{"id":10959,"date":"2026-09-26T21:59:59","date_gmt":"2026-09-26T20:59:59","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/ocr-a\/4-2-1-alcohols\/"},"modified":"2026-09-26T21:59:59","modified_gmt":"2026-09-26T20:59:59","slug":"4-2-1-alcohols","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/ocr-a\/4-2-1-alcohols\/","title":{"rendered":"4.2.1 Alcohols"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"ols-ocr421-page\">\n\n  <aside class=\"ols-sidebar\">\n  <div class=\"ols-sidebar-header\">\n    <h3>Revision Notes<\/h3>\n    <p>A Level Chemistry<\/p>\n  <\/div>\n\n  <div class=\"ols-topic-group\">\n    <h4>4.2.1 Alcohols<\/h4>\n\n    <ul class=\"ols-topic-list\">\n      <li>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/ocr-a\/4-2-1-alcohols\/\">4.2.1 Overview<\/a>\n      <\/li>\n      <li>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/ocr-a\/4-2-1-alcohols\/alcohols-naming-classification-and-properties\/\">Alcohols: Naming, Classification and Properties<\/a>\n      <\/li>\n      <li>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/ocr-a\/4-2-1-alcohols\/oxidation-of-alcohols\/\">Oxidation of Alcohols<\/a>\n      <\/li>\n      <li>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/ocr-a\/4-2-1-alcohols\/reactions-of-alcohols\/\">Substitution and Elimination Reactions of Alcohols<\/a>\n      <\/li>\n      <li>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/ocr-a\/4-2-1-alcohols\/preparing-and-purifying-organic-liquids\/\">Preparing and Purifying Organic Liquids<\/a>\n      <\/li>\n    <\/ul>\n  <\/div>\n\n  <div class=\"ols-topic-group\">\n    <h4>Other Sections<\/h4>\n\n    <ul class=\"ols-topic-list\">\n      <li>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/ocr-a\/4-2-2-haloalkanes\/\">4.2.2 Haloalkanes<\/a>\n      <\/li>\n      <li>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/ocr-a\/4-2-4-analytical-techniques\/\">4.2.4 Analytical Techniques<\/a>\n      <\/li>\n      <li>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/ocr-a\/4-1-3-alkenes\/\">4.1.3 Alkenes<\/a>\n      <\/li>\n      <li>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/ocr-a\/4-1-2-alkanes\/\">4.1.2 Alkanes<\/a>\n      <\/li>\n      <li>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/ocr-a\/4-1-1-basic-concepts-of-organic-chemistry\/\">4.1.1 Basic Concepts of Organic Chemistry<\/a>\n      <\/li>\n    <\/ul>\n  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100%); }\n  <\/style>\n\n  <!-- BREADCRUMB BAR -->\n  <div class=\"ols-ocr421-breadcrumb-bar\">\n    <div class=\"ols-ocr421-container\">\n      <nav class=\"ols-ocr421-breadcrumb\" aria-label=\"Breadcrumb\">\n          <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/\">Revision Notes<\/a> \/\n          <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/\">A Level Chemistry<\/a> \/\n          <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/ocr-a\/\">OCR<\/a> \/\n          <span>4.2.1 Alcohols<\/span>\n        <\/nav>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n\n  <!-- INTRO -->\n  <section class=\"ols-ocr421-intro\">\n    <div class=\"ols-ocr421-container\">\n      <div class=\"ols-ocr421-intro-inner\">\n        <div>\n          <div class=\"ols-ocr421-eyebrow\">OCR A Level Chemistry A &#8211; Module 4 Core Organic Chemistry<\/div>\n          <h1>4.2.1<br>Alcohols<\/h1>\n          <div class=\"ols-ocr421-accent-bar\"><\/div>\n          <p class=\"ols-ocr421-intro-lead\">Section 4.2.1 covers the polarity of alcohols and the hydrogen bonding that explains their solubility and low volatility, classification as primary, secondary and tertiary, combustion, oxidation with acidified dichromate(VI) to aldehydes, carboxylic acids and ketones under controlled conditions, elimination of water to form alkenes, and substitution with halide ions in acid to form haloalkanes. The techniques page supports PAG 5.<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"ols-ocr421-info-grid\">\n          <div class=\"ols-ocr421-info-card\"><div class=\"ols-ocr421-info-card-label\">Exam Paper<\/div><div class=\"ols-ocr421-info-card-value\">Paper 2 &amp; 3<\/div><div class=\"ols-ocr421-info-card-sub\">H432\/02 and H432\/03<\/div><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-ocr421-info-card\"><div class=\"ols-ocr421-info-card-label\">Specification Points<\/div><div class=\"ols-ocr421-info-card-value\">4.2.1 (a) &#8211; (e)<\/div><div class=\"ols-ocr421-info-card-sub\">5 learning outcomes<\/div><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-ocr421-info-card\"><div class=\"ols-ocr421-info-card-label\">Topic Parts<\/div><div class=\"ols-ocr421-info-card-value\">4 pages<\/div><div class=\"ols-ocr421-info-card-sub\">Revision notes available<\/div><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-ocr421-info-card\"><div class=\"ols-ocr421-info-card-label\">Exam Board<\/div><div class=\"ols-ocr421-info-card-value\">OCR A<\/div><div class=\"ols-ocr421-info-card-sub\">H432 (2015 onwards)<\/div><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/section>\n\n  <!-- TOPIC CARDS -->\n  <section class=\"ols-ocr421-topics\">\n    <div class=\"ols-ocr421-container\">\n      <div class=\"ols-ocr421-section-header\">\n        <h2 class=\"ols-ocr421-section-title\">Revision Notes<\/h2>\n        <p class=\"ols-ocr421-section-sub\">Work through 4.2.1 Alcohols in a structured sequence.<\/p>\n      <\/div>\n      <div class=\"ols-ocr421-cards-grid\">\n\n        <!-- Card 1: Alcohols: Naming, Classification and Properties -->\n        <a class=\"ols-ocr421-card ols-ocr421-card--available\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/ocr-a\/4-2-1-alcohols\/alcohols-naming-classification-and-properties\/\">\n          <div class=\"ols-ocr421-card-img-wrap\">\n            <div class=\"ols-ocr421-visual ols-ocr421-visual--oh\">\n              <div class=\"ols-ocr421-visual-panel\">\n                <div class=\"ols-ocr421-visual-kicker\">The \u2013OH group<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-ocr421-visual-main\">Naming and<br>Classifying<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-ocr421-config-line\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span>primary, secondary, tertiary<\/span><\/div>\n              <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-ocr421-card-num\">1<\/div>\n            <span class=\"ols-ocr421-card-status ols-ocr421-card-status--available\">Available<\/span>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-ocr421-card-body\">\n            <p class=\"ols-ocr421-card-title\">Alcohols: Naming, Classification and Properties<\/p>\n            <p class=\"ols-ocr421-card-desc\">Alcohols: nomenclature, structural, displayed and skeletal formulae, primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols, hydrogen bonding, boiling temperatures and solubility.<\/p>\n            <span class=\"ols-ocr421-card-cta\">Start revising<svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n\n        <!-- Card 2: Oxidation of Alcohols -->\n        <a class=\"ols-ocr421-card ols-ocr421-card--available\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/ocr-a\/4-2-1-alcohols\/oxidation-of-alcohols\/\">\n          <div class=\"ols-ocr421-card-img-wrap\">\n            <div class=\"ols-ocr421-visual ols-ocr421-visual--ox\">\n              <div class=\"ols-ocr421-visual-panel\">\n                <div class=\"ols-ocr421-visual-kicker\">Orange to green<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-ocr421-visual-main\">Oxidation of<br>Alcohols<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-ocr421-config-line\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span>distil or reflux, [O]<\/span><\/div>\n              <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-ocr421-card-num\">2<\/div>\n            <span class=\"ols-ocr421-card-status ols-ocr421-card-status--available\">Available<\/span>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-ocr421-card-body\">\n            <p class=\"ols-ocr421-card-title\">Oxidation of Alcohols<\/p>\n            <p class=\"ols-ocr421-card-desc\">The oxidation of alcohols: acidified dichromate(VI), aldehydes, carboxylic acids and ketones, distillation versus reflux, [O] equations and tests for aldehydes and acids.<\/p>\n            <span class=\"ols-ocr421-card-cta\">Start revising<svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n\n        <!-- Card 3: Substitution and Elimination Reactions of Alcohols -->\n        <a class=\"ols-ocr421-card ols-ocr421-card--available\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/ocr-a\/4-2-1-alcohols\/reactions-of-alcohols\/\">\n          <div class=\"ols-ocr421-card-img-wrap\">\n            <div class=\"ols-ocr421-visual ols-ocr421-visual--rc\">\n              <div class=\"ols-ocr421-visual-panel\">\n                <div class=\"ols-ocr421-visual-kicker\">Reaction map<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-ocr421-visual-main\">Reactions of<br>Alcohols<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-ocr421-config-line\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span>PCl\u2085, HBr, P\/I\u2082, dehydration<\/span><\/div>\n              <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-ocr421-card-num\">3<\/div>\n            <span class=\"ols-ocr421-card-status ols-ocr421-card-status--available\">Available<\/span>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-ocr421-card-body\">\n            <p class=\"ols-ocr421-card-title\">Substitution and Elimination Reactions of Alcohols<\/p>\n            <p class=\"ols-ocr421-card-desc\">Reactions of alcohols: combustion, halogenation with PCl\u2085, KBr and sulfuric acid, and red phosphorus and iodine, and dehydration to alkenes.<\/p>\n            <span class=\"ols-ocr421-card-cta\">Start revising<svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n\n        <!-- Card 4: Preparing and Purifying Organic Liquids -->\n        <a class=\"ols-ocr421-card ols-ocr421-card--available\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/ocr-a\/4-2-1-alcohols\/preparing-and-purifying-organic-liquids\/\">\n          <div class=\"ols-ocr421-card-img-wrap\">\n            <div class=\"ols-ocr421-visual ols-ocr421-visual--tc\">\n              <div class=\"ols-ocr421-visual-panel\">\n                <div class=\"ols-ocr421-visual-kicker\">Practical skills<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-ocr421-visual-main\">Preparing and<br>Purifying<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-ocr421-config-line\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span>reflux, distil, separate, dry<\/span><\/div>\n              <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-ocr421-card-num\">4<\/div>\n            <span class=\"ols-ocr421-card-status ols-ocr421-card-status--available\">Available<\/span>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-ocr421-card-body\">\n            <p class=\"ols-ocr421-card-title\">Preparing and Purifying Organic Liquids<\/p>\n            <p class=\"ols-ocr421-card-desc\">Preparing and purifying organic liquids: reflux, distillation, separating funnel, drying agents, boiling temperature and percentage yield.<\/p>\n            <span class=\"ols-ocr421-card-cta\">Start revising<svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/section>\n\n  <!-- SPECIFICATION -->\n  <section class=\"ols-ocr421-spec-section\">\n    <div class=\"ols-ocr421-container\">\n      <div class=\"ols-ocr421-spec-wrap\">\n        <div class=\"ols-ocr421-spec-pill\">Specification Coverage<\/div>\n        <h2 class=\"ols-ocr421-spec-heading\">4.2.1 Alcohols &#8211; OCR A Level Chemistry A<\/h2>\n        <p class=\"ols-ocr421-spec-intro-text\">The following OCR A learning outcomes state what candidates should be able to do. Wording is taken from the OCR A Level Chemistry A (H432) specification.<\/p>\n        <h3 class=\"ols-ocr421-spec-group-title\">4.2.1 Alcohols<\/h3>\n        <div class=\"ols-ocr421-spec-rows\">\n          <div class=\"ols-ocr421-spec-row ols-ocr421-spec-row--light\"><div class=\"ols-ocr421-spec-code\">4.2.1(a)(i)-a<\/div><div class=\"ols-ocr421-spec-text\">the polarity of alcohols<\/div><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-ocr421-spec-row ols-ocr421-spec-row--mid\"><div class=\"ols-ocr421-spec-code ols-ocr421-spec-code--mid\">4.2.1(a)(i)-b<\/div><div class=\"ols-ocr421-spec-text\">an explanation, in terms of hydrogen bonding, of the water solubility of alcohols compared with alkanes (see also 2.2.2 l and 4.1.2 c)<\/div><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-ocr421-spec-row ols-ocr421-spec-row--light\"><div class=\"ols-ocr421-spec-code\">4.2.1(a)(i)-c<\/div><div class=\"ols-ocr421-spec-text\">an explanation, in terms of hydrogen bonding, of the relatively low volatility of alcohols compared with alkanes (see also 2.2.2 l and 4.1.2 c)<\/div><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-ocr421-spec-row ols-ocr421-spec-row--mid\"><div class=\"ols-ocr421-spec-code ols-ocr421-spec-code--mid\">4.2.1(a)(ii)<\/div><div class=\"ols-ocr421-spec-text\">classification of alcohols into primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols<\/div><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-ocr421-spec-row ols-ocr421-spec-row--light\"><div class=\"ols-ocr421-spec-code\">4.2.1(b)<\/div><div class=\"ols-ocr421-spec-text\">combustion of alcohols<\/div><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-ocr421-spec-row ols-ocr421-spec-row--mid\"><div class=\"ols-ocr421-spec-code ols-ocr421-spec-code--mid\">4.2.1(c)(i)-a<\/div><div class=\"ols-ocr421-spec-text\">the oxidation of primary alcohols by an oxidising agent, e.g. Cr\u2082O\u2087\u00b2\u207b\/H+ (i.e. K\u2082Cr\u2082O7\/H\u2082SO\u2084), to form aldehydes<\/div><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-ocr421-spec-row ols-ocr421-spec-row--light\"><div class=\"ols-ocr421-spec-code\">4.2.1(c)(i)-b<\/div><div class=\"ols-ocr421-spec-text\">the oxidation of primary alcohols by an oxidising agent, e.g. Cr\u2082O\u2087\u00b2\u207b\/H+ (i.e. K\u2082Cr\u2082O7\/H\u2082SO\u2084), to form carboxylic acids<\/div><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-ocr421-spec-row ols-ocr421-spec-row--mid\"><div class=\"ols-ocr421-spec-code ols-ocr421-spec-code--mid\">4.2.1(c)(i)-c<\/div><div class=\"ols-ocr421-spec-text\">the control of the oxidation product of primary alcohols using different reaction conditions<\/div><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-ocr421-spec-row ols-ocr421-spec-row--light\"><div class=\"ols-ocr421-spec-code\">4.2.1(c)(ii)<\/div><div class=\"ols-ocr421-spec-text\">the oxidation of secondary alcohols by an oxidising agent, e.g. Cr\u2082O\u2087\u00b2\u207b\/H+ (i.e. K\u2082Cr\u2082O7\/H\u2082SO\u2084), to form ketones<\/div><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-ocr421-spec-row ols-ocr421-spec-row--mid\"><div class=\"ols-ocr421-spec-code ols-ocr421-spec-code--mid\">4.2.1(c)(iii)<\/div><div class=\"ols-ocr421-spec-text\">the resistance to oxidation of tertiary alcohols<\/div><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-ocr421-spec-row ols-ocr421-spec-row--light\"><div class=\"ols-ocr421-spec-code\">4.2.1(d)<\/div><div class=\"ols-ocr421-spec-text\">elimination of H\u2082O from alcohols in the presence of an acid catalyst (e.g. H\u2083PO\u2084 or H\u2082SO\u2084) and heat to form alkenes<\/div><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-ocr421-spec-row ols-ocr421-spec-row--mid\"><div class=\"ols-ocr421-spec-code ols-ocr421-spec-code--mid\">4.2.1(e)<\/div><div class=\"ols-ocr421-spec-text\">substitution with halide ions in the presence of acid (e.g. NaBr\/H\u2082SO\u2084) to form haloalkanes<\/div><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/section>\n  <script type=\"application\/ld+json\">\n{\n  \"@context\": \"https:\/\/schema.org\",\n  \"@graph\": [\n    {\n      \"@type\": \"CollectionPage\",\n      \"@id\": 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[&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":12,"featured_media":0,"parent":7117,"menu_order":11,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-10959","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/10959","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/12"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=10959"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/10959\/revisions"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/7117"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=10959"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}