{"id":10986,"date":"2026-09-26T22:01:19","date_gmt":"2026-09-26T21:01:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-16-hydroxy-compounds\/reactions-of-alcohols\/"},"modified":"2026-09-27T10:01:52","modified_gmt":"2026-09-27T09:01:52","slug":"reactions-of-alcohols","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-16-hydroxy-compounds\/reactions-of-alcohols\/","title":{"rendered":"Substitution and Elimination Reactions of Alcohols"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<section class=\"ols-revision-page ols-nature-of-covalent-bonding-9ch0-page\">\n  <style>\n    .ols-revision-page {\n      --navy: #1C244B;\n      --blue: #2563eb;\n      --soft-blue: #eef4ff;\n      --soft-red: #fff7f7;\n      --soft-purple: #f7f0ff;\n      --soft-green: #f0f7f1;\n      --soft-orange: #fff7ed;\n      --grey-text: #667085;\n      --body-text: #1f2937;\n      --border: 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linear-gradient(135deg, #ffffff 0%, #f8fbff 100%); }\n    .ols-title-card h1 { margin: 0 0 18px; font-size: clamp(36px, 5vw, 58px); line-height: 1.08; font-weight: 800; letter-spacing: -0.04em; color: #111827; }\n    .ols-page-intro { font-size: 19px; line-height: 1.7; font-weight: 300; color: var(--body-text); margin: 0 0 22px; }\n    .ols-badges { display: flex; flex-direction: column; align-items: flex-start; gap: 12px; margin-bottom: 22px; }\n    .ols-badge { display: inline-flex; align-items: center; padding: 9px 14px; border-radius: 999px; background: #ffffff; border: 1px solid var(--border); font-size: 15px; font-weight: 600; color: var(--navy); }\n    .ols-author { display: flex; align-items: center; gap: 20px; padding: 28px; border-radius: 28px; background: linear-gradient(135deg, #ffffff 0%, #f8fbff 100%); border: 1px solid rgba(28,36,75,0.12); box-shadow: 0 18px 45px rgba(28,36,75,0.10); margin-top: 22px; }\n    .ols-author-avatar-img { width: 92px; height: 92px; border-radius: 50%; object-fit: cover; object-position: center; flex-shrink: 0; border: 4px solid #ffffff; box-shadow: 0 14px 32px rgba(28,36,75,0.18), 0 0 0 1px rgba(28,36,75,0.10); transition: transform 0.25s ease, box-shadow 0.25s ease; }\n    .ols-author:hover .ols-author-avatar-img { transform: scale(1.04); box-shadow: 0 20px 42px rgba(28,36,75,0.22), 0 0 0 1px rgba(28,36,75,0.10); }\n    .ols-author-content { min-width: 0; }\n    .ols-author-title { margin: 0 0 4px; font-size: clamp(24px,3vw,34px); line-height: 1.15; font-weight: 700; color: var(--navy); letter-spacing: -0.03em; }\n    .ols-author-description { margin: 0; font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.7; font-weight: 300; color: var(--grey-text); }\n    .ols-linkedin-pill { display: inline-flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center; gap: 10px; margin-top: 16px; padding: 11px 18px; border-radius: 999px; background: linear-gradient(135deg,#0A66C2,#004182); color: #ffffff; text-decoration: none; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1; font-weight: 700; letter-spacing: 0.01em; box-shadow: 0 10px 22px rgba(10,102,194,0.24); position: relative; overflow: hidden; transition: transform 0.22s ease, box-shadow 0.22s ease; }\n    .ols-linkedin-pill::before { content: \"\"; position: absolute; top: 0; left: -120%; width: 100%; height: 100%; background: linear-gradient(120deg, rgba(255,255,255,0) 0%, rgba(255,255,255,0.28) 50%, rgba(255,255,255,0) 100%); transition: left 0.7s ease; }\n    .ols-linkedin-pill:hover { transform: translateY(-3px) scale(1.03); box-shadow: 0 16px 34px rgba(10,102,194,0.34), 0 0 0 6px rgba(10,102,194,0.10); color: #ffffff; }\n    .ols-linkedin-pill:hover::before { left: 120%; }\n    .ols-linkedin-icon { width: 18px; height: 18px; display: block; flex-shrink: 0; }\n\n    .ols-note-card.soft { background: linear-gradient(135deg, #ffffff 0%, var(--soft-red) 100%); }\n    .ols-note-card.purple { background: linear-gradient(135deg, #ffffff 0%, var(--soft-purple) 100%); }\n    .ols-note-card.orange { background: linear-gradient(135deg, #ffffff 0%, var(--soft-orange) 100%); }\n    .ols-note-title { display: flex; align-items: center; gap: 14px; margin-bottom: 20px; }\n    .ols-note-icon { width: 52px; height: 52px; border-radius: 16px; background: var(--navy); color: #ffffff; display: grid; place-items: center; font-size: 24px; font-weight: 800; flex-shrink: 0; }\n    .ols-note-title h2, .ols-h5p-card h2, .ols-related-card h2, .ols-faq-card h2 { margin: 0; font-size: clamp(28px, 3.5vw, 42px); line-height: 1.15; font-weight: 800; color: #111827; letter-spacing: -0.03em; }\n    .ols-h5p-card h2, .ols-related-card h2, .ols-faq-card h2 { margin-bottom: 14px; }\n    .ols-note-card p, .ols-note-card li { font-size: clamp(15px, 1.25vw, 17px); line-height: 1.65; font-weight: 300; color: var(--body-text); }\n    .ols-h5p-card p, .ols-related-card p, .ols-faq-card p { font-size: clamp(15px, 1.3vw, 18px); line-height: 1.65; font-weight: 300; color: var(--body-text); }\n    .ols-note-card strong, .ols-h5p-card strong, .ols-related-card strong, .ols-faq-card strong { font-weight: 700; color: var(--navy); }\n    .ols-note-card ul, .ols-note-card ol { margin: 0; padding-left: 22px; }\n\n    .ols-key-box { margin-top: 20px; background: var(--soft-green); border: 1px solid rgba(63, 143, 70, 0.25); border-radius: 20px; padding: 18px 20px; }\n    .ols-key-box p { margin: 0; font-weight: 400; color: var(--navy); }\n    .ols-definition-box { background: linear-gradient(135deg, #ffffff, var(--soft-purple)); border: 2px dashed rgba(122, 62, 157, 0.35); border-radius: 24px; padding: 22px 24px; margin-top: 22px; }\n    .ols-definition-box p { margin: 0; color: var(--navy); font-weight: 400; }\n\n    .ols-rule-list { display: grid; gap: 14px; margin-top: 18px; }\n    .ols-rule-item { background: #ffffff; border: 1px solid var(--border); border-left: 5px solid var(--blue); border-radius: 18px; padding: 18px; box-shadow: var(--inner-shadow); }\n    .ols-rule-item h3 { margin: 0 0 8px; font-size: 20px; line-height: 1.25; color: var(--navy); }\n    .ols-rule-item p { margin: 0; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.6; }\n\n    .ols-figure-card { margin: 26px auto 4px; border: 1px solid var(--border); border-radius: 26px; overflow: hidden; background: #ffffff; box-shadow: var(--inner-shadow); max-width: 100%; }\n    .ols-figure-card.medium { max-width: 820px; }\n    .ols-figure-card.compact { max-width: 700px; }\n    .ols-figure-image { width: 100%; min-height: 260px; display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center; background: #ffffff; padding: 20px; }\n    .ols-figure-image img { max-width: 100%; height: auto; display: block; }\n    .ols-figure-caption { padding: 18px 24px 22px; background: linear-gradient(135deg, #ffffff, #f8fbff); border-top: 1px solid var(--border); }\n    .ols-figure-caption p { margin: 0; color: #5f6b85; font-size: clamp(15px, 1.3vw, 17px); line-height: 1.6; font-weight: 300; font-style: italic; }\n    .ols-zoom-card, .ols-zoom-card * { box-sizing: border-box; }\n    .ols-zoom-card { display: block !important; margin: 26px auto 34px !important; border: 1px solid rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.14) !important; border-radius: 26px !important; background: #ffffff !important; box-shadow: 0 18px 45px rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.10) !important; overflow: visible !important; position: relative !important; z-index: 1 !important; isolation: isolate !important; }\n    .ols-zoom-card.medium { max-width: 820px; }\n    .ols-zoom-card.compact { max-width: 700px; }\n    .ols-zoom-card.wide { max-width: 940px; }\n    .ols-zoom-card.slim { max-width: 600px; }\n    .ols-zoom-card:hover { z-index: 50 !important; }\n    .ols-zoom-card-image { display: flex !important; align-items: center !important; justify-content: center !important; width: 100% !important; min-height: 240px !important; padding: 20px !important; background: #ffffff !important; overflow: visible !important; border-top-left-radius: 26px !important; border-top-right-radius: 26px !important; position: relative !important; z-index: 2 !important; }\n    .ols-zoom-card img.ols-zoomable-img { display: block !important; max-width: 100% !important; height: auto !important; border-radius: 18px !important; cursor: zoom-in !important; pointer-events: auto !important; user-select: none !important; -webkit-user-drag: none !important; transform: translateZ(0) scale(1) !important; transform-origin: center center !important; transition: transform 0.32s ease, box-shadow 0.32s ease, filter 0.32s ease !important; position: relative !important; z-index: 2 !important; }\n    @media (hover: hover) and (pointer: fine) { .ols-zoom-card img.ols-zoomable-img:hover { transform: translateZ(0) scale(1.35) !important; box-shadow: 0 28px 70px rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.34) !important; filter: saturate(1.02) contrast(1.01) !important; z-index: 100 !important; } }\n    .ols-zoom-card-caption { padding: 18px 22px 20px !important; background: linear-gradient(135deg, #ffffff, #f8fbff) !important; border-bottom-left-radius: 26px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 26px !important; position: relative !important; z-index: 1 !important; }\n    .ols-zoom-card-caption p { margin: 0 !important; color: #5f6b85 !important; font-size: 15px !important; line-height: 1.65 !important; font-weight: 300 !important; font-style: italic !important; font-family: Poppins, Arial, sans-serif !important; }\n    .ols-image-lightbox { position: fixed; inset: 0; z-index: 999999; display: none; align-items: center; justify-content: center; padding: 34px; background: rgba(10, 15, 35, 0.86); backdrop-filter: blur(8px); -webkit-backdrop-filter: blur(8px); }\n    .ols-image-lightbox.is-open { display: flex; }\n    .ols-image-lightbox-inner { position: relative; width: min(96vw, 1500px); max-height: 92vh; display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center; }\n    .ols-image-lightbox-img { display: block; max-width: 100%; max-height: 92vh; height: auto; width: auto; border-radius: 22px; background: #ffffff; box-shadow: 0 32px 90px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.45); object-fit: contain; }\n    .ols-image-lightbox-close { position: absolute; top: -18px; right: -18px; width: 46px; height: 46px; border: 0; border-radius: 50%; background: #ffffff; color: var(--navy); font-family: Poppins, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 28px; line-height: 1; font-weight: 700; cursor: pointer; box-shadow: 0 16px 34px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.28); display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center; transition: transform 0.2s ease, background 0.2s ease, color 0.2s ease; }\n    .ols-image-lightbox-close:hover { transform: scale(1.08); background: var(--blue); color: #ffffff; }\n    @media (max-width: 760px) { .ols-zoom-card { border-radius: 22px !important; overflow: hidden !important; } .ols-zoom-card-image { min-height: auto !important; padding: 12px !important; overflow: hidden !important; border-top-left-radius: 22px !important; border-top-right-radius: 22px !important; } .ols-zoom-card img.ols-zoomable-img, .ols-zoom-card img.ols-zoomable-img:hover { transform: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; } .ols-zoom-card-caption { border-bottom-left-radius: 22px !important; border-bottom-right-radius: 22px !important; } .ols-image-lightbox { padding: 16px; } .ols-image-lightbox-inner { width: 100%; max-height: 88vh; } .ols-image-lightbox-img { max-height: 88vh; border-radius: 16px; } .ols-image-lightbox-close { top: 10px; right: 10px; width: 42px; height: 42px; font-size: 26px; } }\n\n\n    .ols-table-wrap { overflow: hidden; border-radius: 22px; border: 1px solid var(--border); background: #ffffff; margin-top: 18px; }\n    .ols-table { width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; table-layout: fixed; }\n    .ols-table th { background: var(--navy); color: #ffffff; padding: 16px; text-align: left; font-size: clamp(14px, 1.2vw, 17px); font-weight: 600; overflow-wrap: anywhere; }\n    .ols-table td { padding: 16px; border-bottom: 1px solid var(--border); font-size: clamp(14px, 1.15vw, 16px); line-height: 1.45; color: var(--body-text); vertical-align: top; overflow-wrap: anywhere; }\n    .ols-table tr:last-child td { border-bottom: none; }\n\n    .ols-h5p-card { background: linear-gradient(135deg, #ffffff 0%, #f7f0ff 100%); }\n    .ols-h5p-frame { margin-top: 22px; padding: 18px; border-radius: 24px; background: #ffffff; border: 1px solid var(--border); box-shadow: inset 0 0 0 1px rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.03); }\n\n    .ols-faq-list { display: grid; gap: 14px; margin-top: 18px; }\n    .ols-faq-item { background: #ffffff; border: 1px solid var(--border); border-radius: 18px; padding: 18px 20px; box-shadow: var(--inner-shadow); }\n    .ols-faq-item h3 { margin: 0 0 8px; font-size: 20px; line-height: 1.3; color: var(--navy); }\n    .ols-faq-item p { margin: 0; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.65; color: var(--body-text); }\n\n    .ols-related-grid { display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(3, minmax(0, 1fr)); gap: 16px; margin-top: 18px; }\n    .ols-related-item { border: 1px solid var(--border); border-radius: 18px; padding: 18px; background: #ffffff; color: var(--navy); text-decoration: none; font-weight: 600; line-height: 1.5; transition: transform 0.2s ease, box-shadow 0.2s ease; }\n    .ols-related-item:hover { transform: translateY(-2px); box-shadow: 0 10px 22px rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.08); }\n\n    .ols-course-cta-covalent {\n      width: 100%;\n      margin: 30px 0 24px;\n      font-family: Poppins, Arial, sans-serif;\n    }\n    .ols-course-cta-covalent, .ols-course-cta-covalent * { box-sizing: border-box; }\n    .ols-course-cta-card {\n      overflow: hidden;\n      border-radius: 30px;\n      border: 1px solid var(--border);\n      background: radial-gradient(circle at top left, rgba(37, 99, 235, 0.16), transparent 34%), linear-gradient(135deg, #ffffff 0%, #f8fbff 100%);\n      box-shadow: var(--shadow);\n      padding: 30px;\n    }\n    .ols-course-cta-top {\n      display: grid;\n      grid-template-columns: minmax(260px, 0.9fr) minmax(0, 1.1fr);\n  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}\n    .ols-course-cta-kicker { display: inline-flex; align-items: center; padding: 8px 14px; border-radius: 999px; background: #ffffff; border: 1px solid rgba(37, 99, 235, 0.18); color: var(--blue); font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: 700; box-shadow: var(--inner-shadow); }\n    .ols-course-cta-covalent h2 { margin: 0 0 14px; font-size: clamp(28px, 3.5vw, 42px); line-height: 1.15; font-weight: 800; letter-spacing: -0.03em; color: #111827; }\n    .ols-course-cta-intro { margin: 0 0 24px; color: var(--body-text); font-size: clamp(16px, 1.4vw, 18px); line-height: 1.7; font-weight: 300; }\n    .ols-course-cta-features { display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(2, minmax(0, 1fr)); gap: 14px; margin: 0 0 30px; }\n    .ols-course-feature { background: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.78); border: 1px solid var(--border); border-radius: 18px; padding: 16px 18px; }\n    .ols-course-feature h3 { margin: 0 0 6px; color: var(--navy); font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.3; font-weight: 800; }\n   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0.14);\n      border-radius: 28px;\n      box-shadow: 0 18px 45px rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.10);\n      padding: 34px;\n      margin-bottom: 24px;\n      overflow: hidden;\n      font-family: Poppins, Arial, sans-serif;\n      box-sizing: border-box;\n    }\n    .ols-attribution-card, .ols-attribution-card * { box-sizing: border-box; }\n    .ols-attribution-card p { margin: 0; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.65; font-weight: 300; color: #667085; }\n    .ols-attribution-card strong { font-weight: 700; color: #1C244B; }\n\n    @media (max-width: 1050px) {\n      .ols-main { max-width: none; }\n      .ols-related-grid { grid-template-columns: repeat(2, minmax(0, 1fr)); }\n      .ols-course-cta-top { grid-template-columns: 1fr; }\n      .ols-course-cta-image-link { max-width: 520px; margin: 0 auto; }\n    }\n\n    @media (max-width: 760px) {\n      .ols-title-card, .ols-note-card, .ols-h5p-card, .ols-related-card, .ols-faq-card, .ols-attribution-card { padding: 24px 18px; border-radius: 22px; }\n 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760px) { .ols-h5p-card.ols-h5p-inline { padding: 20px 16px; } }\n<\/style>\n\n  <aside class=\"ols-sidebar\">\n  <div class=\"ols-sidebar-header\">\n    <h3>Revision Notes<\/h3>\n    <p>A Level Chemistry<\/p>\n  <\/div>\n\n  <div class=\"ols-topic-group\">\n    <h4>Topic 16 Hydroxy Compounds<\/h4>\n\n    <ul class=\"ols-topic-list\">\n      <li>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-16-hydroxy-compounds\/\">Topic 16 Overview<\/a>\n      <\/li>\n      <li>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-16-hydroxy-compounds\/alcohols-naming-classification-and-properties\/\">Alcohols: Naming, Classification and Properties<\/a>\n      <\/li>\n      <li>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-16-hydroxy-compounds\/producing-alcohols\/\">Producing Alcohols: Hydration, Fermentation and Biofuels<\/a>\n      <\/li>\n      <li>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-16-hydroxy-compounds\/oxidation-of-alcohols\/\">Oxidation of Alcohols<\/a>\n      <\/li>\n      <li>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-16-hydroxy-compounds\/reactions-of-alcohols\/\">Substitution and Elimination Reactions of Alcohols<\/a>\n      <\/li>\n      <li>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-16-hydroxy-compounds\/preparing-and-purifying-organic-liquids\/\">Preparing and Purifying Organic Liquids<\/a>\n      <\/li>\n    <\/ul>\n  <\/div>\n\n  <div class=\"ols-topic-group\">\n    <h4>Other Sections<\/h4>\n\n    <ul class=\"ols-topic-list\">\n      <li>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-15-halogen-compounds\/\">Topic 15 Halogen Compounds<\/a>\n      <\/li>\n      <li>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-22-analytical-techniques\/\">Topic 22 Analytical Techniques<\/a>\n      <\/li>\n      <li>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-14-hydrocarbons\/\">Topic 14 Hydrocarbons<\/a>\n      <\/li>\n      <li>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-13-an-introduction-to-as-level-organic-chemistry\/\">Topic 13 Introduction to AS Organic Chemistry<\/a>\n      <\/li>\n      <li>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-20-polymerisation\/\">Topic 20 Polymerisation<\/a>\n      <\/li>\n    <\/ul>\n  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highlightActive);\r\n  }\r\n})();\r\n<\/script>\n\n  <main class=\"ols-main\">\n      <nav class=\"ols-breadcrumbs\" aria-label=\"Breadcrumb\">\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/\">Revision Notes<\/a> \/\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/\">A Level Chemistry<\/a> \/\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/\">Cambridge International (CIE)<\/a> \/\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-16-hydroxy-compounds\/\">Topic 16 Hydroxy Compounds<\/a> \/\n<span>Substitution and Elimination Reactions of Alcohols<\/span>\n<\/nav>\n\n      <header class=\"ols-title-card\">\n        <h1>Substitution and Elimination Reactions of Alcohols<\/h1>\n        <p class=\"ols-page-intro\">A concise revision guide to the other reactions of alcohols: combustion, substitution of the OH group to make chloro-, bromo- and iodoalkanes (including the PCl\u2085 test), and elimination of water with concentrated phosphoric acid to make alkenes, plus the reactions with sodium and with carboxylic acids.<\/p>\n\n        <div class=\"ols-badges\">\n<div class=\"ols-badge\">AS Level<\/div>\n<div class=\"ols-badge\">Topic 16: Hydroxy Compounds<\/div>\n<div class=\"ols-badge\">9701 Papers 1 and 2<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n        <div class=\"ols-author\">\n\n    <img decoding=\"async\"\n      class=\"ols-author-avatar-img\"\n      src=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/Author-Profile.jpeg\"\n      alt=\"Dr. Mohammed Al-Fatah\"\n    >\n\n    <div class=\"ols-author-content\">\n\n      <h2 class=\"ols-author-title\">\n        Written by:<br><span>Dr. Mohammed Al-Fatah<\/span>\n      <\/h2>\n\n      <p class=\"ols-author-description\">\n        Chemistry specialist revision notes for A Level Chemistry.\n      <\/p>\n\n      <a class=\"ols-linkedin-pill\" href=\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/doctormohammedfatah\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\n        <svg class=\"ols-linkedin-icon\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"currentColor\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n          <path d=\"M4.98 3.5C4.98 4.88 3.86 6 2.48 6S0 4.88 0 3.5 1.12 1 2.48 1s2.5 1.12 2.5 2.5zM.5 8h4V24h-4V8zm7 0h3.8v2.2h.1c.5-.9 1.8-2.2 3.9-2.2 4.2 0 5 2.8 5 6.4V24h-4v-7.6c0-1.8 0-4.2-2.6-4.2s-3 2-3 4v7.8h-4V8z\"\/>\n        <\/svg>\n        View LinkedIn Profile\n      <\/a>\n\n    <\/div>\n\n  <\/div>\n      <\/header>\n\n      <article class=\"ols-note-card\">\n<div class=\"ols-note-title\">\n<div class=\"ols-note-icon\">1<\/div>\n<h2>Combustion<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<p>Alcohols burn in air with a clean, almost invisible flame to give carbon dioxide and water: C\u2082H\u2085OH + 3O\u2082 \u2192 2CO\u2082 + 3H\u2082O. The reaction is strongly exothermic, which is why ethanol is used as a fuel, in spirit burners and blended into petrol. Balancing the equation is a common two-mark question: balance the carbons, then the hydrogens, then count the oxygen on the right and remember that the alcohol already contains one oxygen atom.<\/p>\n<div class=\"ols-key-box\">\n<p><strong>Worked example:<\/strong> Butan-1-ol, C\u2084H\u2089OH: 4 C \u2192 4CO\u2082; 10 H \u2192 5H\u2082O; oxygen needed = 8 + 5 = 13, one is in the alcohol, so 12 from O\u2082 = 6O\u2082. C\u2084H\u2089OH + 6O\u2082 \u2192 4CO\u2082 + 5H\u2082O.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/article>\n<article class=\"ols-note-card soft\">\n<div class=\"ols-note-title\">\n<div class=\"ols-note-icon\">2<\/div>\n<h2>Substitution: Making Halogenoalkanes<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<p>The OH group of an alcohol can be replaced by a halogen atom in a <strong>substitution<\/strong> reaction, which is the usual way of preparing a halogenoalkane in the laboratory. Three reagents are needed for the exam, one for each halogen.<\/p>\n<p>With <strong>phosphorus(V) chloride<\/strong>, PCl\u2085, the reaction is immediate at room temperature: CH\u2083CH\u2082OH + PCl\u2085 \u2192 CH\u2083CH\u2082Cl + POCl\u2083 + HCl. The hydrogen chloride is given off as steamy white fumes that turn damp blue litmus red, so PCl\u2085 is also the <strong>qualitative test for an OH group<\/strong>: any compound with an O\u2013H bond (alcohols, and also carboxylic acids and water) gives the fumes. Cambridge also accepts hydrogen chloride gas, potassium chloride with concentrated sulfuric acid or concentrated phosphoric acid, phosphorus(III) chloride with heating, and sulfur dichloride oxide, SOCl\u2082, all of which replace the OH by chlorine.<\/p>\n<p>A <strong>bromoalkane<\/strong> is made by warming the alcohol with potassium bromide and 50% concentrated sulfuric acid. The acid and the bromide make hydrogen bromide in the flask, and the HBr substitutes the OH: CH\u2083CH\u2082OH + HBr \u2192 CH\u2083CH\u2082Br + H\u2082O. Concentrated sulfuric acid is diluted to 50% so that it does not oxidise the bromide ions to bromine.<\/p>\n<p>An <strong>iodoalkane<\/strong> is made by heating the alcohol under reflux with red phosphorus and iodine. Phosphorus and iodine form phosphorus(III) iodide, which reacts with the alcohol: 3CH\u2083CH\u2082OH + PI\u2083 \u2192 3CH\u2083CH\u2082I + H\u2083PO\u2083. Hydrogen iodide cannot be made from an iodide and concentrated sulfuric acid because the acid oxidises iodide ions to iodine.<\/p>\n\n<div class=\"ols-table-wrap\">\n<table class=\"ols-table\">\n<thead>\n<tr><th>Halogen wanted<\/th><th>Reagent and conditions<\/th><th>Equation for ethanol<\/th><\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr><td><strong>Chloroalkane<\/strong><\/td><td>PCl\u2085, room temperature<\/td><td>C\u2082H\u2085OH + PCl\u2085 \u2192 C\u2082H\u2085Cl + POCl\u2083 + HCl<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td><strong>Bromoalkane<\/strong><\/td><td>KBr and 50% concentrated H\u2082SO\u2084, warm<\/td><td>C\u2082H\u2085OH + HBr \u2192 C\u2082H\u2085Br + H\u2082O<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td><strong>Iodoalkane<\/strong><\/td><td>red phosphorus and iodine, heat under reflux<\/td><td>3C\u2082H\u2085OH + PI\u2083 \u2192 3C\u2082H\u2085I + H\u2083PO\u2083<\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"ols-key-box\">\n<p><strong>Exam focus:<\/strong> The PCl\u2085 test: &#8220;steamy (misty) white fumes of HCl&#8221;. That observation is the mark; &#8220;fizzing&#8221; or &#8220;bubbles&#8221; is not.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/article>\n<section class=\"ols-h5p-card ols-h5p-inline\">\n<span class=\"ols-h5p-kicker\">Check your understanding<\/span>\n<h2>Check: Making Halogenoalkanes from Alcohols<\/h2>\n<p>Choose reagents and write equations for alcohols not used on this page.<\/p>\n<div class=\"ols-h5p-frame\"><div class=\"h5p-content\" data-content-id=\"939\"><\/div><\/div>\n<\/section>\n<article class=\"ols-note-card\">\n<div class=\"ols-note-title\">\n<div class=\"ols-note-icon\">3<\/div>\n<h2>Elimination: Dehydration to Alkenes<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<p>Heating an alcohol with <strong>concentrated phosphoric(V) acid<\/strong> (or concentrated sulfuric acid) removes a molecule of water and forms an alkene. This is an <strong>elimination<\/strong> reaction, also called dehydration: CH\u2083CH\u2082OH \u2192 CH\u2082=CH\u2082 + H\u2082O. The acid is a catalyst and a dehydrating agent. Phosphoric acid is preferred because concentrated sulfuric acid also oxidises the alcohol and produces sulfur dioxide and carbon. Passing the alcohol vapour over heated aluminium oxide, Al\u2082O\u2083, at about 300 \u00b0C gives the same elimination.<\/p>\n<p>The OH is removed together with a hydrogen atom from a <strong>neighbouring carbon<\/strong>, and the double bond forms between those two carbons. When the neighbouring carbons are different, more than one alkene can form: butan-2-ol gives but-1-ene (hydrogen removed from carbon 1) and but-2-ene (hydrogen removed from carbon 3), and but-2-ene itself exists as E and Z isomers, so three alkenes are possible from one alcohol.<\/p>\n<p>The mechanism is not examined here; what is needed is the reagent, the conditions, the type of reaction and the products, including the isomers that can form.<\/p>\n<p>Alkenes made this way are the monomers for addition polymers, so dehydrating alcohols from fermentation is a route to plastics that does not start from crude oil.<\/p>\n<div class=\"ols-zoom-card\">\n<div class=\"ols-zoom-card-image\">\n<a class=\"ols-lightbox-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/alcohols-halogenoalkanes-spectra-alcoholreactions.jpg\" aria-label=\"Open image full screen\">\n<img decoding=\"async\" class=\"ols-zoomable-img ols-lightbox-target\" src=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/alcohols-halogenoalkanes-spectra-alcoholreactions.jpg\" alt=\"Reaction map of ethanol: combustion, conversion to chloro-, bromo- and iodoethane, and dehydration to ethene\">\n<\/a>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"ols-zoom-card-caption\"><p>The reaction map of ethanol: combustion, the three substitutions that give a halogenoalkane, and the dehydration that gives ethene.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"ols-key-box\">\n<p><strong>Exam wording:<\/strong> Elimination of water: &#8220;heat with concentrated phosphoric(V) acid; the H and OH are lost from adjacent carbons and a C=C bond forms&#8221;.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/article>\n<section class=\"ols-h5p-card ols-h5p-inline\">\n<span class=\"ols-h5p-kicker\">Check your understanding<\/span>\n<h2>Check: Dehydration Products<\/h2>\n<p>Work out which alkenes form from alcohols other than butan-2-ol.<\/p>\n<div class=\"ols-h5p-frame\"><div class=\"h5p-content\" data-content-id=\"940\"><\/div><\/div>\n<\/section>\n<article class=\"ols-note-card soft\">\n<div class=\"ols-note-title\">\n<div class=\"ols-note-icon\">4<\/div>\n<h2>Reactions with Sodium and with Carboxylic Acids<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<p>Alcohols react with <strong>sodium<\/strong> as water does, but more slowly: 2CH\u2083CH\u2082OH + 2Na \u2192 2CH\u2083CH\u2082O\u207bNa\u207a + H\u2082. The sodium sinks, fizzes gently and dissolves to give sodium ethoxide; the slower reaction shows that an alcohol is a <strong>weaker acid than water<\/strong>. The alkyl group pushes electron density towards the oxygen, so the O\u2013H bond is less polar and the ethoxide ion formed is less stable than the hydroxide ion, which makes the alcohol less willing to give up its proton.<\/p>\n<p>Warming an alcohol with a <strong>carboxylic acid<\/strong> and a few drops of concentrated sulfuric acid as catalyst gives an <strong>ester<\/strong> and water in a reversible condensation reaction: CH\u2083COOH + CH\u2083CH\u2082OH \u21cc CH\u2083COOCH\u2082CH\u2083 + H\u2082O. Ethyl ethanoate is recognised by its sweet, fruity smell. The ester is named from the alcohol first (ethyl) and the acid second (ethanoate).<\/p>\n<div class=\"ols-key-box\">\n<p><strong>Key idea:<\/strong> Sodium: hydrogen gas and an alkoxide. Carboxylic acid with concentrated H\u2082SO\u2084: an ester and water, a reversible reaction.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/article>\n<section class=\"ols-h5p-card ols-h5p-inline\">\n<span class=\"ols-h5p-kicker\">Check your understanding<\/span>\n<h2>Check: Sodium and Esters<\/h2>\n<p>Predict products for reactions with sodium and with acids using compounds not shown above.<\/p>\n<div class=\"ols-h5p-frame\"><div class=\"h5p-content\" data-content-id=\"942\"><\/div><\/div>\n<\/section>\n<article class=\"ols-note-card\">\n<div class=\"ols-note-title\">\n<div class=\"ols-note-icon\">5<\/div>\n<h2>Common Exam Points<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<h3>Say<\/h3><p>&#8220;PCl\u2085 at room temperature gives steamy fumes of HCl: the test for an OH group.&#8221; &#8220;KBr with 50% sulfuric acid makes HBr in situ.&#8221; &#8220;Concentrated phosphoric acid, heat: elimination of water gives the alkene.&#8221;<\/p>\n<h3>Do not say<\/h3><p>&#8220;HI is made from KI and concentrated sulfuric acid&#8221; (the acid oxidises iodide ions). &#8220;Addition of water&#8221; when you mean elimination.<\/p>\n<h3>Watch for<\/h3><p>Questions on the number of alkenes: check both neighbouring carbons for hydrogens and remember E\/Z isomers of the product.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<section class=\"ols-h5p-card ols-h5p-inline\">\n<span class=\"ols-h5p-kicker\">Check your understanding<\/span>\n<h2>Check: Reaction Types of Alcohols<\/h2>\n<p>Classify and complete reactions of alcohols not used above.<\/p>\n<div class=\"ols-h5p-frame\"><div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-941\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"941\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Alcohols, Halogenoalkanes and Spectra Quick Choice: Reaction Types of Alcohols\"><\/iframe><\/div><\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"ols-faq-card\">\n<h2>FAQs<\/h2>\n<p>Use these quick answers to check the other reactions of alcohols.<\/p>\n\n<div class=\"ols-faq-list\">\n<div class=\"ols-faq-item\">\n<h3>Why does PCl\u2085 act as a test for the OH group?<\/h3>\n<p>Any compound with an O\u2013H bond reacts with PCl\u2085 to give hydrogen chloride, which appears as steamy white fumes. Compounds without O\u2013H, such as ethers and ketones, give nothing.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"ols-faq-item\">\n<h3>Why is 50% sulfuric acid used with potassium bromide?<\/h3>\n<p>Concentrated acid would oxidise some of the bromide ions to bromine. Diluting it to 50% still generates HBr in the flask but limits the oxidation.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"ols-faq-item\">\n<h3>Why can iodoalkanes not be made with KI and sulfuric acid?<\/h3>\n<p>Iodide ions are strong enough reducing agents to be oxidised by sulfuric acid to iodine, so hydrogen iodide is not formed. Red phosphorus and iodine make PI\u2083 instead.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"ols-faq-item\">\n<h3>Why is phosphoric acid preferred to sulfuric acid for dehydration?<\/h3>\n<p>Concentrated sulfuric acid is also an oxidising agent and chars the alcohol, giving carbon and sulfur dioxide as by-products; phosphoric acid dehydrates cleanly.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"ols-faq-item\">\n<h3>How many alkenes can butan-2-ol give?<\/h3>\n<p>Three. Removing a hydrogen from carbon 1 gives but-1-ene; removing one from carbon 3 gives but-2-ene, which exists as E and Z isomers.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"ols-related-card\">\n<h2>Related Topic 16 Hydroxy Compounds Pages<\/h2>\n<p>Use these pages to connect the ideas across Topic 16 Hydroxy Compounds and the rest of the course.<\/p>\n<div class=\"ols-related-grid\">\n<a class=\"ols-related-item\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-16-hydroxy-compounds\/alcohols-naming-classification-and-properties\/\">Alcohols: Naming, Classification and Properties<\/a>\n<a class=\"ols-related-item\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-16-hydroxy-compounds\/producing-alcohols\/\">Producing Alcohols: Hydration, Fermentation and Biofuels<\/a>\n<a class=\"ols-related-item\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-16-hydroxy-compounds\/oxidation-of-alcohols\/\">Oxidation of Alcohols<\/a>\n<a class=\"ols-related-item\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-16-hydroxy-compounds\/preparing-and-purifying-organic-liquids\/\">Preparing and Purifying Organic Liquids<\/a>\n<a class=\"ols-related-item\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-16-hydroxy-compounds\/\">Topic 16 Hydroxy Compounds Overview<\/a>\n<a class=\"ols-related-item\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-15-halogen-compounds\/\">Topic 15 Halogen Compounds<\/a>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"ols-attribution-card\">\n        <p><strong>Copyright and author footprint:<\/strong> This OLS revision page was written for Online Learning System by <strong>Dr. Mohammed Al-Fatah<\/strong>. It is designed for A Level Chemistry revision and should not be copied or redistributed without permission.<\/p>\n      <\/section>\n\n      <div class=\"ols-image-lightbox\" id=\"olsImageLightboxNatureCovalentBonding9ch0\" aria-hidden=\"true\" role=\"dialog\" aria-modal=\"true\" aria-label=\"Expanded revision image\">\n        <div class=\"ols-image-lightbox-inner\">\n          <button class=\"ols-image-lightbox-close\" type=\"button\" aria-label=\"Close enlarged image\">\u00d7<\/button>\n          <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"ols-image-lightbox-img\" src=\"\" alt=\"\">\n        <\/div>\n      <\/div>\n\n      <script>\n        (function(){\n          var page = document.querySelector(\".ols-nature-of-covalent-bonding-9ch0-page\");\n          if (!page) { return; }\n          var lightbox = page.querySelector(\"#olsImageLightboxNatureCovalentBonding9ch0\");\n          if (!lightbox) { return; }\n          var lightboxImage = lightbox.querySelector(\".ols-image-lightbox-img\");\n    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