it, the activation energy is lower and hydrolysis is fastest. Bond polarity does not explain the trend.&#8221;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/article>\n<section class=\"ols-h5p-card ols-h5p-inline\">\n<span class=\"ols-h5p-kicker\">Check your understanding<\/span>\n<h2>Check: Explaining the Halogen Trend<\/h2>\n<p>Use bond enthalpy data on compounds not compared above.<\/p>\n<div class=\"ols-h5p-frame\"><div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-962\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"962\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Alcohols, Halogenoalkanes and Spectra Explain: Explaining the Halogen Trend\"><\/iframe><\/div><\/div>\n<\/section>\n<article class=\"ols-note-card\">\n<div class=\"ols-note-title\">\n<div class=\"ols-note-icon\">3<\/div>\n<h2>Primary, Secondary and Tertiary: the Structure Trend<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<p>For the same halogen, the order of reactivity is <strong>tertiary > secondary > primary<\/strong>. 2-bromo-2-methylpropane gives a precipitate almost at once at room temperature, 2-bromopropane takes longer, and 1-bromopropane is the slowest.<\/p><p>A tertiary compound can lose its halide ion first to form a carbocation, which is stabilised by the three alkyl groups around the positive carbon, and water then attacks the carbocation rapidly.<\/p><p>A primary compound cannot form a stable carbocation, so it must wait for the water molecule to attack the crowded \u03b4+ carbon directly, which is slower.<\/p>\n<p>Questions on this experiment often give times for several compounds and ask which factor, halogen or structure, is being tested.<\/p><div class=\"ols-key-box\"><p><strong>Exam tip:<\/strong> Change one thing at a time: to test the halogen use three primary compounds with the same chain; to test the structure use three bromo compounds with the same number of carbons.<\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"ols-key-box\">\n<p><strong>Exam focus:<\/strong> State the trend, state the evidence (time for the precipitate), then give the reason (bond enthalpy for the halogen, carbocation stability for the structure).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"ols-figure-card ols-zoom-pop\">\n<div class=\"ols-figure-image\">\n<a class=\"ols-image-fullscreen-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/alcohols-halogenoalkanes-spectra-structuretrend.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" aria-label=\"Open image fullscreen\">\n<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/alcohols-halogenoalkanes-spectra-structuretrend.jpg\" alt=\"Poster ranking tertiary, secondary and primary bromo compounds by rate of hydrolysis, with a fair-test planner.\" data-fullscreen-src=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/alcohols-halogenoalkanes-spectra-structuretrend.jpg\">\n<\/a>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"ols-figure-caption\"><p>For the same halogen a tertiary compound is hydrolysed fastest and a primary compound slowest, and a fair test changes only the halogen or only the structure.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/article>\n<article class=\"ols-note-card soft\">\n<div class=\"ols-note-title\">\n<div class=\"ols-note-icon\">4<\/div>\n<h2>Common Exam Points<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<h3>Say<\/h3><p>&#8220;Aqueous silver nitrate in ethanol, water bath at the same temperature, time the precipitate.&#8221; &#8220;Cream precipitate of silver bromide.&#8221; &#8220;C\u2013I weakest, so fastest.&#8221;<\/p>\n<h3>Do not say<\/h3><p>&#8220;Silver nitrate is the nucleophile&#8221; (water is). &#8220;Iodoalkanes are fastest because iodine is the most reactive halogen.&#8221;<\/p>\n<h3>Watch for<\/h3><p>Fair-test questions: same volume and concentration of silver nitrate, same amount of halogenoalkane, same temperature, same solvent.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<section class=\"ols-h5p-card ols-h5p-inline\">\n<span class=\"ols-h5p-kicker\">Check your understanding<\/span>\n<h2>Check: Structure and Fair Tests<\/h2>\n<p>Interpret results tables for compounds not shown on this page.<\/p>\n<div class=\"ols-h5p-frame\"><div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-963\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"963\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Alcohols, Halogenoalkanes and Spectra Quick Choice: Structure and Fair Tests\"><\/iframe><\/div><\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"ols-faq-card\">\n<h2>FAQs<\/h2>\n<p>Use these quick answers to check the hydrolysis experiment.<\/p>\n\n<div class=\"ols-faq-list\">\n<div class=\"ols-faq-item\">\n<h3>Why is ethanol added to the test tubes?<\/h3>\n<p>The halogenoalkane does not dissolve in water and the silver nitrate does not dissolve in the halogenoalkane. Ethanol mixes with both, so the reactants meet in one solution.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"ols-faq-item\">\n<h3>What is the nucleophile in this experiment?<\/h3>\n<p>Water. The silver ions do not take part in the hydrolysis; they react with the halide ion after it has been released to form the precipitate.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"ols-faq-item\">\n<h3>Why is a water bath used?<\/h3>\n<p>To hold every tube at the same temperature, so that the rates can be compared fairly and the reaction is fast enough to time.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"ols-faq-item\">\n<h3>Why does the C\u2013I bond break most easily if it is the least polar?<\/h3>\n<p>Bond enthalpy falls as the halogen atom gets larger and the bond longer: C\u2013I is only 228 kJ mol\u207b\u00b9 against 346 for C\u2013Cl. Less energy is needed to break it, so the activation energy is lower.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"ols-faq-item\">\n<h3>Why is a tertiary compound hydrolysed faster than a primary one?<\/h3>\n<p>It can lose its halide ion to form a carbocation that three alkyl groups stabilise, and water then attacks that ion quickly. A primary compound cannot form a stable carbocation and must be attacked directly, which is slower.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"ols-related-card\">\n<h2>Related Topic 10B Halogenoalkanes Pages<\/h2>\n<p>Use these pages to connect the ideas across halogenoalkanes and the rest of Topic 10.<\/p>\n<div class=\"ols-related-grid\">\n<a class=\"ols-related-item\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-10-alcohols-halogenoalkanes-and-spectra\/10b-halogenoalkanes\/reaction-types-mechanisms-and-nucleophiles\/\">Reaction Types, Mechanisms and Nucleophiles<\/a>\n<a class=\"ols-related-item\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-10-alcohols-halogenoalkanes-and-spectra\/10b-halogenoalkanes\/halogenoalkanes-naming-classification-and-bonding\/\">Halogenoalkanes: Naming, Classification and the C\u2013X Bond<\/a>\n<a class=\"ols-related-item\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-10-alcohols-halogenoalkanes-and-spectra\/10b-halogenoalkanes\/nucleophilic-substitution-reactions\/\">Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions<\/a>\n<a class=\"ols-related-item\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-10-alcohols-halogenoalkanes-and-spectra\/10b-halogenoalkanes\/elimination-reactions-of-halogenoalkanes\/\">Elimination Reactions of Halogenoalkanes<\/a>\n<a class=\"ols-related-item\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-10-alcohols-halogenoalkanes-and-spectra\/10b-halogenoalkanes\/\">Topic 10B Halogenoalkanes Overview<\/a>\n<a class=\"ols-related-item\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/core-practicals\/cp-5-hydrolysis-of-halogenoalkanes\/\">Core Practical 5<\/a>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"ols-attribution-card\">\n        <p><strong>Copyright notice:<\/strong> This OLS revision content, including the explanations, layout, diagrams, tables and embedded learning structure, is authored for Online Learning System by Dr. Mohammed Al-Fatah. It may not be copied, reproduced, redistributed or adapted without written permission.<\/p>\n      <\/section>\n    <\/main>\n  \n\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">\n{\n  \"@context\": \"https:\/\/schema.org\",\n  \"@graph\": [\n    {\n      \"@type\": \"WebPage\",\n      \"@id\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-10-alcohols-halogenoalkanes-and-spectra\/10b-halogenoalkanes\/rates-of-hydrolysis-and-bond-enthalpy\/#webpage\",\n      \"url\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-10-alcohols-halogenoalkanes-and-spectra\/10b-halogenoalkanes\/rates-of-hydrolysis-and-bond-enthalpy\/\",\n      \"name\": \"Rates of Hydrolysis and Bond Enthalpy | Topic 10B Halogenoalkanes | Online Learning System\",\n      \"description\": \"Edexcel International A Level Chemistry revision notes on rates of hydrolysis of halogenoalkanes: the silver nitrate 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