{"id":12504,"date":"2026-10-03T08:33:33","date_gmt":"2026-10-03T07:33:33","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/ocr-a\/5-2-1-lattice-enthalpy\/"},"modified":"2026-10-03T08:36:43","modified_gmt":"2026-10-03T07:36:43","slug":"5-2-1-lattice-enthalpy","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/ocr-a\/5-2-1-lattice-enthalpy\/","title":{"rendered":"5.2.1 Lattice Enthalpy"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"ols-ocr521-page\">\n\n  <aside class=\"ols-sidebar\">\n  <div class=\"ols-sidebar-header\">\n    <h3>Revision Notes<\/h3>\n    <p>A Level Chemistry<\/p>\n  <\/div>\n\n  <div class=\"ols-topic-group\">\n    <h4>5.2.1 Lattice Enthalpy<\/h4>\n\n    <ul class=\"ols-topic-list\">\n      <li>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/ocr-a\/5-2-1-lattice-enthalpy\/\">5.2.1 Lattice Enthalpy Overview<\/a>\n      <\/li>\n      <li>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/ocr-a\/5-2-1-lattice-enthalpy\/lattice-energy-and-born-haber-cycles\/\">Lattice Enthalpy and Born\u2013Haber Cycles<\/a>\n      <\/li>\n      <li>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/ocr-a\/5-2-1-lattice-enthalpy\/lattice-energy-trends-and-covalent-character\/\">Lattice Enthalpy Trends and Covalent Character<\/a>\n      <\/li>\n      <li>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/ocr-a\/5-2-1-lattice-enthalpy\/enthalpy-of-solution-and-hydration\/\">Enthalpy of Solution and Hydration<\/a>\n      <\/li>\n    <\/ul>\n  <\/div>\n\n  <div class=\"ols-topic-group\">\n    <h4>Other Sections<\/h4>\n\n    <ul class=\"ols-topic-list\">\n      <li>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/ocr-a\/5-2-2-enthalpy-and-entropy\/\">5.2.2 Enthalpy and Entropy<\/a>\n      <\/li>\n      <li>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/ocr-a\/3-2-1-enthalpy-changes\/\">3.2.1 Enthalpy Changes<\/a>\n      <\/li>\n      <li>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/ocr-a\/5-1-1-how-fast\/\">5.1.1 How Fast?<\/a>\n      <\/li>\n      <li>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/ocr-a\/3-1-2-group-2\/\">3.1.2 Group 2<\/a>\n      <\/li>\n      <li>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/ocr-a\/practical-activity-groups\/\">Practical Activity Groups<\/a>\n      <\/li>\n    <\/ul>\n  <\/div>\n<\/aside>\n\n<script>\r\n(function() {\r\n  function normalisePath(path) {\r\n    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rgba(255,255,255,0.46), transparent 24%), linear-gradient(135deg, #eef2ff 0%, #818cf8 45%, #3730a3 100%); }\n    .ols-ocr521-visual--lc { background: radial-gradient(circle at 24% 18%, rgba(255,255,255,0.46), transparent 24%), linear-gradient(135deg, #ecfeff 0%, #22d3ee 45%, #0e7490 100%); }\n    .ols-ocr521-visual--ei { background: radial-gradient(circle at 24% 18%, rgba(255,255,255,0.46), transparent 24%), linear-gradient(135deg, #f5f3ff 0%, #a78bfa 45%, #5b21b6 100%); }\n    .ols-ocr521-visual--kc { background: radial-gradient(circle at 24% 18%, rgba(255,255,255,0.46), transparent 24%), linear-gradient(135deg, #f0fdf4 0%, #4ade80 45%, #166534 100%); }\n  <\/style>\n\n  <!-- BREADCRUMB BAR -->\n  <div class=\"ols-ocr521-breadcrumb-bar\">\n    <div class=\"ols-ocr521-container\">\n      <nav class=\"ols-ocr521-breadcrumb\" aria-label=\"Breadcrumb\">\n          <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/\">Revision Notes<\/a> \/\n          <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/\">A Level Chemistry<\/a> \/\n          <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/ocr-a\/\">OCR<\/a> \/\n          <span>5.2.1 Lattice Enthalpy<\/span>\n        <\/nav>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n\n  <!-- INTRO -->\n  <section class=\"ols-ocr521-intro\">\n    <div class=\"ols-ocr521-container\">\n      <div class=\"ols-ocr521-intro-inner\">\n        <div>\n          <div class=\"ols-ocr521-eyebrow\">OCR A Level Chemistry A &#8211; Module 5 Physical Chemistry and Transition Elements<\/div>\n          <h1>5.2.1<br>Lattice Enthalpy<\/h1>\n          <div class=\"ols-ocr521-accent-bar\"><\/div>\n          <p class=\"ols-ocr521-intro-lead\">Section 5.2.1 covers lattice enthalpy as a measure of the strength of ionic bonding, the construction of Born\u2013Haber cycles for simple ionic solids such as NaCl and MgCl\u2082 and the related calculations, the enthalpy changes of solution and hydration with their enthalpy cycles, and the qualitative effect of ionic charge and radius on lattice enthalpy and on hydration enthalpy.<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"ols-ocr521-info-grid\">\n          <div class=\"ols-ocr521-info-card\"><div class=\"ols-ocr521-info-card-label\">Exam Paper<\/div><div class=\"ols-ocr521-info-card-value\">Paper 1 &amp; 3<\/div><div class=\"ols-ocr521-info-card-sub\">H432\/01 and H432\/03<\/div><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-ocr521-info-card\"><div class=\"ols-ocr521-info-card-label\">Learning Outcomes<\/div><div class=\"ols-ocr521-info-card-value\">5.2.1 (a) &#8211; (e)<\/div><div class=\"ols-ocr521-info-card-sub\">5 learning outcomes<\/div><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-ocr521-info-card\"><div class=\"ols-ocr521-info-card-label\">Topic Parts<\/div><div class=\"ols-ocr521-info-card-value\">3 pages<\/div><div class=\"ols-ocr521-info-card-sub\">Revision notes available<\/div><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-ocr521-info-card\"><div class=\"ols-ocr521-info-card-label\">Exam Board<\/div><div class=\"ols-ocr521-info-card-value\">OCR A<\/div><div class=\"ols-ocr521-info-card-sub\">H432 (2015 onwards)<\/div><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/section>\n\n  <!-- TOPIC CARDS -->\n  <section class=\"ols-ocr521-topics\">\n    <div class=\"ols-ocr521-container\">\n      <div class=\"ols-ocr521-section-header\">\n        <h2 class=\"ols-ocr521-section-title\">Revision Notes<\/h2>\n        <p class=\"ols-ocr521-section-sub\">Work through 5.2.1 Lattice Enthalpy in a structured sequence.<\/p>\n      <\/div>\n      <div class=\"ols-ocr521-cards-grid\">\n\n        <!-- Card 1: w => `${lattC(w)} and Born\u2013Haber Cycles` -->\n        <a class=\"ols-ocr521-card ols-ocr521-card--available\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/ocr-a\/5-2-1-lattice-enthalpy\/lattice-energy-and-born-haber-cycles\/\">\n          <div class=\"ols-ocr521-card-img-wrap\">\n            <div class=\"ols-ocr521-visual ols-ocr521-visual--de\">\n              <div class=\"ols-ocr521-visual-panel\">\n                <div class=\"ols-ocr521-visual-kicker\">Hess\u2019s law for ionic solids<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-ocr521-visual-main\">Born\u2013Haber<br>Cycles<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-ocr521-config-line\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span>lattice enthalpy, \u0394atH, electron affinity<\/span><\/div>\n              <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-ocr521-card-num\">1<\/div>\n            <span class=\"ols-ocr521-card-status ols-ocr521-card-status--available\">Available<\/span>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-ocr521-card-body\">\n            <p class=\"ols-ocr521-card-title\">Lattice Enthalpy and Born\u2013Haber Cycles<\/p>\n            <p class=\"ols-ocr521-card-desc\">Lattice enthalpy and Born\u2013Haber cycles: definitions of atomisation, ionisation energy and electron affinity, constructing the cycle for NaCl and MgCl\u2082 and calculating the missing value.<\/p>\n            <span class=\"ols-ocr521-card-cta\">Start revising<svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n\n        <!-- Card 2: w => `${lattC(w)} Trends and Covalent Character` -->\n        <a class=\"ols-ocr521-card ols-ocr521-card--available\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/ocr-a\/5-2-1-lattice-enthalpy\/lattice-energy-trends-and-covalent-character\/\">\n          <div class=\"ols-ocr521-card-img-wrap\">\n            <div class=\"ols-ocr521-visual ols-ocr521-visual--lc\">\n              <div class=\"ols-ocr521-visual-panel\">\n                <div class=\"ols-ocr521-visual-kicker\">Charge density<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-ocr521-visual-main\">Polarisation and<br>Covalent Character<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-ocr521-config-line\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span>theoretical against experimental<\/span><\/div>\n              <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-ocr521-card-num\">2<\/div>\n            <span class=\"ols-ocr521-card-status ols-ocr521-card-status--available\">Available<\/span>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-ocr521-card-body\">\n            <p class=\"ols-ocr521-card-title\">Lattice Enthalpy Trends and Covalent Character<\/p>\n            <p class=\"ols-ocr521-card-desc\">Lattice enthalpy trends: charge and radius, the perfect ionic model against Born\u2013Haber values, polarisation and covalent character in ionic compounds.<\/p>\n            <span class=\"ols-ocr521-card-cta\">Start revising<svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n\n        <!-- Card 3: Enthalpy of Solution and Hydration -->\n        <a class=\"ols-ocr521-card ols-ocr521-card--available\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/ocr-a\/5-2-1-lattice-enthalpy\/enthalpy-of-solution-and-hydration\/\">\n          <div class=\"ols-ocr521-card-img-wrap\">\n            <div class=\"ols-ocr521-visual ols-ocr521-visual--ei\">\n              <div class=\"ols-ocr521-visual-panel\">\n                <div class=\"ols-ocr521-visual-kicker\">Lattice broken, ions hydrated<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-ocr521-visual-main\">Solution and<br>Hydration<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-ocr521-config-line\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span>\u0394solH = \u2212LE + \u03a3\u0394hydH<\/span><\/div>\n              <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-ocr521-card-num\">3<\/div>\n            <span class=\"ols-ocr521-card-status ols-ocr521-card-status--available\">Available<\/span>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-ocr521-card-body\">\n            <p class=\"ols-ocr521-card-title\">Enthalpy of Solution and Hydration<\/p>\n            <p class=\"ols-ocr521-card-desc\">Enthalpy of solution and hydration: definitions, energy cycles with lattice enthalpy, worked calculations and the effect of ionic charge and radius.<\/p>\n            <span class=\"ols-ocr521-card-cta\">Start revising<svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/section>\n\n  <!-- SPECIFICATION -->\n  <section class=\"ols-ocr521-spec-section\">\n    <div class=\"ols-ocr521-container\">\n      <div class=\"ols-ocr521-spec-wrap\">\n        <div class=\"ols-ocr521-spec-pill\">Specification Coverage<\/div>\n        <h2 class=\"ols-ocr521-spec-heading\">5.2.1 Lattice Enthalpy &#8211; OCR A Level Chemistry A<\/h2>\n        <p class=\"ols-ocr521-spec-intro-text\">The following OCR A learning outcomes state what candidates should be able to do. Wording is taken from the OCR A Level Chemistry A (H432) specification.<\/p>\n        <h3 class=\"ols-ocr521-spec-group-title\">5.2.1 Lattice enthalpy<\/h3>\n        <div class=\"ols-ocr521-spec-rows\">\n          <div class=\"ols-ocr521-spec-row ols-ocr521-spec-row--light\"><div class=\"ols-ocr521-spec-code\">5.2.1(a)<\/div><div class=\"ols-ocr521-spec-text\"><div class=\"ols-ocr521-spec-sub-list\"><div class=\"ols-ocr521-spec-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-ocr521-spec-sub-code\">i<\/div><div class=\"ols-ocr521-spec-sub-text\">explanation of the term lattice enthalpy (formation of 1 mol of ionic lattice from gaseous ions, \u0394LEH)<\/div><\/div><div class=\"ols-ocr521-spec-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-ocr521-spec-sub-code\">ii<\/div><div class=\"ols-ocr521-spec-sub-text\">use of lattice enthalpy as a measure of the strength of ionic bonding in a giant ionic lattice (see also 2.2.2 b\u2013c)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-ocr521-spec-row ols-ocr521-spec-row--mid\"><div class=\"ols-ocr521-spec-code ols-ocr521-spec-code--mid\">5.2.1(b)<\/div><div class=\"ols-ocr521-spec-text\"><div class=\"ols-ocr521-spec-sub-list\"><div class=\"ols-ocr521-spec-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-ocr521-spec-sub-code\">(i)<\/div><div class=\"ols-ocr521-spec-sub-text\">use of the lattice enthalpy of a simple ionic solid (e.g. NaCl, MgCl\u2082) and relevant energy terms for the construction of Born\u2013Haber cycles<\/div><\/div><div class=\"ols-ocr521-spec-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-ocr521-spec-sub-code\">(ii)<\/div><div class=\"ols-ocr521-spec-sub-text\">use of the lattice enthalpy of a simple ionic solid (e.g. NaCl, MgCl\u2082) and relevant energy terms for related calculations<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-ocr521-spec-row ols-ocr521-spec-row--light\"><div class=\"ols-ocr521-spec-code\">5.2.1(c)<\/div><div class=\"ols-ocr521-spec-text\"><div class=\"ols-ocr521-spec-sub-list\"><div class=\"ols-ocr521-spec-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-ocr521-spec-sub-code\">(i)<\/div><div class=\"ols-ocr521-spec-sub-text\">explanation and use of the term enthalpy change of solution (dissolving of 1 mol of solute, \u0394solH)<\/div><\/div><div class=\"ols-ocr521-spec-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-ocr521-spec-sub-code\">(ii)<\/div><div class=\"ols-ocr521-spec-sub-text\">explanation and use of the term enthalpy change of hydration (dissolving of 1 mol of gaseous ions in water, \u0394hydH)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-ocr521-spec-row ols-ocr521-spec-row--mid\"><div class=\"ols-ocr521-spec-code ols-ocr521-spec-code--mid\">5.2.1(d)<\/div><div class=\"ols-ocr521-spec-text\"><div class=\"ols-ocr521-spec-sub-list\"><div class=\"ols-ocr521-spec-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-ocr521-spec-sub-code\">(i)<\/div><div class=\"ols-ocr521-spec-sub-text\">use of the enthalpy change of solution of a simple ionic solid (e.g. NaCl, MgCl\u2082) and relevant energy terms (enthalpy change of hydration and lattice enthalpy) for the construction of enthalpy cycles<\/div><\/div><div class=\"ols-ocr521-spec-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-ocr521-spec-sub-code\">(ii)<\/div><div class=\"ols-ocr521-spec-sub-text\">use of the enthalpy change of solution of a simple ionic solid (e.g. NaCl, MgCl\u2082) and relevant energy terms (enthalpy change of hydration and lattice enthalpy) for related calculations<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-ocr521-spec-row ols-ocr521-spec-row--light\"><div class=\"ols-ocr521-spec-code\">5.2.1(e)<\/div><div class=\"ols-ocr521-spec-text\"><div class=\"ols-ocr521-spec-sub-list\"><div class=\"ols-ocr521-spec-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-ocr521-spec-sub-code\">i<\/div><div class=\"ols-ocr521-spec-sub-text\">qualitative explanation of the effect of ionic charge on the exothermic value of a lattice enthalpy<\/div><\/div><div class=\"ols-ocr521-spec-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-ocr521-spec-sub-code\">ii<\/div><div class=\"ols-ocr521-spec-sub-text\">qualitative explanation of the effect of ionic radius on the exothermic value of a lattice enthalpy<\/div><\/div><div class=\"ols-ocr521-spec-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-ocr521-spec-sub-code\">iii<\/div><div class=\"ols-ocr521-spec-sub-text\">qualitative explanation of the effect of ionic charge on the exothermic value of an enthalpy change of hydration<\/div><\/div><div class=\"ols-ocr521-spec-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-ocr521-spec-sub-code\">iv<\/div><div class=\"ols-ocr521-spec-sub-text\">qualitative explanation of the effect of ionic radius on the exothermic value of an enthalpy change of hydration<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/section>\n  <script type=\"application\/ld+json\">\n{\n  \"@context\": \"https:\/\/schema.org\",\n  \"@graph\": [\n    {\n      \"@type\": \"CollectionPage\",\n      \"@id\": 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[&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":12,"featured_media":0,"parent":7117,"menu_order":13,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-12504","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/12504","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/12"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=12504"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/12504\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":12550,"href":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/12504\/revisions\/12550"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/7117"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=12504"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}