{"id":10936,"date":"2026-09-26T21:58:55","date_gmt":"2026-09-26T20:58:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-3-3-halogenoalkanes\/"},"modified":"2026-09-26T21:58:55","modified_gmt":"2026-09-26T20:58:55","slug":"3-3-3-halogenoalkanes","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-3-3-halogenoalkanes\/","title":{"rendered":"3.3.3 Halogenoalkanes"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"ols-aqa333-page\">\n\n  <aside class=\"ols-sidebar\">\n  <div class=\"ols-sidebar-header\">\n    <h3>Revision Notes<\/h3>\n    <p>A Level Chemistry<\/p>\n  <\/div>\n\n  <div class=\"ols-topic-group\">\n    <h4>3.3.3 Halogenoalkanes<\/h4>\n\n    <ul class=\"ols-topic-list\">\n      <li>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-3-3-halogenoalkanes\/\">3.3.3 Overview<\/a>\n      <\/li>\n      <li>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-3-3-halogenoalkanes\/reaction-types-mechanisms-and-nucleophiles\/\">Reaction Types, Mechanisms and Nucleophiles<\/a>\n      <\/li>\n      <li>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-3-3-halogenoalkanes\/halogenoalkanes-naming-classification-and-bonding\/\">Halogenoalkanes: Naming, Classification and the C\u2013X Bond<\/a>\n      <\/li>\n      <li>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-3-3-halogenoalkanes\/nucleophilic-substitution-reactions\/\">Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions<\/a>\n      <\/li>\n      <li>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-3-3-halogenoalkanes\/elimination-reactions-of-halogenoalkanes\/\">Elimination Reactions of Halogenoalkanes<\/a>\n      <\/li>\n      <li>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-3-3-halogenoalkanes\/rates-of-hydrolysis-and-bond-enthalpy\/\">Rates of Hydrolysis and Bond Enthalpy<\/a>\n      <\/li>\n      <li>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-3-3-halogenoalkanes\/cfcs-and-the-ozone-layer\/\">CFCs and the Ozone Layer<\/a>\n      <\/li>\n    <\/ul>\n  <\/div>\n\n  <div class=\"ols-topic-group\">\n    <h4>Other Sections<\/h4>\n\n    <ul class=\"ols-topic-list\">\n      <li>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-3-5-alcohols\/\">3.3.5 Alcohols<\/a>\n      <\/li>\n      <li>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-3-6-organic-analysis\/\">3.3.6 Organic Analysis<\/a>\n      <\/li>\n      <li>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-3-4-alkenes\/\">3.3.4 Alkenes<\/a>\n      <\/li>\n      <li>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-3-2-alkanes\/\">3.3.2 Alkanes<\/a>\n      <\/li>\n      <li>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-3-1-introduction-to-organic-chemistry\/\">3.3.1 Introduction to Organic Chemistry<\/a>\n      <\/li>\n    <\/ul>\n  <\/div>\n<\/aside>\n\n<script>\r\n(function() {\r\n  function normalisePath(path) {\r\n    return String(path || '')\r\n      .split('?')[0]\r\n      .split('#')[0]\r\n      .replace(\/\\\/+$\/, '')\r\n      .toLowerCase();\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  function highlightActive() {\r\n    var sidebar = document.querySelector('.ols-sidebar');\r\n    if (!sidebar) return false;\r\n\r\n    var currentPath = normalisePath(window.location.pathname);\r\n    var links = 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.ols-aqa333-visual--ts { background: radial-gradient(circle at 24% 18%, rgba(255,255,255,0.46), transparent 24%), linear-gradient(135deg, #fffbeb 0%, #fbbf24 45%, #b45309 100%); }\n    .ols-aqa333-visual--ti { background: radial-gradient(circle at 24% 18%, rgba(255,255,255,0.46), transparent 24%), linear-gradient(135deg, #f0fdfa 0%, #2dd4bf 45%, #0f766e 100%); }\n    .ols-aqa333-visual--tc { background: radial-gradient(circle at 24% 18%, rgba(255,255,255,0.46), transparent 24%), linear-gradient(135deg, #f8fafc 0%, #94a3b8 45%, #334155 100%); }\n    .ols-aqa333-visual--ht { background: radial-gradient(circle at 24% 18%, rgba(255,255,255,0.46), transparent 24%), linear-gradient(135deg, #ecfdf5 0%, #34d399 45%, #047857 100%); }\n    .ols-aqa333-visual--ho { background: radial-gradient(circle at 24% 18%, rgba(255,255,255,0.46), transparent 24%), linear-gradient(135deg, #fefce8 0%, #facc15 45%, #a16207 100%); }\n    .ols-aqa333-visual--cd { background: radial-gradient(circle at 24% 18%, rgba(255,255,255,0.46), transparent 24%), linear-gradient(135deg, #f0fdf4 0%, #86efac 45%, #166534 100%); }\n    .ols-aqa333-visual--hi { background: radial-gradient(circle at 24% 18%, rgba(255,255,255,0.46), transparent 24%), linear-gradient(135deg, #fdf4ff 0%, #d8b4fe 45%, #7e22ce 100%); }\n    .ols-aqa333-visual--gr { background: radial-gradient(circle at 24% 18%, rgba(255,255,255,0.46), transparent 24%), linear-gradient(135deg, #f0fdf4 0%, #4ade80 45%, #166534 100%); }\n  <\/style>\n\n  <!-- BREADCRUMB BAR -->\n  <div class=\"ols-aqa333-breadcrumb-bar\">\n    <div class=\"ols-aqa333-container\">\n      <nav class=\"ols-aqa333-breadcrumb\" aria-label=\"Breadcrumb\">\n          <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/\">Revision Notes<\/a> \/\n          <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/\">A Level Chemistry<\/a> \/\n          <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/\">AQA<\/a> \/\n          <span>3.3.3 Halogenoalkanes<\/span>\n        <\/nav>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n\n  <!-- INTRO -->\n  <section class=\"ols-aqa333-intro\">\n    <div class=\"ols-aqa333-container\">\n      <div class=\"ols-aqa333-intro-inner\">\n        <div>\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa333-eyebrow\">AQA A Level Chemistry<\/div>\n          <h1>3.3.3<br>Halogenoalkanes<\/h1>\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa333-accent-bar\"><\/div>\n          <p class=\"ols-aqa333-intro-lead\">Section 3.3.3 covers the polar carbon\u2013halogen bond, nucleophilic substitution with hydroxide, cyanide and ammonia with their mechanisms, the effect of bond enthalpy on the rate of hydrolysis, elimination and its mechanism with the reagent acting as both nucleophile and base, and the role of chlorine radicals from CFCs in the depletion of the ozone layer.<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"ols-aqa333-info-grid\">\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa333-info-card\"><div class=\"ols-aqa333-info-card-label\">Exam Paper<\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa333-info-card-value\">Paper 2<\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa333-info-card-sub\">7405\/2<\/div><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa333-info-card\"><div class=\"ols-aqa333-info-card-label\">Specification Points<\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa333-info-card-value\">3.3.3.1 &#8211; 3.3.3.3<\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa333-info-card-sub\">3 sections covered<\/div><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa333-info-card\"><div class=\"ols-aqa333-info-card-label\">Topic Parts<\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa333-info-card-value\">6 pages<\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa333-info-card-sub\">Revision notes available<\/div><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa333-info-card\"><div class=\"ols-aqa333-info-card-label\">Exam Board<\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa333-info-card-value\">AQA<\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa333-info-card-sub\">7405 (2015 onwards)<\/div><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/section>\n\n  <!-- TOPIC CARDS -->\n  <section class=\"ols-aqa333-topics\">\n    <div class=\"ols-aqa333-container\">\n      <div class=\"ols-aqa333-section-header\">\n        <h2 class=\"ols-aqa333-section-title\">Revision Notes<\/h2>\n        <p class=\"ols-aqa333-section-sub\">Work through 3.3.3 Halogenoalkanes in a structured sequence.<\/p>\n      <\/div>\n      <div class=\"ols-aqa333-cards-grid\">\n\n        <!-- Card 1: Reaction Types, Mechanisms and Nucleophiles -->\n        <a class=\"ols-aqa333-card ols-aqa333-card--available\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-3-3-halogenoalkanes\/reaction-types-mechanisms-and-nucleophiles\/\">\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa333-card-img-wrap\">\n            <div class=\"ols-aqa333-visual ols-aqa333-visual--ti\">\n              <div class=\"ols-aqa333-visual-panel\">\n                <div class=\"ols-aqa333-visual-kicker\">Seven types<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-aqa333-visual-main\">Reaction Types<br>and Mechanisms<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-aqa333-config-line\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span>curly arrows, nucleophiles<\/span><\/div>\n              <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-aqa333-card-num\">1<\/div>\n            <span class=\"ols-aqa333-card-status ols-aqa333-card-status--available\">Available<\/span>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa333-card-body\">\n            <p class=\"ols-aqa333-card-title\">Reaction Types, Mechanisms and Nucleophiles<\/p>\n            <p class=\"ols-aqa333-card-desc\">Organic reaction types and mechanisms: addition, elimination, substitution, oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis, polymerisation, curly arrows, heterolytic fission, electrophiles, nucleophiles and bond polarity.<\/p>\n            <span class=\"ols-aqa333-card-cta\">Start revising<svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n\n        <!-- Card 2: Halogenoalkanes: Naming, Classification and the C\u2013X Bond -->\n        <a class=\"ols-aqa333-card ols-aqa333-card--available\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-3-3-halogenoalkanes\/halogenoalkanes-naming-classification-and-bonding\/\">\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa333-card-img-wrap\">\n            <div class=\"ols-aqa333-visual ols-aqa333-visual--hi\">\n              <div class=\"ols-aqa333-visual-panel\">\n                <div class=\"ols-aqa333-visual-kicker\">C\u2013X bond<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-aqa333-visual-main\">Halogenoalkanes<br>and Bonding<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-aqa333-config-line\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span>\u03b4+ carbon, bond enthalpy<\/span><\/div>\n              <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-aqa333-card-num\">2<\/div>\n            <span class=\"ols-aqa333-card-status ols-aqa333-card-status--available\">Available<\/span>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa333-card-body\">\n            <p class=\"ols-aqa333-card-title\">Halogenoalkanes: Naming, Classification and the C\u2013X Bond<\/p>\n            <p class=\"ols-aqa333-card-desc\">Halogenoalkanes: nomenclature and formulae, primary, secondary and tertiary, the polar carbon\u2013halogen bond, bond enthalpies and uses.<\/p>\n            <span class=\"ols-aqa333-card-cta\">Start revising<svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n\n        <!-- Card 3: Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions -->\n        <a class=\"ols-aqa333-card ols-aqa333-card--available\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-3-3-halogenoalkanes\/nucleophilic-substitution-reactions\/\">\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa333-card-img-wrap\">\n            <div class=\"ols-aqa333-visual ols-aqa333-visual--ts\">\n              <div class=\"ols-aqa333-visual-panel\">\n                <div class=\"ols-aqa333-visual-kicker\">Lone pair attacks \u03b4+<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-aqa333-visual-main\">Nucleophilic<br>Substitution<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-aqa333-config-line\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span>OH\u207b, H\u2082O, NH\u2083, CN\u207b<\/span><\/div>\n              <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-aqa333-card-num\">3<\/div>\n            <span class=\"ols-aqa333-card-status ols-aqa333-card-status--available\">Available<\/span>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa333-card-body\">\n            <p class=\"ols-aqa333-card-title\">Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions<\/p>\n            <p class=\"ols-aqa333-card-desc\">Nucleophilic substitution of halogenoalkanes: hydroxide, water, ammonia and cyanide as nucleophiles, conditions, products and the curly-arrow mechanism.<\/p>\n            <span class=\"ols-aqa333-card-cta\">Start revising<svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n\n        <!-- Card 4: Elimination Reactions of Halogenoalkanes -->\n        <a class=\"ols-aqa333-card ols-aqa333-card--available\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-3-3-halogenoalkanes\/elimination-reactions-of-halogenoalkanes\/\">\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa333-card-img-wrap\">\n            <div class=\"ols-aqa333-visual ols-aqa333-visual--et\">\n              <div class=\"ols-aqa333-visual-panel\">\n                <div class=\"ols-aqa333-visual-kicker\">OH\u207b as a base<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-aqa333-visual-main\">Elimination<br>Reactions<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-aqa333-config-line\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span>ethanolic KOH, alkenes<\/span><\/div>\n              <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-aqa333-card-num\">4<\/div>\n            <span class=\"ols-aqa333-card-status ols-aqa333-card-status--available\">Available<\/span>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa333-card-body\">\n            <p class=\"ols-aqa333-card-title\">Elimination Reactions of Halogenoalkanes<\/p>\n            <p class=\"ols-aqa333-card-desc\">Elimination of halogenoalkanes: ethanolic KOH, hydroxide as a base, alkene products and isomers, substitution versus elimination.<\/p>\n            <span class=\"ols-aqa333-card-cta\">Start revising<svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n\n        <!-- Card 5: Rates of Hydrolysis and Bond Enthalpy -->\n        <a class=\"ols-aqa333-card ols-aqa333-card--available\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-3-3-halogenoalkanes\/rates-of-hydrolysis-and-bond-enthalpy\/\">\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa333-card-img-wrap\">\n            <div class=\"ols-aqa333-visual ols-aqa333-visual--tr\">\n              <div class=\"ols-aqa333-visual-panel\">\n                <div class=\"ols-aqa333-visual-kicker\">AgNO\u2083 in ethanol<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-aqa333-visual-main\">Rates of<br>Hydrolysis<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-aqa333-config-line\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span>white, cream, yellow<\/span><\/div>\n              <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-aqa333-card-num\">5<\/div>\n            <span class=\"ols-aqa333-card-status ols-aqa333-card-status--available\">Available<\/span>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa333-card-body\">\n            <p class=\"ols-aqa333-card-title\">Rates of Hydrolysis and Bond Enthalpy<\/p>\n            <p class=\"ols-aqa333-card-desc\">Rates of hydrolysis of halogenoalkanes: the silver nitrate experiment, precipitate colours, bond enthalpy trend for C\u2013Cl, C\u2013Br and C\u2013I, and primary, secondary and tertiary comparison.<\/p>\n            <span class=\"ols-aqa333-card-cta\">Start revising<svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n\n        <!-- Card 6: CFCs and the Ozone Layer -->\n        <a class=\"ols-aqa333-card ols-aqa333-card--available\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-3-3-halogenoalkanes\/cfcs-and-the-ozone-layer\/\">\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa333-card-img-wrap\">\n            <div class=\"ols-aqa333-visual ols-aqa333-visual--so\">\n              <div class=\"ols-aqa333-visual-panel\">\n                <div class=\"ols-aqa333-visual-kicker\">Cl\u2022 catalyst<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-aqa333-visual-main\">CFCs and<br>Ozone<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-aqa333-config-line\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span>2O\u2083 \u2192 3O\u2082<\/span><\/div>\n              <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-aqa333-card-num\">6<\/div>\n            <span class=\"ols-aqa333-card-status ols-aqa333-card-status--available\">Available<\/span>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa333-card-body\">\n            <p class=\"ols-aqa333-card-title\">CFCs and the Ozone Layer<\/p>\n            <p class=\"ols-aqa333-card-desc\">CFCs and the ozone layer: chlorine radicals, the equations for ozone decomposition, the catalytic cycle, legislation and HFC alternatives.<\/p>\n            <span class=\"ols-aqa333-card-cta\">Start revising<svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/section>\n\n  <!-- SPECIFICATION -->\n  <section class=\"ols-aqa333-spec-section\">\n    <div class=\"ols-aqa333-container\">\n      <div class=\"ols-aqa333-spec-wrap\">\n        <div class=\"ols-aqa333-spec-pill\">Specification Coverage<\/div>\n        <h2 class=\"ols-aqa333-spec-heading\">3.3.3 Halogenoalkanes &#8211; AQA A Level Chemistry<\/h2>\n        <p class=\"ols-aqa333-spec-intro-text\">The following AQA specification points outline the knowledge and skills students are expected to demonstrate. Wording follows the AQA A Level Chemistry (7405) specification.<\/p>\n        <h3 class=\"ols-aqa333-spec-group-title\">3.3.3.1 Nucleophilic substitution<\/h3>\n        <div class=\"ols-aqa333-spec-rows\">\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa333-spec-row ols-aqa333-spec-row--light\"><div class=\"ols-aqa333-spec-code\">3.3.3.1i<\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa333-spec-text\">know that halogenoalkanes contain polar bonds<\/div><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa333-spec-row ols-aqa333-spec-row--mid\"><div class=\"ols-aqa333-spec-code ols-aqa333-spec-code--mid\">3.3.3.1ii-a<\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa333-spec-text\">know that halogenoalkanes undergo substitution reactions with OH\u207b<\/div><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa333-spec-row ols-aqa333-spec-row--light\"><div class=\"ols-aqa333-spec-code\">3.3.3.1ii-b<\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa333-spec-text\">know that halogenoalkanes undergo substitution reactions with CN\u207b<\/div><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa333-spec-row ols-aqa333-spec-row--mid\"><div class=\"ols-aqa333-spec-code ols-aqa333-spec-code--mid\">3.3.3.1ii-c<\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa333-spec-text\">know that halogenoalkanes undergo substitution reactions with NH\u2083<\/div><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa333-spec-row ols-aqa333-spec-row--light\"><div class=\"ols-aqa333-spec-code\">3.3.3.1iii-a<\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa333-spec-text\">outline the nucleophilic substitution mechanism of halogenoalkanes with OH\u207b<\/div><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa333-spec-row ols-aqa333-spec-row--mid\"><div class=\"ols-aqa333-spec-code ols-aqa333-spec-code--mid\">3.3.3.1iii-b<\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa333-spec-text\">outline the nucleophilic substitution mechanism of halogenoalkanes with CN\u207b<\/div><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa333-spec-row ols-aqa333-spec-row--light\"><div class=\"ols-aqa333-spec-code\">3.3.3.1iii-c<\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa333-spec-text\">outline the nucleophilic substitution mechanism of halogenoalkanes with NH\u2083<\/div><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa333-spec-row ols-aqa333-spec-row--mid\"><div class=\"ols-aqa333-spec-code ols-aqa333-spec-code--mid\">3.3.3.1iv<\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa333-spec-text\">explain why the carbon-halogen bond enthalpy influences the rate of reaction<\/div><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n\n        <h3 class=\"ols-aqa333-spec-group-title\">3.3.3.2 Elimination<\/h3>\n        <div class=\"ols-aqa333-spec-rows\">\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa333-spec-row ols-aqa333-spec-row--light\"><div class=\"ols-aqa333-spec-code\">3.3.3.2i<\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa333-spec-text\">know that a halogenoalkane can undergo concurrent substitution and elimination reactions (eg 2-bromopropane with potassium hydroxide)<\/div><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa333-spec-row ols-aqa333-spec-row--mid\"><div class=\"ols-aqa333-spec-code ols-aqa333-spec-code--mid\">3.3.3.2ii<\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa333-spec-text\">explain the role of the reagent as both nucleophile and base in elimination reactions<\/div><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa333-spec-row ols-aqa333-spec-row--light\"><div class=\"ols-aqa333-spec-code\">3.3.3.2iii-a<\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa333-spec-text\">outline substitution mechanisms of halogenoalkanes<\/div><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa333-spec-row ols-aqa333-spec-row--mid\"><div class=\"ols-aqa333-spec-code ols-aqa333-spec-code--mid\">3.3.3.2iii-b<\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa333-spec-text\">outline elimination mechanisms of halogenoalkanes<\/div><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n\n        <h3 class=\"ols-aqa333-spec-group-title\">3.3.3.3 Ozone depletion<\/h3>\n        <div class=\"ols-aqa333-spec-rows\">\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa333-spec-row ols-aqa333-spec-row--light\"><div class=\"ols-aqa333-spec-code\">3.3.3.3i<\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa333-spec-text\">know that ozone in the upper atmosphere is beneficial because it absorbs ultraviolet radiation<\/div><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa333-spec-row ols-aqa333-spec-row--mid\"><div class=\"ols-aqa333-spec-code ols-aqa333-spec-code--mid\">3.3.3.3ii<\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa333-spec-text\">know that chlorine atoms are formed in the upper atmosphere when ultraviolet radiation causes C-Cl bonds in CFCs to break<\/div><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa333-spec-row ols-aqa333-spec-row--light\"><div class=\"ols-aqa333-spec-code\">3.3.3.3iii<\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa333-spec-text\">know that chlorine atoms catalyse the decomposition of ozone and contribute to the hole in the ozone layer<\/div><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa333-spec-row ols-aqa333-spec-row--mid\"><div class=\"ols-aqa333-spec-code ols-aqa333-spec-code--mid\">3.3.3.3iv-a<\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa333-spec-text\">use the equation Cl + O\u2083 -> ClO + O\u2082 to explain chlorine-catalysed decomposition of ozone<\/div><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa333-spec-row ols-aqa333-spec-row--light\"><div class=\"ols-aqa333-spec-code\">3.3.3.3iv-b<\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa333-spec-text\">use the equation ClO + O\u2083 -> 2O\u2082 + Cl to explain chlorine-catalysed decomposition of ozone<\/div><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa333-spec-row ols-aqa333-spec-row--mid\"><div class=\"ols-aqa333-spec-code ols-aqa333-spec-code--mid\">3.3.3.3v<\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa333-spec-text\">appreciate that scientific evidence provided by different research groups led to legislation to ban the use of CFCs and that chemists have developed alternative chlorine-free compounds<\/div><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/section>\n\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">\n{\n  \"@context\": \"https:\/\/schema.org\",\n  \"@graph\": [\n    {\n      \"@type\": \"CollectionPage\",\n      \"@id\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-3-3-halogenoalkanes\/#webpage\",\n      \"url\": 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