{"id":12359,"date":"2026-09-30T19:39:48","date_gmt":"2026-09-30T18:39:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-9-rate-equations\/"},"modified":"2026-09-30T19:39:48","modified_gmt":"2026-09-30T18:39:48","slug":"3-1-9-rate-equations","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-9-rate-equations\/","title":{"rendered":"3.1.9 Rate Equations"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"ols-aqa319-page\">\n\n  <aside class=\"ols-sidebar\">\n  <div class=\"ols-sidebar-header\">\n    <h3>Revision Notes<\/h3>\n    <p>A Level Chemistry<\/p>\n  <\/div>\n\n  <div class=\"ols-topic-group\">\n    <h4>3.1.9 Rate Equations<\/h4>\n\n    <ul class=\"ols-topic-list\">\n      <li>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-9-rate-equations\/\">3.1.9 Rate Equations Overview<\/a>\n      <\/li>\n      <li>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-9-rate-equations\/rate-equations-orders-and-the-rate-constant\/\">Rate Equations, Orders and the Rate Constant<\/a>\n      <\/li>\n      <li>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-9-rate-equations\/techniques-for-measuring-rates\/\">Techniques for Measuring Rates<\/a>\n      <\/li>\n      <li>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-9-rate-equations\/concentration-time-graphs-and-half-life\/\">Concentration\u2013Time Graphs and Half-Life<\/a>\n      <\/li>\n      <li>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-9-rate-equations\/rate-concentration-graphs-and-the-initial-rates-method\/\">Rate\u2013Concentration Graphs and the Initial-Rates Method<\/a>\n      <\/li>\n      <li>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-9-rate-equations\/the-iodine-propanone-reaction\/\">The Iodine\u2013Propanone Reaction<\/a>\n      <\/li>\n      <li>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-9-rate-equations\/rate-determining-step-and-reaction-mechanisms\/\">Rate-Determining Step and Reaction Mechanisms<\/a>\n      <\/li>\n      <li>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-9-rate-equations\/activation-energy-and-the-arrhenius-equation\/\">Activation Energy and the Arrhenius Equation<\/a>\n      <\/li>\n    <\/ul>\n  <\/div>\n\n  <div class=\"ols-topic-group\">\n    <h4>Other Sections<\/h4>\n\n    <ul class=\"ols-topic-list\">\n      <li>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-5-kinetics\/\">3.1.5 Kinetics<\/a>\n      <\/li>\n      <li>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-6-chemical-equilibria-le-chateliers-principle-and-kc\/\">3.1.6 Chemical Equilibria and Kc<\/a>\n      <\/li>\n      <li>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-4-energetics\/\">3.1.4 Energetics<\/a>\n      <\/li>\n      <li>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/required-practicals\/\">Required Practicals<\/a>\n      <\/li>\n    <\/ul>\n  <\/div>\n<\/aside>\n\n<script>\r\n(function() {\r\n  function normalisePath(path) {\r\n    return String(path || '')\r\n      .split('?')[0]\r\n      .split('#')[0]\r\n      .replace(\/\\\/+$\/, '')\r\n      .toLowerCase();\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  function highlightActive() {\r\n    var sidebar = document.querySelector('.ols-sidebar');\r\n    if (!sidebar) return false;\r\n\r\n    var currentPath = normalisePath(window.location.pathname);\r\n    var links = sidebar.querySelectorAll('a[href]');\r\n    var matched = null;\r\n    var matchedLength = 0;\r\n\r\n    sidebar.querySelectorAll('.active, .active-main, .parent-active').forEach(function(item) {\r\n      item.classList.remove('active', 'active-main', 'parent-active');\r\n    });\r\n\r\n    sidebar.querySelectorAll('a[data-ols-disabled-parent=\"1\"], a[aria-current]').forEach(function(a) {\r\n      a.removeAttribute('aria-current');\r\n      a.removeAttribute('tabindex');\r\n      a.removeAttribute('data-ols-disabled-parent');\r\n    });\r\n\r\n    links.forEach(function(a) {\r\n      try {\r\n        var href = a.getAttribute('href');\r\n\r\n        if (!href || href === '#' || href.charAt(0) === '#') {\r\n          return;\r\n        }\r\n\r\n        var linkPath = normalisePath(new URL(href, window.location.origin).pathname);\r\n\r\n        if (!linkPath) {\r\n          return;\r\n        }\r\n\r\n        if (currentPath === linkPath || currentPath.indexOf(linkPath + '\/') === 0) {\r\n          if (linkPath.length > matchedLength) {\r\n            matched = a;\r\n            matchedLength = linkPath.length;\r\n          }\r\n        }\r\n      } catch(e) {}\r\n    });\r\n\r\n    if (matched) {\r\n      var matchedLi = matched.closest('li');\r\n      var parentSub = matched.closest('.ols-subtopic-list');\r\n\r\n      if (parentSub) {\r\n        if (matchedLi) {\r\n          matchedLi.classList.add('active');\r\n          matched.setAttribute('aria-current', 'page');\r\n        }\r\n\r\n        var parentLi = parentSub.closest('li');\r\n\r\n        if (parentLi) {\r\n          parentLi.classList.add('parent-active', 'active-main');\r\n\r\n          var parentLink = parentLi.querySelector(':scope > a');\r\n\r\n          if (parentLink) {\r\n            parentLink.setAttribute('aria-current', 'true');\r\n            parentLink.setAttribute('tabindex', '-1');\r\n            parentLink.setAttribute('data-ols-disabled-parent', '1');\r\n          }\r\n        }\r\n      } else {\r\n        if (matchedLi) {\r\n          matchedLi.classList.add('parent-active', 'active-main');\r\n          matched.setAttribute('aria-current', 'page');\r\n          matched.setAttribute('tabindex', '-1');\r\n          matched.setAttribute('data-ols-disabled-parent', '1');\r\n        }\r\n      }\r\n    }\r\n\r\n    return true;\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  if (!highlightActive()) {\r\n    document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', highlightActive);\r\n  }\r\n})();\r\n<\/script>\n\n  <style>\n    @import url('https:\/\/fonts.googleapis.com\/css2?family=Poppins:wght@300;400;500;600;700;800&display=swap');\n\n    .ols-aqa319-page,\n    .ols-aqa319-page * { box-sizing: border-box; }\n\n    .ols-aqa319-page {\n      --ols-purple: #3b0764;\n      --ols-purple-2: #581c87;\n      --ols-accent: #a855f7;\n      --ols-soft-purple: #f5f0ff;\n      --ols-soft-cream: #fbf7f2;\n      --ols-border: rgba(59, 7, 100, 0.13);\n      --ols-shadow-soft: 0 10px 28px rgba(59, 7, 100, 0.09);\n      --ols-muted: #5c5268;\n      font-family: \"Poppins\", Arial, sans-serif;\n      color: var(--ols-purple);\n      background: #ffffff;\n    }\n\n    .ols-aqa319-page a { color: inherit; text-decoration: none; }\n    .ols-aqa319-container { width: min(1180px, calc(100% - 40px)); margin: 0 auto; }\n\n    .ols-aqa319-breadcrumb-bar { padding: 16px 0 0; }\n    .ols-aqa319-breadcrumb { display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; gap: 6px; font-size: 13px; color: var(--ols-muted); font-weight: 500; }\n    .ols-aqa319-breadcrumb a { color: var(--ols-muted); transition: color 0.2s ease; }\n    .ols-aqa319-breadcrumb a:hover { color: var(--ols-accent); }\n    .ols-aqa319-breadcrumb span { color: var(--ols-purple); font-weight: 700; }\n\n    .ols-aqa319-intro {\n      padding: 36px 0 72px;\n      background:\n        radial-gradient(circle at top center, rgba(168, 85, 247, 0.08), transparent 40%),\n        linear-gradient(180deg, #fbf7f2 0%, #ffffff 100%);\n    }\n    .ols-aqa319-intro-inner { display: grid; grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr; gap: 64px; align-items: center; }\n    .ols-aqa319-eyebrow {\n      display: inline-flex; align-items: center; gap: 9px; padding: 8px 16px; border-radius: 999px;\n      background: #ffffff; border: 1px solid rgba(168, 85, 247, 0.22); color: var(--ols-accent);\n      font-size: 13px; font-weight: 600; box-shadow: 0 6px 18px rgba(59, 7, 100, 0.06); margin-bottom: 20px;\n    }\n    .ols-aqa319-eyebrow::before { content: \"\"; width: 7px; height: 7px; border-radius: 50%; background: var(--ols-accent); box-shadow: 0 0 0 4px rgba(168, 85, 247, 0.14); }\n    .ols-aqa319-intro h1 { font-size: clamp(34px, 4.5vw, 64px); font-weight: 800; color: var(--ols-purple); letter-spacing: -0.045em; line-height: 1.08; margin: 0 0 10px; text-shadow: -9px 0 9px rgba(59, 7, 100, 0.08); }\n    .ols-aqa319-accent-bar { width: 72px; height: 4px; background: var(--ols-accent); border-radius: 999px; margin: 0 0 22px; }\n    .ols-aqa319-intro-lead { font-size: clamp(16px, 1.6vw, 19px); font-weight: 300; color: #32104f; line-height: 1.72; margin: 0; }\n\n    .ols-aqa319-info-grid { display: grid; grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr; gap: 14px; }\n    .ols-aqa319-info-card { background: #ffffff; border: 1px solid var(--ols-border); border-radius: 20px; padding: 20px 22px; box-shadow: var(--ols-shadow-soft); }\n    .ols-aqa319-info-card-label { font-size: 11px; font-weight: 700; text-transform: uppercase; letter-spacing: 0.06em; color: var(--ols-muted); margin-bottom: 6px; }\n    .ols-aqa319-info-card-value { font-size: 22px; font-weight: 800; color: var(--ols-purple); letter-spacing: -0.03em; line-height: 1.1; }\n    .ols-aqa319-info-card-sub { font-size: 12px; font-weight: 400; color: var(--ols-muted); margin-top: 3px; }\n\n    .ols-aqa319-topics { padding: 72px 0 80px; background: #ffffff; }\n    .ols-aqa319-section-header { margin-bottom: 40px; }\n    .ols-aqa319-section-title { font-size: clamp(28px, 3vw, 44px); font-weight: 800; color: var(--ols-purple); letter-spacing: -0.04em; line-height: 1.1; margin: 0 0 10px; text-shadow: -9px 0 9px rgba(59, 7, 100, 0.08); }\n    .ols-aqa319-section-sub { font-size: 16px; font-weight: 300; color: var(--ols-muted); margin: 0; }\n    .ols-aqa319-cards-grid { display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(4, minmax(0, 1fr)); gap: 20px; }\n\n    .ols-aqa319-card {\n      display: flex; flex-direction: column; background: #ffffff; border: 1px solid var(--ols-border);\n      border-radius: 22px; overflow: hidden; box-shadow: var(--ols-shadow-soft); text-decoration: none;\n      color: var(--ols-purple); transition: transform 0.28s cubic-bezier(0.34, 1.56, 0.64, 1), box-shadow 0.28s ease, border-color 0.28s ease; position: relative;\n    }\n    .ols-aqa319-card.ols-aqa319-card--available:hover { transform: translateY(-10px) scale(1.02); box-shadow: 0 28px 56px rgba(59, 7, 100, 0.16); border-color: rgba(168, 85, 247, 0.35); }\n    .ols-aqa319-card.ols-aqa319-card--available:hover .ols-aqa319-card-img-wrap::after { opacity: 1; }\n    .ols-aqa319-card-img-wrap { position: relative; width: 100%; aspect-ratio: 4 \/ 3; background: var(--ols-soft-purple); overflow: hidden; }\n    .ols-aqa319-card-img-wrap::after { content: \"\"; position: absolute; inset: 0; background: linear-gradient(180deg, transparent 40%, rgba(59, 7, 100, 0.18) 100%); opacity: 0; transition: opacity 0.28s ease; z-index: 1; }\n    .ols-aqa319-card-num { position: absolute; top: 12px; left: 12px; width: 32px; height: 32px; border-radius: 50%; background: var(--ols-purple); color: #ffffff; font-size: 13px; font-weight: 800; display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center; z-index: 3; box-shadow: 0 4px 12px rgba(59, 7, 100, 0.28); }\n    .ols-aqa319-card-status { position: absolute; top: 12px; right: 12px; padding: 4px 10px; border-radius: 999px; font-size: 10px; font-weight: 700; z-index: 3; }\n    .ols-aqa319-card-status--available { background: #eaf3de; color: #3B6D11; }\n    .ols-aqa319-card-body { padding: 18px 18px 22px; flex: 1; display: flex; flex-direction: column; gap: 6px; }\n    .ols-aqa319-card-title { font-size: 14px; font-weight: 700; color: var(--ols-purple); line-height: 1.35; margin: 0; }\n    .ols-aqa319-card-desc { font-size: 12px; font-weight: 300; color: var(--ols-muted); line-height: 1.6; margin: 0; }\n    .ols-aqa319-card-cta { display: inline-flex; align-items: center; gap: 5px; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 12px; font-weight: 700; color: var(--ols-accent); }\n    .ols-aqa319-card-cta svg { width: 14px; height: 14px; transition: transform 0.2s ease; }\n    .ols-aqa319-card--available:hover .ols-aqa319-card-cta svg { transform: translateX(3px); }\n\n    .ols-aqa319-visual { position: absolute; inset: 0; display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center; padding: 32px 24px 24px; overflow: hidden; }\n    .ols-aqa319-visual::before, .ols-aqa319-visual::after { content: \"\"; position: absolute; border-radius: 999px; opacity: 0.75; filter: blur(1px); }\n    .ols-aqa319-visual::before { width: 170px; height: 170px; left: -58px; bottom: -66px; background: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.35); }\n    .ols-aqa319-visual::after { width: 118px; height: 118px; right: -42px; top: -34px; background: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.28); }\n    .ols-aqa319-visual-panel { position: relative; z-index: 2; width: min(82%, 260px); min-height: 118px; border-radius: 24px; border: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.45); background: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.76); box-shadow: 0 18px 38px rgba(59, 7, 100, 0.18); backdrop-filter: blur(10px); display: flex; flex-direction: column; align-items: center; justify-content: center; text-align: center; padding: 18px; }\n    .ols-aqa319-visual-kicker { display: inline-flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center; min-height: 25px; padding: 4px 10px; border-radius: 999px; background: rgba(59, 7, 100, 0.08); color: var(--ols-purple); font-size: 10px; font-weight: 800; text-transform: uppercase; letter-spacing: 0.08em; margin-bottom: 10px; }\n    .ols-aqa319-visual-main { font-size: clamp(23px, 3vw, 32px); font-weight: 800; color: var(--ols-purple); line-height: 1.05; letter-spacing: -0.05em; }\n    .ols-aqa319-config-line { display: inline-flex; gap: 7px; margin-top: 12px; flex-wrap: wrap; justify-content: center; }\n    .ols-aqa319-config-line span { display: inline-flex; min-width: 42px; justify-content: center; padding: 5px 8px; border-radius: 999px; background: #ffffff; border: 1px solid rgba(59, 7, 100, 0.16); font-size: 11px; font-weight: 800; color: var(--ols-purple); }\n\n    .ols-aqa319-visual--ionic { background: radial-gradient(circle at 24% 18%, rgba(255,255,255,0.46), transparent 24%), linear-gradient(135deg, #f5f0ff 0%, #c084fc 45%, #7e22ce 100%); }\n    .ols-aqa319-visual--covalent { background: radial-gradient(circle at 22% 18%, rgba(255,255,255,0.46), transparent 24%), linear-gradient(135deg, #fff7ed 0%, #fb923c 45%, #c2410c 100%); }\n    .ols-aqa319-visual--shapes { background: radial-gradient(circle at 24% 18%, rgba(255,255,255,0.46), transparent 24%), linear-gradient(135deg, #ecfeff 0%, #22d3ee 45%, #0e7490 100%); }\n    .ols-aqa319-visual--polarity { background: radial-gradient(circle at 24% 18%, rgba(255,255,255,0.46), transparent 24%), linear-gradient(135deg, #fdf2f8 0%, #f472b6 45%, #be185d 100%); }\n    .ols-aqa319-visual--metallic { background: radial-gradient(circle at 24% 18%, rgba(255,255,255,0.46), transparent 24%), linear-gradient(135deg, #f8fafc 0%, #94a3b8 45%, #334155 100%); }\n    .ols-aqa319-visual--giant { background: radial-gradient(circle at 24% 18%, rgba(255,255,255,0.46), transparent 24%), linear-gradient(135deg, #eefbf3 0%, #86efac 45%, #15803d 100%); }\n    .ols-aqa319-visual--molecular { background: radial-gradient(circle at 24% 18%, rgba(255,255,255,0.46), transparent 24%), linear-gradient(135deg, #eff6ff 0%, #60a5fa 45%, #1d4ed8 100%); }\n    .ols-aqa319-visual--forces { background: radial-gradient(circle at 24% 18%, rgba(255,255,255,0.46), transparent 24%), linear-gradient(135deg, #fefce8 0%, #facc15 45%, #a16207 100%); }\n\n    .ols-aqa319-spec-section { padding: 72px 0 88px; background: radial-gradient(circle at top center, rgba(168, 85, 247, 0.07), transparent 38%), linear-gradient(180deg, #fbf7f2 0%, #ffffff 100%); }\n    .ols-aqa319-spec-wrap { background: #ffffff; border: 1px solid var(--ols-border); border-radius: 26px; padding: 36px; box-shadow: var(--ols-shadow-soft); }\n    .ols-aqa319-spec-pill { display: inline-flex; align-items: center; padding: 7px 14px; border-radius: 999px; background: var(--ols-soft-purple); border: 1px solid rgba(168, 85, 247, 0.22); color: var(--ols-accent); font-size: 12px; font-weight: 700; margin-bottom: 16px; }\n    .ols-aqa319-spec-heading { font-size: clamp(24px, 2.8vw, 36px); font-weight: 800; color: var(--ols-purple); letter-spacing: -0.035em; line-height: 1.12; margin: 0 0 6px; border-left: 5px solid var(--ols-accent); padding-left: 16px; }\n    .ols-aqa319-spec-intro-text { font-size: 16px; font-weight: 300; color: #3f314c; line-height: 1.8; margin: 14px 0 26px; }\n    .ols-aqa319-spec-group-title { font-size: 20px; font-weight: 800; color: var(--ols-purple); line-height: 1.2; margin: 30px 0 14px; letter-spacing: -0.025em; }\n    .ols-aqa319-spec-rows { display: flex; flex-direction: column; gap: 12px; }\n    .ols-aqa319-spec-row { display: flex; flex-wrap: nowrap; align-items: stretch; border-radius: 16px; overflow: hidden; box-shadow: 0 4px 12px rgba(0,0,0,0.05); }\n    .ols-aqa319-spec-row--light { background: #ffffff; border: 1px solid rgba(168, 85, 247, 0.18); }\n    .ols-aqa319-spec-row--mid { background: #f5f0ff; border: 1px solid rgba(168, 85, 247, 0.22); }\n    .ols-aqa319-spec-code { flex: 0 0 104px; color: #ffffff; font-size: 15px; font-weight: 800; display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center; padding: 18px 12px; background: #3b0764; }\n    .ols-aqa319-spec-code--mid { background: #581c87; }\n    .ols-aqa319-spec-text { flex: 1; padding: 16px 20px; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 300; line-height: 1.8; color: #3f314c; }\n    .ols-aqa319-spec-sub-list { display: flex; flex-direction: column; gap: 10px; margin-top: 12px; }\n    .ols-aqa319-spec-sub-row { display: flex; align-items: stretch; background: #ffffff; border: 1px solid rgba(168, 85, 247, 0.15); border-radius: 12px; overflow: hidden; }\n    .ols-aqa319-spec-sub-code { flex: 0 0 74px; background: #c084fc; color: #3b0764; font-size: 13px; font-weight: 800; display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center; padding: 12px 10px; }\n    .ols-aqa319-spec-sub-text { flex: 1; padding: 12px 16px; font-size: 15px; font-weight: 300; line-height: 1.8; color: #4b3b58; }\n\n    @media (max-width: 1100px) { .ols-aqa319-cards-grid { grid-template-columns: repeat(2, minmax(0, 1fr)); } }\n    @media (max-width: 860px) { .ols-aqa319-intro-inner { grid-template-columns: 1fr; gap: 40px; } }\n    @media (max-width: 640px) {\n      .ols-aqa319-intro { padding: 24px 0 52px; }\n      .ols-aqa319-topics { padding: 52px 0 58px; }\n      .ols-aqa319-cards-grid { grid-template-columns: 1fr; gap: 14px; }\n      .ols-aqa319-spec-section { padding: 52px 0 64px; }\n      .ols-aqa319-spec-wrap { padding: 24px 18px; border-radius: 20px; }\n      .ols-aqa319-info-grid { grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr; }\n      .ols-aqa319-spec-row { flex-direction: column; }\n      .ols-aqa319-spec-code { flex: 0 0 auto; min-height: 34px; }\n    }\n      .ols-aqa319-visual--ox { background: radial-gradient(circle at 24% 18%, rgba(255,255,255,0.46), transparent 24%), linear-gradient(135deg, #fff7ed 0%, #fb923c 45%, #c2410c 100%); }\n    .ols-aqa319-visual--et { background: radial-gradient(circle at 24% 18%, rgba(255,255,255,0.46), transparent 24%), linear-gradient(135deg, #eef2ff 0%, #818cf8 45%, #3730a3 100%); }\n    .ols-aqa319-visual--dp { background: radial-gradient(circle at 24% 18%, rgba(255,255,255,0.46), transparent 24%), linear-gradient(135deg, #fdf2f8 0%, #f472b6 45%, #9d174d 100%); }\n    .ols-aqa319-visual--rc { background: radial-gradient(circle at 24% 18%, rgba(255,255,255,0.46), transparent 24%), linear-gradient(135deg, #f0fdf4 0%, #4ade80 45%, #15803d 100%); }\n    .ols-aqa319-visual--tr { background: radial-gradient(circle at 24% 18%, rgba(255,255,255,0.46), transparent 24%), linear-gradient(135deg, #f0f9ff 0%, #38bdf8 45%, #0369a1 100%); }\n    .ols-aqa319-visual--re { background: radial-gradient(circle at 24% 18%, rgba(255,255,255,0.46), transparent 24%), linear-gradient(135deg, #fff1f2 0%, #fb7185 45%, #be123c 100%); }\n    .ols-aqa319-visual--oh { background: radial-gradient(circle at 24% 18%, rgba(255,255,255,0.46), transparent 24%), linear-gradient(135deg, #f5f3ff 0%, #a78bfa 45%, #6d28d9 100%); }\n    .ols-aqa319-visual--so { background: radial-gradient(circle at 24% 18%, rgba(255,255,255,0.46), transparent 24%), linear-gradient(135deg, #ecfeff 0%, #22d3ee 45%, #0e7490 100%); }\n    .ols-aqa319-visual--ts { background: radial-gradient(circle at 24% 18%, rgba(255,255,255,0.46), transparent 24%), linear-gradient(135deg, #fffbeb 0%, #fbbf24 45%, #b45309 100%); }\n    .ols-aqa319-visual--ti { background: radial-gradient(circle at 24% 18%, rgba(255,255,255,0.46), transparent 24%), linear-gradient(135deg, #f0fdfa 0%, #2dd4bf 45%, #0f766e 100%); }\n    .ols-aqa319-visual--tc { background: radial-gradient(circle at 24% 18%, rgba(255,255,255,0.46), transparent 24%), linear-gradient(135deg, #f8fafc 0%, #94a3b8 45%, #334155 100%); }\n    .ols-aqa319-visual--ht { background: radial-gradient(circle at 24% 18%, rgba(255,255,255,0.46), transparent 24%), linear-gradient(135deg, #ecfdf5 0%, #34d399 45%, #047857 100%); }\n    .ols-aqa319-visual--ho { background: radial-gradient(circle at 24% 18%, rgba(255,255,255,0.46), transparent 24%), linear-gradient(135deg, #fefce8 0%, #facc15 45%, #a16207 100%); }\n    .ols-aqa319-visual--cd { background: radial-gradient(circle at 24% 18%, rgba(255,255,255,0.46), transparent 24%), linear-gradient(135deg, #f0fdf4 0%, #86efac 45%, #166534 100%); }\n    .ols-aqa319-visual--hi { background: radial-gradient(circle at 24% 18%, rgba(255,255,255,0.46), transparent 24%), linear-gradient(135deg, #fdf4ff 0%, #d8b4fe 45%, #7e22ce 100%); }\n    .ols-aqa319-visual--ca { background: radial-gradient(circle at 24% 18%, rgba(255,255,255,0.46), transparent 24%), linear-gradient(135deg, #fff7ed 0%, #fb923c 45%, #9a3412 100%); }\n    .ols-aqa319-visual--de { background: radial-gradient(circle at 24% 18%, rgba(255,255,255,0.46), transparent 24%), linear-gradient(135deg, #eef2ff 0%, #818cf8 45%, #3730a3 100%); }\n    .ols-aqa319-visual--lc { background: radial-gradient(circle at 24% 18%, rgba(255,255,255,0.46), transparent 24%), linear-gradient(135deg, #ecfeff 0%, #22d3ee 45%, #0e7490 100%); }\n    .ols-aqa319-visual--ei { background: radial-gradient(circle at 24% 18%, rgba(255,255,255,0.46), transparent 24%), linear-gradient(135deg, #f5f3ff 0%, #a78bfa 45%, #5b21b6 100%); }\n    .ols-aqa319-visual--kc { background: radial-gradient(circle at 24% 18%, rgba(255,255,255,0.46), transparent 24%), linear-gradient(135deg, #f0fdf4 0%, #4ade80 45%, #166534 100%); }\n  <\/style>\n\n  <!-- BREADCRUMB BAR -->\n  <div class=\"ols-aqa319-breadcrumb-bar\">\n    <div class=\"ols-aqa319-container\">\n      <nav class=\"ols-aqa319-breadcrumb\" aria-label=\"Breadcrumb\">\n          <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/\">Revision Notes<\/a> \/\n          <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/\">A Level Chemistry<\/a> \/\n          <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/\">AQA<\/a> \/\n          <span>3.1.9 Rate Equations<\/span>\n        <\/nav>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n\n  <!-- INTRO -->\n  <section class=\"ols-aqa319-intro\">\n    <div class=\"ols-aqa319-container\">\n      <div class=\"ols-aqa319-intro-inner\">\n        <div>\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa319-eyebrow\">AQA A Level Chemistry<\/div>\n          <h1>3.1.9<br>Rate Equations<\/h1>\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa319-accent-bar\"><\/div>\n          <p class=\"ols-aqa319-intro-lead\">Section 3.1.9 covers the rate equation, order and the rate constant, calculations with the rate equation and the units of k, the Arrhenius equation in both forms with calculations and the ln k against 1\/T graph, and the determination of rate equations from concentration\u2013time and rate\u2013concentration graphs, initial rates and the rate-determining step, and what the orders reveal about the mechanism. Required practical 7 supplies the rate data.<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"ols-aqa319-info-grid\">\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa319-info-card\"><div class=\"ols-aqa319-info-card-label\">Exam Paper<\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa319-info-card-value\">Paper 2<\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa319-info-card-sub\">7405\/2 (and Paper 3)<\/div><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa319-info-card\"><div class=\"ols-aqa319-info-card-label\">Specification Points<\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa319-info-card-value\">3.1.9.1 &#8211; 3.1.9.2<\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa319-info-card-sub\">2 sections covered<\/div><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa319-info-card\"><div class=\"ols-aqa319-info-card-label\">Topic Parts<\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa319-info-card-value\">7 pages<\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa319-info-card-sub\">Revision notes available<\/div><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa319-info-card\"><div class=\"ols-aqa319-info-card-label\">Exam Board<\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa319-info-card-value\">AQA<\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa319-info-card-sub\">7405 (2015 onwards)<\/div><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/section>\n\n  <!-- TOPIC CARDS -->\n  <section class=\"ols-aqa319-topics\">\n    <div class=\"ols-aqa319-container\">\n      <div class=\"ols-aqa319-section-header\">\n        <h2 class=\"ols-aqa319-section-title\">Revision Notes<\/h2>\n        <p class=\"ols-aqa319-section-sub\">Work through 3.1.9 Rate Equations in a structured sequence.<\/p>\n      <\/div>\n      <div class=\"ols-aqa319-cards-grid\">\n\n        <!-- Card 1: Rate Equations, Orders and the Rate Constant -->\n        <a class=\"ols-aqa319-card ols-aqa319-card--available\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-9-rate-equations\/rate-equations-orders-and-the-rate-constant\/\">\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa319-card-img-wrap\">\n            <div class=\"ols-aqa319-visual ols-aqa319-visual--ox\">\n              <div class=\"ols-aqa319-visual-panel\">\n                <div class=\"ols-aqa319-visual-kicker\">rate = k[A]\u1d50[B]\u207f<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-aqa319-visual-main\">Rate<br>Equations<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-aqa319-config-line\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span>orders, k, units of k<\/span><\/div>\n              <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-aqa319-card-num\">1<\/div>\n            <span class=\"ols-aqa319-card-status ols-aqa319-card-status--available\">Available<\/span>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa319-card-body\">\n            <p class=\"ols-aqa319-card-title\">Rate Equations, Orders and the Rate Constant<\/p>\n            <p class=\"ols-aqa319-card-desc\">Rate equations: orders of reaction, the rate constant k, overall order and working out the units of k.<\/p>\n            <span class=\"ols-aqa319-card-cta\">Start revising<svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n\n        <!-- Card 2: Techniques for Measuring Rates -->\n        <a class=\"ols-aqa319-card ols-aqa319-card--available\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-9-rate-equations\/techniques-for-measuring-rates\/\">\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa319-card-img-wrap\">\n            <div class=\"ols-aqa319-visual ols-aqa319-visual--tc\">\n              <div class=\"ols-aqa319-visual-panel\">\n                <div class=\"ols-aqa319-visual-kicker\">Choose a method<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-aqa319-visual-main\">Measuring<br>Rates<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-aqa319-config-line\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span>quench, colorimeter, syringe, clock<\/span><\/div>\n              <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-aqa319-card-num\">2<\/div>\n            <span class=\"ols-aqa319-card-status ols-aqa319-card-status--available\">Available<\/span>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa319-card-body\">\n            <p class=\"ols-aqa319-card-title\">Techniques for Measuring Rates<\/p>\n            <p class=\"ols-aqa319-card-desc\">Measuring rates: titration, colorimetry, mass and gas-volume methods, continuous monitoring and the initial-rates method with clock reactions.<\/p>\n            <span class=\"ols-aqa319-card-cta\">Start revising<svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n\n        <!-- Card 3: Concentration\u2013Time Graphs and Half-Life -->\n        <a class=\"ols-aqa319-card ols-aqa319-card--available\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-9-rate-equations\/concentration-time-graphs-and-half-life\/\">\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa319-card-img-wrap\">\n            <div class=\"ols-aqa319-visual ols-aqa319-visual--tr\">\n              <div class=\"ols-aqa319-visual-panel\">\n                <div class=\"ols-aqa319-visual-kicker\">Curves and t\u00bd<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-aqa319-visual-main\">Concentration\u2013<br>Time Graphs<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-aqa319-config-line\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span>order from shape, constant half-life<\/span><\/div>\n              <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-aqa319-card-num\">3<\/div>\n            <span class=\"ols-aqa319-card-status ols-aqa319-card-status--available\">Available<\/span>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa319-card-body\">\n            <p class=\"ols-aqa319-card-title\">Concentration\u2013Time Graphs and Half-Life<\/p>\n            <p class=\"ols-aqa319-card-desc\">Concentration\u2013time graphs: deducing order from the shape, tangents and rates, half-life and first-order reactions.<\/p>\n            <span class=\"ols-aqa319-card-cta\">Start revising<svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n\n        <!-- Card 4: Rate\u2013Concentration Graphs and the Initial-Rates Method -->\n        <a class=\"ols-aqa319-card ols-aqa319-card--available\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-9-rate-equations\/rate-concentration-graphs-and-the-initial-rates-method\/\">\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa319-card-img-wrap\">\n            <div class=\"ols-aqa319-visual ols-aqa319-visual--ca\">\n              <div class=\"ols-aqa319-visual-panel\">\n                <div class=\"ols-aqa319-visual-kicker\">Compare the runs<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-aqa319-visual-main\">Initial-Rates<br>Method<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-aqa319-config-line\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span>double [A], what happens to rate?<\/span><\/div>\n              <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-aqa319-card-num\">4<\/div>\n            <span class=\"ols-aqa319-card-status ols-aqa319-card-status--available\">Available<\/span>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa319-card-body\">\n            <p class=\"ols-aqa319-card-title\">Rate\u2013Concentration Graphs and the Initial-Rates Method<\/p>\n            <p class=\"ols-aqa319-card-desc\">The initial-rates method: rate\u2013concentration graphs, deducing orders from tables of data, writing the rate equation and calculating k.<\/p>\n            <span class=\"ols-aqa319-card-cta\">Start revising<svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n\n        <!-- Card 5: The Iodine\u2013Propanone Reaction -->\n        <a class=\"ols-aqa319-card ols-aqa319-card--available\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-9-rate-equations\/the-iodine-propanone-reaction\/\">\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa319-card-img-wrap\">\n            <div class=\"ols-aqa319-visual ols-aqa319-visual--de\">\n              <div class=\"ols-aqa319-visual-panel\">\n                <div class=\"ols-aqa319-visual-kicker\">Worked example<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-aqa319-visual-main\">Iodine and<br>Propanone<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-aqa319-config-line\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span>zero order in I\u2082, rate = k[propanone][H\u207a]<\/span><\/div>\n              <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-aqa319-card-num\">5<\/div>\n            <span class=\"ols-aqa319-card-status ols-aqa319-card-status--available\">Available<\/span>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa319-card-body\">\n            <p class=\"ols-aqa319-card-title\">The Iodine\u2013Propanone Reaction<\/p>\n            <p class=\"ols-aqa319-card-desc\">The iodine\u2013propanone reaction: collecting rate data, the orders with respect to iodine, propanone and H\u207a, and deducing the mechanism.<\/p>\n            <span class=\"ols-aqa319-card-cta\">Start revising<svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n\n        <!-- Card 6: Rate-Determining Step and Reaction Mechanisms -->\n        <a class=\"ols-aqa319-card ols-aqa319-card--available\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-9-rate-equations\/rate-determining-step-and-reaction-mechanisms\/\">\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa319-card-img-wrap\">\n            <div class=\"ols-aqa319-visual ols-aqa319-visual--lc\">\n              <div class=\"ols-aqa319-visual-panel\">\n                <div class=\"ols-aqa319-visual-kicker\">The slow step<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-aqa319-visual-main\">Rate-Determining<br>Step<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-aqa319-config-line\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span>mechanisms, intermediates, S\u20991 and S\u20992<\/span><\/div>\n              <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-aqa319-card-num\">6<\/div>\n            <span class=\"ols-aqa319-card-status ols-aqa319-card-status--available\">Available<\/span>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa319-card-body\">\n            <p class=\"ols-aqa319-card-title\">Rate-Determining Step and Reaction Mechanisms<\/p>\n            <p class=\"ols-aqa319-card-desc\">The rate-determining step: rate equations from mechanisms, mechanisms from rate equations, intermediates, and S\u20991\/S\u20992 evidence from halogenoalkanes hydrolysis.<\/p>\n            <span class=\"ols-aqa319-card-cta\">Start revising<svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n\n        <!-- Card 7: Activation Energy and the Arrhenius Equation -->\n        <a class=\"ols-aqa319-card ols-aqa319-card--available\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-9-rate-equations\/activation-energy-and-the-arrhenius-equation\/\">\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa319-card-img-wrap\">\n            <div class=\"ols-aqa319-visual ols-aqa319-visual--ei\">\n              <div class=\"ols-aqa319-visual-panel\">\n                <div class=\"ols-aqa319-visual-kicker\">k = Ae^(\u2212E\u2090\/RT)<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-aqa319-visual-main\">Arrhenius<br>Equation<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-aqa319-config-line\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span>ln k against 1\/T, gradient = \u2212E\u2090\/R<\/span><\/div>\n              <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-aqa319-card-num\">7<\/div>\n            <span class=\"ols-aqa319-card-status ols-aqa319-card-status--available\">Available<\/span>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa319-card-body\">\n            <p class=\"ols-aqa319-card-title\">Activation Energy and the Arrhenius Equation<\/p>\n            <p class=\"ols-aqa319-card-desc\">The Arrhenius equation: temperature and the rate constant, ln k against 1\/T graphs and finding the activation energy from the gradient.<\/p>\n            <span class=\"ols-aqa319-card-cta\">Start revising<svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/section>\n\n  <!-- SPECIFICATION -->\n  <section class=\"ols-aqa319-spec-section\">\n    <div class=\"ols-aqa319-container\">\n      <div class=\"ols-aqa319-spec-wrap\">\n        <div class=\"ols-aqa319-spec-pill\">Specification Coverage<\/div>\n        <h2 class=\"ols-aqa319-spec-heading\">3.1.9 Rate Equations &#8211; AQA A Level Chemistry<\/h2>\n        <p class=\"ols-aqa319-spec-intro-text\">The following AQA specification points outline the knowledge and skills students are expected to demonstrate. Wording follows the AQA A Level Chemistry (7405) specification.<\/p>\n        <h3 class=\"ols-aqa319-spec-group-title\">3.1.9.1 Rate equations<\/h3>\n        <div class=\"ols-aqa319-spec-rows\">\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa319-spec-row ols-aqa319-spec-row--light\"><div class=\"ols-aqa319-spec-code\">3.1.9.1<\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa319-spec-text\"><div class=\"ols-aqa319-spec-sub-list\"><div class=\"ols-aqa319-spec-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-aqa319-spec-sub-code\">i<\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa319-spec-sub-text\">know that the rate of a chemical reaction is related to concentration by a rate equation of the form Rate = k[A]\u1d50[B]\u207f<\/div><\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa319-spec-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-aqa319-spec-sub-code\">ii-a<\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa319-spec-sub-text\">define the term order of reaction<\/div><\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa319-spec-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-aqa319-spec-sub-code\">ii-b<\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa319-spec-sub-text\">define the term rate constant<\/div><\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa319-spec-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-aqa319-spec-sub-code\">iii-a<\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa319-spec-sub-text\">know that order zero is permitted in rate equations<\/div><\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa319-spec-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-aqa319-spec-sub-code\">iii-b<\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa319-spec-sub-text\">know that order one is permitted in rate equations<\/div><\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa319-spec-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-aqa319-spec-sub-code\">iii-c<\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa319-spec-sub-text\">know that order two is permitted in rate equations<\/div><\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa319-spec-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-aqa319-spec-sub-code\">iv<\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa319-spec-sub-text\">perform calculations using the rate equation<\/div><\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa319-spec-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-aqa319-spec-sub-code\">v<\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa319-spec-sub-text\">know that the rate constant k varies with temperature according to k = Ae^(\u2212E\u2090\/RT) where A is the Arrhenius constant, E\u2090 is the activation energy and T is the temperature in K<\/div><\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa319-spec-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-aqa319-spec-sub-code\">vi<\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa319-spec-sub-text\">explain the qualitative effect of changes in temperature on the rate constant k<\/div><\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa319-spec-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-aqa319-spec-sub-code\">vii<\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa319-spec-sub-text\">perform calculations using the equation k = Ae^(\u2212E\u2090\/RT)<\/div><\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa319-spec-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-aqa319-spec-sub-code\">viii<\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa319-spec-sub-text\">understand that k = Ae^(\u2212E\u2090\/RT) can be rearranged to ln k = \u2212E\u2090\/RT + ln A and use this with experimental data to plot a straight line graph with slope -E\u2090\/R<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n\n        <h3 class=\"ols-aqa319-spec-group-title\">3.1.9.2 Determination of rate equation<\/h3>\n        <div class=\"ols-aqa319-spec-rows\">\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa319-spec-row ols-aqa319-spec-row--mid\"><div class=\"ols-aqa319-spec-code ols-aqa319-spec-code--mid\">3.1.9.2<\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa319-spec-text\"><div class=\"ols-aqa319-spec-sub-list\"><div class=\"ols-aqa319-spec-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-aqa319-spec-sub-code\">i<\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa319-spec-sub-text\">know that the rate equation is an experimentally determined relationship<\/div><\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa319-spec-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-aqa319-spec-sub-code\">ii<\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa319-spec-sub-text\">use concentration-time graphs to deduce the rate of a reaction<\/div><\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa319-spec-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-aqa319-spec-sub-code\">iii<\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa319-spec-sub-text\">use initial concentration-time data to deduce the initial rate of a reaction<\/div><\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa319-spec-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-aqa319-spec-sub-code\">iv-a<\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa319-spec-sub-text\">use rate-concentration data to deduce the order with respect to a reactant<\/div><\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa319-spec-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-aqa319-spec-sub-code\">iv-b<\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa319-spec-sub-text\">use rate-concentration graphs to deduce the order with respect to a reactant<\/div><\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa319-spec-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-aqa319-spec-sub-code\">v<\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa319-spec-sub-text\">derive the rate equation for a reaction from the orders with respect to each of the reactants<\/div><\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa319-spec-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-aqa319-spec-sub-code\">vi<\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa319-spec-sub-text\">use the orders with respect to reactants to provide information about the rate determining step of a reaction<\/div><\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa319-spec-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-aqa319-spec-sub-code\">vii<\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa319-spec-sub-text\">understand that the orders with respect to reactants can provide information about the mechanism of a reaction<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/section>\n\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">\n{\n  \"@context\": \"https:\/\/schema.org\",\n  \"@graph\": [\n    {\n      \"@type\": \"CollectionPage\",\n      \"@id\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-9-rate-equations\/#webpage\",\n      \"url\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-9-rate-equations\/\",\n      \"name\": \"3.1.9 Rate Equations | AQA A Level Chemistry | Online Learning System\",\n      \"description\": \"AQA A Level Chemistry 3.1.9 Rate Equations revision notes: rate equations, orders and the rate constant, techniques for measuring rates, concentration\u2013time graphs and half-life, rate\u2013concentration graphs and the initial-rates method, the iodine\u2013propanone reaction, rate-determining step and reaction mechanisms, activation energy and the arrhenius equation.\",\n      \"isPartOf\": {\n        \"@id\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/#website\"\n      },\n      \"breadcrumb\": {\n        \"@id\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-9-rate-equations\/#breadcrumb\"\n      },\n      \"inLanguage\": \"en-GB\"\n    },\n    {\n      \"@type\": \"BreadcrumbList\",\n      \"@id\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-9-rate-equations\/#breadcrumb\",\n      \"itemListElement\": [\n        {\n          \"@type\": \"ListItem\",\n          \"position\": 1,\n          \"name\": \"Revision Notes\",\n          \"item\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/\"\n        },\n        {\n          \"@type\": \"ListItem\",\n          \"position\": 2,\n          \"name\": \"A Level Chemistry\",\n          \"item\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/\"\n        },\n        {\n          \"@type\": \"ListItem\",\n          \"position\": 3,\n          \"name\": \"AQA\",\n          \"item\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/\"\n        },\n        {\n          \"@type\": \"ListItem\",\n          \"position\": 4,\n          \"name\": \"3.1.9 Rate Equations\",\n          \"item\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-9-rate-equations\/\"\n        }\n      ]\n    },\n    {\n      \"@type\": \"ItemList\",\n      \"@id\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-9-rate-equations\/#topics\",\n      \"name\": \"3.1.9 Rate Equations revision notes\",\n      \"itemListElement\": [\n        {\n          \"@type\": \"ListItem\",\n          \"position\": 1,\n          \"item\": {\n            \"@type\": \"Course\",\n            \"name\": \"Rate Equations, Orders and the Rate Constant\",\n            \"description\": \"AQA A Level Chemistry revision notes on rate equations: orders of reaction, the rate constant k, overall order and working out the units of k.\",\n            \"url\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-9-rate-equations\/rate-equations-orders-and-the-rate-constant\/\"\n          }\n        },\n        {\n          \"@type\": \"ListItem\",\n          \"position\": 2,\n          \"item\": {\n            \"@type\": \"Course\",\n            \"name\": \"Techniques for Measuring Rates\",\n            \"description\": \"AQA A Level Chemistry revision notes on measuring rates: titration, colorimetry, mass and gas-volume methods, continuous monitoring and the initial-rates method with clock reactions.\",\n            \"url\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-9-rate-equations\/techniques-for-measuring-rates\/\"\n          }\n        },\n        {\n          \"@type\": \"ListItem\",\n          \"position\": 3,\n          \"item\": {\n            \"@type\": \"Course\",\n            \"name\": \"Concentration\u2013Time Graphs and Half-Life\",\n            \"description\": \"AQA A Level Chemistry revision notes on concentration\u2013time graphs: deducing order from the shape, tangents and rates, half-life and first-order reactions.\",\n            \"url\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-9-rate-equations\/concentration-time-graphs-and-half-life\/\"\n          }\n        },\n        {\n          \"@type\": \"ListItem\",\n          \"position\": 4,\n          \"item\": {\n            \"@type\": \"Course\",\n            \"name\": \"Rate\u2013Concentration Graphs and the Initial-Rates Method\",\n            \"description\": \"AQA A Level Chemistry revision notes on the initial-rates method: rate\u2013concentration graphs, deducing orders from tables of data, writing the rate equation and calculating k.\",\n            \"url\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-9-rate-equations\/rate-concentration-graphs-and-the-initial-rates-method\/\"\n          }\n        },\n        {\n          \"@type\": \"ListItem\",\n          \"position\": 5,\n          \"item\": {\n            \"@type\": \"Course\",\n            \"name\": \"The Iodine\u2013Propanone Reaction\",\n            \"description\": \"AQA A Level Chemistry revision notes on the iodine\u2013propanone reaction: collecting rate data, the orders with respect to iodine, propanone and H\u207a, and deducing the mechanism.\",\n            \"url\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-9-rate-equations\/the-iodine-propanone-reaction\/\"\n          }\n        },\n        {\n          \"@type\": \"ListItem\",\n          \"position\": 6,\n          \"item\": {\n            \"@type\": \"Course\",\n            \"name\": \"Rate-Determining Step and Reaction Mechanisms\",\n            \"description\": \"AQA A Level Chemistry revision notes on the rate-determining step: rate equations from mechanisms, mechanisms from rate equations, intermediates, and S\u20991\/S\u20992 evidence from halogenoalkanes hydrolysis.\",\n            \"url\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-9-rate-equations\/rate-determining-step-and-reaction-mechanisms\/\"\n          }\n        },\n        {\n          \"@type\": \"ListItem\",\n          \"position\": 7,\n          \"item\": {\n            \"@type\": \"Course\",\n            \"name\": \"Activation Energy and the Arrhenius Equation\",\n            \"description\": \"AQA A Level Chemistry revision notes on the Arrhenius equation: temperature and the rate constant, ln k against 1\/T graphs and finding the activation energy from the gradient.\",\n            \"url\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-9-rate-equations\/activation-energy-and-the-arrhenius-equation\/\"\n          }\n        }\n      ]\n    }\n  ]\n}\n<\/script>\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Revision Notes \/ A Level Chemistry \/ AQA \/ 3.1.9 Rate Equations AQA A Level Chemistry 3.1.9Rate Equations Section 3.1.9 covers the rate equation, order and the rate constant, calculations with the rate equation and the units of k, the Arrhenius equation in both forms with calculations and the ln k against 1\/T graph, and [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":12,"featured_media":0,"parent":5210,"menu_order":8,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-12359","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/12359","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/12"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=12359"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/12359\/revisions"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/5210"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=12359"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}