{"id":12336,"date":"2026-09-30T19:38:33","date_gmt":"2026-09-30T18:38:33","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-11-kinetics\/"},"modified":"2026-09-30T19:38:33","modified_gmt":"2026-09-30T18:38:33","slug":"topic-11-kinetics","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-11-kinetics\/","title":{"rendered":"Topic 11 Kinetics"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"ols-t11-page\">\n\n  <aside class=\"ols-sidebar\">\n  <div class=\"ols-sidebar-header\">\n    <h3>Revision Notes<\/h3>\n    <p>A Level Chemistry<\/p>\n  <\/div>\n\n  <div class=\"ols-topic-group\">\n    <h4>Topic 11 Kinetics<\/h4>\n\n    <ul class=\"ols-topic-list\">\n      <li>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-11-kinetics\/\">Topic 11 Kinetics Overview<\/a>\n      <\/li>\n      <li>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-11-kinetics\/rate-equations-orders-and-the-rate-constant\/\">Rate Equations, Orders and the Rate Constant<\/a>\n      <\/li>\n      <li>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-11-kinetics\/techniques-for-measuring-rates\/\">Techniques for Measuring Rates<\/a>\n      <\/li>\n      <li>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-11-kinetics\/concentration-time-graphs-and-half-life\/\">Concentration\u2013Time Graphs and Half-Life<\/a>\n      <\/li>\n      <li>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-11-kinetics\/rate-concentration-graphs-and-the-initial-rates-method\/\">Rate\u2013Concentration Graphs and the Initial-Rates Method<\/a>\n      <\/li>\n      <li>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-11-kinetics\/the-iodine-propanone-reaction\/\">The Iodine\u2013Propanone Reaction<\/a>\n      <\/li>\n      <li>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-11-kinetics\/rate-determining-step-and-reaction-mechanisms\/\">Rate-Determining Step and Reaction Mechanisms<\/a>\n      <\/li>\n      <li>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-11-kinetics\/activation-energy-and-the-arrhenius-equation\/\">Activation Energy and the Arrhenius Equation<\/a>\n      <\/li>\n      <li>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-11-kinetics\/heterogeneous-and-homogeneous-catalysis\/\">Heterogeneous and Homogeneous Catalysis<\/a>\n      <\/li>\n    <\/ul>\n  <\/div>\n\n  <div class=\"ols-topic-group\">\n    <h4>Other Sections<\/h4>\n\n    <ul class=\"ols-topic-list\">\n      <li>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-9-kinetics-and-equilibria\/9a-kinetics\/\">Topic 9A Kinetics (AS)<\/a>\n      <\/li>\n      <li>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-10-alcohols-halogenoalkanes-and-spectra\/\">Topic 10 Alcohols, Halogenoalkanes &amp; Spectra<\/a>\n      <\/li>\n      <li>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-6-energetics\/\">Topic 6 Energetics<\/a>\n      <\/li>\n      <li>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/core-practicals\/\">Core Practicals<\/a>\n      <\/li>\n    <\/ul>\n  <\/div>\n<\/aside>\n\n<script>\r\n(function() {\r\n  function normalisePath(path) {\r\n    return String(path || '')\r\n      .split('?')[0]\r\n      .split('#')[0]\r\n      .replace(\/\\\/+$\/, '')\r\n      .toLowerCase();\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  function highlightActive() {\r\n    var sidebar = document.querySelector('.ols-sidebar');\r\n    if (!sidebar) return false;\r\n\r\n    var currentPath = normalisePath(window.location.pathname);\r\n    var links = sidebar.querySelectorAll('a[href]');\r\n    var matched = null;\r\n    var matchedLength = 0;\r\n\r\n    sidebar.querySelectorAll('.active, .active-main, .parent-active').forEach(function(item) {\r\n      item.classList.remove('active', 'active-main', 'parent-active');\r\n    });\r\n\r\n    sidebar.querySelectorAll('a[data-ols-disabled-parent=\"1\"], a[aria-current]').forEach(function(a) {\r\n      a.removeAttribute('aria-current');\r\n      a.removeAttribute('tabindex');\r\n      a.removeAttribute('data-ols-disabled-parent');\r\n    });\r\n\r\n    links.forEach(function(a) {\r\n      try {\r\n        var href = a.getAttribute('href');\r\n\r\n        if (!href || href === '#' || href.charAt(0) === '#') {\r\n          return;\r\n        }\r\n\r\n        var linkPath = normalisePath(new URL(href, window.location.origin).pathname);\r\n\r\n        if (!linkPath) {\r\n          return;\r\n        }\r\n\r\n        if (currentPath === linkPath || currentPath.indexOf(linkPath + '\/') === 0) {\r\n          if (linkPath.length > matchedLength) {\r\n            matched = a;\r\n            matchedLength = linkPath.length;\r\n          }\r\n        }\r\n      } catch(e) {}\r\n    });\r\n\r\n    if (matched) {\r\n      var matchedLi = matched.closest('li');\r\n      var parentSub = matched.closest('.ols-subtopic-list');\r\n\r\n      if (parentSub) {\r\n        if (matchedLi) {\r\n          matchedLi.classList.add('active');\r\n          matched.setAttribute('aria-current', 'page');\r\n        }\r\n\r\n        var parentLi = parentSub.closest('li');\r\n\r\n        if (parentLi) {\r\n          parentLi.classList.add('parent-active', 'active-main');\r\n\r\n          var parentLink = parentLi.querySelector(':scope > a');\r\n\r\n          if (parentLink) {\r\n            parentLink.setAttribute('aria-current', 'true');\r\n            parentLink.setAttribute('tabindex', '-1');\r\n            parentLink.setAttribute('data-ols-disabled-parent', '1');\r\n          }\r\n        }\r\n      } else {\r\n        if (matchedLi) {\r\n          matchedLi.classList.add('parent-active', 'active-main');\r\n          matched.setAttribute('aria-current', 'page');\r\n          matched.setAttribute('tabindex', '-1');\r\n          matched.setAttribute('data-ols-disabled-parent', '1');\r\n        }\r\n      }\r\n    }\r\n\r\n    return true;\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  if (!highlightActive()) {\r\n    document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', highlightActive);\r\n  }\r\n})();\r\n<\/script>\r\n\n\n  <style>\n    @import url('https:\/\/fonts.googleapis.com\/css2?family=Poppins:wght@300;400;500;600;700;800&display=swap');\n\n    .ols-t11-page,\n    .ols-t11-page * {\n      box-sizing: border-box;\n    }\n\n    .ols-t11-page {\n      --ols-navy: #1C244B;\n      --ols-blue: #467FF7;\n      --ols-soft-blue: #EEF4FF;\n      --ols-border: rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.12);\n      --ols-shadow: 0 18px 45px rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.12);\n      --ols-shadow-soft: 0 10px 28px rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.09);\n      --ols-muted: #4b5575;\n      font-family: \"Poppins\", Arial, sans-serif;\n      color: var(--ols-navy);\n      background: #ffffff;\n    }\n\n    .ols-t11-page a {\n      color: inherit;\n      text-decoration: none;\n    }\n\n    .ols-t11-container {\n      width: min(1180px, calc(100% - 40px));\n      margin: 0 auto;\n    }\n\n    \/* =========================================================\n       BREADCRUMB BAR\n    ========================================================= *\/\n\n    .ols-t11-breadcrumb-bar {\n      padding: 16px 0 0;\n    }\n\n    .ols-t11-breadcrumb {\n      display: flex;\n      flex-wrap: wrap;\n      gap: 6px;\n      font-size: 13px;\n      color: var(--ols-muted);\n      font-weight: 500;\n    }\n\n    .ols-t11-breadcrumb a {\n      color: var(--ols-muted);\n      transition: color 0.2s ease;\n    }\n\n    .ols-t11-breadcrumb a:hover {\n      color: var(--ols-blue);\n    }\n\n    .ols-t11-breadcrumb span {\n      color: var(--ols-navy);\n      font-weight: 700;\n    }\n\n    \/* =========================================================\n       INTRO \/ HERO\n    ========================================================= *\/\n\n    .ols-t11-intro {\n      padding: 36px 0 72px;\n      background:\n        radial-gradient(circle at top center, rgba(70, 127, 247, 0.07), transparent 40%),\n        linear-gradient(180deg, #f7f9fd 0%, #ffffff 100%);\n    }\n\n    .ols-t11-intro-inner {\n      display: grid;\n      grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr;\n      gap: 64px;\n      align-items: center;\n    }\n\n    .ols-t11-eyebrow {\n      display: inline-flex;\n      align-items: center;\n      gap: 9px;\n      padding: 8px 16px;\n      border-radius: 999px;\n      background: #ffffff;\n      border: 1px solid rgba(70, 127, 247, 0.20);\n      color: var(--ols-blue);\n      font-size: 13px;\n      font-weight: 600;\n      box-shadow: 0 6px 18px rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.06);\n      margin-bottom: 20px;\n    }\n\n    .ols-t11-eyebrow::before {\n      content: \"\";\n      width: 7px;\n      height: 7px;\n      border-radius: 50%;\n      background: var(--ols-blue);\n      box-shadow: 0 0 0 4px rgba(70, 127, 247, 0.14);\n    }\n\n    .ols-t11-intro h1 {\n      font-size: clamp(34px, 4.5vw, 64px);\n      font-weight: 800;\n      color: var(--ols-navy);\n      letter-spacing: -0.045em;\n      line-height: 1.08;\n      margin: 0 0 10px;\n      text-shadow: -9px 0 9px rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.08);\n    }\n\n    .ols-t11-accent-bar {\n      width: 72px;\n      height: 4px;\n      background: var(--ols-blue);\n      border-radius: 999px;\n      margin: 0 0 22px;\n    }\n\n    .ols-t11-intro-lead {\n      font-size: clamp(16px, 1.6vw, 19px);\n      font-weight: 300;\n      color: #11316b;\n      line-height: 1.72;\n      margin: 0;\n    }\n\n    .ols-t11-info-grid {\n      display: grid;\n      grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr;\n      gap: 14px;\n    }\n\n    .ols-t11-info-card {\n      background: #ffffff;\n      border: 1px solid var(--ols-border);\n      border-radius: 20px;\n      padding: 20px 22px;\n      box-shadow: var(--ols-shadow-soft);\n    }\n\n    .ols-t11-info-card-label {\n      font-size: 11px;\n      font-weight: 700;\n      text-transform: uppercase;\n      letter-spacing: 0.06em;\n      color: var(--ols-muted);\n      margin-bottom: 6px;\n    }\n\n    .ols-t11-info-card-value {\n      font-size: 22px;\n      font-weight: 800;\n      color: var(--ols-navy);\n      letter-spacing: -0.03em;\n      line-height: 1.1;\n    }\n\n    .ols-t11-info-card-sub {\n      font-size: 12px;\n      font-weight: 400;\n      color: var(--ols-muted);\n      margin-top: 3px;\n    }\n\n    \/* =========================================================\n       TOPIC CARDS SECTION\n    ========================================================= *\/\n\n    .ols-t11-topics {\n      padding: 72px 0 80px;\n      background: #ffffff;\n    }\n\n    .ols-t11-section-header {\n      margin-bottom: 40px;\n    }\n\n    .ols-t11-section-title {\n      font-size: clamp(28px, 3vw, 44px);\n      font-weight: 800;\n      color: var(--ols-navy);\n      letter-spacing: -0.04em;\n      line-height: 1.1;\n      margin: 0 0 10px;\n      text-shadow: -9px 0 9px rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.08);\n    }\n\n    .ols-t11-section-sub {\n      font-size: 16px;\n      font-weight: 300;\n      color: var(--ols-muted);\n      margin: 0;\n    }\n\n    .ols-t11-cards-grid {\n      display: grid;\n      grid-template-columns: repeat(3, minmax(0, 1fr));\n      gap: 20px;\n    }\n\n    .ols-t11-card {\n      display: flex;\n      flex-direction: column;\n      background: #ffffff;\n      border: 1px solid var(--ols-border);\n      border-radius: 22px;\n      overflow: hidden;\n      box-shadow: var(--ols-shadow-soft);\n      text-decoration: none;\n      color: var(--ols-navy);\n      transition:\n        transform 0.28s cubic-bezier(0.34, 1.56, 0.64, 1),\n        box-shadow 0.28s ease,\n        border-color 0.28s ease;\n      position: relative;\n    }\n\n    .ols-t11-card.ols-t11-card--available:hover {\n      transform: translateY(-10px) scale(1.02);\n      box-shadow: 0 28px 56px rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.16);\n      border-color: rgba(70, 127, 247, 0.35);\n    }\n\n    .ols-t11-card.ols-t11-card--available:hover .ols-t11-card-img-wrap::after {\n      opacity: 1;\n    }\n\n    .ols-t11-card-img-wrap {\n      position: relative;\n      width: 100%;\n      aspect-ratio: 4 \/ 3;\n      background: var(--ols-soft-blue);\n      overflow: hidden;\n    }\n\n    .ols-t11-card-img-wrap::after {\n      content: \"\";\n      position: absolute;\n      inset: 0;\n      background: linear-gradient(180deg, transparent 40%, rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.20) 100%);\n      opacity: 0;\n      transition: opacity 0.28s ease;\n      z-index: 1;\n    }\n\n    .ols-t11-card-num {\n      position: absolute;\n      top: 12px;\n      left: 12px;\n      width: 32px;\n      height: 32px;\n      border-radius: 50%;\n      background: var(--ols-navy);\n      color: #ffffff;\n      font-size: 13px;\n      font-weight: 800;\n      display: flex;\n      align-items: center;\n      justify-content: center;\n      z-index: 3;\n      box-shadow: 0 4px 12px rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.28);\n    }\n\n    .ols-t11-card-status {\n      position: absolute;\n      top: 12px;\n      right: 12px;\n      padding: 4px 10px;\n      border-radius: 999px;\n      font-size: 10px;\n      font-weight: 700;\n      z-index: 3;\n    }\n\n    .ols-t11-card-status--available {\n      background: #eaf3de;\n      color: #3B6D11;\n    }\n\n    .ols-t11-card-body {\n      padding: 18px 18px 22px;\n      flex: 1;\n      display: flex;\n      flex-direction: column;\n      gap: 6px;\n    }\n\n    .ols-t11-card-title {\n      font-size: 14px;\n      font-weight: 700;\n      color: var(--ols-navy);\n      line-height: 1.35;\n      margin: 0;\n    }\n\n    .ols-t11-card-desc {\n      font-size: 12px;\n      font-weight: 300;\n      color: var(--ols-muted);\n      line-height: 1.6;\n      margin: 0;\n    }\n\n    .ols-t11-card-cta {\n      display: inline-flex;\n      align-items: center;\n      gap: 5px;\n      margin-top: 10px;\n      font-size: 12px;\n      font-weight: 700;\n      color: var(--ols-blue);\n    }\n\n    .ols-t11-card-cta svg {\n      width: 14px;\n      height: 14px;\n      transition: transform 0.2s ease;\n    }\n\n    .ols-t11-card--available:hover .ols-t11-card-cta svg {\n      transform: translateX(3px);\n    }\n\n    .ols-t11-visual {\n      position: absolute;\n      inset: 0;\n      display: flex;\n      align-items: center;\n      justify-content: center;\n      padding: 32px 24px 24px;\n      overflow: hidden;\n    }\n\n    .ols-t11-visual::before,\n    .ols-t11-visual::after {\n      content: \"\";\n      position: absolute;\n      border-radius: 999px;\n      opacity: 0.75;\n      filter: blur(1px);\n    }\n\n    .ols-t11-visual::before {\n      width: 170px;\n      height: 170px;\n      left: -58px;\n      bottom: -66px;\n      background: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.35);\n    }\n\n    .ols-t11-visual::after {\n      width: 118px;\n      height: 118px;\n      right: -42px;\n      top: -34px;\n      background: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.28);\n    }\n\n    .ols-t11-visual-panel {\n      position: relative;\n      z-index: 2;\n      width: min(82%, 260px);\n      min-height: 118px;\n      border-radius: 24px;\n      border: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.45);\n      background: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.76);\n      box-shadow: 0 18px 38px rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.18);\n      backdrop-filter: blur(10px);\n      display: flex;\n      flex-direction: column;\n      align-items: center;\n      justify-content: center;\n      text-align: center;\n      padding: 18px;\n    }\n\n    .ols-t11-visual-kicker {\n      display: inline-flex;\n      align-items: center;\n      justify-content: center;\n      min-height: 25px;\n      padding: 4px 10px;\n      border-radius: 999px;\n      background: rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.08);\n      color: var(--ols-navy);\n      font-size: 10px;\n      font-weight: 800;\n      text-transform: uppercase;\n      letter-spacing: 0.08em;\n      margin-bottom: 10px;\n    }\n\n    .ols-t11-visual-main {\n      font-size: clamp(24px, 3vw, 34px);\n      font-weight: 800;\n      color: var(--ols-navy);\n      line-height: 1.05;\n      letter-spacing: -0.05em;\n    }\n\n    .ols-t11-visual-sub {\n      font-size: 11px;\n      font-weight: 500;\n      color: #4b5575;\n      line-height: 1.45;\n      margin-top: 8px;\n    }\n\n    .ols-t11-visual--particles {\n      background:\n        radial-gradient(circle at 24% 18%, rgba(255,255,255,0.42), transparent 24%),\n        linear-gradient(135deg, #eef6ff 0%, #8fb9ff 45%, #467FF7 100%);\n    }\n\n    .ols-t11-visual--equations {\n      background:\n        radial-gradient(circle at 22% 18%, rgba(255,255,255,0.42), transparent 24%),\n        linear-gradient(135deg, #fff8e8 0%, #e5bd62 45%, #9a6b13 100%);\n    }\n\n    .ols-t11-visual--moles {\n      background:\n        radial-gradient(circle at 24% 18%, rgba(255,255,255,0.42), transparent 24%),\n        linear-gradient(135deg, #f4ecff 0%, #b997ff 45%, #7356d8 100%);\n    }\n\n    .ols-t11-visual--formulae {\n      background:\n        radial-gradient(circle at 22% 18%, rgba(255,255,255,0.35), transparent 24%),\n        linear-gradient(135deg, #eefbf3 0%, #69c98b 45%, #1f7f50 100%);\n    }\n\n    .ols-t11-visual--solutions {\n      background:\n        radial-gradient(circle at 22% 18%, rgba(255,255,255,0.40), transparent 24%),\n        linear-gradient(135deg, #eefcff 0%, #72d4df 45%, #168aa0 100%);\n    }\n\n    .ols-t11-visual--uncertainty {\n      background:\n        radial-gradient(circle at 22% 18%, rgba(255,255,255,0.40), transparent 24%),\n        linear-gradient(135deg, #fff1f2 0%, #fb7185 45%, #be123c 100%);\n    }\n\n    .ols-t11-visual--hazards {\n      background:\n        radial-gradient(circle at 22% 18%, rgba(255,255,255,0.38), transparent 24%),\n        linear-gradient(135deg, #fff7ed 0%, #f97316 45%, #9a3412 100%);\n    }\n\n    .ols-t11-particle-diagram {\n      width: 92px;\n      height: 64px;\n      position: relative;\n      margin: 0 auto 12px;\n    }\n\n    .ols-t11-particle-dot {\n      position: absolute;\n      width: 22px;\n      height: 22px;\n      border-radius: 50%;\n      background: var(--ols-navy);\n      box-shadow: 0 0 0 7px rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.08);\n    }\n\n    .ols-t11-particle-dot.d1 { left: 6px; top: 23px; background: #467FF7; }\n    .ols-t11-particle-dot.d2 { left: 36px; top: 8px; }\n    .ols-t11-particle-dot.d3 { right: 6px; top: 23px; background: #c9973a; }\n\n    .ols-t11-equation-line {\n      font-size: 24px;\n      font-weight: 800;\n      letter-spacing: -0.03em;\n      color: var(--ols-navy);\n      margin: 0 auto 12px;\n      white-space: nowrap;\n    }\n\n    .ols-t11-mole-stack {\n      width: 88px;\n      height: 58px;\n      position: relative;\n      margin: 0 auto 12px;\n    }\n\n    .ols-t11-mole-stack span {\n      position: absolute;\n      width: 26px;\n      height: 26px;\n      border-radius: 50%;\n      background: var(--ols-blue);\n      border: 2px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.65);\n      box-shadow: 0 6px 14px rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.12);\n    }\n\n    .ols-t11-mole-stack span:nth-child(1) { left: 8px; top: 25px; }\n    .ols-t11-mole-stack span:nth-child(2) { left: 31px; top: 8px; background: var(--ols-navy); }\n    .ols-t11-mole-stack span:nth-child(3) { right: 8px; top: 25px; background: #7356d8; }\n\n    .ols-t11-formula-box {\n      width: 128px;\n      min-width: 128px;\n      height: 62px;\n      border-radius: 16px;\n      border: 2px solid rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.45);\n      display: flex;\n      align-items: center;\n      justify-content: center;\n      color: var(--ols-navy);\n      font-size: 25px;\n      font-weight: 800;\n      line-height: 1;\n      letter-spacing: -0.02em;\n      white-space: nowrap;\n      margin: 0 auto 12px;\n      background: rgba(255,255,255,0.35);\n    }\n\n    .ols-t11-formula-box sub {\n      font-size: 0.58em;\n      line-height: 0;\n      vertical-align: sub;\n    }\n\n    .ols-t11-solution-icon {\n      width: 76px;\n      height: 64px;\n      position: relative;\n      margin: 0 auto 12px;\n    }\n\n    .ols-t11-solution-icon::before {\n      content: \"\";\n      position: absolute;\n      left: 18px;\n      top: 4px;\n      width: 40px;\n      height: 56px;\n      border: 3px solid rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.62);\n      border-radius: 6px 6px 18px 18px;\n      background: linear-gradient(180deg, rgba(255,255,255,0.40) 0%, rgba(70,127,247,0.18) 45%, rgba(70,127,247,0.50) 46%, rgba(70,127,247,0.50) 100%);\n    }\n\n    .ols-t11-solution-icon::after {\n      content: \"pV\";\n      position: absolute;\n      left: 24px;\n      top: 25px;\n      font-size: 16px;\n      font-weight: 800;\n      color: var(--ols-navy);\n    }\n\n    .ols-t11-uncertainty-icon {\n      width: 88px;\n      height: 60px;\n      position: relative;\n      margin: 0 auto 12px;\n    }\n\n    .ols-t11-uncertainty-icon::before {\n      content: \"\u00b1\";\n      position: absolute;\n      left: 0;\n      top: 4px;\n      width: 52px;\n      height: 52px;\n      border-radius: 16px;\n      background: rgba(255,255,255,0.72);\n      border: 2px solid rgba(28,36,75,0.32);\n      display: flex;\n      align-items: center;\n      justify-content: center;\n      font-size: 34px;\n      font-weight: 800;\n      color: var(--ols-navy);\n      box-shadow: 0 8px 18px rgba(28,36,75,0.12);\n    }\n\n    .ols-t11-uncertainty-icon::after {\n      content: \"%\";\n      position: absolute;\n      right: 0;\n      top: 16px;\n      width: 42px;\n      height: 42px;\n      border-radius: 50%;\n      background: rgba(255,255,255,0.72);\n      border: 2px solid rgba(28,36,75,0.24);\n      display: flex;\n      align-items: center;\n      justify-content: center;\n      font-size: 22px;\n      font-weight: 800;\n      color: var(--ols-navy);\n      box-shadow: 0 8px 18px rgba(28,36,75,0.12);\n    }\n\n    .ols-t11-hazard-icon {\n      width: 78px;\n      height: 66px;\n      position: relative;\n      margin: 0 auto 12px;\n    }\n\n    .ols-t11-hazard-icon::before {\n      content: \"!\";\n      position: absolute;\n      left: 8px;\n      top: 4px;\n      width: 62px;\n      height: 52px;\n      background: rgba(255,255,255,0.76);\n      clip-path: polygon(50% 0%, 100% 100%, 0% 100%);\n      display: flex;\n      align-items: flex-end;\n      justify-content: center;\n      padding-bottom: 6px;\n      font-size: 26px;\n      font-weight: 800;\n      color: var(--ols-navy);\n      filter: drop-shadow(0 8px 16px rgba(28,36,75,0.14));\n    }\n\n    \/* =========================================================\n       SPECIFICATION SECTION\n    ========================================================= *\/\n\n    .ols-t11-spec-section {\n      padding: 72px 0 88px;\n      background:\n        radial-gradient(circle at top center, rgba(70, 127, 247, 0.06), transparent 38%),\n        linear-gradient(180deg, #f7f9fd 0%, #ffffff 100%);\n    }\n\n    .ols-t11-spec-wrap {\n      background: #ffffff;\n      border: 1px solid var(--ols-border);\n      border-radius: 26px;\n      padding: 36px;\n      box-shadow: var(--ols-shadow-soft);\n    }\n\n    .ols-t11-spec-pill {\n      display: inline-flex;\n      align-items: center;\n      padding: 7px 14px;\n      border-radius: 999px;\n      background: var(--ols-soft-blue);\n      border: 1px solid rgba(70, 127, 247, 0.20);\n      color: var(--ols-blue);\n      font-size: 12px;\n      font-weight: 700;\n      margin-bottom: 16px;\n    }\n\n    .ols-t11-spec-heading {\n      font-size: clamp(24px, 2.8vw, 36px);\n      font-weight: 800;\n      color: var(--ols-navy);\n      letter-spacing: -0.035em;\n      line-height: 1.12;\n      margin: 0 0 6px;\n      border-left: 5px solid var(--ols-blue);\n      padding-left: 16px;\n    }\n\n    .ols-t11-spec-intro-text {\n      font-size: 16px;\n      font-weight: 300;\n      color: #374151;\n      line-height: 1.8;\n      margin: 14px 0 26px;\n    }\n\n    .ols-t11-spec-group-title {\n      font-size: 20px;\n      font-weight: 800;\n      color: var(--ols-navy);\n      line-height: 1.2;\n      margin: 30px 0 14px;\n      letter-spacing: -0.025em;\n    }\n\n    .ols-t11-spec-group-title:first-of-type {\n      margin-top: 0;\n    }\n\n    .ols-t11-spec-rows {\n      display: flex;\n      flex-direction: column;\n      gap: 12px;\n    }\n\n    .ols-t11-spec-row {\n      display: flex;\n      flex-wrap: nowrap;\n      align-items: stretch;\n      border-radius: 16px;\n      overflow: hidden;\n      box-shadow: 0 4px 12px rgba(0,0,0,0.05);\n      background: #ffffff;\n      border: 1px solid rgba(70, 127, 247, 0.18);\n    }\n\n    .ols-t11-spec-row--mid {\n      background: #f0f5ff;\n      border: 1px solid rgba(70, 127, 247, 0.22);\n    }\n\n    .ols-t11-spec-code {\n      flex: 0 0 90px;\n      color: #ffffff;\n      font-size: 18px;\n      font-weight: 800;\n      display: flex;\n      align-items: center;\n      justify-content: center;\n      padding: 18px 12px;\n      background: #1C244B;\n    }\n\n    .ols-t11-spec-row--mid .ols-t11-spec-code {\n      background: #2a3a7a;\n    }\n\n    .ols-t11-spec-text {\n      flex: 1;\n      padding: 16px 20px;\n      font-size: 16px;\n      font-weight: 300;\n      line-height: 1.8;\n      color: #374151;\n    }\n\n    .ols-t11-spec-text em {\n      color: #4b5575;\n      font-weight: 400;\n    }\n\n    .ols-t11-spec-sub-list {\n      display: flex;\n      flex-direction: column;\n      gap: 10px;\n      margin-top: 12px;\n    }\n\n    .ols-t11-spec-sub-row {\n      display: flex;\n      align-items: stretch;\n      background: #ffffff;\n      border: 1px solid rgba(70, 127, 247, 0.15);\n      border-radius: 12px;\n      overflow: hidden;\n    }\n\n    .ols-t11-spec-sub-code {\n      flex: 0 0 70px;\n      background: #93b5f8;\n      color: #0c2060;\n      font-size: 14px;\n      font-weight: 800;\n      display: flex;\n      align-items: center;\n      justify-content: center;\n      padding: 12px 10px;\n    }\n\n    .ols-t11-spec-sub-text {\n      flex: 1;\n      padding: 12px 16px;\n      font-size: 15px;\n      font-weight: 300;\n      line-height: 1.8;\n      color: #4b5563;\n    }\n\n    .ols-t11-spec-formula {\n      display: inline-block;\n      margin: 10px 0 0;\n      padding: 10px 14px;\n      border-radius: 12px;\n      background: #f8fbff;\n      border: 1px solid rgba(70, 127, 247, 0.16);\n      font-weight: 500;\n      color: var(--ols-navy);\n    }\n\n    \/* =========================================================\n       RESPONSIVE\n    ========================================================= *\/\n\n    @media (max-width: 1024px) {\n      .ols-t11-cards-grid {\n        grid-template-columns: repeat(2, minmax(0, 1fr));\n      }\n    }\n\n    @media (max-width: 860px) {\n      .ols-t11-intro-inner {\n        grid-template-columns: 1fr;\n        gap: 40px;\n      }\n    }\n\n    @media (max-width: 700px) {\n      .ols-t11-spec-row,\n      .ols-t11-spec-sub-row {\n        flex-direction: column;\n      }\n\n      .ols-t11-spec-code,\n      .ols-t11-spec-sub-code {\n        flex: 0 0 auto;\n        min-height: 36px;\n        padding: 10px 12px;\n      }\n    }\n\n    @media (max-width: 640px) {\n      .ols-t11-intro {\n        padding: 24px 0 52px;\n      }\n\n      .ols-t11-container {\n        width: min(1180px, calc(100% - 28px));\n      }\n\n      .ols-t11-topics {\n        padding: 52px 0 58px;\n      }\n\n      .ols-t11-cards-grid {\n        grid-template-columns: 1fr;\n        gap: 14px;\n      }\n\n      .ols-t11-spec-section {\n        padding: 52px 0 64px;\n      }\n\n      .ols-t11-spec-wrap {\n        padding: 24px 18px;\n        border-radius: 20px;\n      }\n\n      .ols-t11-info-grid {\n        grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr;\n      }\n    }\n\n      .ols-t11-visual--ox { background: radial-gradient(circle at 24% 18%, rgba(255,255,255,0.46), transparent 24%), linear-gradient(135deg, #fff7ed 0%, #fb923c 45%, #c2410c 100%); }\n    .ols-t11-visual--et { background: radial-gradient(circle at 24% 18%, rgba(255,255,255,0.46), transparent 24%), linear-gradient(135deg, #eef2ff 0%, #818cf8 45%, #3730a3 100%); }\n    .ols-t11-visual--dp { background: radial-gradient(circle at 24% 18%, rgba(255,255,255,0.46), transparent 24%), linear-gradient(135deg, #fdf2f8 0%, #f472b6 45%, #9d174d 100%); }\n    .ols-t11-visual--rc { background: radial-gradient(circle at 24% 18%, rgba(255,255,255,0.46), transparent 24%), linear-gradient(135deg, #f0fdf4 0%, #4ade80 45%, #15803d 100%); }\n    .ols-t11-visual--tr { background: radial-gradient(circle at 24% 18%, rgba(255,255,255,0.46), transparent 24%), linear-gradient(135deg, #f0f9ff 0%, #38bdf8 45%, #0369a1 100%); }\n    .ols-t11-visual--re { background: radial-gradient(circle at 24% 18%, rgba(255,255,255,0.46), transparent 24%), linear-gradient(135deg, #fff1f2 0%, #fb7185 45%, #be123c 100%); }\n    .ols-t11-visual--oh { background: radial-gradient(circle at 24% 18%, rgba(255,255,255,0.46), transparent 24%), linear-gradient(135deg, #f5f3ff 0%, #a78bfa 45%, #6d28d9 100%); }\n    .ols-t11-visual--so { background: radial-gradient(circle at 24% 18%, rgba(255,255,255,0.46), transparent 24%), linear-gradient(135deg, #ecfeff 0%, #22d3ee 45%, #0e7490 100%); }\n    .ols-t11-visual--ts { background: radial-gradient(circle at 24% 18%, rgba(255,255,255,0.46), transparent 24%), linear-gradient(135deg, #fffbeb 0%, #fbbf24 45%, #b45309 100%); }\n    .ols-t11-visual--ti { background: radial-gradient(circle at 24% 18%, rgba(255,255,255,0.46), transparent 24%), linear-gradient(135deg, #f0fdfa 0%, #2dd4bf 45%, #0f766e 100%); }\n    .ols-t11-visual--tc { background: radial-gradient(circle at 24% 18%, rgba(255,255,255,0.46), transparent 24%), linear-gradient(135deg, #f8fafc 0%, #94a3b8 45%, #334155 100%); }\n    .ols-t11-visual--ht { background: radial-gradient(circle at 24% 18%, rgba(255,255,255,0.46), transparent 24%), linear-gradient(135deg, #ecfdf5 0%, #34d399 45%, #047857 100%); }\n    .ols-t11-visual--ho { background: radial-gradient(circle at 24% 18%, rgba(255,255,255,0.46), transparent 24%), linear-gradient(135deg, #fefce8 0%, #facc15 45%, #a16207 100%); }\n    .ols-t11-visual--cd { background: radial-gradient(circle at 24% 18%, rgba(255,255,255,0.46), transparent 24%), linear-gradient(135deg, #f0fdf4 0%, #86efac 45%, #166534 100%); }\n    .ols-t11-visual--hi { background: radial-gradient(circle at 24% 18%, rgba(255,255,255,0.46), transparent 24%), linear-gradient(135deg, #fdf4ff 0%, #d8b4fe 45%, #7e22ce 100%); }\n    .ols-t11-visual--ca { background: radial-gradient(circle at 24% 18%, rgba(255,255,255,0.46), transparent 24%), linear-gradient(135deg, #fff7ed 0%, #fb923c 45%, #9a3412 100%); }\n    .ols-t11-visual--de { background: radial-gradient(circle at 24% 18%, rgba(255,255,255,0.46), transparent 24%), linear-gradient(135deg, #eef2ff 0%, #818cf8 45%, #3730a3 100%); }\n    .ols-t11-visual--lc { background: radial-gradient(circle at 24% 18%, rgba(255,255,255,0.46), transparent 24%), linear-gradient(135deg, #ecfeff 0%, #22d3ee 45%, #0e7490 100%); }\n    .ols-t11-visual--ei { background: radial-gradient(circle at 24% 18%, rgba(255,255,255,0.46), transparent 24%), linear-gradient(135deg, #f5f3ff 0%, #a78bfa 45%, #5b21b6 100%); }\n    .ols-t11-visual--kc { background: radial-gradient(circle at 24% 18%, rgba(255,255,255,0.46), transparent 24%), linear-gradient(135deg, #f0fdf4 0%, #4ade80 45%, #166534 100%); }\n  <\/style>\n\n  <!-- BREADCRUMB BAR - sits above everything -->\n  <div class=\"ols-t11-breadcrumb-bar\">\n    <div class=\"ols-t11-container\">\n      <nav class=\"ols-t11-breadcrumb\" aria-label=\"Breadcrumb\">\n          <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/\">Revision Notes<\/a> \/\n          <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/\">A Level Chemistry<\/a> \/\n          <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/\">Edexcel International<\/a> \/\n          <span>Topic 11 Kinetics<\/span>\n        <\/nav>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n\n  <!-- INTRO -->\n  <section class=\"ols-t11-intro\">\n    <div class=\"ols-t11-container\">\n      <div class=\"ols-t11-intro-inner\">\n        <div>\n          <div class=\"ols-t11-eyebrow\">Edexcel International A Level Chemistry<\/div>\n          <h1>Topic 11<br>Kinetics<\/h1>\n          <div class=\"ols-t11-accent-bar\"><\/div>\n          <p class=\"ols-t11-intro-lead\">Topic 11 turns rate into an equation. It covers the rate equation, orders and the rate constant, the techniques and methods used to collect rate data, deducing orders from concentration\u2013time and rate\u2013concentration graphs and from initial-rate data, the iodine\u2013propanone reaction, the rate-determining step and reaction mechanisms including the evidence for S\u20991 and S\u20992, activation energy from the Arrhenius equation, and solid catalysts. It is examined in Unit 4 and assessed practically through Core Practicals 9a, 9b and 10.<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"ols-t11-info-grid\">\n          <div class=\"ols-t11-info-card\"><div class=\"ols-t11-info-card-label\">Exam Unit<\/div><div class=\"ols-t11-info-card-value\">Unit 4<\/div><div class=\"ols-t11-info-card-sub\">WCH14\/01 &#8211; IAL<\/div><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-t11-info-card\"><div class=\"ols-t11-info-card-label\">Specification Points<\/div><div class=\"ols-t11-info-card-value\">11.1 &#8211; 11.13<\/div><div class=\"ols-t11-info-card-sub\">13 points covered<\/div><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-t11-info-card\"><div class=\"ols-t11-info-card-label\">Topic Parts<\/div><div class=\"ols-t11-info-card-value\">8 pages<\/div><div class=\"ols-t11-info-card-sub\">Revision notes available<\/div><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-t11-info-card\"><div class=\"ols-t11-info-card-label\">Exam Board<\/div><div class=\"ols-t11-info-card-value\">Edexcel IAL<\/div><div class=\"ols-t11-info-card-sub\">Pearson International<\/div><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/section>\n\n  <!-- TOPIC CARDS -->\n  <section class=\"ols-t11-topics\">\n    <div class=\"ols-t11-container\">\n\n      <div class=\"ols-t11-section-header\">\n        <h2 class=\"ols-t11-section-title\">Revision Notes<\/h2>\n      <\/div>\n\n      <div class=\"ols-t11-cards-grid\">\n\n        <!-- Card 1: Rate Equations, Orders and the Rate Constant -->\n        <a class=\"ols-t11-card ols-t11-card--available\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-11-kinetics\/rate-equations-orders-and-the-rate-constant\/\">\n          <div class=\"ols-t11-card-img-wrap\">\n            <div class=\"ols-t11-visual ols-t11-visual--ox\">\n              <div class=\"ols-t11-visual-panel\">\n                <div class=\"ols-t11-visual-kicker\">rate = k[A]\u1d50[B]\u207f<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-t11-visual-main\">Rate<br>Equations<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-t11-visual-sub\">orders, k, units of k<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-t11-card-num\">1<\/div>\n            <span class=\"ols-t11-card-status ols-t11-card-status--available\">Available<\/span>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-t11-card-body\">\n            <p class=\"ols-t11-card-title\">Rate Equations, Orders and the Rate Constant<\/p>\n            <p class=\"ols-t11-card-desc\">Rate equations: orders of reaction, the rate constant k, overall order and working out the units of k.<\/p>\n            <span class=\"ols-t11-card-cta\">Start revising<svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n\n        <!-- Card 2: Techniques for Measuring Rates -->\n        <a class=\"ols-t11-card ols-t11-card--available\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-11-kinetics\/techniques-for-measuring-rates\/\">\n          <div class=\"ols-t11-card-img-wrap\">\n            <div class=\"ols-t11-visual ols-t11-visual--tc\">\n              <div class=\"ols-t11-visual-panel\">\n                <div class=\"ols-t11-visual-kicker\">Choose a method<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-t11-visual-main\">Measuring<br>Rates<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-t11-visual-sub\">quench, colorimeter, syringe, clock<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-t11-card-num\">2<\/div>\n            <span class=\"ols-t11-card-status ols-t11-card-status--available\">Available<\/span>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-t11-card-body\">\n            <p class=\"ols-t11-card-title\">Techniques for Measuring Rates<\/p>\n            <p class=\"ols-t11-card-desc\">Measuring rates: titration, colorimetry, mass and gas-volume methods, continuous monitoring and the initial-rates method with clock reactions.<\/p>\n            <span class=\"ols-t11-card-cta\">Start revising<svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n\n        <!-- Card 3: Concentration\u2013Time Graphs and Half-Life -->\n        <a class=\"ols-t11-card ols-t11-card--available\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-11-kinetics\/concentration-time-graphs-and-half-life\/\">\n          <div class=\"ols-t11-card-img-wrap\">\n            <div class=\"ols-t11-visual ols-t11-visual--tr\">\n              <div class=\"ols-t11-visual-panel\">\n                <div class=\"ols-t11-visual-kicker\">Curves and t\u00bd<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-t11-visual-main\">Concentration\u2013<br>Time Graphs<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-t11-visual-sub\">order from shape, constant half-life<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-t11-card-num\">3<\/div>\n            <span class=\"ols-t11-card-status ols-t11-card-status--available\">Available<\/span>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-t11-card-body\">\n            <p class=\"ols-t11-card-title\">Concentration\u2013Time Graphs and Half-Life<\/p>\n            <p class=\"ols-t11-card-desc\">Concentration\u2013time graphs: deducing order from the shape, tangents and rates, half-life and first-order reactions.<\/p>\n            <span class=\"ols-t11-card-cta\">Start revising<svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n\n        <!-- Card 4: Rate\u2013Concentration Graphs and the Initial-Rates Method -->\n        <a class=\"ols-t11-card ols-t11-card--available\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-11-kinetics\/rate-concentration-graphs-and-the-initial-rates-method\/\">\n          <div class=\"ols-t11-card-img-wrap\">\n            <div class=\"ols-t11-visual ols-t11-visual--ca\">\n              <div class=\"ols-t11-visual-panel\">\n                <div class=\"ols-t11-visual-kicker\">Compare the runs<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-t11-visual-main\">Initial-Rates<br>Method<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-t11-visual-sub\">double [A], what happens to rate?<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-t11-card-num\">4<\/div>\n            <span class=\"ols-t11-card-status ols-t11-card-status--available\">Available<\/span>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-t11-card-body\">\n            <p class=\"ols-t11-card-title\">Rate\u2013Concentration Graphs and the Initial-Rates Method<\/p>\n            <p class=\"ols-t11-card-desc\">The initial-rates method: rate\u2013concentration graphs, deducing orders from tables of data, writing the rate equation and calculating k.<\/p>\n            <span class=\"ols-t11-card-cta\">Start revising<svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n\n        <!-- Card 5: The Iodine\u2013Propanone Reaction -->\n        <a class=\"ols-t11-card ols-t11-card--available\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-11-kinetics\/the-iodine-propanone-reaction\/\">\n          <div class=\"ols-t11-card-img-wrap\">\n            <div class=\"ols-t11-visual ols-t11-visual--de\">\n              <div class=\"ols-t11-visual-panel\">\n                <div class=\"ols-t11-visual-kicker\">Worked example<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-t11-visual-main\">Iodine and<br>Propanone<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-t11-visual-sub\">zero order in I\u2082, rate = k[propanone][H\u207a]<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-t11-card-num\">5<\/div>\n            <span class=\"ols-t11-card-status ols-t11-card-status--available\">Available<\/span>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-t11-card-body\">\n            <p class=\"ols-t11-card-title\">The Iodine\u2013Propanone Reaction<\/p>\n            <p class=\"ols-t11-card-desc\">The iodine\u2013propanone reaction: collecting rate data, the orders with respect to iodine, propanone and H\u207a, and deducing the mechanism.<\/p>\n            <span class=\"ols-t11-card-cta\">Start revising<svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n\n        <!-- Card 6: Rate-Determining Step and Reaction Mechanisms -->\n        <a class=\"ols-t11-card ols-t11-card--available\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-11-kinetics\/rate-determining-step-and-reaction-mechanisms\/\">\n          <div class=\"ols-t11-card-img-wrap\">\n            <div class=\"ols-t11-visual ols-t11-visual--lc\">\n              <div class=\"ols-t11-visual-panel\">\n                <div class=\"ols-t11-visual-kicker\">The slow step<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-t11-visual-main\">Rate-Determining<br>Step<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-t11-visual-sub\">mechanisms, intermediates, S\u20991 and S\u20992<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-t11-card-num\">6<\/div>\n            <span class=\"ols-t11-card-status ols-t11-card-status--available\">Available<\/span>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-t11-card-body\">\n            <p class=\"ols-t11-card-title\">Rate-Determining Step and Reaction Mechanisms<\/p>\n            <p class=\"ols-t11-card-desc\">The rate-determining step: rate equations from mechanisms, mechanisms from rate equations, intermediates, and S\u20991\/S\u20992 evidence from halogenoalkanes hydrolysis.<\/p>\n            <span class=\"ols-t11-card-cta\">Start revising<svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n\n        <!-- Card 7: Activation Energy and the Arrhenius Equation -->\n        <a class=\"ols-t11-card ols-t11-card--available\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-11-kinetics\/activation-energy-and-the-arrhenius-equation\/\">\n          <div class=\"ols-t11-card-img-wrap\">\n            <div class=\"ols-t11-visual ols-t11-visual--ei\">\n              <div class=\"ols-t11-visual-panel\">\n                <div class=\"ols-t11-visual-kicker\">k = Ae^(\u2212E\u2090\/RT)<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-t11-visual-main\">Arrhenius<br>Equation<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-t11-visual-sub\">ln k against 1\/T, gradient = \u2212E\u2090\/R<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-t11-card-num\">7<\/div>\n            <span class=\"ols-t11-card-status ols-t11-card-status--available\">Available<\/span>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-t11-card-body\">\n            <p class=\"ols-t11-card-title\">Activation Energy and the Arrhenius Equation<\/p>\n            <p class=\"ols-t11-card-desc\">The Arrhenius equation: temperature and the rate constant, ln k against 1\/T graphs and finding the activation energy from the gradient.<\/p>\n            <span class=\"ols-t11-card-cta\">Start revising<svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n\n        <!-- Card 8: Heterogeneous and Homogeneous Catalysis -->\n        <a class=\"ols-t11-card ols-t11-card--available\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-11-kinetics\/heterogeneous-and-homogeneous-catalysis\/\">\n          <div class=\"ols-t11-card-img-wrap\">\n            <div class=\"ols-t11-visual ols-t11-visual--kc\">\n              <div class=\"ols-t11-visual-panel\">\n                <div class=\"ols-t11-visual-kicker\">Surfaces and cycles<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-t11-visual-main\">Catalysis<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-t11-visual-sub\">adsorb, weaken, react, desorb<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-t11-card-num\">8<\/div>\n            <span class=\"ols-t11-card-status ols-t11-card-status--available\">Available<\/span>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-t11-card-body\">\n            <p class=\"ols-t11-card-title\">Heterogeneous and Homogeneous Catalysis<\/p>\n            <p class=\"ols-t11-card-desc\">Catalysis: heterogeneous catalysts at surfaces (adsorption, desorption, the Haber process, catalytic converters) and homogeneous catalysts that are regenerated.<\/p>\n            <span class=\"ols-t11-card-cta\">Start revising<svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/section>\n\n  <!-- SPECIFICATION -->\n  <section class=\"ols-t11-spec-section\">\n    <div class=\"ols-t11-container\">\n      <div class=\"ols-t11-spec-wrap\">\n        <div class=\"ols-t11-spec-pill\">Specification Coverage<\/div>\n        <h2 class=\"ols-t11-spec-heading\">Topic 11 Kinetics &#8211; Edexcel International A Level Chemistry<\/h2>\n        <p class=\"ols-t11-spec-intro-text\">The following specification points outline the knowledge and skills students are expected to demonstrate for Topic 11. Wording follows the Pearson Edexcel International A Level Chemistry specification.<\/p>\n        <h3 class=\"ols-t11-spec-group-title\">11.1 &#8211; 11.5 Rate equations, orders and rate data<\/h3>\n        <div class=\"ols-t11-spec-rows\">\n          <div class=\"ols-t11-spec-row ols-t11-spec-row--light\"><div class=\"ols-t11-spec-code\">11.1<\/div><div class=\"ols-t11-spec-text\">understand the terms:<div class=\"ols-t11-spec-sub-list\"><div class=\"ols-t11-spec-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-t11-spec-sub-code\">i<\/div><div class=\"ols-t11-spec-sub-text\">rate of reaction<\/div><\/div><div class=\"ols-t11-spec-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-t11-spec-sub-code\">ii<\/div><div class=\"ols-t11-spec-sub-text\">rate equation, rate=k[A]\u1d50[B]\u207f where m and n are 0, 1 or 2<\/div><\/div><div class=\"ols-t11-spec-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-t11-spec-sub-code\">iii<\/div><div class=\"ols-t11-spec-sub-text\">order with respect to a substance in a rate equation<\/div><\/div><div class=\"ols-t11-spec-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-t11-spec-sub-code\">iv<\/div><div class=\"ols-t11-spec-sub-text\">overall order of a reaction<\/div><\/div><div class=\"ols-t11-spec-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-t11-spec-sub-code\">ix<\/div><div class=\"ols-t11-spec-sub-text\">heterogeneous and homogeneous catalyst<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-t11-spec-row ols-t11-spec-row--mid\"><div class=\"ols-t11-spec-code ols-t11-spec-code--mid\">11.2<\/div><div class=\"ols-t11-spec-text\"><div class=\"ols-t11-spec-sub-list\"><div class=\"ols-t11-spec-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-t11-spec-sub-code\">a<\/div><div class=\"ols-t11-spec-sub-text\">be able to calculate the half-life of a reaction using data from a suitable graph<\/div><\/div><div class=\"ols-t11-spec-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-t11-spec-sub-code\">b<\/div><div class=\"ols-t11-spec-sub-text\">be able to identify a reaction with a constant half-life as being first order<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-t11-spec-row ols-t11-spec-row--light\"><div class=\"ols-t11-spec-code\">11.3<\/div><div class=\"ols-t11-spec-text\">be able to select and justify a suitable experimental technique to obtain rate data for a given reaction, including:<div class=\"ols-t11-spec-sub-list\"><div class=\"ols-t11-spec-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-t11-spec-sub-code\">i<\/div><div class=\"ols-t11-spec-sub-text\">titration<\/div><\/div><div class=\"ols-t11-spec-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-t11-spec-sub-code\">ii<\/div><div class=\"ols-t11-spec-sub-text\">colorimetry<\/div><\/div><div class=\"ols-t11-spec-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-t11-spec-sub-code\">iii<\/div><div class=\"ols-t11-spec-sub-text\">mass change<\/div><\/div><div class=\"ols-t11-spec-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-t11-spec-sub-code\">iv<\/div><div class=\"ols-t11-spec-sub-text\">volume of gas evolved<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-t11-spec-row ols-t11-spec-row--mid\"><div class=\"ols-t11-spec-code ols-t11-spec-code--mid\">11.4<\/div><div class=\"ols-t11-spec-text\">understand experiments that can be used to investigate reaction rates by:<div class=\"ols-t11-spec-sub-list\"><div class=\"ols-t11-spec-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-t11-spec-sub-code\">i<\/div><div class=\"ols-t11-spec-sub-text\">an initial-rate method, carrying out separate experiments where different initial concentrations of one reagent are used A \u2018clock reaction\u2019 is an acceptable approximation of this method.<\/div><\/div><div class=\"ols-t11-spec-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-t11-spec-sub-code\">ii<\/div><div class=\"ols-t11-spec-sub-text\">a continuous monitoring method to generate data to enable concentration-time or volume-time graphs to be plotted<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-t11-spec-row ols-t11-spec-row--light\"><div class=\"ols-t11-spec-code\">11.5<\/div><div class=\"ols-t11-spec-text\">be able to deduce the order (0, 1 or 2) with respect to a substance in a rate equation, using data from:<div class=\"ols-t11-spec-sub-list\"><div class=\"ols-t11-spec-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-t11-spec-sub-code\">i<\/div><div class=\"ols-t11-spec-sub-text\">a concentration-time graph<\/div><\/div><div class=\"ols-t11-spec-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-t11-spec-sub-code\">ii<\/div><div class=\"ols-t11-spec-sub-text\">a rate-concentration graph<\/div><\/div><div class=\"ols-t11-spec-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-t11-spec-sub-code\">iii<\/div><div class=\"ols-t11-spec-sub-text\">an initial-rate method<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n\n        <h3 class=\"ols-t11-spec-group-title\">11.6 &#8211; 11.9 The iodine\u2013propanone reaction, rate-determining step and mechanisms<\/h3>\n        <div class=\"ols-t11-spec-rows\">\n          <div class=\"ols-t11-spec-row ols-t11-spec-row--mid\"><div class=\"ols-t11-spec-code ols-t11-spec-code--mid\">11.6<\/div><div class=\"ols-t11-spec-text\">understand how to:<div class=\"ols-t11-spec-sub-list\"><div class=\"ols-t11-spec-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-t11-spec-sub-code\">i<\/div><div class=\"ols-t11-spec-sub-text\">obtain data to calculate the order with respect to the reactants (and the hydrogen ion) in the acid-catalysed iodination of propanone<\/div><\/div><div class=\"ols-t11-spec-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-t11-spec-sub-code\">ii<\/div><div class=\"ols-t11-spec-sub-text\">use these data to make predictions about species involved in the rate-determining step<\/div><\/div><div class=\"ols-t11-spec-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-t11-spec-sub-code\">iii<\/div><div class=\"ols-t11-spec-sub-text\">deduce a possible mechanism for the reaction<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-t11-spec-row ols-t11-spec-row--light\"><div class=\"ols-t11-spec-code\">11.7<\/div><div class=\"ols-t11-spec-text\"><div class=\"ols-t11-spec-sub-list\"><div class=\"ols-t11-spec-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-t11-spec-sub-code\">a<\/div><div class=\"ols-t11-spec-sub-text\">be able to deduce the rate-determining step from a rate equation<\/div><\/div><div class=\"ols-t11-spec-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-t11-spec-sub-code\">b<\/div><div class=\"ols-t11-spec-sub-text\">be able to deduce a rate equation from the rate-determining step<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-t11-spec-row ols-t11-spec-row--mid\"><div class=\"ols-t11-spec-code ols-t11-spec-code--mid\">11.8<\/div><div class=\"ols-t11-spec-text\"><div class=\"ols-t11-spec-sub-list\"><div class=\"ols-t11-spec-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-t11-spec-sub-code\">a<\/div><div class=\"ols-t11-spec-sub-text\">be able to deduce a reaction mechanism using knowledge of the rate equation<\/div><\/div><div class=\"ols-t11-spec-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-t11-spec-sub-code\">b<\/div><div class=\"ols-t11-spec-sub-text\">be able to deduce a reaction mechanism using the stoichiometric equation for a reaction<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-t11-spec-row ols-t11-spec-row--light\"><div class=\"ols-t11-spec-code\">11.9<\/div><div class=\"ols-t11-spec-text\"><div class=\"ols-t11-spec-sub-list\"><div class=\"ols-t11-spec-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-t11-spec-sub-code\">a<\/div><div class=\"ols-t11-spec-sub-text\">understand that rate equations for hydrolysis of halogenoalkanes can provide evidence for SN\u2081 mechanisms in tertiary halogenoalkane hydrolysis<\/div><\/div><div class=\"ols-t11-spec-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-t11-spec-sub-code\">b<\/div><div class=\"ols-t11-spec-sub-text\">understand that rate equations for hydrolysis of halogenoalkanes can provide evidence for SN\u2082 mechanisms in primary halogenoalkane hydrolysis<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n\n        <h3 class=\"ols-t11-spec-group-title\">11.10 &#8211; 11.13 Activation energy, catalysts and core practicals<\/h3>\n        <div class=\"ols-t11-spec-rows\">\n          <div class=\"ols-t11-spec-row ols-t11-spec-row--mid\"><div class=\"ols-t11-spec-code ols-t11-spec-code--mid\">11.10<\/div><div class=\"ols-t11-spec-text\"><div class=\"ols-t11-spec-sub-list\"><div class=\"ols-t11-spec-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-t11-spec-sub-code\">a<\/div><div class=\"ols-t11-spec-sub-text\">be able to use calculations to find activation energy from experimental data<\/div><\/div><div class=\"ols-t11-spec-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-t11-spec-sub-code\">b<\/div><div class=\"ols-t11-spec-sub-text\">be able to use graphical methods to find activation energy from experimental data<\/div><\/div><div class=\"ols-t11-spec-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-t11-spec-sub-code\">c<\/div><div class=\"ols-t11-spec-sub-text\">know that the Arrhenius equation will be given if needed<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-t11-spec-row ols-t11-spec-row--light\"><div class=\"ols-t11-spec-code\">11.11<\/div><div class=\"ols-t11-spec-text\">understand the use of a solid (heterogeneous) catalyst for industrial reactions, in the gas phase, in terms of providing a surface for the reaction<\/div><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-t11-spec-row ols-t11-spec-row--mid\"><div class=\"ols-t11-spec-code ols-t11-spec-code--mid\">11.12<\/div><div class=\"ols-t11-spec-text\"><div class=\"ols-t11-spec-sub-list\"><div class=\"ols-t11-spec-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-t11-spec-sub-code\">a<\/div><div class=\"ols-t11-spec-sub-text\">CORE PRACTICAL 9a Following the rate of the iodine-propanone reaction by a titrimetric method<\/div><\/div><div class=\"ols-t11-spec-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-t11-spec-sub-code\">b<\/div><div class=\"ols-t11-spec-sub-text\">CORE PRACTICAL 9b Investigating a clock reaction (Harcourt-Esson, iodine clock)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-t11-spec-row ols-t11-spec-row--light\"><div class=\"ols-t11-spec-code\">11.13<\/div><div class=\"ols-t11-spec-text\">CORE PRACTICAL 10 Finding the activation energy of a reaction.<\/div><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/section>\n\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">\n{\n  \"@context\": \"https:\/\/schema.org\",\n  \"@graph\": [\n    {\n      \"@type\": \"CollectionPage\",\n      \"@id\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-11-kinetics\/#webpage\",\n      \"url\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-11-kinetics\/\",\n      \"name\": \"Topic 11 Kinetics | Edexcel International A Level Chemistry | Online Learning System\",\n      \"description\": \"Edexcel International A Level Chemistry Topic 11 Kinetics revision notes: rate equations, orders and the rate constant, techniques for measuring rates, concentration\u2013time graphs and half-life, rate\u2013concentration graphs and the initial-rates method, the iodine\u2013propanone reaction, rate-determining step and reaction mechanisms, activation energy and the arrhenius equation, heterogeneous and homogeneous catalysis.\",\n      \"isPartOf\": {\n        \"@id\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/#website\"\n      },\n      \"breadcrumb\": {\n        \"@id\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-11-kinetics\/#breadcrumb\"\n      },\n      \"inLanguage\": \"en-GB\"\n    },\n    {\n      \"@type\": \"BreadcrumbList\",\n      \"@id\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-11-kinetics\/#breadcrumb\",\n      \"itemListElement\": [\n        {\n          \"@type\": \"ListItem\",\n          \"position\": 1,\n          \"name\": \"Revision Notes\",\n          \"item\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/\"\n        },\n        {\n          \"@type\": \"ListItem\",\n          \"position\": 2,\n          \"name\": \"A Level Chemistry\",\n          \"item\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/\"\n        },\n        {\n          \"@type\": \"ListItem\",\n          \"position\": 3,\n          \"name\": \"Edexcel International\",\n          \"item\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/\"\n        },\n        {\n          \"@type\": \"ListItem\",\n          \"position\": 4,\n          \"name\": \"Topic 11 Kinetics\",\n          \"item\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-11-kinetics\/\"\n        }\n      ]\n    },\n    {\n      \"@type\": \"ItemList\",\n      \"@id\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-11-kinetics\/#topics\",\n      \"name\": \"Topic 11 Kinetics revision notes\",\n      \"itemListElement\": [\n        {\n          \"@type\": \"ListItem\",\n          \"position\": 1,\n          \"item\": {\n            \"@type\": \"Course\",\n            \"name\": \"Rate Equations, Orders and the Rate Constant\",\n            \"description\": \"Edexcel International A Level Chemistry revision notes on rate equations: orders of reaction, the rate constant k, overall order and working out the units of k.\",\n            \"url\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-11-kinetics\/rate-equations-orders-and-the-rate-constant\/\"\n          }\n        },\n        {\n          \"@type\": \"ListItem\",\n          \"position\": 2,\n          \"item\": {\n            \"@type\": \"Course\",\n            \"name\": \"Techniques for Measuring Rates\",\n            \"description\": \"Edexcel International A Level Chemistry revision notes on measuring rates: titration, colorimetry, mass and gas-volume methods, continuous monitoring and the initial-rates method with clock reactions.\",\n            \"url\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-11-kinetics\/techniques-for-measuring-rates\/\"\n          }\n        },\n        {\n          \"@type\": \"ListItem\",\n          \"position\": 3,\n          \"item\": {\n            \"@type\": \"Course\",\n            \"name\": \"Concentration\u2013Time Graphs and Half-Life\",\n            \"description\": \"Edexcel International A Level Chemistry revision notes on concentration\u2013time graphs: deducing order from the shape, tangents and rates, half-life and first-order reactions.\",\n            \"url\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-11-kinetics\/concentration-time-graphs-and-half-life\/\"\n          }\n        },\n        {\n          \"@type\": \"ListItem\",\n          \"position\": 4,\n          \"item\": {\n            \"@type\": \"Course\",\n            \"name\": \"Rate\u2013Concentration Graphs and the Initial-Rates Method\",\n            \"description\": \"Edexcel International A Level Chemistry revision notes on the initial-rates method: rate\u2013concentration graphs, deducing orders from tables of data, writing the rate equation and calculating k.\",\n            \"url\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-11-kinetics\/rate-concentration-graphs-and-the-initial-rates-method\/\"\n          }\n        },\n        {\n          \"@type\": \"ListItem\",\n          \"position\": 5,\n          \"item\": {\n            \"@type\": \"Course\",\n            \"name\": \"The Iodine\u2013Propanone Reaction\",\n            \"description\": \"Edexcel International A Level Chemistry revision notes on the iodine\u2013propanone reaction: collecting rate data, the orders with respect to iodine, propanone and H\u207a, and deducing the mechanism.\",\n            \"url\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-11-kinetics\/the-iodine-propanone-reaction\/\"\n          }\n        },\n        {\n          \"@type\": \"ListItem\",\n          \"position\": 6,\n          \"item\": {\n            \"@type\": \"Course\",\n            \"name\": \"Rate-Determining Step and Reaction Mechanisms\",\n            \"description\": \"Edexcel International A Level Chemistry revision notes on the rate-determining step: rate equations from mechanisms, mechanisms from rate equations, intermediates, and S\u20991\/S\u20992 evidence from halogenoalkanes hydrolysis.\",\n            \"url\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-11-kinetics\/rate-determining-step-and-reaction-mechanisms\/\"\n          }\n        },\n        {\n          \"@type\": \"ListItem\",\n          \"position\": 7,\n          \"item\": {\n            \"@type\": \"Course\",\n            \"name\": \"Activation Energy and the Arrhenius Equation\",\n            \"description\": \"Edexcel International A Level Chemistry revision notes on the Arrhenius equation: temperature and the rate constant, ln k against 1\/T graphs and finding the activation energy from the gradient.\",\n            \"url\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-11-kinetics\/activation-energy-and-the-arrhenius-equation\/\"\n          }\n        },\n        {\n          \"@type\": \"ListItem\",\n          \"position\": 8,\n          \"item\": {\n            \"@type\": \"Course\",\n            \"name\": \"Heterogeneous and Homogeneous Catalysis\",\n            \"description\": \"Edexcel International A Level Chemistry revision notes on catalysis: heterogeneous catalysts at surfaces (adsorption, desorption, the Haber process, catalytic converters) and homogeneous catalysts that are regenerated.\",\n            \"url\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-11-kinetics\/heterogeneous-and-homogeneous-catalysis\/\"\n          }\n        }\n      ]\n    }\n  ]\n}\n<\/script>\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Revision Notes \/ A Level Chemistry \/ Edexcel International \/ Topic 11 Kinetics Edexcel International A Level Chemistry Topic 11Kinetics Topic 11 turns rate into an equation. It covers the rate equation, orders and the rate constant, the techniques and methods used to collect rate data, deducing orders from concentration\u2013time and rate\u2013concentration graphs and from [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":12,"featured_media":0,"parent":1786,"menu_order":11,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-12336","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/12336","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/12"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=12336"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/12336\/revisions"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1786"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=12336"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}