{"id":11297,"date":"2026-09-27T14:52:44","date_gmt":"2026-09-27T13:52:44","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/practical-skills\/"},"modified":"2026-09-28T14:13:29","modified_gmt":"2026-09-28T13:13:29","slug":"practical-skills","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/practical-skills\/","title":{"rendered":"Cambridge International AS Level Chemistry Practical Skills (Paper 3)"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<section class=\"ols-revision-page ols-ial-core-practicals-landing-page\">\n  <style>\n    .ols-revision-page {\n      --navy: #1C244B; --blue: #2563eb; --soft-blue: #eef4ff; --soft-purple: #f7f0ff; --soft-green: #f0f7f1; --soft-orange: #fff7ed; --grey-text: #667085; --body-text: #1f2937; --border: rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.14); --shadow: 0 18px 45px rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.10); --inner-shadow: 0 10px 26px rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.08); font-family: Poppins, Arial, sans-serif; color: var(--navy); background: #ffffff;\n    }\n    .ols-revision-page * { box-sizing: border-box; }\n    .ols-revision-layout, .ols-main { display: block; max-width: 1450px; margin: 0 auto; padding: 24px 20px 60px; }\n    .ols-breadcrumbs { display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; gap: 8px; margin: 10px 0 22px; font-size: 15px; color: var(--grey-text); }\n    .ols-breadcrumbs a, .ols-breadcrumbs span { color: var(--grey-text); text-decoration: none; font-weight: 600; }\n    .ols-breadcrumbs a:hover { color: var(--blue); text-decoration: underline; text-underline-offset: 3px; }\n    .ols-title-card, .ols-note-card, .ols-related-card, .ols-attribution-card { background: #ffffff; border: 1px solid var(--border); border-radius: 28px; box-shadow: var(--shadow); padding: 34px; margin-bottom: 24px; overflow: hidden; }\n    .ols-title-card { background: linear-gradient(135deg, #ffffff 0%, #f8fbff 100%); }\n    .ols-title-card h1 { margin: 0 0 18px; font-size: clamp(36px, 5vw, 58px); line-height: 1.08; font-weight: 800; letter-spacing: -0.04em; color: #111827; }\n    .ols-page-intro { font-size: 19px; line-height: 1.7; font-weight: 300; color: var(--body-text); margin: 0 0 22px; }\n    .ols-badges { display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; gap: 12px; margin-bottom: 22px; }\n    .ols-badge { display: inline-flex; align-items: center; padding: 9px 14px; border-radius: 999px; background: #ffffff; border: 1px solid var(--border); font-size: 15px; font-weight: 600; color: var(--navy); }\n    .ols-author { display: flex; align-items: center; gap: 20px; padding: 28px; border-radius: 28px; background: linear-gradient(135deg, #ffffff 0%, #f8fbff 100%); border: 1px solid rgba(28,36,75,0.12); box-shadow: 0 18px 45px rgba(28,36,75,0.10); margin-top: 22px; }\n    .ols-author-avatar-img { width: 92px; height: 92px; border-radius: 50%; object-fit: cover; object-position: center; flex-shrink: 0; border: 4px solid #ffffff; box-shadow: 0 14px 32px rgba(28,36,75,0.18), 0 0 0 1px rgba(28,36,75,0.10); transition: transform 0.25s ease, box-shadow 0.25s ease; }\n    .ols-author:hover .ols-author-avatar-img { transform: scale(1.04); box-shadow: 0 20px 42px rgba(28,36,75,0.22), 0 0 0 1px rgba(28,36,75,0.10); }\n    .ols-author-content { min-width: 0; }\n    .ols-author-title { margin: 0 0 4px; font-size: clamp(24px,3vw,34px); line-height: 1.15; font-weight: 700; color: var(--navy); letter-spacing: -0.03em; }\n    .ols-author-description { margin: 0; font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.7; font-weight: 300; color: var(--grey-text); }\n    .ols-linkedin-pill { display: inline-flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center; gap: 10px; margin-top: 16px; padding: 11px 18px; border-radius: 999px; background: linear-gradient(135deg,#0A66C2,#004182); color: #ffffff; text-decoration: none; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1; font-weight: 700; letter-spacing: 0.01em; box-shadow: 0 10px 22px rgba(10,102,194,0.24); position: relative; overflow: hidden; transition: transform 0.22s ease, box-shadow 0.22s ease; }\n    .ols-linkedin-pill:hover { transform: translateY(-3px) scale(1.03); box-shadow: 0 16px 34px rgba(10,102,194,0.34), 0 0 0 6px rgba(10,102,194,0.10); color: #ffffff; }\n    .ols-linkedin-icon { width: 18px; height: 18px; display: block; flex-shrink: 0; }\n    .ols-note-card.soft { background: linear-gradient(135deg, #ffffff 0%, var(--soft-orange) 100%); }\n    .ols-note-card.purple { background: linear-gradient(135deg, #ffffff 0%, var(--soft-purple) 100%); }\n    .ols-note-title { display: flex; align-items: center; gap: 14px; margin-bottom: 20px; }\n    .ols-note-icon { width: 52px; height: 52px; border-radius: 16px; background: var(--navy); color: #ffffff; display: grid; place-items: center; font-size: 24px; font-weight: 800; flex-shrink: 0; }\n    .ols-note-title h2, .ols-related-card h2 { margin: 0; font-size: clamp(28px, 3.5vw, 42px); line-height: 1.15; font-weight: 800; color: #111827; letter-spacing: -0.03em; }\n    .ols-related-card h2 { margin-bottom: 14px; }\n    .ols-note-card p, .ols-related-card p, .ols-attribution-card p { font-size: clamp(15px, 1.3vw, 18px); line-height: 1.65; font-weight: 300; color: var(--body-text); }\n    .ols-note-card strong, .ols-related-card strong, .ols-attribution-card strong { font-weight: 700; color: var(--navy); }\n    .ols-key-box { margin-top: 20px; background: var(--soft-green); border: 1px solid rgba(63, 143, 70, 0.25); border-radius: 20px; padding: 18px 20px; }\n    .ols-key-box p { margin: 0; font-weight: 400; color: var(--navy); }\n    .ols-ert-grid { display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(4, minmax(0, 1fr)); gap: 22px; margin-top: 26px; align-items: stretch; }\n    .ols-ert-card { position: relative; display: grid; grid-template-rows: auto 1fr auto; min-height: 320px; padding: 24px; border-radius: 28px; color: #ffffff; text-decoration: none; overflow: hidden; isolation: isolate; border: 0; box-shadow: 0 20px 48px rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.18); transition: transform 0.24s ease, box-shadow 0.24s ease; }\n    .ols-ert-card::before { content: \"\"; position: absolute; top: -70px; right: -72px; width: 170px; height: 170px; border-radius: 50%; background: rgba(255,255,255,0.18); z-index: 0; transition: transform 0.28s ease; }\n    .ols-ert-card::after { content: \"\"; position: absolute; left: -70px; bottom: -90px; width: 190px; height: 190px; border-radius: 50%; background: rgba(255,255,255,0.10); z-index: 0; transition: transform 0.28s ease; }\n    .ols-ert-card:hover { transform: translateY(-8px) scale(1.015); color: #ffffff; box-shadow: 0 28px 62px rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.24); }\n    .ols-ert-card:hover::before { transform: scale(1.22); }\n    .ols-ert-card:hover::after { transform: scale(1.12); }\n    .ols-theme-volume { background: linear-gradient(135deg, #2563eb 0%, #38bdf8 48%, #1e3a8a 100%); }\n    .ols-theme-standard { background: linear-gradient(135deg, #7c3aed 0%, #a855f7 48%, #581c87 100%); }\n    .ols-theme-titration { background: linear-gradient(135deg, #0891b2 0%, #14b8a6 45%, #164e63 100%); }\n    .ols-theme-halo { background: linear-gradient(135deg, #0f766e 0%, #2dd4bf 45%, #134e4a 100%); }\n    .ols-theme-oxidation { background: linear-gradient(135deg, #dc2626 0%, #f97316 48%, #9a3412 100%); }\n    .ols-theme-chlorination { background: linear-gradient(135deg, #16a34a 0%, #22c55e 45%, #166534 100%); }\n    .ols-theme-unknowns { background: linear-gradient(135deg, #475569 0%, #64748b 45%, #0f172a 100%); }\n    .ols-theme-enthalpy { background: linear-gradient(135deg, #ea580c 0%, #facc15 48%, #92400e 100%); }\n    .ols-theme-cells { background: linear-gradient(135deg, #4338ca 0%, #60a5fa 48%, #1e1b4b 100%); }\n    .ols-theme-edta { background: linear-gradient(135deg, #be185d 0%, #ec4899 48%, #831843 100%); }\n    .ols-theme-clock { background: linear-gradient(135deg, #1d4ed8 0%, #06b6d4 48%, #0f172a 100%); }\n    .ols-theme-monitoring { background: linear-gradient(135deg, #047857 0%, #34d399 48%, #064e3b 100%); }\n    .ols-theme-aspirin { background: linear-gradient(135deg, #9333ea 0%, #f472b6 48%, #581c87 100%); }\n    .ols-theme-tlc { background: linear-gradient(135deg, #ca8a04 0%, #f59e0b 48%, #78350f 100%); }\n    .ols-theme-organic { background: linear-gradient(135deg, #059669 0%, #84cc16 48%, #14532d 100%); }\n    .ols-theme-testing { background: linear-gradient(135deg, #334155 0%, #94a3b8 48%, #111827 100%); }\n    .ols-ert-visual { position: relative; z-index: 1; min-height: 112px; display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: flex-start; margin-bottom: 18px; }\n    .ols-card-symbol { position: relative; z-index: 1; width: 104px; height: 104px; border-radius: 28px; display: grid; place-items: center; padding: 10px; background: rgba(255,255,255,0.18); border: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.34); box-shadow: inset 0 1px 0 rgba(255,255,255,0.32), 0 18px 34px rgba(0,0,0,0.12); color: #ffffff; font-size: 29px; line-height: 1; font-weight: 800; letter-spacing: -0.03em; text-align: center; backdrop-filter: blur(10px); }\n    .ols-card-symbol.small-text { font-size: 20px; letter-spacing: -0.02em; }\n    .ols-card-symbol.medium-text { font-size: 24px; }\n    .ols-ert-card h3 { position: relative; z-index: 1; margin: 0 0 10px; font-size: 22px; line-height: 1.2; font-weight: 800; letter-spacing: -0.02em; color: #ffffff; }\n    .ols-ert-card p { position: relative; z-index: 1; margin: 0; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.6; font-weight: 300; color: #ffffff; opacity: 0.94; }\n    .ols-ert-card, .ols-ert-card *, .ols-ert-card:hover, .ols-ert-card:hover *, .ols-related-item, .ols-related-item *, .ols-related-item:hover, .ols-related-item:hover * { text-decoration: none !important; }\n    .ols-ert-meta { position: relative; z-index: 1; display: inline-flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center; margin-top: 20px; padding: 10px 14px; border-radius: 999px; background: rgba(255,255,255,0.20); border: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.32); color: #ffffff; box-shadow: inset 0 1px 0 rgba(255,255,255,0.22); backdrop-filter: blur(10px); font-size: 13px; font-weight: 700; width: fit-content; transition: background 0.22s ease, transform 0.22s ease; }\n    .ols-ert-card:hover .ols-ert-meta { background: rgba(255,255,255,0.28); transform: translateX(4px); }\n    .ols-ert-card.ols-coming-soon { background: linear-gradient(135deg, #6b7280 0%, #9ca3af 48%, #374151 100%) !important; filter: grayscale(1); opacity: 0.64; cursor: not-allowed; }\n    .ols-ert-card.ols-coming-soon:hover { transform: none; box-shadow: 0 20px 48px rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.18); color: #ffffff; }\n    .ols-ert-card.ols-coming-soon:hover::before, .ols-ert-card.ols-coming-soon:hover::after { transform: none; }\n    .ols-ert-card.ols-coming-soon:hover .ols-ert-meta { background: rgba(255,255,255,0.18); transform: none; }\n    .ols-unit-heading { margin: 34px 0 18px; padding: 18px 22px; border-radius: 22px; background: linear-gradient(135deg, #ffffff, #f8fbff); border: 1px solid var(--border); box-shadow: var(--inner-shadow); }\n    .ols-unit-heading h3 { margin: 0 0 6px; font-size: clamp(24px, 3vw, 34px); line-height: 1.2; font-weight: 800; color: #111827; letter-spacing: -0.03em; }\n    .ols-unit-heading p { margin: 0; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.6; font-weight: 300; color: var(--body-text); }\n    .ols-related-grid { display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(3, minmax(0, 1fr)); gap: 16px; margin-top: 18px; }\n    .ols-related-item { border: 1px solid var(--border); border-radius: 18px; padding: 18px; background: #ffffff; color: var(--navy); text-decoration: none; font-weight: 600; line-height: 1.5; transition: transform 0.2s ease, box-shadow 0.2s ease, color 0.2s ease; }\n    .ols-related-item:hover { transform: translateY(-2px); box-shadow: 0 10px 22px rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.08); color: var(--blue); }\n    .ols-attribution-card { background: linear-gradient(135deg, #ffffff 0%, #f8fbff 100%); }\n    .ols-attribution-card p { margin: 0; font-size: 14px; color: var(--grey-text); }\n    @media (max-width: 1250px) { .ols-ert-grid { grid-template-columns: repeat(3, minmax(0, 1fr)); } }\n    @media (max-width: 980px) { .ols-ert-grid { grid-template-columns: repeat(2, minmax(0, 1fr)); } .ols-related-grid { grid-template-columns: repeat(2, minmax(0, 1fr)); } }\n    @media (max-width: 760px) { .ols-main { padding: 14px 12px 44px; } .ols-title-card, .ols-note-card, .ols-related-card, .ols-attribution-card { padding: 24px 18px; border-radius: 22px; } .ols-note-title { align-items: flex-start; } .ols-author { align-items: flex-start; padding: 22px 18px; border-radius: 22px; } .ols-author-avatar-img { width: 72px; height: 72px; } .ols-author-title { font-size: 24px; } .ols-author-description { font-size: 15px; } .ols-ert-grid { grid-template-columns: 1fr; } .ols-ert-card { min-height: 285px; } .ols-related-grid { grid-template-columns: 1fr; } }\n  :root { --ols-navy: #1C244B; --ols-blue: #467FF7; --ols-soft-blue: #EEF4FF; --ols-border: rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.12); --ols-shadow: 0 18px 45px rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.12); --ols-shadow-soft: 0 10px 28px rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.09); --ols-muted: #4b5575; }\n    .ols-sub-cards-grid { margin-top: 26px; }\n    .ols-sub-cards-grid {\n      display: grid;\n      grid-template-columns: repeat(3, minmax(0, 1fr));\n      gap: 20px;\n    }\n\n    .ols-sub-card {\n      display: flex;\n      flex-direction: column;\n      background: #ffffff;\n      border: 1px solid var(--ols-border);\n      border-radius: 22px;\n      overflow: hidden;\n      box-shadow: var(--ols-shadow-soft);\n      text-decoration: none;\n      color: var(--ols-navy);\n      transition:\n        transform 0.28s cubic-bezier(0.34, 1.56, 0.64, 1),\n        box-shadow 0.28s ease,\n        border-color 0.28s ease;\n      position: relative;\n    }\n\n    .ols-sub-card.ols-sub-card--available:hover {\n      transform: translateY(-10px) scale(1.02);\n      box-shadow: 0 28px 56px rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.16);\n      border-color: rgba(70, 127, 247, 0.35);\n    }\n\n    .ols-sub-card.ols-sub-card--available:hover .ols-sub-card-img-wrap::after {\n      opacity: 1;\n    }\n\n    .ols-sub-card-img-wrap {\n      position: relative;\n      width: 100%;\n      aspect-ratio: 4 \/ 3;\n      background: var(--ols-soft-blue);\n      overflow: hidden;\n    }\n\n    .ols-sub-card-img-wrap::after {\n      content: \"\";\n      position: absolute;\n      inset: 0;\n      background: linear-gradient(180deg, transparent 40%, rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.20) 100%);\n      opacity: 0;\n      transition: opacity 0.28s ease;\n      z-index: 1;\n    }\n\n    .ols-sub-card-num {\n      position: absolute;\n      top: 12px;\n      left: 12px;\n      width: 32px;\n      height: 32px;\n      border-radius: 50%;\n      background: var(--ols-navy);\n      color: #ffffff;\n      font-size: 13px;\n      font-weight: 800;\n      display: flex;\n      align-items: center;\n      justify-content: center;\n      z-index: 3;\n      box-shadow: 0 4px 12px rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.28);\n    }\n\n    .ols-sub-card-status {\n      position: absolute;\n      top: 12px;\n      right: 12px;\n      padding: 4px 10px;\n      border-radius: 999px;\n      font-size: 10px;\n      font-weight: 700;\n      z-index: 3;\n    }\n\n    .ols-sub-card-status--available {\n      background: #eaf3de;\n      color: #3B6D11;\n    }\n\n    .ols-sub-card-body {\n      padding: 18px 18px 22px;\n      flex: 1;\n      display: flex;\n      flex-direction: column;\n      gap: 6px;\n    }\n\n    .ols-sub-card-title {\n      font-size: 14px;\n      font-weight: 700;\n      color: var(--ols-navy);\n      line-height: 1.35;\n      margin: 0;\n    }\n\n    .ols-sub-card-desc {\n      font-size: 12px;\n      font-weight: 300;\n      color: var(--ols-muted);\n      line-height: 1.6;\n      margin: 0;\n    }\n\n    .ols-sub-card-cta {\n      display: inline-flex;\n      align-items: center;\n      gap: 5px;\n      margin-top: 10px;\n      font-size: 12px;\n      font-weight: 700;\n      color: var(--ols-blue);\n    }\n\n    .ols-sub-card-cta svg {\n      width: 14px;\n      height: 14px;\n      transition: transform 0.2s ease;\n    }\n\n    .ols-sub-card--available:hover .ols-sub-card-cta svg {\n      transform: translateX(3px);\n    }\n\n    .ols-sub-visual {\n      position: absolute;\n      inset: 0;\n      display: flex;\n      align-items: center;\n      justify-content: center;\n      padding: 32px 24px 24px;\n      overflow: hidden;\n    }\n\n    .ols-sub-visual::before,\n    .ols-sub-visual::after {\n      content: \"\";\n      position: absolute;\n      border-radius: 999px;\n      opacity: 0.75;\n      filter: blur(1px);\n    }\n\n    .ols-sub-visual::before {\n      width: 170px;\n      height: 170px;\n      left: -58px;\n      bottom: -66px;\n      background: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.35);\n    }\n\n    .ols-sub-visual::after {\n      width: 118px;\n      height: 118px;\n      right: -42px;\n      top: -34px;\n      background: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.28);\n    }\n\n    .ols-sub-visual-panel {\n      position: relative;\n      z-index: 2;\n      width: min(82%, 260px);\n      min-height: 118px;\n      border-radius: 24px;\n      border: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.45);\n      background: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.76);\n      box-shadow: 0 18px 38px rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.18);\n      backdrop-filter: blur(10px);\n      display: flex;\n      flex-direction: column;\n      align-items: center;\n      justify-content: center;\n      text-align: center;\n      padding: 18px;\n    }\n\n    .ols-sub-visual-kicker {\n      display: inline-flex;\n      align-items: center;\n      justify-content: center;\n      min-height: 25px;\n      padding: 4px 10px;\n      border-radius: 999px;\n      background: rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.08);\n      color: var(--ols-navy);\n      font-size: 10px;\n      font-weight: 800;\n      text-transform: uppercase;\n      letter-spacing: 0.08em;\n      margin-bottom: 10px;\n    }\n\n    .ols-sub-visual-main {\n      font-size: clamp(24px, 3vw, 34px);\n      font-weight: 800;\n      color: var(--ols-navy);\n      line-height: 1.05;\n      letter-spacing: -0.05em;\n    }\n\n    .ols-sub-visual-sub {\n      font-size: 11px;\n      font-weight: 500;\n      color: #4b5575;\n      line-height: 1.45;\n      margin-top: 8px;\n    }\n\n    .ols-sub-visual--particles {\n      background:\n        radial-gradient(circle at 24% 18%, rgba(255,255,255,0.42), transparent 24%),\n        linear-gradient(135deg, #eef6ff 0%, #8fb9ff 45%, #467FF7 100%);\n    }\n\n    .ols-sub-visual--equations {\n      background:\n        radial-gradient(circle at 22% 18%, rgba(255,255,255,0.42), transparent 24%),\n        linear-gradient(135deg, #fff8e8 0%, #e5bd62 45%, #9a6b13 100%);\n    }\n\n    .ols-sub-visual--moles {\n      background:\n        radial-gradient(circle at 24% 18%, rgba(255,255,255,0.42), transparent 24%),\n        linear-gradient(135deg, #f4ecff 0%, #b997ff 45%, #7356d8 100%);\n    }\n\n    .ols-sub-visual--formulae {\n      background:\n        radial-gradient(circle at 22% 18%, rgba(255,255,255,0.35), transparent 24%),\n        linear-gradient(135deg, #eefbf3 0%, #69c98b 45%, #1f7f50 100%);\n    }\n\n    .ols-sub-visual--solutions {\n      background:\n        radial-gradient(circle at 22% 18%, rgba(255,255,255,0.40), transparent 24%),\n        linear-gradient(135deg, #eefcff 0%, #72d4df 45%, #168aa0 100%);\n    }\n\n    .ols-sub-particle-diagram {\n      width: 92px;\n      height: 64px;\n      position: relative;\n      margin: 0 auto 12px;\n    }\n\n    .ols-sub-particle-dot {\n      position: absolute;\n      width: 22px;\n      height: 22px;\n      border-radius: 50%;\n      background: var(--ols-navy);\n      box-shadow: 0 0 0 7px rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.08);\n    }\n\n    .ols-sub-particle-dot.d1 { left: 6px; top: 23px; background: #467FF7; }\n    .ols-sub-particle-dot.d2 { left: 36px; top: 8px; }\n    .ols-sub-particle-dot.d3 { right: 6px; top: 23px; background: #c9973a; }\n\n    .ols-sub-equation-line {\n      font-size: 24px;\n      font-weight: 800;\n      letter-spacing: -0.03em;\n      color: var(--ols-navy);\n      margin: 0 auto 12px;\n      white-space: nowrap;\n    }\n\n    .ols-sub-mole-stack {\n      width: 88px;\n      height: 58px;\n      position: relative;\n      margin: 0 auto 12px;\n    }\n\n    .ols-sub-mole-stack span {\n      position: absolute;\n      width: 26px;\n      height: 26px;\n      border-radius: 50%;\n      background: var(--ols-blue);\n      border: 2px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.65);\n      box-shadow: 0 6px 14px rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.12);\n    }\n\n    .ols-sub-mole-stack span:nth-child(1) { left: 8px; top: 25px; }\n    .ols-sub-mole-stack span:nth-child(2) { left: 31px; top: 8px; background: var(--ols-navy); }\n    .ols-sub-mole-stack span:nth-child(3) { right: 8px; top: 25px; background: #7356d8; }\n\n    .ols-sub-formula-box {\n      width: 128px;\n      min-width: 128px;\n      height: 62px;\n      border-radius: 16px;\n      border: 2px solid rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.45);\n      display: flex;\n      align-items: center;\n      justify-content: center;\n      color: var(--ols-navy);\n      font-size: 25px;\n      font-weight: 800;\n      line-height: 1;\n      letter-spacing: -0.02em;\n      white-space: nowrap;\n      margin: 0 auto 12px;\n      background: rgba(255,255,255,0.35);\n    }\n\n    .ols-sub-formula-box sub {\n      font-size: 0.58em;\n      line-height: 0;\n      vertical-align: sub;\n    }\n\n    .ols-sub-solution-icon {\n      width: 76px;\n      height: 64px;\n      position: relative;\n      margin: 0 auto 12px;\n    }\n\n    .ols-sub-solution-icon::before {\n      content: \"\";\n      position: absolute;\n      left: 18px;\n      top: 4px;\n      width: 40px;\n      height: 56px;\n      border: 3px solid rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.62);\n      border-radius: 6px 6px 18px 18px;\n      background: linear-gradient(180deg, rgba(255,255,255,0.40) 0%, rgba(70,127,247,0.18) 45%, rgba(70,127,247,0.50) 46%, rgba(70,127,247,0.50) 100%);\n    }\n\n    .ols-sub-solution-icon::after {\n      content: \"pV\";\n      position: absolute;\n      left: 24px;\n      top: 25px;\n      font-size: 16px;\n      font-weight: 800;\n      color: var(--ols-navy);\n    }\n\n    \/* =========================================================\n       SPECIFICATION SECTION\n    ========================================================= *\/\n    @media (max-width: 1024px) { .ols-sub-cards-grid { grid-template-columns: repeat(2, minmax(0, 1fr)); } }\n    @media (max-width: 640px) { .ols-sub-cards-grid { grid-template-columns: 1fr; gap: 14px; } }\n    .ols-sub-card, .ols-sub-card *, .ols-sub-card:hover, .ols-sub-card:hover * { text-decoration: none !important; }\n    .ols-sub-card--soon { filter: grayscale(1); opacity: 0.62; cursor: not-allowed; }\n    .ols-sub-card-status--soon { background: #6b7280; color: #ffffff; }\n    .ols-sub-cards-grid .ols-sub-visual-main.ols-sub-visual-main { font-size: clamp(19px, 1.9vw, 26px) !important; line-height: 1.08; }\n    .ols-sub-cards-grid .ols-sub-visual-panel { width: min(86%, 270px); padding: 14px; }\n    .ols-sub-card .ols-sub-card-title.ols-sub-card-title { font-size: 14px; font-weight: 700; color: #1C244B; line-height: 1.35; margin: 0; }\n    .ols-sub-card .ols-sub-card-desc.ols-sub-card-desc { font-size: 12px; font-weight: 300; color: #4b5575; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0; }\n    .ols-sub-cards-grid .ols-sub-visual-main.ols-sub-visual-main--long { font-size: clamp(15px, 1.35vw, 19px) !important; line-height: 1.12; letter-spacing: -0.03em; }\n    .ols-sub-cards-grid .ols-sub-visual-main.ols-sub-visual-main--mid { font-size: clamp(17px, 1.6vw, 22px) !important; }\n    .ols-sub-cards-grid .ols-sub-visual-sub { font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.35; }\n<\/style>\n\n    <main class=\"ols-main\">\n    <nav class=\"ols-breadcrumbs\" aria-label=\"Breadcrumb\">\n      <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/\">Revision Notes<\/a> \/\n      <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/\">A Level Chemistry<\/a> \/\n      <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/\">Cambridge International (CIE)<\/a> \/\n      <span>Practical Skills (Paper 3)<\/span>\n    <\/nav>\n\n    <header class=\"ols-title-card\">\n      <h1>Cambridge International AS Level Chemistry Practical Skills<\/h1>\n      <p class=\"ols-page-intro\">Use this landing page to move between the Cambridge International AS Level Chemistry practical skills revision pages. Paper 3 is a timed laboratory examination, so each page gives the method with the reason for every step, the apparatus, the recording and processing of data, the uncertainty and the evaluation points that the examiners reward.<\/p>\n\n      <div class=\"ols-badges\">\n        <div class=\"ols-badge\">Exam board: Cambridge International<\/div>\n        <div class=\"ols-badge\">Paper 3: Advanced Practical Skills<\/div>\n        <div class=\"ols-badge\">9701<\/div>\n      <\/div>\n\n      <div class=\"ols-author\">\n        <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"ols-author-avatar-img\" src=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/Author-Profile.jpeg\" alt=\"Dr. Mohammed Al-Fatah\">\n        <div class=\"ols-author-content\">\n          <h2 class=\"ols-author-title\">Written by:<br><span>Dr. Mohammed Al-Fatah<\/span><\/h2>\n          <p class=\"ols-author-description\">Chemistry specialist revision notes for Cambridge International AS and A Level Chemistry.<\/p>\n          <a class=\"ols-linkedin-pill\" href=\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/doctormohammedfatah\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\n            <svg class=\"ols-linkedin-icon\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"currentColor\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M4.98 3.5C4.98 4.88 3.86 6 2.48 6S0 4.88 0 3.5 1.12 1 2.48 1s2.5 1.12 2.5 2.5zM.5 8h4V24h-4V8zm7 0h3.8v2.2h.1c.5-.9 1.8-2.2 3.9-2.2 4.2 0 5 2.8 5 6.4V24h-4v-7.6c0-1.8 0-4.2-2.6-4.2s-3 2-3 4v7.8h-4V8z\"><\/path><\/svg>\n            View LinkedIn Profile\n          <\/a>\n        <\/div>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/header>\n\n    <article class=\"ols-note-card soft\">\n      <div class=\"ols-note-title\">\n        <div class=\"ols-note-icon\">8<\/div>\n        <h2>Choose a Practical Page<\/h2>\n      <\/div>\n      <p>Practical questions test more than a memorised method. Students need to understand apparatus choices, measurement quality, data processing, uncertainty, risk management and how each practical links to the underlying chemistry.<\/p>\n      <div class=\"ols-key-box\"><p><strong>Key idea:<\/strong> The strongest practical answers connect observations and data to chemical reasoning, while using precise apparatus vocabulary and clear evaluation of errors or limitations.<\/p><\/div>\n\n      <div class=\"ols-unit-heading\">\n        <h3>Practical skills for Paper 3<\/h3>\n        <p>Manipulation, observation, presentation of data, analysis and evaluation, linked to the AS Level topics.<\/p>\n      <\/div>\n      <div class=\"ols-sub-cards-grid\">\n<a class=\"ols-sub-card ols-sub-card--available\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/practical-skills\/molar-volume-of-a-gas\/\">\n          <div class=\"ols-sub-card-img-wrap\">\n            <div class=\"ols-sub-visual ols-sub-visual--particles\">\n              <div class=\"ols-sub-visual-panel\">\n                <div class=\"ols-sub-visual-kicker\">Practical Skills<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-sub-equation-line\" aria-hidden=\"true\">24 dm\u00b3<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-sub-visual-main ols-sub-visual-main--long\">Gas collection: Molar Volume of a Gas<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-sub-visual-sub\">CaCO\u2083 + ethanoic acid, CO\u2082 over water, graph and calculation<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-sub-card-num\">1<\/div>\n            <span class=\"ols-sub-card-status ols-sub-card-status--available\">Available<\/span>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-sub-card-body\">\n            <p class=\"ols-sub-card-title\">Measuring the Molar Volume of a Gas<\/p>\n            <p class=\"ols-sub-card-desc\">Measuring the molar volume of a gas: collecting CO\u2082 over water, the graph of volume against mass, the calculation to 24 dm\u00b3 mol\u207b\u00b9, percentage uncertainty and the errors examiners ask about.<\/p>\n            <span class=\"ols-sub-card-cta\">\n              Start revising\n              <svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"><\/path><\/svg>\n            <\/span>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n\n<a class=\"ols-sub-card ols-sub-card--available\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/practical-skills\/enthalpy-change-via-hess-law\/\">\n          <div class=\"ols-sub-card-img-wrap\">\n            <div class=\"ols-sub-visual ols-sub-visual--particles\">\n              <div class=\"ols-sub-visual-panel\">\n                <div class=\"ols-sub-visual-kicker\">Practical Skills<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-sub-equation-line\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u0394H<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-sub-visual-main ols-sub-visual-main--long\">Thermometry: Enthalpy Change via Hess&#8217;s Law<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-sub-visual-sub\">Measure two reactions in a cup, calculate the one you cannot<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-sub-card-num\">2<\/div>\n            <span class=\"ols-sub-card-status ols-sub-card-status--available\">Available<\/span>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-sub-card-body\">\n            <p class=\"ols-sub-card-title\">Enthalpy Change via Hess&#8217;s Law<\/p>\n            <p class=\"ols-sub-card-desc\">Practical Skills: Thermometric Measurement: enthalpy change via Hess&#8217;s law from K\u2082CO\u2083 and KHCO\u2083 with HCl, with q = mc\u0394T, the Hess cycle, percentage uncertainty and error analysis.<\/p>\n            <span class=\"ols-sub-card-cta\">\n              Start revising\n              <svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"><\/path><\/svg>\n            <\/span>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n\n<a class=\"ols-sub-card ols-sub-card--available\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/practical-skills\/concentration-of-hcl-by-titration\/\">\n          <div class=\"ols-sub-card-img-wrap\">\n            <div class=\"ols-sub-visual ols-sub-visual--particles\">\n              <div class=\"ols-sub-visual-panel\">\n                <div class=\"ols-sub-visual-kicker\">Practical Skills<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-sub-equation-line\" aria-hidden=\"true\">HCl<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-sub-visual-main ols-sub-visual-main--long\">Titration: Concentration of HCl by Titration<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-sub-visual-sub\">Dilute, titrate, calculate: from a 30.08 cm\u00b3 mean titre to 0.963 mol dm\u207b\u00b3<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-sub-card-num\">3<\/div>\n            <span class=\"ols-sub-card-status ols-sub-card-status--available\">Available<\/span>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-sub-card-body\">\n            <p class=\"ols-sub-card-title\">Concentration of Hydrochloric Acid by Titration<\/p>\n            <p class=\"ols-sub-card-desc\">Practical Skills: Titration: finding the concentration of hydrochloric acid by titration with standardised sodium hydroxide, with method reasons, concordant titres, the worked calculation, error directions and percentage uncertainty.<\/p>\n            <span class=\"ols-sub-card-cta\">\n              Start revising\n              <svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"><\/path><\/svg>\n            <\/span>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n\n<a class=\"ols-sub-card ols-sub-card--available\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/practical-skills\/preparation-of-a-standard-solution\/\">\n          <div class=\"ols-sub-card-img-wrap\">\n            <div class=\"ols-sub-visual ols-sub-visual--particles\">\n              <div class=\"ols-sub-visual-panel\">\n                <div class=\"ols-sub-visual-kicker\">Practical Skills<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-sub-equation-line\" aria-hidden=\"true\">mol dm\u207b\u00b3<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-sub-visual-main ols-sub-visual-main--long\">Standard solution: Preparation of a Standard Solution<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-sub-visual-sub\">Weigh by difference, make up to the mark, titrate<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-sub-card-num\">4<\/div>\n            <span class=\"ols-sub-card-status ols-sub-card-status--available\">Available<\/span>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-sub-card-body\">\n            <p class=\"ols-sub-card-title\">Preparation of a Standard Solution<\/p>\n            <p class=\"ols-sub-card-desc\">Practical Skills: Standard Solutions: preparing a standard solution of sulfamic acid and using it to find the concentration of sodium hydroxide by titration, with method, sample data, calculation, uncertainty and common errors.<\/p>\n            <span class=\"ols-sub-card-cta\">\n              Start revising\n              <svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"><\/path><\/svg>\n            <\/span>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n\n<a class=\"ols-sub-card ols-sub-card--available\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/practical-skills\/rates-of-hydrolysis-of-halogenoalkanes\/\">\n          <div class=\"ols-sub-card-img-wrap\">\n            <div class=\"ols-sub-visual ols-sub-visual--particles\">\n              <div class=\"ols-sub-visual-panel\">\n                <div class=\"ols-sub-visual-kicker\">Practical Skills<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-sub-equation-line\" aria-hidden=\"true\">AgNO\u2083<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-sub-visual-main ols-sub-visual-main--long\">Hydrolysis rates: Hydrolysis of Halogenoalkanes<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-sub-visual-sub\">C\u2013X bond enthalpy and carbocation stability from 1\/t<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-sub-card-num\">5<\/div>\n            <span class=\"ols-sub-card-status ols-sub-card-status--available\">Available<\/span>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-sub-card-body\">\n            <p class=\"ols-sub-card-title\">Comparing the Rates of Hydrolysis of Halogenoalkanes<\/p>\n            <p class=\"ols-sub-card-desc\">Practical Skills: Rates of Hydrolysis: comparing the rates of hydrolysis of halogenoalkanes with aqueous silver nitrate in ethanol at 50 \u00b0C, the role of each reagent, silver halide colours, 1\/t, bond enthalpies and carbocation stability, with errors, improvements and exam points.<\/p>\n            <span class=\"ols-sub-card-cta\">\n              Start revising\n              <svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"><\/path><\/svg>\n            <\/span>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n\n<a class=\"ols-sub-card ols-sub-card--available\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/practical-skills\/preparing-an-organic-liquid-chlorination-of-2-methylpropan-2-ol\/\">\n          <div class=\"ols-sub-card-img-wrap\">\n            <div class=\"ols-sub-visual ols-sub-visual--particles\">\n              <div class=\"ols-sub-visual-panel\">\n                <div class=\"ols-sub-visual-kicker\">Practical Skills<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-sub-equation-line\" aria-hidden=\"true\">HCl(conc)<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-sub-visual-main ols-sub-visual-main--long\">Organic prep: Chlorination of 2-methylpropan-2-ol<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-sub-visual-sub\">Make, purify, distil and test a chloroalkane<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-sub-card-num\">6<\/div>\n            <span class=\"ols-sub-card-status ols-sub-card-status--available\">Available<\/span>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-sub-card-body\">\n            <p class=\"ols-sub-card-title\">Preparing an Organic Liquid: Chlorination of 2-methylpropan-2-ol<\/p>\n            <p class=\"ols-sub-card-desc\">The chlorination of 2-methylpropan-2-ol (Practical Skills: Organic Preparation): S\u20991 mechanism via the tertiary carbocation, separating funnel technique, hydrogencarbonate wash, drying, simple distillation at 50\u201352 \u00b0C, silver nitrate test with nitric acid, worked percentage yield and evaluation.<\/p>\n            <span class=\"ols-sub-card-cta\">\n              Start revising\n              <svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"><\/path><\/svg>\n            <\/span>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n\n<a class=\"ols-sub-card ols-sub-card--available\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/practical-skills\/oxidation-of-an-alcohol-distillation-and-reflux\/\">\n          <div class=\"ols-sub-card-img-wrap\">\n            <div class=\"ols-sub-visual ols-sub-visual--particles\">\n              <div class=\"ols-sub-visual-panel\">\n                <div class=\"ols-sub-visual-kicker\">Practical Skills<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-sub-equation-line\" aria-hidden=\"true\">[O]<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-sub-visual-main ols-sub-visual-main--long\">Distil or reflux: Oxidation of an Alcohol<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-sub-visual-sub\">Aldehyde or carboxylic acid: the technique decides<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-sub-card-num\">7<\/div>\n            <span class=\"ols-sub-card-status ols-sub-card-status--available\">Available<\/span>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-sub-card-body\">\n            <p class=\"ols-sub-card-title\">Oxidation of an Alcohol: Distillation and Reflux<\/p>\n            <p class=\"ols-sub-card-desc\">Practical Skills: Distillation and Reflux: oxidation of ethanol to ethanal by distillation and to ethanoic acid by reflux, with apparatus, boiling points, equations, product tests and exam points.<\/p>\n            <span class=\"ols-sub-card-cta\">\n              Start revising\n              <svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"><\/path><\/svg>\n            <\/span>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n\n<a class=\"ols-sub-card ols-sub-card--available\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/practical-skills\/qualitative-analysis-of-inorganic-and-organic-unknowns\/\">\n          <div class=\"ols-sub-card-img-wrap\">\n            <div class=\"ols-sub-visual ols-sub-visual--particles\">\n              <div class=\"ols-sub-visual-panel\">\n                <div class=\"ols-sub-visual-kicker\">Practical Skills<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-sub-equation-line\" aria-hidden=\"true\">AgNO\u2083 \/ Br\u2082<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-sub-visual-main ols-sub-visual-main--long\">Qualitative analysis: Analysis of Inorganic and Organic Unknowns<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-sub-visual-sub\">Test, observe, infer: organic liquids and inorganic solids<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-sub-card-num\">8<\/div>\n            <span class=\"ols-sub-card-status ols-sub-card-status--available\">Available<\/span>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-sub-card-body\">\n            <p class=\"ols-sub-card-title\">Qualitative Analysis of Inorganic and Organic Unknowns<\/p>\n            <p class=\"ols-sub-card-desc\">Practical Skills: Qualitative Analysis: identifying unknown organic liquids and inorganic solids by test-tube reactions, with the method, safety, ionic equations with state symbols, the evidence trail, exam data practice and interactive checks.<\/p>\n            <span class=\"ols-sub-card-cta\">\n              Start revising\n              <svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"><\/path><\/svg>\n            <\/span>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n\n        <a class=\"ols-sub-card ols-sub-card--available\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/practical-skills\/rates-of-reaction-timing-an-observation\/\">\n          <div class=\"ols-sub-card-img-wrap\">\n            <div class=\"ols-sub-visual ols-sub-visual--particles\">\n              <div class=\"ols-sub-visual-panel\">\n                <div class=\"ols-sub-visual-kicker\">Practical Skills<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-sub-equation-line\" aria-hidden=\"true\">1\/t<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-sub-visual-main ols-sub-visual-main--mid\">Rates: Rates of Reaction<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-sub-visual-sub\">disappearing cross, gas syringe and balance<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-sub-card-num\">9<\/div>\n            <span class=\"ols-sub-card-status ols-sub-card-status--available\">Available<\/span>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-sub-card-body\">\n            <p class=\"ols-sub-card-title\">Rates of Reaction: Timing an Observation<\/p>\n            <p class=\"ols-sub-card-desc\">Measuring rates of reaction: sodium thiosulfate and acid, rate \u221d 1\/t, the effect of temperature and concentration, gas syringe and mass loss methods, tangents and errors.<\/p>\n            <span class=\"ols-sub-card-cta\">\n              Start revising\n              <svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"><\/path><\/svg>\n            <\/span>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n\n        <a class=\"ols-sub-card ols-sub-card--available\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/practical-skills\/gravimetric-analysis-water-of-crystallisation\/\">\n          <div class=\"ols-sub-card-img-wrap\">\n            <div class=\"ols-sub-visual ols-sub-visual--particles\">\n              <div class=\"ols-sub-visual-panel\">\n                <div class=\"ols-sub-visual-kicker\">Practical Skills<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-sub-equation-line\" aria-hidden=\"true\">x H\u2082O<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-sub-visual-main ols-sub-visual-main--long\">Gravimetric: Gravimetric and Composition Analysis<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-sub-visual-sub\">crucible, constant mass and composition<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-sub-card-num\">10<\/div>\n            <span class=\"ols-sub-card-status ols-sub-card-status--available\">Available<\/span>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-sub-card-body\">\n            <p class=\"ols-sub-card-title\">Gravimetric Analysis: Water of Crystallisation and Composition of a Solid<\/p>\n            <p class=\"ols-sub-card-desc\">Gravimetric analysis: water of crystallisation by heating to constant mass, crucible technique, thermal decomposition of carbonates, composition calculations and errors.<\/p>\n            <span class=\"ols-sub-card-cta\">\n              Start revising\n              <svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"><\/path><\/svg>\n            <\/span>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n\n        <a class=\"ols-sub-card ols-sub-card--available\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/practical-skills\/redox-titrations-manganate-vii-and-iodine-thiosulfate\/\">\n          <div class=\"ols-sub-card-img-wrap\">\n            <div class=\"ols-sub-visual ols-sub-visual--particles\">\n              <div class=\"ols-sub-visual-panel\">\n                <div class=\"ols-sub-visual-kicker\">Practical Skills<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-sub-equation-line\" aria-hidden=\"true\">MnO\u2084\u207b<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-sub-visual-main ols-sub-visual-main--long\">Redox titrations: Redox Titrations<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-sub-visual-sub\">manganate(VII) and iodine\u2013thiosulfate<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-sub-card-num\">11<\/div>\n            <span class=\"ols-sub-card-status ols-sub-card-status--available\">Available<\/span>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-sub-card-body\">\n            <p class=\"ols-sub-card-title\">Redox Titrations: Manganate(VII) and Iodine\u2013Thiosulfate<\/p>\n            <p class=\"ols-sub-card-desc\">Redox titrations: potassium manganate(VII) with iron(II), hydrogen peroxide and ethanedioate, iodine\u2013thiosulfate with starch, mole ratios from half-equations and errors.<\/p>\n            <span class=\"ols-sub-card-cta\">\n              Start revising\n              <svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"><\/path><\/svg>\n            <\/span>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/article>\n\n    <article class=\"ols-note-card purple\">\n      <div class=\"ols-note-title\">\n        <div class=\"ols-note-icon\">\u2713<\/div>\n        <h2>How to Use These Practical Pages<\/h2>\n      <\/div>\n      <p>Start with the practical that matches the topic you are studying, then return to this page before revising practical skills. For each practical, make sure you can state the purpose, describe the method accurately, process the data and explain how errors, uncertainty and safety affect the quality of the result.<\/p>\n      <div class=\"ols-key-box\"><p><strong>Exam focus:<\/strong> Practise explaining method improvements, identifying sources of error, choosing suitable apparatus and linking observations to valid conclusions.<\/p><\/div>\n    <\/article>\n\n    <section class=\"ols-related-card\">\n      <h2>Related Cambridge International AS Level Chemistry Pages<\/h2>\n      <p>Use these pages to connect practical chemistry with the wider Cambridge International AS Level Chemistry course.<\/p>\n      <div class=\"ols-related-grid\">\n        <a class=\"ols-related-item\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/\">Cambridge International AS Level Chemistry<\/a>\n        <a class=\"ols-related-item\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/practical-skills\/molar-volume-of-a-gas\/\">Gas collection: Molar Volume of a Gas<\/a>\n        <a class=\"ols-related-item\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/practical-skills\/enthalpy-change-via-hess-law\/\">Thermometry: Enthalpy Change via Hess&#8217;s Law<\/a>\n        <a class=\"ols-related-item\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/practical-skills\/concentration-of-hcl-by-titration\/\">Titration: Concentration of HCl by Titration<\/a>\n        <a class=\"ols-related-item\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/practical-skills\/preparation-of-a-standard-solution\/\">Standard solution: Preparation of a Standard Solution<\/a>\n        <a class=\"ols-related-item\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/practical-skills\/rates-of-hydrolysis-of-halogenoalkanes\/\">Hydrolysis rates: Hydrolysis of Halogenoalkanes<\/a>\n        <a class=\"ols-related-item\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/practical-skills\/preparing-an-organic-liquid-chlorination-of-2-methylpropan-2-ol\/\">Organic prep: Chlorination of 2-methylpropan-2-ol<\/a>\n        <a class=\"ols-related-item\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/practical-skills\/oxidation-of-an-alcohol-distillation-and-reflux\/\">Distil or reflux: Oxidation of an Alcohol<\/a>\n        <a class=\"ols-related-item\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/practical-skills\/qualitative-analysis-of-inorganic-and-organic-unknowns\/\">Qualitative analysis: Analysis of Inorganic and Organic Unknowns<\/a>\n        <a class=\"ols-related-item\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/practical-skills\/rates-of-reaction-timing-an-observation\/\">Rates: Rates of Reaction<\/a>\n        <a class=\"ols-related-item\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/practical-skills\/gravimetric-analysis-water-of-crystallisation\/\">Gravimetric: Gravimetric and Composition Analysis<\/a>\n        <a class=\"ols-related-item\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/practical-skills\/redox-titrations-manganate-vii-and-iodine-thiosulfate\/\">Redox titrations: Redox Titrations<\/a>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/section>\n\n    <section class=\"ols-attribution-card\">\n      <p><strong>Copyright notice:<\/strong> This OLS revision content, including the explanations, layout, diagrams, tables and embedded learning structure, is authored for Online Learning System by Dr. Mohammed Al-Fatah. It may not be copied, reproduced, redistributed or adapted without written permission.<\/p>\n    <\/section>\n\n    <script type=\"application\/ld+json\">\n{\n  \"@context\": \"https:\/\/schema.org\",\n  \"@graph\": [\n    {\n      \"@type\": \"WebPage\",\n      \"@id\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/practical-skills\/#webpage\",\n      \"url\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/practical-skills\/\",\n      \"name\": \"Cambridge International AS Level Chemistry Practical Skills (Paper 3) Revision Notes\",\n      \"description\": \"Cambridge International AS Level Chemistry practical revision landing page: molar volume of a gas, enthalpy change via hess's law, concentration of hcl by titration, preparation of a standard solution, hydrolysis of halogenoalkanes, chlorination of 2-methylpropan-2-ol, oxidation of an alcohol, analysis of inorganic and organic unknowns, rates of reaction, gravimetric and composition analysis, redox titrations.\",\n      \"inLanguage\": \"en-GB\",\n      \"isPartOf\": {\n        \"@type\": \"WebSite\",\n        \"@id\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/#website\",\n        \"name\": \"Online Learning System\",\n        \"url\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/\"\n      },\n      \"author\": {\n        \"@type\": \"Person\",\n        \"name\": \"Dr. Mohammed Al-Fatah\",\n        \"url\": \"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/doctormohammedfatah\/\"\n      },\n      \"publisher\": {\n        \"@type\": \"Organization\",\n        \"name\": \"Online Learning System\",\n        \"url\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/\"\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"@type\": \"BreadcrumbList\",\n      \"@id\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/practical-skills\/#breadcrumb\",\n      \"itemListElement\": [\n        {\n          \"@type\": \"ListItem\",\n          \"position\": 1,\n          \"name\": \"Revision Notes\",\n          \"item\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/\"\n        },\n        {\n          \"@type\": \"ListItem\",\n          \"position\": 2,\n          \"name\": \"A Level Chemistry\",\n          \"item\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/\"\n        },\n        {\n          \"@type\": \"ListItem\",\n          \"position\": 3,\n          \"name\": \"Cambridge International (CIE)\",\n          \"item\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/\"\n        },\n        {\n          \"@type\": \"ListItem\",\n          \"position\": 4,\n          \"name\": \"Practical Skills (Paper 3)\",\n          \"item\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/practical-skills\/\"\n        }\n      ]\n    },\n    {\n      \"@type\": \"ItemList\",\n      \"@id\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/practical-skills\/#pages\",\n      \"name\": \"Practical Skills (Paper 3) revision notes\",\n      \"itemListElement\": [\n        {\n          \"@type\": \"ListItem\",\n          \"position\": 1,\n          \"item\": {\n            \"@type\": \"Course\",\n            \"name\": \"Measuring the Molar Volume of a Gas\",\n            \"description\": \"Cambridge International A Level Chemistry revision notes on measuring the molar volume of a gas: collecting CO\u2082 over water, the graph of volume against mass, the calculation to 24 dm\u00b3 mol\u207b\u00b9, percentage uncertainty and the errors examiners ask about.\",\n            \"url\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/practical-skills\/molar-volume-of-a-gas\/\"\n          }\n        },\n        {\n          \"@type\": \"ListItem\",\n          \"position\": 2,\n          \"item\": {\n            \"@type\": \"Course\",\n            \"name\": \"Enthalpy Change via Hess's Law\",\n            \"description\": \"Cambridge International A Level Chemistry revision notes on Practical Skills: Thermometric Measurement: enthalpy change via Hess's law from K\u2082CO\u2083 and KHCO\u2083 with HCl, with q = mc\u0394T, the Hess cycle, percentage uncertainty and error analysis.\",\n            \"url\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/practical-skills\/enthalpy-change-via-hess-law\/\"\n          }\n        },\n        {\n          \"@type\": \"ListItem\",\n          \"position\": 3,\n          \"item\": {\n            \"@type\": \"Course\",\n            \"name\": \"Concentration of Hydrochloric Acid by Titration\",\n            \"description\": \"Cambridge International A Level Chemistry revision notes on Practical Skills: Titration: finding the concentration of hydrochloric acid by titration with standardised sodium hydroxide, with method reasons, concordant titres, the worked calculation, error directions and percentage uncertainty.\",\n            \"url\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/practical-skills\/concentration-of-hcl-by-titration\/\"\n          }\n        },\n        {\n          \"@type\": \"ListItem\",\n          \"position\": 4,\n          \"item\": {\n            \"@type\": \"Course\",\n            \"name\": \"Preparation of a Standard Solution\",\n            \"description\": \"Cambridge International A Level Chemistry revision notes on Practical Skills: Standard Solutions: preparing a standard solution of sulfamic acid and using it to find the concentration of sodium hydroxide by titration, with method, sample data, calculation, uncertainty and common errors.\",\n            \"url\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/practical-skills\/preparation-of-a-standard-solution\/\"\n          }\n        },\n        {\n          \"@type\": \"ListItem\",\n          \"position\": 5,\n          \"item\": {\n            \"@type\": \"Course\",\n            \"name\": \"Comparing the Rates of Hydrolysis of Halogenoalkanes\",\n            \"description\": \"Cambridge International A Level Chemistry revision notes on Practical Skills: Rates of Hydrolysis: comparing the rates of hydrolysis of halogenoalkanes with aqueous silver nitrate in ethanol at 50 \u00b0C, the role of each reagent, silver halide colours, 1\/t, bond enthalpies and carbocation stability, with errors, improvements and exam points.\",\n            \"url\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/practical-skills\/rates-of-hydrolysis-of-halogenoalkanes\/\"\n          }\n        },\n        {\n          \"@type\": \"ListItem\",\n          \"position\": 6,\n          \"item\": {\n            \"@type\": \"Course\",\n            \"name\": \"Preparing an Organic Liquid: Chlorination of 2-methylpropan-2-ol\",\n            \"description\": \"Cambridge International A Level Chemistry revision notes on the chlorination of 2-methylpropan-2-ol (Practical Skills: Organic Preparation): S\u20991 mechanism via the tertiary carbocation, separating funnel technique, hydrogencarbonate wash, drying, simple distillation at 50\u201352 \u00b0C, silver nitrate test with nitric acid, worked percentage yield and evaluation.\",\n            \"url\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/practical-skills\/preparing-an-organic-liquid-chlorination-of-2-methylpropan-2-ol\/\"\n          }\n        },\n        {\n          \"@type\": \"ListItem\",\n          \"position\": 7,\n          \"item\": {\n            \"@type\": \"Course\",\n            \"name\": \"Oxidation of an Alcohol: Distillation and Reflux\",\n            \"description\": \"Cambridge International A Level Chemistry revision notes on Practical Skills: Distillation and Reflux: oxidation of ethanol to ethanal by distillation and to ethanoic acid by reflux, with apparatus, boiling points, equations, product tests and exam points.\",\n            \"url\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/practical-skills\/oxidation-of-an-alcohol-distillation-and-reflux\/\"\n          }\n        },\n        {\n          \"@type\": \"ListItem\",\n          \"position\": 8,\n          \"item\": {\n            \"@type\": \"Course\",\n            \"name\": \"Qualitative Analysis of Inorganic and Organic Unknowns\",\n            \"description\": \"Cambridge International A Level Chemistry revision notes on Practical Skills: Qualitative Analysis: identifying unknown organic liquids and inorganic solids by test-tube reactions, with the method, safety, ionic equations with state symbols, the evidence trail, exam data practice and interactive checks.\",\n            \"url\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/practical-skills\/qualitative-analysis-of-inorganic-and-organic-unknowns\/\"\n          }\n        },\n        {\n          \"@type\": \"ListItem\",\n          \"position\": 9,\n          \"item\": {\n            \"@type\": \"Course\",\n            \"name\": \"Rates of Reaction: Timing an Observation\",\n            \"description\": \"Cambridge International A Level Chemistry revision notes on measuring rates of reaction: sodium thiosulfate and acid, rate \u221d 1\/t, the effect of temperature and concentration, gas syringe and mass loss methods, tangents and errors.\",\n            \"url\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/practical-skills\/rates-of-reaction-timing-an-observation\/\"\n          }\n        },\n        {\n          \"@type\": \"ListItem\",\n          \"position\": 10,\n          \"item\": {\n            \"@type\": \"Course\",\n            \"name\": \"Gravimetric Analysis: Water of Crystallisation and Composition of a Solid\",\n            \"description\": \"Cambridge International A Level Chemistry revision notes on gravimetric analysis: water of crystallisation by heating to constant mass, crucible technique, thermal decomposition of carbonates, composition calculations and errors.\",\n            \"url\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/practical-skills\/gravimetric-analysis-water-of-crystallisation\/\"\n          }\n        },\n        {\n          \"@type\": \"ListItem\",\n          \"position\": 11,\n          \"item\": {\n            \"@type\": \"Course\",\n            \"name\": \"Redox Titrations: Manganate(VII) and Iodine\u2013Thiosulfate\",\n            \"description\": \"Cambridge International A Level Chemistry revision notes on redox titrations: potassium manganate(VII) with iron(II), hydrogen peroxide and ethanedioate, iodine\u2013thiosulfate with starch, mole ratios from half-equations and errors.\",\n            \"url\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/practical-skills\/redox-titrations-manganate-vii-and-iodine-thiosulfate\/\"\n          }\n        }\n      ]\n    }\n  ]\n}\n<\/script>\n  <\/main>\n<\/section>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Revision Notes \/ A Level Chemistry \/ Cambridge International (CIE) \/ Practical Skills (Paper 3) Cambridge International AS Level Chemistry Practical Skills Use this landing page to move between the Cambridge International AS Level Chemistry practical skills revision pages. Paper 3 is a timed laboratory examination, so each page gives the method with the reason [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":12,"featured_media":0,"parent":7150,"menu_order":40,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-11297","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/11297","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/12"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=11297"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/11297\/revisions"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/7150"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=11297"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}