{"id":10982,"date":"2026-09-26T22:01:12","date_gmt":"2026-09-26T21:01:12","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-22-analytical-techniques\/"},"modified":"2026-09-26T22:01:12","modified_gmt":"2026-09-26T21:01:12","slug":"topic-22-analytical-techniques","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-22-analytical-techniques\/","title":{"rendered":"Topic 22 Analytical Techniques"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"ols-cie22-page\">\n\n  <aside class=\"ols-sidebar\">\n  <div class=\"ols-sidebar-header\">\n    <h3>Revision Notes<\/h3>\n    <p>A Level Chemistry<\/p>\n  <\/div>\n\n  <div class=\"ols-topic-group\">\n    <h4>Topic 22 Analytical Techniques<\/h4>\n\n    <ul class=\"ols-topic-list\">\n      <li>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-22-analytical-techniques\/\">Topic 22 Overview<\/a>\n      <\/li>\n      <li>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-22-analytical-techniques\/mass-spectra-of-organic-compounds\/\">Mass Spectra of Organic Compounds<\/a>\n      <\/li>\n      <li>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-22-analytical-techniques\/infrared-spectroscopy\/\">Infrared Spectroscopy<\/a>\n      <\/li>\n      <li>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-22-analytical-techniques\/identifying-unknown-compounds\/\">Identifying Unknown Compounds<\/a>\n      <\/li>\n    <\/ul>\n  <\/div>\n\n  <div class=\"ols-topic-group\">\n    <h4>Other Sections<\/h4>\n\n    <ul class=\"ols-topic-list\">\n      <li>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-16-hydroxy-compounds\/\">Topic 16 Hydroxy Compounds<\/a>\n      <\/li>\n      <li>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-15-halogen-compounds\/\">Topic 15 Halogen Compounds<\/a>\n      <\/li>\n      <li>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-14-hydrocarbons\/\">Topic 14 Hydrocarbons<\/a>\n      <\/li>\n      <li>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-13-an-introduction-to-as-level-organic-chemistry\/\">Topic 13 Introduction to AS Organic Chemistry<\/a>\n      <\/li>\n      <li>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-20-polymerisation\/\">Topic 20 Polymerisation<\/a>\n      <\/li>\n    <\/ul>\n  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class=\"ols-cie22-breadcrumb-bar\">\n    <div class=\"ols-cie22-container\">\n      <nav class=\"ols-cie22-breadcrumb\" aria-label=\"Breadcrumb\">\n          <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/\">Revision Notes<\/a> \/\n          <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/\">A Level Chemistry<\/a> \/\n          <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/\">Cambridge International (CIE)<\/a> \/\n          <span>Topic 22 Analytical Techniques<\/span>\n        <\/nav>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n\n  <!-- INTRO -->\n  <section class=\"ols-cie22-intro\">\n    <div class=\"ols-cie22-container\">\n      <div class=\"ols-cie22-intro-inner\">\n        <div>\n          <div class=\"ols-cie22-eyebrow\">Cambridge International AS &amp; A Level Chemistry &#8211; Organic Chemistry<\/div>\n          <h1>Topic 22<br>Analytical<br>Techniques<\/h1>\n          <div class=\"ols-cie22-accent-bar\"><\/div>\n          <p class=\"ols-cie22-intro-lead\">Topic 22 covers the analysis of infrared spectra to identify functional groups from the data section, and mass spectra: m\/e values and isotopic abundances, the molecular ion peak and relative molecular mass, fragmentation, the [M+1]\u207a peak used to count carbon atoms, and the [M+2]\u207a peaks that show chlorine or bromine. The identification page combines both with the chemical tests met in Topics 15 to 17.<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"ols-cie22-info-grid\">\n          <div class=\"ols-cie22-info-card\"><div class=\"ols-cie22-info-card-label\">Exam Papers<\/div><div class=\"ols-cie22-info-card-value\">Papers 1 &amp; 2<\/div><div class=\"ols-cie22-info-card-sub\">9701 AS Level<\/div><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-cie22-info-card\"><div class=\"ols-cie22-info-card-label\">Learning Outcomes<\/div><div class=\"ols-cie22-info-card-value\">22.1 &#8211; 22.2<\/div><div class=\"ols-cie22-info-card-sub\">2 sections covered<\/div><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-cie22-info-card\"><div class=\"ols-cie22-info-card-label\">Topic Parts<\/div><div class=\"ols-cie22-info-card-value\">3 pages<\/div><div class=\"ols-cie22-info-card-sub\">Revision notes available<\/div><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-cie22-info-card\"><div class=\"ols-cie22-info-card-label\">Exam Board<\/div><div class=\"ols-cie22-info-card-value\">Cambridge<\/div><div class=\"ols-cie22-info-card-sub\">9701 (2025 onwards)<\/div><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/section>\n\n  <!-- TOPIC CARDS -->\n  <section class=\"ols-cie22-topics\">\n    <div class=\"ols-cie22-container\">\n      <div class=\"ols-cie22-section-header\">\n        <h2 class=\"ols-cie22-section-title\">Revision Notes<\/h2>\n        <p class=\"ols-cie22-section-sub\">Work through Topic 22 Analytical Techniques in a structured sequence.<\/p>\n      <\/div>\n      <div class=\"ols-cie22-cards-grid\">\n\n        <!-- Card 1: Mass Spectra of Organic Compounds -->\n        <a class=\"ols-cie22-card ols-cie22-card--available\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-22-analytical-techniques\/mass-spectra-of-organic-compounds\/\">\n          <div class=\"ols-cie22-card-img-wrap\">\n            <div class=\"ols-cie22-visual ols-cie22-visual--cd\">\n              <div class=\"ols-cie22-visual-panel\">\n                <div class=\"ols-cie22-visual-kicker\">m\/z<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-cie22-visual-main\">Mass<br>Spectra<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-cie22-config-line\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span>molecular ion, fragments<\/span><\/div>\n              <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-cie22-card-num\">1<\/div>\n            <span class=\"ols-cie22-card-status ols-cie22-card-status--available\">Available<\/span>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-cie22-card-body\">\n            <p class=\"ols-cie22-card-title\">Mass Spectra of Organic Compounds<\/p>\n            <p class=\"ols-cie22-card-desc\">Mass spectra of organic compounds: molecular ion, m\/z, fragmentation patterns, common fragments, M+2 peaks for chlorine and bromine.<\/p>\n            <span class=\"ols-cie22-card-cta\">Start revising<svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n\n        <!-- Card 2: Infrared Spectroscopy -->\n        <a class=\"ols-cie22-card ols-cie22-card--available\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-22-analytical-techniques\/infrared-spectroscopy\/\">\n          <div class=\"ols-cie22-card-img-wrap\">\n            <div class=\"ols-cie22-visual ols-cie22-visual--ho\">\n              <div class=\"ols-cie22-visual-panel\">\n                <div class=\"ols-cie22-visual-kicker\">Wavenumber \/ cm\u207b\u00b9<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-cie22-visual-main\">Infrared<br>Spectroscopy<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-cie22-config-line\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span>O\u2013H broad, C=O sharp<\/span><\/div>\n              <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-cie22-card-num\">2<\/div>\n            <span class=\"ols-cie22-card-status ols-cie22-card-status--available\">Available<\/span>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-cie22-card-body\">\n            <p class=\"ols-cie22-card-title\">Infrared Spectroscopy<\/p>\n            <p class=\"ols-cie22-card-desc\">Infrared spectroscopy: bond vibrations, wavenumbers, characteristic absorptions of functional groups, broad O\u2013H bands, the fingerprint region and identifying compounds.<\/p>\n            <span class=\"ols-cie22-card-cta\">Start revising<svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n\n        <!-- Card 3: Identifying Unknown Compounds -->\n        <a class=\"ols-cie22-card ols-cie22-card--available\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-22-analytical-techniques\/identifying-unknown-compounds\/\">\n          <div class=\"ols-cie22-card-img-wrap\">\n            <div class=\"ols-cie22-visual ols-cie22-visual--ht\">\n              <div class=\"ols-cie22-visual-panel\">\n                <div class=\"ols-cie22-visual-kicker\">Evidence to structure<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-cie22-visual-main\">Identifying<br>Unknowns<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-cie22-config-line\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span>MS + IR + tests<\/span><\/div>\n              <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-cie22-card-num\">3<\/div>\n            <span class=\"ols-cie22-card-status ols-cie22-card-status--available\">Available<\/span>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-cie22-card-body\">\n            <p class=\"ols-cie22-card-title\">Identifying Unknown Compounds<\/p>\n            <p class=\"ols-cie22-card-desc\">Identifying unknown organic compounds: combining the molecular ion, fragmentation, infrared absorptions and chemical tests, with a worked example.<\/p>\n            <span class=\"ols-cie22-card-cta\">Start revising<svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/section>\n\n  <!-- SPECIFICATION -->\n  <section class=\"ols-cie22-spec-section\">\n    <div class=\"ols-cie22-container\">\n      <div class=\"ols-cie22-spec-wrap\">\n        <div class=\"ols-cie22-spec-pill\">Specification Coverage<\/div>\n        <h2 class=\"ols-cie22-spec-heading\">Topic 22 Analytical Techniques &#8211; Cambridge International AS Level Chemistry<\/h2>\n        <p class=\"ols-cie22-spec-intro-text\">The following Cambridge learning outcomes state what candidates should be able to do. Wording is taken from the Cambridge International AS &amp; A Level Chemistry (9701) syllabus.<\/p>\n        <h3 class=\"ols-cie22-spec-group-title\">22.1 Infrared spectroscopy<\/h3>\n        <div class=\"ols-cie22-spec-rows\">\n          <div class=\"ols-cie22-spec-row ols-cie22-spec-row--light\"><div class=\"ols-cie22-spec-code\">22.1.1<\/div><div class=\"ols-cie22-spec-text\">analyse an infrared spectrum of a simple molecule to identify functional groups (see the Data section for the functional groups required)<\/div><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n\n        <h3 class=\"ols-cie22-spec-group-title\">22.2 Mass spectrometry<\/h3>\n        <div class=\"ols-cie22-spec-rows\">\n          <div class=\"ols-cie22-spec-row ols-cie22-spec-row--mid\"><div class=\"ols-cie22-spec-code ols-cie22-spec-code--mid\">22.2.1-a<\/div><div class=\"ols-cie22-spec-text\">analyse mass spectra in terms of m\/e values (knowledge of the working of the mass spectrometer is not required)<\/div><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-cie22-spec-row ols-cie22-spec-row--light\"><div class=\"ols-cie22-spec-code\">22.2.1-b<\/div><div class=\"ols-cie22-spec-text\">analyse mass spectra in terms of isotopic abundances (knowledge of the working of the mass spectrometer is not required)<\/div><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-cie22-spec-row ols-cie22-spec-row--mid\"><div class=\"ols-cie22-spec-code ols-cie22-spec-code--mid\">22.2.2-a<\/div><div class=\"ols-cie22-spec-text\">calculate the relative atomic mass of an element given the relative abundances of its isotopes<\/div><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-cie22-spec-row ols-cie22-spec-row--light\"><div class=\"ols-cie22-spec-code\">22.2.2-b<\/div><div class=\"ols-cie22-spec-text\">calculate the relative atomic mass of an element given its mass spectrum<\/div><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-cie22-spec-row ols-cie22-spec-row--mid\"><div class=\"ols-cie22-spec-code ols-cie22-spec-code--mid\">22.2.3<\/div><div class=\"ols-cie22-spec-text\">deduce the molecular mass of an organic molecule from the molecular ion peak in a mass spectrum<\/div><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-cie22-spec-row ols-cie22-spec-row--light\"><div class=\"ols-cie22-spec-code\">22.2.4<\/div><div class=\"ols-cie22-spec-text\">suggest the identity of molecules formed by simple fragmentation in a given mass spectrum<\/div><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-cie22-spec-row ols-cie22-spec-row--mid\"><div class=\"ols-cie22-spec-code ols-cie22-spec-code--mid\">22.2.5<\/div><div class=\"ols-cie22-spec-text\">deduce the number of carbon atoms, n, in a compound using the [M+1]\u207a peak and the formula n = (100 \u00d7 abundance of [M+1]\u207a ion) \/ (1.1 \u00d7 abundance of M+ ion)<\/div><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-cie22-spec-row ols-cie22-spec-row--light\"><div class=\"ols-cie22-spec-code\">22.2.6-a<\/div><div class=\"ols-cie22-spec-text\">deduce the presence of bromine atoms in a compound using the [M+2]\u207a peak<\/div><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-cie22-spec-row ols-cie22-spec-row--mid\"><div class=\"ols-cie22-spec-code ols-cie22-spec-code--mid\">22.2.6-b<\/div><div class=\"ols-cie22-spec-text\">deduce the presence of chlorine atoms in a compound using the [M+2]\u207a peak<\/div><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/section>\n\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">\n{\n  \"@context\": \"https:\/\/schema.org\",\n  \"@graph\": [\n    {\n      \"@type\": \"CollectionPage\",\n      \"@id\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-22-analytical-techniques\/#webpage\",\n      \"url\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-22-analytical-techniques\/\",\n      \"name\": \"Topic 22 Analytical Techniques | Cambridge International AS Level Chemistry | Online Learning System\",\n      \"description\": \"Cambridge International AS Level Chemistry Topic 22 Analytical Techniques revision notes: mass 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