{"id":3154,"date":"2026-05-04T17:50:46","date_gmt":"2026-05-04T16:50:46","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/?page_id=3154"},"modified":"2026-10-14T09:03:19","modified_gmt":"2026-10-14T08:03:19","slug":"polymer-waste","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-5-alkenes\/polymer-waste\/","title":{"rendered":"Polymer Waste"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<section class=\"ols-revision-page ols-polymer-waste-page\">\n  <style>\n    .ols-revision-page {\n      --navy: #1C244B;\n      --blue: #2563eb;\n      --soft-blue: #eef4ff;\n      --soft-red: #fff7f7;\n      --soft-purple: #f7f0ff;\n      --soft-green: #f0f7f1;\n      --grey-text: #667085;\n      --body-text: #1f2937;\n      --border: rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.14);\n      --shadow: 0 18px 45px rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.10);\n      --inner-shadow: 0 10px 26px rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.08);\n      font-family: Poppins, Arial, 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   }\n.ols-faq-card p,\n    .ols-quicksnap-card p {\n      font-size: clamp(15px, 1.25vw, 17px);\n      line-height: 1.65;\n      font-weight: 300;\n      color: var(--body-text);\n    }\n.ols-faq-card strong,\n    .ols-quicksnap-card strong {\n      font-weight: 700;\n      color: var(--navy);\n    }\n.ols-faq-list {\n      display: grid;\n      gap: 14px;\n      margin-top: 18px;\n    }\n.ols-faq-item {\n      background: #ffffff;\n      border: 1px solid var(--border);\n      border-radius: 18px;\n      padding: 18px 20px;\n      box-shadow: var(--inner-shadow);\n    }\n.ols-faq-item h3 {\n      margin: 0 0 8px;\n      font-size: 20px;\n      line-height: 1.3;\n      color: var(--navy);\n    }\n.ols-faq-item p {\n      margin: 0;\n      font-size: 16px;\n      line-height: 1.65;\n      color: var(--body-text);\n    }\n.ols-faq-card,\n      .ols-quicksnap-card,\n      .ols-attribution-card {\n        padding: 24px 18px;\n        border-radius: 22px;\n      }\n<\/style>\n\n  <aside class=\"ols-sidebar\">\r\n  <div class=\"ols-sidebar-header\">\r\n    <h3>Revision Notes<\/h3>\r\n    <p>A Level Chemistry<\/p>\r\n  <\/div>\r\n\r\n  <div class=\"ols-topic-group\">\r\n    <h4>Topic 5 Alkenes<\/h4>\r\n\r\n    <ul class=\"ols-topic-list\">\r\n      <li>\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-5-alkenes\/alkene-bonding\/\">Alkene Bonding<\/a>\r\n      <\/li>\r\n      <li>\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-5-alkenes\/geometric-isomerism\/\">Geometric Isomerism<\/a>\r\n      <\/li>\r\n      <li>\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-5-alkenes\/electrophilic-addition-mechanism\/\">Electrophilic Addition Mechanism<\/a>\r\n      <\/li>\r\n      <li>\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-5-alkenes\/reactions-of-alkenes\/\">Reactions of Alkenes<\/a>\r\n\r\n        <ul class=\"ols-subtopic-list\">\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-5-alkenes\/reactions-of-alkenes\/halogens\/\">Halogens<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-5-alkenes\/reactions-of-alkenes\/hydrogen-halide\/\">Hydrogen Halide<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-5-alkenes\/reactions-of-alkenes\/bromine-water\/\">Bromine Water<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-5-alkenes\/reactions-of-alkenes\/hydrogen\/\">Hydrogen<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-5-alkenes\/reactions-of-alkenes\/steam\/\">Steam<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-5-alkenes\/reactions-of-alkenes\/kmno4\/\">KMnO4<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n        <\/ul>\r\n      <\/li>\r\n      <li>\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-5-alkenes\/polymerisation-reactions\/\">Polymerisation Reactions<\/a>\r\n      <\/li>\r\n      <li>\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-5-alkenes\/polymer-waste\/\">Polymer Waste<\/a>\r\n      <\/li>\r\n    <\/ul>\r\n  <\/div>\r\n\r\n  <div class=\"ols-topic-group\">\r\n    <h4>Next Topics<\/h4>\r\n\r\n    <ul class=\"ols-topic-list\">\r\n      <li>\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-6-energetics\/\">Energetics<\/a>\r\n      <\/li>\r\n      <li>\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-7-intermolecular-forces\/\">Intermolecular Forces<\/a>\r\n      <\/li>\r\n      <li>\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-8A-redox-chemistry\/\">Redox Chemistry<\/a>\r\n      <\/li>\r\n    <\/ul>\r\n  <\/div>\r\n<\/aside>\r\n\r\n<script>\r\n(function() 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 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/\">Revision Notes<\/a> \/\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/\">A Level Chemistry<\/a> \/\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/\">Edexcel International<\/a> \/\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-5-alkenes\/\">Topic 5 Alkenes<\/a> \/\n        <span>Polymer Waste<\/span>\n      <\/nav>\n\n      <header class=\"ols-title-card\">\n        <h1>Polymer Waste<\/h1>\n        <p class=\"ols-page-intro\">A concise revision guide to methods of disposing of waste polymers, including incineration, recycling, biodegradable polymers and cracking waste plastics back into useful chemical feedstock.<\/p>\n        <div class=\"ols-badges\">\n          <div class=\"ols-badge\">Exam board: Edexcel International<\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-badge\">Topic 5: Alkenes<\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-badge\">Level: A Level Chemistry<\/div>\n        <\/div>\n      <\/header>\n\n      <section class=\"ols-h5p-card ols-h5p-inline ols-h5p-recap\">\n<span class=\"ols-h5p-kicker\">Before you start<\/span>\n<h2>GCSE Recap: Polymers, Burning and Neutralising<\/h2>\n<p>Three quick questions on GCSE ideas that this page builds on.<\/p>\n<div class=\"ols-h5p-frame\"><div class=\"h5p-content\" data-content-id=\"741\"><\/div><\/div>\n<\/section>\n<article class=\"ols-note-card soft\">\n        <div class=\"ols-note-title\">\n          <div class=\"ols-note-icon\">1<\/div>\n          <h2>Why Polymer Waste Is a Problem<\/h2>\n        <\/div>\n        <p>Many polymers are useful because they are <strong>chemically stable<\/strong>, lightweight and durable. The same properties also mean that waste polymers can persist in the environment for long periods of time.<\/p>\n        <p>Most polymers are manufactured from compounds originally obtained from <strong>crude oil<\/strong>. This makes polymer waste an issue linked to both pollution and the use of a finite raw material.<\/p>\n        <p>The main strategies for dealing with waste polymers are <strong>incineration<\/strong>, <strong>recycling<\/strong>, using <strong>biodegradable or compostable polymers<\/strong>, and <strong>cracking<\/strong> long polymer chains into smaller molecules.<\/p>\n        <div class=\"ols-key-box\">\n          <p><strong>Key idea:<\/strong> Polymer disposal questions usually ask you to balance the advantage of reducing waste against disadvantages such as toxic gases, greenhouse gas emissions, sorting costs and limited recyclability.<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n      <\/article>\n\n      <article class=\"ols-note-card\">\n        <div class=\"ols-note-title\">\n          <div class=\"ols-note-icon\">2<\/div>\n          <h2>Incineration<\/h2>\n        <\/div>\n        <p>When waste polymers are <strong>incinerated<\/strong>, the energy released during combustion can be used to <strong>generate electricity<\/strong>.<\/p>\n        <p>A major advantage of incineration is that the <strong>volume of waste is greatly reduced<\/strong>. This reduces pressure on landfill sites.<\/p>\n        <p>However, incineration can release <strong>toxic substances<\/strong>. Burning halogenated plastics such as PVC may produce toxic, acidic gases including <strong>hydrogen chloride, HCl<\/strong>.<\/p>\n        <p>Modern incinerators are fitted with <strong>pollution-control systems<\/strong>. Hot waste gases can be passed through scrubbers, where acidic pollutants are reacted with a <strong>base<\/strong> or a <strong>carbonate<\/strong> before release into the atmosphere.<\/p>\n        <div class=\"ols-equation-box\">\n          <p>CaO + 2HCl \u2192 CaCl<sub>2<\/sub> + H<sub>2<\/sub>O<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n        <p>In this example, calcium oxide neutralises hydrogen chloride, converting it into a salt and water. Despite pollution-control systems, greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide may still be emitted during incineration.<\/p>\n        <div class=\"ols-figure-card\">\n          <div class=\"ols-figure-image\">\n            <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/wave-69.jpg\" alt=\"Labelled energy-from-waste incinerator: enclosed bunker, sealed combustion chamber, boiler, scrubber and stack\">\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-figure-caption\">\n            <p>Incineration can reduce waste volume and recover energy, but acidic gases and greenhouse gas emissions must be controlled.<\/p>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n      <\/article>\n<section class=\"ols-h5p-card ols-h5p-inline\">\n<span class=\"ols-h5p-kicker\">Check your understanding<\/span>\n<h2>Quick Check: Scrubber Chemistry<\/h2>\n<p>Balance two new scrubber equations, then work out the mass of calcium oxide needed.<\/p>\n<div class=\"ols-h5p-frame\"><div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-57\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"57\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Polymer Waste Blanks: Scrubber Equations and a Mass of Calcium Oxide\"><\/iframe><\/div><\/div>\n<\/section>\n\n      <article class=\"ols-note-card green\">\n        <div class=\"ols-note-title\">\n          <div class=\"ols-note-icon\">3<\/div>\n          <h2>Recycling and Biodegradable Polymers<\/h2>\n        <\/div>\n        <p>Recycling helps to <strong>conserve raw materials<\/strong> because many polymers are made from crude oil, a finite and valuable resource.<\/p>\n        <p>However, polymers must be <strong>collected and carefully sorted<\/strong> before recycling. This makes the process both <strong>energy-intensive<\/strong> and <strong>labour-intensive<\/strong>.<\/p>\n        <p>Plastics can usually only be recycled into the <strong>same type of polymer<\/strong>, so accurate separation is essential to maintain material quality.<\/p>\n        <p>Only <strong>thermoplastic polymers<\/strong> are suitable for recycling by melting because they can be heated, reshaped and reformed without undergoing chemical change.<\/p>\n        <p>Chemists have also developed <strong>biodegradable<\/strong> and <strong>compostable polymers<\/strong>, which are designed to break down more easily in the environment. Many biodegradable polymers are produced from <strong>renewable biological sources<\/strong>, such as maize and starch.<\/p>\n        <div class=\"ols-figure-card\">\n          <div class=\"ols-figure-image\">\n            <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/wave-70.jpg\" alt=\"Four-step recycling flow: collect, sort by polymer type, melt and reform thermoplastics, and biodegradable polymers\">\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-figure-caption\">\n            <p>Recycling conserves crude-oil-derived resources, but effective recycling depends on careful sorting and suitable polymer type.<\/p>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n      <\/article>\n<section class=\"ols-h5p-card ols-h5p-inline\">\n<span class=\"ols-h5p-kicker\">Check your understanding<\/span>\n<h2>Quick Check: What Must Be Sorted Out?<\/h2>\n<p>Decide which item cannot go into the melt at a recycling plant.<\/p>\n<div class=\"ols-h5p-frame\"><div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-58\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"58\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Polymer Waste MCQ: Sorting Before Remelting\"><\/iframe><\/div><\/div>\n<\/section>\n\n      <article class=\"ols-note-card purple\">\n        <div class=\"ols-note-title\">\n          <div class=\"ols-note-icon\">4<\/div>\n          <h2>Cracking Waste Polymers<\/h2>\n        <\/div>\n        <p>Waste polymers can be <strong>broken down by cracking<\/strong> into smaller <strong>hydrocarbon molecules<\/strong>.<\/p>\n        <p>These smaller molecules can then be reused as <strong>feedstock<\/strong> to manufacture new chemicals and polymers.<\/p>\n        <p>By converting long polymer chains back into useful small molecules, cracking helps to <strong>recover value from plastic waste<\/strong> and reduce reliance on fresh supplies derived from crude oil.<\/p>\n        <div class=\"ols-key-box\">\n          <p><strong>Exam focus:<\/strong> Cracking is useful because it turns large, less useful polymer chains into smaller molecules that can be used again in the chemical industry.<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"ols-figure-card\">\n<div class=\"ols-figure-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/t5-cd-11-crackingpolymer.svg\" alt=\"A section of poly(ethene) cracked by heat and a catalyst into ethene, propene and butane\" width=\"1540\" height=\"1168\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"ols-figure-caption\"><p>Cracking converts long polymer chains into smaller hydrocarbons that can be reused as chemical feedstock.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n      <\/article>\n<section class=\"ols-h5p-card ols-h5p-inline\">\n<span class=\"ols-h5p-kicker\">Check your understanding<\/span>\n<h2>Quick Check: Order the Feedstock Route<\/h2>\n<p>Put the stages of feedstock recycling into the correct order.<\/p>\n<div class=\"ols-h5p-frame\"><div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-59\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"59\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Polymer Waste Sort: From Waste Poly(propene) to New Polymer\"><\/iframe><\/div><\/div>\n<\/section>\n\n      <article class=\"ols-note-card\">\n        <div class=\"ols-note-title\">\n          <div class=\"ols-note-icon\">5<\/div>\n          <h2>Comparing Polymer Waste Disposal Methods<\/h2>\n        <\/div>\n        <p>Exam questions often ask for advantages and disadvantages of different polymer waste disposal methods. The strongest answers are comparative and include both the chemical process and the environmental consequence.<\/p>\n        <div class=\"ols-table-wrap\">\n          <table class=\"ols-table\">\n            <thead>\n              <tr>\n                <th>Method<\/th>\n                <th>Main advantage<\/th>\n                <th>Main disadvantage<\/th>\n                <th>Exam detail<\/th>\n              <\/tr>\n            <\/thead>\n            <tbody>\n              <tr>\n                <td><strong>Incineration<\/strong><\/td>\n                <td>Generates energy and greatly reduces waste volume.<\/td>\n                <td>Can release toxic gases and greenhouse gases.<\/td>\n                <td>Acidic HCl from halogenated polymers can be neutralised in scrubbers.<\/td>\n              <\/tr>\n              <tr>\n                <td><strong>Recycling<\/strong><\/td>\n                <td>Conserves crude-oil-derived raw materials.<\/td>\n                <td>Requires collection, sorting and energy input.<\/td>\n                <td>Thermoplastics can be melted and reshaped without chemical change.<\/td>\n              <\/tr>\n              <tr>\n                <td><strong>Biodegradable polymers<\/strong><\/td>\n                <td>Can reduce long-term plastic pollution under suitable conditions.<\/td>\n                <td>May still need correct disposal conditions to decompose effectively.<\/td>\n                <td>Often made from renewable biological sources such as maize and starch.<\/td>\n              <\/tr>\n              <tr>\n                <td><strong>Cracking<\/strong><\/td>\n                <td>Produces smaller hydrocarbons that can be reused as feedstock.<\/td>\n                <td>Requires industrial processing and energy input.<\/td>\n                <td>Useful because it recovers chemical value from waste polymer chains.<\/td>\n              <\/tr>\n            <\/tbody>\n          <\/table>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"ols-mini-grid\">\n          <div class=\"ols-mini-box\">\n            <h3>Do not just say \u201cburn it\u201d<\/h3>\n            <p>Use the word <strong>incineration<\/strong> and link it to energy release, waste-volume reduction and possible toxic gases.<\/p>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-mini-box\">\n            <h3>Sorting matters<\/h3>\n            <p>Recycling depends on separating polymer types because plastics are usually recycled into the same type of polymer.<\/p>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-mini-box\">\n            <h3>Use chemical examples<\/h3>\n            <p>For incineration of PVC, mention acidic <strong>HCl<\/strong> gas and its neutralisation by a base such as <strong>CaO<\/strong>.<\/p>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n      <\/article>\n<section class=\"ols-h5p-card ols-h5p-inline\">\n<span class=\"ols-h5p-kicker\">Check your understanding<\/span>\n<h2>Quick Check: Evaluate the Method<\/h2>\n<p>In each round, pick the one evaluation that is chemically accurate.<\/p>\n<div class=\"ols-h5p-frame\"><div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-56\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"56\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Polymer Waste Summary: Choosing a Disposal Method\"><\/iframe><\/div><\/div>\n<\/section>\n\n      \n\n      \n\n      <section class=\"ols-faq-card\">\n<h2>FAQs<\/h2>\n<p>These questions secure the balanced judgements that polymer disposal questions reward.<\/p>\n<div class=\"ols-faq-list\">\n<div class=\"ols-faq-item\">\n<h3>Why is recycling not always the best option?<\/h3>\n<p>Polymers must be collected, cleaned and sorted by type, which costs energy and labour. Mixed or contaminated plastics give poor-quality recycled material, so incineration or cracking may suit them better.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"ols-faq-item\">\n<h3>Are biodegradable polymers always better for the environment?<\/h3>\n<p>Not always. They break down only under suitable conditions, such as industrial composting, and may persist in landfill. Growing the crops to make them also uses land, water and energy.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"ols-faq-item\">\n<h3>Why does burning PVC need special treatment?<\/h3>\n<p>PVC contains chlorine, so burning it releases hydrogen chloride, HCl. This toxic, acidic gas is removed from the waste gases by reacting it with a base such as calcium oxide.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"ols-faq-item\">\n<h3>Does incineration add to climate change?<\/h3>\n<p>Yes. Burning polymers releases carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas. The energy recovered can replace electricity made from fossil fuels, which partly offsets this.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"ols-faq-item\">\n<h3>What is the difference between recycling and cracking waste polymers?<\/h3>\n<p>Recycling melts and remoulds a thermoplastic, so the polymer chains are kept. Cracking breaks the chains into smaller hydrocarbons, which are used as a feedstock to make new chemicals and polymers.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n\n      <!-- author card (moved to the end, 10 Oct 2026) -->\n      <div class=\"ols-author\">\n\n    <img decoding=\"async\"\n      class=\"ols-author-avatar-img\"\n      src=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/Author-Profile.jpeg\"\n      alt=\"Dr. Mohammed Al-Fatah\"\n    >\n\n    <div class=\"ols-author-content\">\n\n      <h2 class=\"ols-author-title\">\n        Written by: Dr. Mohammed Al-Fatah\n      <\/h2>\n\n      <p class=\"ols-author-description\">\n        Chemistry specialist revision notes for A Level Chemistry.\n      <\/p>\n\n      <a\n        class=\"ols-linkedin-pill\"\n        href=\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/doctormohammedfatah\/\"\n        target=\"_blank\"\n        rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"\n      >\n        <svg class=\"ols-linkedin-icon\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"currentColor\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n          <path d=\"M4.98 3.5C4.98 4.88 3.86 6 2.48 6S0 4.88 0 3.5 1.12 1 2.48 1s2.5 1.12 2.5 2.5zM.5 8h4V24h-4V8zm7 0h3.8v2.2h.1c.5-.9 1.8-2.2 3.9-2.2 4.2 0 5 2.8 5 6.4V24h-4v-7.6c0-1.8 0-4.2-2.6-4.2s-3 2-3 4v7.8h-4V8z\"\/>\n        <\/svg>\n        View LinkedIn Profile\n      <\/a>\n\n    <\/div>\n\n  <\/div>\n\n\n      <section class=\"ols-related-card\">\n        <h2>Related Alkene Revision Notes<\/h2>\n        <p>Continue through Topic 5 by linking polymer waste to polymerisation, alkene reactions and alkene bonding.<\/p>\n        <div class=\"ols-related-grid\">\n          <a class=\"ols-related-item\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-5-alkenes\/polymerisation-reactions\/\">Polymerisation Reactions<\/a>\n          <a class=\"ols-related-item\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-5-alkenes\/reactions-of-alkenes\/\">Reactions of Alkenes<\/a>\n          <a class=\"ols-related-item\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-5-alkenes\/alkene-bonding\/\">Alkene Bonding<\/a>\n        <\/div>\n      <\/section>\n\n      <section class=\"ols-attribution-card ols-attr-std\" aria-label=\"Copyright notice\">\n<style id=\"ols-attribution-card-css\">.ols-attribution-card.ols-attr-std{background:linear-gradient(135deg,#ffffff,#f8fbff);border:1px solid rgba(28,36,75,0.14);border-radius:28px;box-shadow:0 18px 45px rgba(28,36,75,0.10);padding:34px;margin:24px 0;overflow:hidden;font-family:Poppins,Arial,sans-serif;box-sizing:border-box}.ols-attribution-card.ols-attr-std *{box-sizing:border-box}.ols-attribution-card.ols-attr-std p{margin:0;font-size:14px;line-height:1.65;font-weight:300;color:#667085}.ols-attribution-card.ols-attr-std strong{font-weight:700;color:#1C244B}@media (max-width:760px){.ols-attribution-card.ols-attr-std{padding:24px 18px;border-radius:22px}}<\/style>\n<p><strong>Copyright notice:<\/strong> This OLS revision content, including the explanations, layout, diagrams, tables and embedded learning structure, is authored for Online Learning System by Dr. Mohammed Al-Fatah. It may not be copied, reproduced, redistributed or adapted without written permission.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n    <\/main>\n  \n\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">\n{\n    \"@context\": \"https:\/\/schema.org\",\n    \"@graph\": [\n        {\n            \"@type\": \"Organization\",\n            \"@id\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/#organization\",\n            \"name\": \"Online Learning System\",\n            \"url\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/\"\n        },\n        {\n            \"@type\": \"WebPage\",\n            \"@id\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-5-alkenes\/polymer-waste\/#webpage\",\n            \"url\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-5-alkenes\/polymer-waste\/\",\n            \"name\": \"Polymer Waste\",\n            \"headline\": \"Polymer Waste\",\n            \"description\": \"A 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