{"id":10980,"date":"2026-09-26T22:01:09","date_gmt":"2026-09-26T21:01:09","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-16-hydroxy-compounds\/"},"modified":"2026-09-26T22:01:09","modified_gmt":"2026-09-26T21:01:09","slug":"topic-16-hydroxy-compounds","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-16-hydroxy-compounds\/","title":{"rendered":"Topic 16 Hydroxy Compounds"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"ols-cie16-page\">\n\n  <aside class=\"ols-sidebar\">\n  <div class=\"ols-sidebar-header\">\n    <h3>Revision Notes<\/h3>\n    <p>A Level Chemistry<\/p>\n  <\/div>\n\n  <div class=\"ols-topic-group\">\n    <h4>Topic 16 Hydroxy Compounds<\/h4>\n\n    <ul class=\"ols-topic-list\">\n      <li>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-16-hydroxy-compounds\/\">Topic 16 Overview<\/a>\n      <\/li>\n      <li>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-16-hydroxy-compounds\/alcohols-naming-classification-and-properties\/\">Alcohols: Naming, Classification and Properties<\/a>\n      <\/li>\n      <li>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-16-hydroxy-compounds\/producing-alcohols\/\">Producing Alcohols: Hydration, Fermentation and Biofuels<\/a>\n      <\/li>\n      <li>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-16-hydroxy-compounds\/oxidation-of-alcohols\/\">Oxidation of Alcohols<\/a>\n      <\/li>\n      <li>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-16-hydroxy-compounds\/reactions-of-alcohols\/\">Substitution and Elimination Reactions of Alcohols<\/a>\n      <\/li>\n      <li>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-16-hydroxy-compounds\/preparing-and-purifying-organic-liquids\/\">Preparing and Purifying Organic Liquids<\/a>\n      <\/li>\n    <\/ul>\n  <\/div>\n\n  <div class=\"ols-topic-group\">\n    <h4>Other Sections<\/h4>\n\n    <ul class=\"ols-topic-list\">\n      <li>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-15-halogen-compounds\/\">Topic 15 Halogen Compounds<\/a>\n      <\/li>\n      <li>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-22-analytical-techniques\/\">Topic 22 Analytical Techniques<\/a>\n      <\/li>\n      <li>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-14-hydrocarbons\/\">Topic 14 Hydrocarbons<\/a>\n      <\/li>\n      <li>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-13-an-introduction-to-as-level-organic-chemistry\/\">Topic 13 Introduction to AS Organic Chemistry<\/a>\n      <\/li>\n      <li>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-20-polymerisation\/\">Topic 20 Polymerisation<\/a>\n      <\/li>\n    <\/ul>\n  <\/div>\n<\/aside>\n\n<script>\r\n(function() {\r\n  function normalisePath(path) {\r\n    return String(path || '')\r\n      .split('?')[0]\r\n      .split('#')[0]\r\n      .replace(\/\\\/+$\/, '')\r\n      .toLowerCase();\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  function highlightActive() {\r\n    var sidebar = document.querySelector('.ols-sidebar');\r\n    if (!sidebar) return false;\r\n\r\n    var currentPath = normalisePath(window.location.pathname);\r\n    var links = sidebar.querySelectorAll('a[href]');\r\n    var matched = null;\r\n    var matchedLength = 0;\r\n\r\n    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linear-gradient(135deg, #fffbeb 0%, #fbbf24 45%, #b45309 100%); }\n    .ols-cie16-visual--ti { background: radial-gradient(circle at 24% 18%, rgba(255,255,255,0.46), transparent 24%), linear-gradient(135deg, #f0fdfa 0%, #2dd4bf 45%, #0f766e 100%); }\n    .ols-cie16-visual--tc { background: radial-gradient(circle at 24% 18%, rgba(255,255,255,0.46), transparent 24%), linear-gradient(135deg, #f8fafc 0%, #94a3b8 45%, #334155 100%); }\n    .ols-cie16-visual--ht { background: radial-gradient(circle at 24% 18%, rgba(255,255,255,0.46), transparent 24%), linear-gradient(135deg, #ecfdf5 0%, #34d399 45%, #047857 100%); }\n    .ols-cie16-visual--ho { background: radial-gradient(circle at 24% 18%, rgba(255,255,255,0.46), transparent 24%), linear-gradient(135deg, #fefce8 0%, #facc15 45%, #a16207 100%); }\n    .ols-cie16-visual--cd { background: radial-gradient(circle at 24% 18%, rgba(255,255,255,0.46), transparent 24%), linear-gradient(135deg, #f0fdf4 0%, #86efac 45%, #166534 100%); }\n    .ols-cie16-visual--hi { background: radial-gradient(circle at 24% 18%, rgba(255,255,255,0.46), transparent 24%), linear-gradient(135deg, #fdf4ff 0%, #d8b4fe 45%, #7e22ce 100%); }\n    .ols-cie16-visual--gr { background: radial-gradient(circle at 24% 18%, rgba(255,255,255,0.46), transparent 24%), linear-gradient(135deg, #f0fdf4 0%, #4ade80 45%, #166534 100%); }\n  <\/style>\n\n  <!-- BREADCRUMB BAR -->\n  <div class=\"ols-cie16-breadcrumb-bar\">\n    <div class=\"ols-cie16-container\">\n      <nav class=\"ols-cie16-breadcrumb\" aria-label=\"Breadcrumb\">\n          <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/\">Revision Notes<\/a> \/\n          <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/\">A Level Chemistry<\/a> \/\n          <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/\">Cambridge International (CIE)<\/a> \/\n          <span>Topic 16 Hydroxy Compounds<\/span>\n        <\/nav>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n\n  <!-- INTRO -->\n  <section class=\"ols-cie16-intro\">\n    <div class=\"ols-cie16-container\">\n      <div class=\"ols-cie16-intro-inner\">\n        <div>\n          <div class=\"ols-cie16-eyebrow\">Cambridge International AS &amp; A Level Chemistry &#8211; Organic Chemistry<\/div>\n          <h1>Topic 16<br>Hydroxy Compounds<\/h1>\n          <div class=\"ols-cie16-accent-bar\"><\/div>\n          <p class=\"ols-cie16-intro-lead\">Topic 16 covers the six routes to alcohols (hydration, diol formation, substitution of halogenoalkanes, reduction of carbonyls and acids, ester hydrolysis), combustion, substitution to halogenoalkanes with HX, KCl and concentrated acid, PCl\u2083, PCl\u2085 and SOCl\u2082, the reaction with sodium, oxidation with acidified dichromate(VI) or manganate(VII) by distillation or reflux, dehydration with a heated catalyst or concentrated acid, esterification, classification, the tri-iodomethane test and the acidity of alcohols compared with water.<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"ols-cie16-info-grid\">\n          <div class=\"ols-cie16-info-card\"><div class=\"ols-cie16-info-card-label\">Exam Papers<\/div><div class=\"ols-cie16-info-card-value\">Papers 1 &amp; 2<\/div><div class=\"ols-cie16-info-card-sub\">9701 AS Level<\/div><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-cie16-info-card\"><div class=\"ols-cie16-info-card-label\">Learning Outcomes<\/div><div class=\"ols-cie16-info-card-value\">16.1.1 &#8211; 16.1.5<\/div><div class=\"ols-cie16-info-card-sub\">5 sections covered<\/div><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-cie16-info-card\"><div class=\"ols-cie16-info-card-label\">Topic Parts<\/div><div class=\"ols-cie16-info-card-value\">5 pages<\/div><div class=\"ols-cie16-info-card-sub\">Revision notes available<\/div><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-cie16-info-card\"><div class=\"ols-cie16-info-card-label\">Exam Board<\/div><div class=\"ols-cie16-info-card-value\">Cambridge<\/div><div class=\"ols-cie16-info-card-sub\">9701 (2025 onwards)<\/div><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/section>\n\n  <!-- TOPIC CARDS -->\n  <section class=\"ols-cie16-topics\">\n    <div class=\"ols-cie16-container\">\n      <div class=\"ols-cie16-section-header\">\n        <h2 class=\"ols-cie16-section-title\">Revision Notes<\/h2>\n        <p class=\"ols-cie16-section-sub\">Work through Topic 16 Hydroxy Compounds in a structured sequence.<\/p>\n      <\/div>\n      <div class=\"ols-cie16-cards-grid\">\n\n        <!-- Card 1: Alcohols: Naming, Classification and Properties -->\n        <a class=\"ols-cie16-card ols-cie16-card--available\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-16-hydroxy-compounds\/alcohols-naming-classification-and-properties\/\">\n          <div class=\"ols-cie16-card-img-wrap\">\n            <div class=\"ols-cie16-visual ols-cie16-visual--oh\">\n              <div class=\"ols-cie16-visual-panel\">\n                <div class=\"ols-cie16-visual-kicker\">The \u2013OH group<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-cie16-visual-main\">Naming and<br>Classifying<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-cie16-config-line\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span>primary, secondary, tertiary<\/span><\/div>\n              <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-cie16-card-num\">1<\/div>\n            <span class=\"ols-cie16-card-status ols-cie16-card-status--available\">Available<\/span>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-cie16-card-body\">\n            <p class=\"ols-cie16-card-title\">Alcohols: Naming, Classification and Properties<\/p>\n            <p class=\"ols-cie16-card-desc\">Alcohols: nomenclature, structural, displayed and skeletal formulae, primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols, hydrogen bonding, boiling temperatures and solubility.<\/p>\n            <span class=\"ols-cie16-card-cta\">Start revising<svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n\n        <!-- Card 2: Producing Alcohols: Hydration, Fermentation and Biofuels -->\n        <a class=\"ols-cie16-card ols-cie16-card--available\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-16-hydroxy-compounds\/producing-alcohols\/\">\n          <div class=\"ols-cie16-card-img-wrap\">\n            <div class=\"ols-cie16-visual ols-cie16-visual--gr\">\n              <div class=\"ols-cie16-visual-panel\">\n                <div class=\"ols-cie16-visual-kicker\">Two routes<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-cie16-visual-main\">Producing<br>Alcohols<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-cie16-config-line\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span>hydration, fermentation, biofuel<\/span><\/div>\n              <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-cie16-card-num\">2<\/div>\n            <span class=\"ols-cie16-card-status ols-cie16-card-status--available\">Available<\/span>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-cie16-card-body\">\n            <p class=\"ols-cie16-card-title\">Producing Alcohols: Hydration, Fermentation and Biofuels<\/p>\n            <p class=\"ols-cie16-card-desc\">Producing ethanol: hydration of ethene, fermentation of glucose, conditions and comparison, biofuels and carbon neutrality.<\/p>\n            <span class=\"ols-cie16-card-cta\">Start revising<svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n\n        <!-- Card 3: Oxidation of Alcohols -->\n        <a class=\"ols-cie16-card ols-cie16-card--available\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-16-hydroxy-compounds\/oxidation-of-alcohols\/\">\n          <div class=\"ols-cie16-card-img-wrap\">\n            <div class=\"ols-cie16-visual ols-cie16-visual--ox\">\n              <div class=\"ols-cie16-visual-panel\">\n                <div class=\"ols-cie16-visual-kicker\">Orange to green<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-cie16-visual-main\">Oxidation of<br>Alcohols<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-cie16-config-line\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span>distil or reflux, [O]<\/span><\/div>\n              <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-cie16-card-num\">3<\/div>\n            <span class=\"ols-cie16-card-status ols-cie16-card-status--available\">Available<\/span>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-cie16-card-body\">\n            <p class=\"ols-cie16-card-title\">Oxidation of Alcohols<\/p>\n            <p class=\"ols-cie16-card-desc\">The oxidation of alcohols: acidified dichromate(VI), aldehydes, carboxylic acids and ketones, distillation versus reflux, [O] equations and tests for aldehydes and acids.<\/p>\n            <span class=\"ols-cie16-card-cta\">Start revising<svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n\n        <!-- Card 4: Substitution and Elimination Reactions of Alcohols -->\n        <a class=\"ols-cie16-card ols-cie16-card--available\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-16-hydroxy-compounds\/reactions-of-alcohols\/\">\n          <div class=\"ols-cie16-card-img-wrap\">\n            <div class=\"ols-cie16-visual ols-cie16-visual--rc\">\n              <div class=\"ols-cie16-visual-panel\">\n                <div class=\"ols-cie16-visual-kicker\">Reaction map<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-cie16-visual-main\">Reactions of<br>Alcohols<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-cie16-config-line\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span>PCl\u2085, HBr, P\/I\u2082, dehydration<\/span><\/div>\n              <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-cie16-card-num\">4<\/div>\n            <span class=\"ols-cie16-card-status ols-cie16-card-status--available\">Available<\/span>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-cie16-card-body\">\n            <p class=\"ols-cie16-card-title\">Substitution and Elimination Reactions of Alcohols<\/p>\n            <p class=\"ols-cie16-card-desc\">Reactions of alcohols: combustion, halogenation with PCl\u2085, KBr and sulfuric acid, and red phosphorus and iodine, and dehydration to alkenes.<\/p>\n            <span class=\"ols-cie16-card-cta\">Start revising<svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n\n        <!-- Card 5: Preparing and Purifying Organic Liquids -->\n        <a class=\"ols-cie16-card ols-cie16-card--available\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-16-hydroxy-compounds\/preparing-and-purifying-organic-liquids\/\">\n          <div class=\"ols-cie16-card-img-wrap\">\n            <div class=\"ols-cie16-visual ols-cie16-visual--tc\">\n              <div class=\"ols-cie16-visual-panel\">\n                <div class=\"ols-cie16-visual-kicker\">Practical skills<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-cie16-visual-main\">Preparing and<br>Purifying<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-cie16-config-line\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span>reflux, distil, separate, dry<\/span><\/div>\n              <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-cie16-card-num\">5<\/div>\n            <span class=\"ols-cie16-card-status ols-cie16-card-status--available\">Available<\/span>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-cie16-card-body\">\n            <p class=\"ols-cie16-card-title\">Preparing and Purifying Organic Liquids<\/p>\n            <p class=\"ols-cie16-card-desc\">Preparing and purifying organic liquids: reflux, distillation, separating funnel, drying agents, boiling temperature and percentage yield.<\/p>\n            <span class=\"ols-cie16-card-cta\">Start revising<svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/section>\n\n  <!-- SPECIFICATION -->\n  <section class=\"ols-cie16-spec-section\">\n    <div class=\"ols-cie16-container\">\n      <div class=\"ols-cie16-spec-wrap\">\n        <div class=\"ols-cie16-spec-pill\">Specification Coverage<\/div>\n        <h2 class=\"ols-cie16-spec-heading\">Topic 16 Hydroxy Compounds &#8211; Cambridge International AS Level Chemistry<\/h2>\n        <p class=\"ols-cie16-spec-intro-text\">The following Cambridge learning outcomes state what candidates should be able to do. Wording is taken from the Cambridge International AS &amp; A Level Chemistry (9701) syllabus.<\/p>\n        <h3 class=\"ols-cie16-spec-group-title\">16.1 Alcohols<\/h3>\n        <div class=\"ols-cie16-spec-rows\">\n          <div class=\"ols-cie16-spec-row ols-cie16-spec-row--light\"><div class=\"ols-cie16-spec-code\">16.1.1(a)<\/div><div class=\"ols-cie16-spec-text\">recall the reaction (reagents and conditions) by which alcohols can be produced: electrophilic addition of steam to an alkene, H\u2082O(g) and H\u2083PO\u2084 catalyst<\/div><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-cie16-spec-row ols-cie16-spec-row--mid\"><div class=\"ols-cie16-spec-code ols-cie16-spec-code--mid\">16.1.1(b)<\/div><div class=\"ols-cie16-spec-text\">recall the reaction (reagents and conditions) by which alcohols can be produced: reaction of alkenes with cold dilute acidified potassium manganate(VII) to form a diol<\/div><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-cie16-spec-row ols-cie16-spec-row--light\"><div class=\"ols-cie16-spec-code\">16.1.1(c)<\/div><div class=\"ols-cie16-spec-text\">recall the reaction (reagents and conditions) by which alcohols can be produced: substitution of a halogenoalkane using NaOH(aq) and heat<\/div><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-cie16-spec-row ols-cie16-spec-row--mid\"><div class=\"ols-cie16-spec-code ols-cie16-spec-code--mid\">16.1.1(d)<\/div><div class=\"ols-cie16-spec-text\">recall the reaction (reagents and conditions) by which alcohols can be produced: reduction of an aldehyde or ketone using NaBH\u2084 or LiAlH\u2084<\/div><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-cie16-spec-row ols-cie16-spec-row--light\"><div class=\"ols-cie16-spec-code\">16.1.1(e)<\/div><div class=\"ols-cie16-spec-text\">recall the reaction (reagents and conditions) by which alcohols can be produced: reduction of a carboxylic acid using LiAlH\u2084<\/div><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-cie16-spec-row ols-cie16-spec-row--mid\"><div class=\"ols-cie16-spec-code ols-cie16-spec-code--mid\">16.1.1(f)<\/div><div class=\"ols-cie16-spec-text\">recall the reaction (reagents and conditions) by which alcohols can be produced: hydrolysis of an ester using dilute acid or dilute alkali and heat<\/div><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-cie16-spec-row ols-cie16-spec-row--light\"><div class=\"ols-cie16-spec-code\">16.1.2(a)<\/div><div class=\"ols-cie16-spec-text\">describe the reaction of alcohols with oxygen (combustion)<\/div><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-cie16-spec-row ols-cie16-spec-row--mid\"><div class=\"ols-cie16-spec-code ols-cie16-spec-code--mid\">16.1.2(b)-i<\/div><div class=\"ols-cie16-spec-text\">describe substitution of alcohols to form halogenoalkanes by reaction with HX(g)<\/div><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-cie16-spec-row ols-cie16-spec-row--light\"><div class=\"ols-cie16-spec-code\">16.1.2(b)-ii<\/div><div class=\"ols-cie16-spec-text\">describe substitution of alcohols to form halogenoalkanes with KCl and concentrated H\u2082SO\u2084 or concentrated H\u2083PO\u2084<\/div><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-cie16-spec-row ols-cie16-spec-row--mid\"><div class=\"ols-cie16-spec-code ols-cie16-spec-code--mid\">16.1.2(b)-iii<\/div><div class=\"ols-cie16-spec-text\">describe substitution of alcohols to form halogenoalkanes with PCl\u2083 and heat<\/div><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-cie16-spec-row ols-cie16-spec-row--light\"><div class=\"ols-cie16-spec-code\">16.1.2(b)-iv<\/div><div class=\"ols-cie16-spec-text\">describe substitution of alcohols to form halogenoalkanes with PCl\u2085<\/div><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-cie16-spec-row ols-cie16-spec-row--mid\"><div class=\"ols-cie16-spec-code ols-cie16-spec-code--mid\">16.1.2(b)-v<\/div><div class=\"ols-cie16-spec-text\">describe substitution of alcohols to form halogenoalkanes with SOCl\u2082<\/div><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-cie16-spec-row ols-cie16-spec-row--light\"><div class=\"ols-cie16-spec-code\">16.1.2(c)<\/div><div class=\"ols-cie16-spec-text\">describe the reaction of alcohols with Na(s)<\/div><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-cie16-spec-row ols-cie16-spec-row--mid\"><div class=\"ols-cie16-spec-code ols-cie16-spec-code--mid\">16.1.2(d)(i)<\/div><div class=\"ols-cie16-spec-text\">describe oxidation of alcohols with acidified K\u2082Cr\u2082O\u2087 or acidified KMnO\u2084 to carbonyl compounds by distillation<\/div><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-cie16-spec-row ols-cie16-spec-row--light\"><div class=\"ols-cie16-spec-code\">16.1.2(d)(ii)-a<\/div><div class=\"ols-cie16-spec-text\">describe oxidation of alcohols with acidified K\u2082Cr\u2082O\u2087 or acidified KMnO\u2084 to carboxylic acids by refluxing<\/div><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-cie16-spec-row ols-cie16-spec-row--mid\"><div class=\"ols-cie16-spec-code ols-cie16-spec-code--mid\">16.1.2(d)(ii)-b<\/div><div class=\"ols-cie16-spec-text\">describe that primary alcohols give aldehydes which can be further oxidised to carboxylic acids<\/div><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-cie16-spec-row ols-cie16-spec-row--light\"><div class=\"ols-cie16-spec-code\">16.1.2(d)(ii)-c<\/div><div class=\"ols-cie16-spec-text\">describe that secondary alcohols give ketones<\/div><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-cie16-spec-row ols-cie16-spec-row--mid\"><div class=\"ols-cie16-spec-code ols-cie16-spec-code--mid\">16.1.2(d)(ii)-d<\/div><div class=\"ols-cie16-spec-text\">describe that tertiary alcohols cannot be oxidised<\/div><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-cie16-spec-row ols-cie16-spec-row--light\"><div class=\"ols-cie16-spec-code\">16.1.2(e)-i<\/div><div class=\"ols-cie16-spec-text\">describe dehydration of alcohols to an alkene, by using a heated catalyst, e.g. Al\u2082O\u2083<\/div><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-cie16-spec-row ols-cie16-spec-row--mid\"><div class=\"ols-cie16-spec-code ols-cie16-spec-code--mid\">16.1.2(e)-ii<\/div><div class=\"ols-cie16-spec-text\">describe dehydration of alcohols to an alkene, by using a concentrated acid<\/div><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-cie16-spec-row ols-cie16-spec-row--light\"><div class=\"ols-cie16-spec-code\">16.1.2(f)<\/div><div class=\"ols-cie16-spec-text\">describe formation of esters by reaction of alcohols with carboxylic acids and concentrated H\u2082SO\u2084 as catalyst as exemplified by ethanol<\/div><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-cie16-spec-row ols-cie16-spec-row--mid\"><div class=\"ols-cie16-spec-code ols-cie16-spec-code--mid\">16.1.3(a)-i<\/div><div class=\"ols-cie16-spec-text\">classify alcohols as primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols<\/div><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-cie16-spec-row ols-cie16-spec-row--light\"><div class=\"ols-cie16-spec-code\">16.1.3(a)-ii<\/div><div class=\"ols-cie16-spec-text\">classify alcohols as primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols, to include examples with more than one alcohol group<\/div><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-cie16-spec-row ols-cie16-spec-row--mid\"><div class=\"ols-cie16-spec-code ols-cie16-spec-code--mid\">16.1.3(b)<\/div><div class=\"ols-cie16-spec-text\">state characteristic distinguishing reactions of primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols, e.g. mild oxidation with acidified K\u2082Cr\u2082O\u2087, colour change from orange to green<\/div><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-cie16-spec-row ols-cie16-spec-row--light\"><div class=\"ols-cie16-spec-code\">16.1.4<\/div><div class=\"ols-cie16-spec-text\">deduce the presence of a CH\u2083CH(OH)\u2013 group in an alcohol, CH\u2083CH(OH)\u2013R, from its reaction with alkaline I\u2082(aq) to form a yellow precipitate of tri-iodomethane and an ion, RCO\u2082\u2013<\/div><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-cie16-spec-row ols-cie16-spec-row--mid\"><div class=\"ols-cie16-spec-code ols-cie16-spec-code--mid\">16.1.5<\/div><div class=\"ols-cie16-spec-text\">explain the acidity of alcohols compared with water<\/div><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/section>\n\n<script 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