{"id":10960,"date":"2026-09-26T22:00:02","date_gmt":"2026-09-26T21:00:02","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/ocr-a\/4-2-2-haloalkanes\/"},"modified":"2026-09-26T22:00:02","modified_gmt":"2026-09-26T21:00:02","slug":"4-2-2-haloalkanes","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/ocr-a\/4-2-2-haloalkanes\/","title":{"rendered":"4.2.2 Haloalkanes"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"ols-ocr422-page\">\n\n  <aside class=\"ols-sidebar\">\n  <div class=\"ols-sidebar-header\">\n    <h3>Revision Notes<\/h3>\n    <p>A Level Chemistry<\/p>\n  <\/div>\n\n  <div class=\"ols-topic-group\">\n    <h4>4.2.2 Haloalkanes<\/h4>\n\n    <ul class=\"ols-topic-list\">\n      <li>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/ocr-a\/4-2-2-haloalkanes\/\">4.2.2 Overview<\/a>\n      <\/li>\n      <li>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/ocr-a\/4-2-2-haloalkanes\/reaction-types-mechanisms-and-nucleophiles\/\">Reaction Types, Mechanisms and Nucleophiles<\/a>\n      <\/li>\n      <li>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/ocr-a\/4-2-2-haloalkanes\/halogenoalkanes-naming-classification-and-bonding\/\">Haloalkanes: Naming, Classification and the C\u2013X Bond<\/a>\n      <\/li>\n      <li>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/ocr-a\/4-2-2-haloalkanes\/nucleophilic-substitution-reactions\/\">Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions<\/a>\n      <\/li>\n      <li>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/ocr-a\/4-2-2-haloalkanes\/rates-of-hydrolysis-and-bond-enthalpy\/\">Rates of Hydrolysis and Bond Enthalpy<\/a>\n      <\/li>\n      <li>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/ocr-a\/4-2-2-haloalkanes\/cfcs-and-the-ozone-layer\/\">CFCs and the Ozone Layer<\/a>\n      <\/li>\n    <\/ul>\n  <\/div>\n\n  <div class=\"ols-topic-group\">\n    <h4>Other Sections<\/h4>\n\n    <ul class=\"ols-topic-list\">\n      <li>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/ocr-a\/4-2-1-alcohols\/\">4.2.1 Alcohols<\/a>\n      <\/li>\n      <li>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/ocr-a\/4-2-4-analytical-techniques\/\">4.2.4 Analytical Techniques<\/a>\n      <\/li>\n      <li>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/ocr-a\/4-1-3-alkenes\/\">4.1.3 Alkenes<\/a>\n      <\/li>\n      <li>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/ocr-a\/4-1-2-alkanes\/\">4.1.2 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rgba(255,255,255,0.46), transparent 24%), linear-gradient(135deg, #fdf4ff 0%, #d8b4fe 45%, #7e22ce 100%); }\n    .ols-ocr422-visual--gr { background: radial-gradient(circle at 24% 18%, rgba(255,255,255,0.46), transparent 24%), linear-gradient(135deg, #f0fdf4 0%, #4ade80 45%, #166534 100%); }\n  <\/style>\n\n  <!-- BREADCRUMB BAR -->\n  <div class=\"ols-ocr422-breadcrumb-bar\">\n    <div class=\"ols-ocr422-container\">\n      <nav class=\"ols-ocr422-breadcrumb\" aria-label=\"Breadcrumb\">\n          <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/\">Revision Notes<\/a> \/\n          <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/\">A Level Chemistry<\/a> \/\n          <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/ocr-a\/\">OCR<\/a> \/\n          <span>4.2.2 Haloalkanes<\/span>\n        <\/nav>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n\n  <!-- INTRO -->\n  <section class=\"ols-ocr422-intro\">\n    <div class=\"ols-ocr422-container\">\n      <div class=\"ols-ocr422-intro-inner\">\n        <div>\n          <div class=\"ols-ocr422-eyebrow\">OCR A Level Chemistry A &#8211; Module 4 Core Organic Chemistry<\/div>\n          <h1>4.2.2<br>Haloalkanes<\/h1>\n          <div class=\"ols-ocr422-accent-bar\"><\/div>\n          <p class=\"ols-ocr422-intro-lead\">Section 4.2.2 covers hydrolysis of haloalkanes by aqueous alkali and by water with silver nitrate in ethanol, the definition of a nucleophile, the mechanism of nucleophilic substitution for primary haloalkanes, the trend in rates of hydrolysis explained by carbon\u2013halogen bond enthalpies, and the production of halogen radicals from CFCs and the catalysed breakdown of ozone by Cl\u2022 and \u2022NO.<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"ols-ocr422-info-grid\">\n          <div class=\"ols-ocr422-info-card\"><div class=\"ols-ocr422-info-card-label\">Exam Paper<\/div><div class=\"ols-ocr422-info-card-value\">Paper 2 &amp; 3<\/div><div class=\"ols-ocr422-info-card-sub\">H432\/02 and H432\/03<\/div><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-ocr422-info-card\"><div class=\"ols-ocr422-info-card-label\">Specification Points<\/div><div class=\"ols-ocr422-info-card-value\">4.2.2 (a) &#8211; (e)<\/div><div class=\"ols-ocr422-info-card-sub\">5 learning outcomes<\/div><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-ocr422-info-card\"><div class=\"ols-ocr422-info-card-label\">Topic Parts<\/div><div class=\"ols-ocr422-info-card-value\">5 pages<\/div><div class=\"ols-ocr422-info-card-sub\">Revision notes available<\/div><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-ocr422-info-card\"><div class=\"ols-ocr422-info-card-label\">Exam Board<\/div><div class=\"ols-ocr422-info-card-value\">OCR A<\/div><div class=\"ols-ocr422-info-card-sub\">H432 (2015 onwards)<\/div><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/section>\n\n  <!-- TOPIC CARDS -->\n  <section class=\"ols-ocr422-topics\">\n    <div class=\"ols-ocr422-container\">\n      <div class=\"ols-ocr422-section-header\">\n        <h2 class=\"ols-ocr422-section-title\">Revision Notes<\/h2>\n        <p class=\"ols-ocr422-section-sub\">Work through 4.2.2 Haloalkanes in a structured sequence.<\/p>\n      <\/div>\n      <div class=\"ols-ocr422-cards-grid\">\n\n        <!-- Card 1: Reaction Types, Mechanisms and Nucleophiles -->\n        <a class=\"ols-ocr422-card ols-ocr422-card--available\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/ocr-a\/4-2-2-haloalkanes\/reaction-types-mechanisms-and-nucleophiles\/\">\n          <div class=\"ols-ocr422-card-img-wrap\">\n            <div class=\"ols-ocr422-visual ols-ocr422-visual--ti\">\n              <div class=\"ols-ocr422-visual-panel\">\n                <div class=\"ols-ocr422-visual-kicker\">Seven types<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-ocr422-visual-main\">Reaction Types<br>and Mechanisms<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-ocr422-config-line\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span>curly arrows, nucleophiles<\/span><\/div>\n              <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-ocr422-card-num\">1<\/div>\n            <span class=\"ols-ocr422-card-status ols-ocr422-card-status--available\">Available<\/span>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-ocr422-card-body\">\n            <p class=\"ols-ocr422-card-title\">Reaction Types, Mechanisms and Nucleophiles<\/p>\n            <p class=\"ols-ocr422-card-desc\">Organic reaction types and mechanisms: addition, elimination, substitution, oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis, polymerisation, curly arrows, heterolytic fission, electrophiles, nucleophiles and bond polarity.<\/p>\n            <span class=\"ols-ocr422-card-cta\">Start revising<svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n\n        <!-- Card 2: Haloalkanes: Naming, Classification and the C\u2013X Bond -->\n        <a class=\"ols-ocr422-card ols-ocr422-card--available\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/ocr-a\/4-2-2-haloalkanes\/halogenoalkanes-naming-classification-and-bonding\/\">\n          <div class=\"ols-ocr422-card-img-wrap\">\n            <div class=\"ols-ocr422-visual ols-ocr422-visual--hi\">\n              <div class=\"ols-ocr422-visual-panel\">\n                <div class=\"ols-ocr422-visual-kicker\">C\u2013X bond<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-ocr422-visual-main\">Haloalkanes<br>and Bonding<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-ocr422-config-line\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span>\u03b4+ carbon, bond enthalpy<\/span><\/div>\n              <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-ocr422-card-num\">2<\/div>\n            <span class=\"ols-ocr422-card-status ols-ocr422-card-status--available\">Available<\/span>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-ocr422-card-body\">\n            <p class=\"ols-ocr422-card-title\">Haloalkanes: Naming, Classification and the C\u2013X Bond<\/p>\n            <p class=\"ols-ocr422-card-desc\">Haloalkanes: nomenclature and formulae, primary, secondary and tertiary, the polar carbon\u2013halogen bond, bond enthalpies and uses.<\/p>\n            <span class=\"ols-ocr422-card-cta\">Start revising<svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n\n        <!-- Card 3: Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions -->\n        <a class=\"ols-ocr422-card ols-ocr422-card--available\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/ocr-a\/4-2-2-haloalkanes\/nucleophilic-substitution-reactions\/\">\n          <div class=\"ols-ocr422-card-img-wrap\">\n            <div class=\"ols-ocr422-visual ols-ocr422-visual--ts\">\n              <div class=\"ols-ocr422-visual-panel\">\n                <div class=\"ols-ocr422-visual-kicker\">Lone pair attacks \u03b4+<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-ocr422-visual-main\">Nucleophilic<br>Substitution<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-ocr422-config-line\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span>OH\u207b, H\u2082O, NH\u2083, CN\u207b<\/span><\/div>\n              <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-ocr422-card-num\">3<\/div>\n            <span class=\"ols-ocr422-card-status ols-ocr422-card-status--available\">Available<\/span>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-ocr422-card-body\">\n            <p class=\"ols-ocr422-card-title\">Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions<\/p>\n            <p class=\"ols-ocr422-card-desc\">Nucleophilic substitution of haloalkanes: hydroxide, water, ammonia and cyanide as nucleophiles, conditions, products and the curly-arrow mechanism.<\/p>\n            <span class=\"ols-ocr422-card-cta\">Start revising<svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n\n        <!-- Card 4: Rates of Hydrolysis and Bond Enthalpy -->\n        <a class=\"ols-ocr422-card ols-ocr422-card--available\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/ocr-a\/4-2-2-haloalkanes\/rates-of-hydrolysis-and-bond-enthalpy\/\">\n          <div class=\"ols-ocr422-card-img-wrap\">\n            <div class=\"ols-ocr422-visual ols-ocr422-visual--tr\">\n              <div class=\"ols-ocr422-visual-panel\">\n                <div class=\"ols-ocr422-visual-kicker\">AgNO\u2083 in ethanol<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-ocr422-visual-main\">Rates of<br>Hydrolysis<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-ocr422-config-line\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span>white, cream, yellow<\/span><\/div>\n              <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-ocr422-card-num\">4<\/div>\n            <span class=\"ols-ocr422-card-status ols-ocr422-card-status--available\">Available<\/span>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-ocr422-card-body\">\n            <p class=\"ols-ocr422-card-title\">Rates of Hydrolysis and Bond Enthalpy<\/p>\n            <p class=\"ols-ocr422-card-desc\">Rates of hydrolysis of haloalkanes: the silver nitrate experiment, precipitate colours, bond enthalpy trend for C\u2013Cl, C\u2013Br and C\u2013I, and primary, secondary and tertiary comparison.<\/p>\n            <span class=\"ols-ocr422-card-cta\">Start revising<svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n\n        <!-- Card 5: CFCs and the Ozone Layer -->\n        <a class=\"ols-ocr422-card ols-ocr422-card--available\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/ocr-a\/4-2-2-haloalkanes\/cfcs-and-the-ozone-layer\/\">\n          <div class=\"ols-ocr422-card-img-wrap\">\n            <div class=\"ols-ocr422-visual ols-ocr422-visual--so\">\n              <div class=\"ols-ocr422-visual-panel\">\n                <div class=\"ols-ocr422-visual-kicker\">Cl\u2022 catalyst<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-ocr422-visual-main\">CFCs and<br>Ozone<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-ocr422-config-line\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span>2O\u2083 \u2192 3O\u2082<\/span><\/div>\n              <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-ocr422-card-num\">5<\/div>\n            <span class=\"ols-ocr422-card-status ols-ocr422-card-status--available\">Available<\/span>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-ocr422-card-body\">\n            <p class=\"ols-ocr422-card-title\">CFCs and the Ozone Layer<\/p>\n            <p class=\"ols-ocr422-card-desc\">CFCs and the ozone layer: chlorine radicals, the equations for ozone decomposition, the catalytic cycle, legislation and HFC alternatives.<\/p>\n            <span class=\"ols-ocr422-card-cta\">Start revising<svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/section>\n\n  <!-- SPECIFICATION -->\n  <section class=\"ols-ocr422-spec-section\">\n    <div class=\"ols-ocr422-container\">\n      <div class=\"ols-ocr422-spec-wrap\">\n        <div class=\"ols-ocr422-spec-pill\">Specification Coverage<\/div>\n        <h2 class=\"ols-ocr422-spec-heading\">4.2.2 Haloalkanes &#8211; OCR A Level Chemistry A<\/h2>\n        <p class=\"ols-ocr422-spec-intro-text\">The following OCR A learning outcomes state what candidates should be able to do. Wording is taken from the OCR A Level Chemistry A (H432) specification.<\/p>\n        <h3 class=\"ols-ocr422-spec-group-title\">4.2.2 Haloalkanes<\/h3>\n        <div class=\"ols-ocr422-spec-rows\">\n          <div class=\"ols-ocr422-spec-row ols-ocr422-spec-row--light\"><div class=\"ols-ocr422-spec-code\">4.2.2(a)(i)<\/div><div class=\"ols-ocr422-spec-text\">hydrolysis of haloalkanes in a substitution reaction by aqueous alkali<\/div><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-ocr422-spec-row ols-ocr422-spec-row--mid\"><div class=\"ols-ocr422-spec-code ols-ocr422-spec-code--mid\">4.2.2(a)(ii)-a<\/div><div class=\"ols-ocr422-spec-text\">hydrolysis of haloalkanes in a substitution reaction by water in the presence of AgNO\u2083 and ethanol<\/div><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-ocr422-spec-row ols-ocr422-spec-row--light\"><div class=\"ols-ocr422-spec-code\">4.2.2(a)(ii)-b<\/div><div class=\"ols-ocr422-spec-text\">use of hydrolysis by water in the presence of AgNO\u2083 and ethanol to compare experimentally the rates of hydrolysis of different carbon\u2013halogen bonds<\/div><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-ocr422-spec-row ols-ocr422-spec-row--mid\"><div class=\"ols-ocr422-spec-code ols-ocr422-spec-code--mid\">4.2.2(b)<\/div><div class=\"ols-ocr422-spec-text\">definition and use of the term nucleophile (an electron pair donor)<\/div><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-ocr422-spec-row ols-ocr422-spec-row--light\"><div class=\"ols-ocr422-spec-code\">4.2.2(c)<\/div><div class=\"ols-ocr422-spec-text\">the mechanism of nucleophilic substitution in the hydrolysis of primary haloalkanes with aqueous alkali (see also 4.1.1 h\u2013i)<\/div><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-ocr422-spec-row ols-ocr422-spec-row--mid\"><div class=\"ols-ocr422-spec-code ols-ocr422-spec-code--mid\">4.2.2(d)<\/div><div class=\"ols-ocr422-spec-text\">explanation of the trend in the rates of hydrolysis of primary haloalkanes in terms of the bond enthalpies of carbon\u2013halogen bonds (C\u2013F, C\u2013Cl, C\u2013Br and C\u2013I)<\/div><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-ocr422-spec-row ols-ocr422-spec-row--light\"><div class=\"ols-ocr422-spec-code\">4.2.2(e)-i<\/div><div class=\"ols-ocr422-spec-text\">production of halogen radicals by the action of ultraviolet (UV) radiation on CFCs in the upper atmosphere<\/div><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-ocr422-spec-row ols-ocr422-spec-row--mid\"><div class=\"ols-ocr422-spec-code ols-ocr422-spec-code--mid\">4.2.2(e)-ii<\/div><div class=\"ols-ocr422-spec-text\">the catalysed breakdown of the Earth&#8217;s protective ozone layer resulting from halogen radicals<\/div><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-ocr422-spec-row ols-ocr422-spec-row--light\"><div class=\"ols-ocr422-spec-code\">4.2.2(e)(i)<\/div><div class=\"ols-ocr422-spec-text\">equations to represent the production of halogen radicals<\/div><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-ocr422-spec-row ols-ocr422-spec-row--mid\"><div class=\"ols-ocr422-spec-code ols-ocr422-spec-code--mid\">4.2.2(e)(ii)<\/div><div class=\"ols-ocr422-spec-text\">equations to represent the catalysed breakdown of ozone by Cl\u00b7 and other radicals e.g. \u00b7NO<\/div><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/section>\n  <script type=\"application\/ld+json\">\n{\n  \"@context\": \"https:\/\/schema.org\",\n  \"@graph\": [\n    {\n      \"@type\": \"CollectionPage\",\n      \"@id\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/ocr-a\/4-2-2-haloalkanes\/#webpage\",\n      \"url\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/ocr-a\/4-2-2-haloalkanes\/\",\n      \"name\": \"4.2.2 Haloalkanes | OCR A A Level Chemistry | Online Learning System\",\n      \"description\": \"OCR A A Level Chemistry 4.2.2 Haloalkanes revision notes: reaction types, mechanisms and nucleophiles, haloalkanes: naming, classification and the c\u2013x bond, nucleophilic substitution reactions, rates of 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