{"id":3440,"date":"2026-05-13T07:37:32","date_gmt":"2026-05-13T06:37:32","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/?page_id=3440"},"modified":"2026-10-14T09:03:24","modified_gmt":"2026-10-14T08:03:24","slug":"steam","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-5-alkenes\/reactions-of-alkenes\/steam\/","title":{"rendered":"Steam"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<section class=\"ols-revision-page ols-alkene-steam-page\">\n  <style>\n    .ols-revision-page {\n      --navy: #1C244B;\n      --blue: #2563eb;\n      --soft-blue: #eef4ff;\n      --soft-red: #fff7f7;\n      --soft-purple: #f7f0ff;\n      --soft-green: #f0f7f1;\n      --green: #3f8f46;\n      --red: #d94b2b;\n      --gold: #c9973a;\n      --grey-text: #667085;\n      --body-text: #1f2937;\n      --border: rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.14);\n      --shadow: 0 18px 45px rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.10);\n      --inner-shadow: 0 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border-radius: 22px;\n      }\n<\/style>\n\n    <aside class=\"ols-sidebar\">\r\n  <div class=\"ols-sidebar-header\">\r\n    <h3>Revision Notes<\/h3>\r\n    <p>A Level Chemistry<\/p>\r\n  <\/div>\r\n\r\n  <div class=\"ols-topic-group\">\r\n    <h4>Topic 5 Alkenes<\/h4>\r\n\r\n    <ul class=\"ols-topic-list\">\r\n      <li>\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-5-alkenes\/alkene-bonding\/\">Alkene Bonding<\/a>\r\n      <\/li>\r\n      <li>\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-5-alkenes\/geometric-isomerism\/\">Geometric Isomerism<\/a>\r\n      <\/li>\r\n      <li>\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-5-alkenes\/electrophilic-addition-mechanism\/\">Electrophilic Addition Mechanism<\/a>\r\n      <\/li>\r\n      <li>\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-5-alkenes\/reactions-of-alkenes\/\">Reactions of Alkenes<\/a>\r\n\r\n        <ul class=\"ols-subtopic-list\">\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-5-alkenes\/reactions-of-alkenes\/halogens\/\">Halogens<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-5-alkenes\/reactions-of-alkenes\/hydrogen-halide\/\">Hydrogen Halide<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-5-alkenes\/reactions-of-alkenes\/bromine-water\/\">Bromine Water<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-5-alkenes\/reactions-of-alkenes\/hydrogen\/\">Hydrogen<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-5-alkenes\/reactions-of-alkenes\/steam\/\">Steam<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-5-alkenes\/reactions-of-alkenes\/kmno4\/\">KMnO4<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n        <\/ul>\r\n      <\/li>\r\n      <li>\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-5-alkenes\/polymerisation-reactions\/\">Polymerisation Reactions<\/a>\r\n      <\/li>\r\n      <li>\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-5-alkenes\/polymer-waste\/\">Polymer Waste<\/a>\r\n      <\/li>\r\n    <\/ul>\r\n  <\/div>\r\n\r\n  <div class=\"ols-topic-group\">\r\n    <h4>Next Topics<\/h4>\r\n\r\n    <ul class=\"ols-topic-list\">\r\n      <li>\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-6-energetics\/\">Energetics<\/a>\r\n      <\/li>\r\n      <li>\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-7-intermolecular-forces\/\">Intermolecular Forces<\/a>\r\n      <\/li>\r\n      <li>\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-8A-redox-chemistry\/\">Redox Chemistry<\/a>\r\n      <\/li>\r\n    <\/ul>\r\n  <\/div>\r\n<\/aside>\r\n\r\n<script>\r\n(function() 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 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/\">Revision Notes<\/a> \/\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/\">A Level Chemistry<\/a> \/\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/\">Edexcel International<\/a> \/\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-5-alkenes\/\">Topic 5 Alkenes<\/a> \/\n        <span>Reactions of Alkenes: Steam<\/span>\n      <\/nav>\n\n      <header class=\"ols-title-card\">\n        <h1>Reactions of Alkenes with Steam<\/h1>\n        <p class=\"ols-page-intro\">A concise revision guide to the reaction of alkenes with steam, including the conversion of ethene into ethanol, the use of concentrated phosphoric acid and why the reaction is carried out industrially rather than in a school laboratory.<\/p>\n\n        <div class=\"ols-badges\">\n          <div class=\"ols-badge\">Exam board: Edexcel International<\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-badge\">Topic 5: Alkenes<\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-badge\">Reaction 5: Steam<\/div>\n        <\/div>\n      <\/header>\n\n      \n<section class=\"ols-h5p-card ols-h5p-inline ols-h5p-recap\">\n<span class=\"ols-h5p-kicker\">Before you start<\/span>\n<h2>GCSE Recap: Alcohols and Addition Reactions<\/h2>\n<p>Before you start, check what an alcohol is, what addition means and where ethanol comes from.<\/p>\n<div class=\"ols-h5p-frame\"><div class=\"h5p-content\" data-content-id=\"751\"><\/div><\/div>\n<\/section>\n<article class=\"ols-note-card soft\">\n        <div class=\"ols-note-title\">\n          <div class=\"ols-note-icon\">1<\/div>\n          <h2>The Overall Reaction<\/h2>\n        <\/div>\n\n        <p>Alkenes react with <strong>steam, H<sub>2<\/sub>O(g)<\/strong>, to form <strong>alcohols<\/strong>. This reaction is called <strong>hydration<\/strong> because water is added across the carbon-carbon double bond.<\/p>\n        <p>For example, <strong>ethene<\/strong> reacts with steam to form <strong>ethanol<\/strong>.<\/p>\n        <p>The reaction converts the alkene functional group into an alcohol functional group. The C=C double bond opens, one hydrogen atom adds to one carbon atom, and an <strong>-OH<\/strong> group adds to the other carbon atom.<\/p>\n\n        <div class=\"ols-reaction-summary\">\n          <div class=\"ols-summary-item\"><span>Functional group change<\/span><strong>Alkene \u2192 alcohol<\/strong><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-summary-item\"><span>Reagent<\/span><strong>Steam, H<sub>2<\/sub>O(g)<\/strong><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-summary-item\"><span>Product from ethene<\/span><strong>Ethanol, CH<sub>3<\/sub>CH<sub>2<\/sub>OH<\/strong><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-summary-item\"><span>Type of reaction<\/span><strong>Addition, specifically hydration<\/strong><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n\n        <div class=\"ols-key-box\">\n          <p><strong>Key idea:<\/strong> Steam adds across the C=C double bond, so the alkene becomes an alcohol.<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n\n        <div class=\"ols-figure-card\">\n          <div class=\"ols-figure-image\">\n            <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/t5-cd-08-hydration.svg\" alt=\"Ethene and steam in equilibrium with ethanol over a phosphoric acid catalyst, added H and OH highlighted\" width=\"1426\" height=\"768\">\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-figure-caption\">\n            <p>The displayed equation shows water added across the C=C double bond of ethene to produce ethanol.<\/p>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n      <\/article>\n<section class=\"ols-h5p-card ols-h5p-inline\">\n<span class=\"ols-h5p-kicker\">Check your understanding<\/span>\n<h2>Quick Check: Name the Alcohol<\/h2>\n<p>Apply the reaction to an alkene that this page does not use.<\/p>\n<div class=\"ols-h5p-frame\"><div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-44\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"44\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Alkene Hydration MCQ: The Alcohol Formed from Cyclopentene\"><\/iframe><\/div><\/div>\n<\/section>\n\n      <article class=\"ols-note-card\">\n        <div class=\"ols-note-title\">\n          <div class=\"ols-note-icon\">2<\/div>\n          <h2>Conditions for Hydration<\/h2>\n        <\/div>\n\n        <p>The hydration of ethene is carried out using <strong>steam<\/strong> and a catalyst of <strong>concentrated H<sub>3<\/sub>PO<sub>4<\/sub><\/strong>, which is phosphoric acid.<\/p>\n        <p>The reaction also needs a <strong>high temperature<\/strong>, usually around <strong>300 \u00b0C<\/strong>, and a <strong>high pressure<\/strong> of about <strong>60 to 70 atm<\/strong>.<\/p>\n        <p>These conditions are much more severe than the conditions normally used in a school laboratory, so the reaction is treated as an <strong>industrial process<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n        <div class=\"ols-reaction-summary\">\n          <div class=\"ols-summary-item\"><span>Catalyst<\/span><strong>Concentrated H<sub>3<\/sub>PO<sub>4<\/sub><\/strong><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-summary-item\"><span>Temperature<\/span><strong>About 300 \u00b0C<\/strong><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-summary-item\"><span>Pressure<\/span><strong>60 to 70 atm<\/strong><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-summary-item\"><span>Scale<\/span><strong>Industrial, not laboratory<\/strong><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n\n        <div class=\"ols-key-box\">\n          <p><strong>Exam focus:<\/strong> Include both the reagent and the conditions: steam, concentrated H<sub>3<\/sub>PO<sub>4<\/sub>, high temperature and high pressure.<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n      <div class=\"ols-figure-card ols-zoom-pop\">\n<div class=\"ols-figure-image\">\n<a class=\"ols-image-fullscreen-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/t5-img-30-hydrationplant.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" aria-label=\"Open image fullscreen\">\n<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/t5-img-30-hydrationplant.jpg\" alt=\"Flow diagram: ethene and steam into a reactor with phosphoric acid catalyst, then a condenser; ethanol and water out, unreacted ethene recycled\" data-fullscreen-src=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/t5-img-30-hydrationplant.jpg\">\n<\/a>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"ols-figure-caption\"><p>Ethene and steam pass over a phosphoric acid catalyst at high temperature and pressure; unreacted ethene is recycled.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/article>\n<section class=\"ols-h5p-card ols-h5p-inline\">\n<span class=\"ols-h5p-kicker\">Check your understanding<\/span>\n<h2>Quick Check: Conditions for Propene<\/h2>\n<p>Apply the conditions to the hydration of propene, an alkene this page does not use.<\/p>\n<div class=\"ols-h5p-frame\"><div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-1274\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"1274\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Alkene Hydration Quick-Fire: Conditions for Propene\"><\/iframe><\/div><\/div>\n<\/section>\n\n      <article class=\"ols-note-card purple\">\n        <div class=\"ols-note-title\">\n          <div class=\"ols-note-icon\">3<\/div>\n          <h2>Why This Is an Addition Reaction<\/h2>\n        <\/div>\n\n        <p>This reaction is an <strong>addition reaction<\/strong> because atoms are added across the C=C double bond.<\/p>\n        <p>The alkene starts as an <strong>unsaturated<\/strong> molecule. During hydration, the double bond opens and the atoms from water are added to the two carbon atoms from the original double bond.<\/p>\n        <p>In the hydration of ethene, this produces only one main product: <strong>ethanol<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n        <div class=\"ols-definition-box\">\n          <div class=\"ols-definition-circle\">H<sub>2<\/sub>O<\/div>\n          <p><strong>Hydration:<\/strong> An addition reaction in which water, usually as steam in this industrial process, adds across a carbon-carbon double bond to form an alcohol.<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n\n        <div class=\"ols-key-box\">\n          <p><strong>Remember:<\/strong> For steam, the functional group change is alkene to alcohol. This is different from hydrogenation, which converts an alkene into an alkane.<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n      <\/article>\n<section class=\"ols-h5p-card ols-h5p-inline\">\n<span class=\"ols-h5p-kicker\">Check your understanding<\/span>\n<h2>Quick Check: Two Additions Compared<\/h2>\n<p>Drag the words into place to complete the comparison of the two reactions.<\/p>\n<div class=\"ols-h5p-frame\"><div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-42\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"42\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Alkene Hydration Drag: Two Different Additions to Cyclohexene\"><\/iframe><\/div><\/div>\n<\/section>\n\n      <article class=\"ols-note-card soft\">\n        <div class=\"ols-note-title\">\n          <div class=\"ols-note-icon\">4<\/div>\n          <h2>Industrial Advantages and Exam Mistakes<\/h2>\n        <\/div>\n\n        <p>The process is preferred industrially because <strong>no waste products<\/strong> are formed, giving the reaction a <strong>high atom economy<\/strong>.<\/p>\n        <p>Producing only one main product also makes <strong>separation simpler and cheaper<\/strong>, reducing overall processing costs.<\/p>\n        <p>A common exam error is to describe the reaction as a normal laboratory preparation. The very high pressure makes the process unsuitable for typical laboratory use.<\/p>\n\n        <div class=\"ols-reaction-summary\">\n          <div class=\"ols-summary-item\"><span>Industrial benefit<\/span><strong>No waste products formed.<\/strong><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-summary-item\"><span>Atom economy<\/span><strong>High atom economy.<\/strong><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-summary-item\"><span>Separation<\/span><strong>One main product makes separation simpler.<\/strong><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-summary-item\"><span>Common mistake<\/span><strong>Do not treat 70 atm as a laboratory condition.<\/strong><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n\n        <div class=\"ols-key-box\">\n          <p><strong>Exam focus:<\/strong> Link the industrial scale to the high pressure, and link the efficiency to no waste products and easier product separation.<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n      <div class=\"ols-figure-card ols-zoom-pop\">\n<div class=\"ols-figure-image\">\n<a class=\"ols-image-fullscreen-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/t5-img-31-hydrationconditions.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" aria-label=\"Open image fullscreen\">\n<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/t5-img-31-hydrationconditions.jpg\" alt=\"Temperature and pressure dials showing the rate, yield and cost compromise for ethene hydration, with advantages and the crude oil drawback\" data-fullscreen-src=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/t5-img-31-hydrationconditions.jpg\">\n<\/a>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"ols-figure-caption\"><p>The temperature and pressure are compromises between rate, yield and cost; the process is continuous and gives ethanol as its only product.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/article>\n<section class=\"ols-h5p-card ols-h5p-inline\">\n<span class=\"ols-h5p-kicker\">Check your understanding<\/span>\n<h2>Quick Check: Explain the Industrial Choice<\/h2>\n<p>Write a short explanation, then compare it with the mark points and the model answer.<\/p>\n<div class=\"ols-h5p-frame\"><div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-45\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"45\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Alkene Hydration Explain: Manufacturing Cyclohexanol\"><\/iframe><\/div><\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"ols-h5p-card ols-h5p-inline\">\n<span class=\"ols-h5p-kicker\">Check your understanding<\/span>\n<h2>Quick Check: Catalyst, Conditions and Atom Economy<\/h2>\n<p>Each round covers one part of the page, from the catalyst to the atom economy. Choose the one accurate statement.<\/p>\n<div class=\"ols-h5p-frame\"><div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-43\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"43\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Alkene Hydration Summary: Catalyst, Conditions and Atom Economy\"><\/iframe><\/div><\/div>\n<\/section>\n\n      \n\n      <section class=\"ols-faq-card\">\n<h2>FAQs<\/h2>\n<p>These questions secure the catalyst, conditions and yield reasoning behind the hydration of alkenes.<\/p>\n<div class=\"ols-faq-list\">\n<div class=\"ols-faq-item\">\n<h3>Why is phosphoric acid called a catalyst when it is an acid?<\/h3>\n<p>It supplies H<sup>+<\/sup> to start the reaction and gets it back at the end, so it is not used up. It speeds up the reaction without appearing in the overall equation.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"ols-faq-item\">\n<h3>Why is only a small amount of ethene converted each time?<\/h3>\n<p>The reaction is reversible, so only about 5% of the ethene is converted on each pass over the catalyst. Unreacted ethene is separated and recycled, giving an overall conversion of about 95%.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"ols-faq-item\">\n<h3>Why not use a much higher pressure to get more ethanol?<\/h3>\n<p>A higher pressure would shift the equilibrium towards ethanol, but it costs more to generate and needs stronger equipment. It also makes ethene more likely to polymerise. About 60 to 70 atm is a compromise.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"ols-faq-item\">\n<h3>Does propene give only one alcohol with steam?<\/h3>\n<p>No. Propene is unsymmetrical, so H and OH can add either way round. The major product is propan-2-ol, formed through the more stable secondary carbocation, and the minor product is propan-1-ol.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"ols-faq-item\">\n<h3>Is hydration with steam the same as fermentation?<\/h3>\n<p>No. Hydration makes ethanol from ethene, obtained from crude oil, in a fast continuous process. Fermentation makes ethanol from sugars using yeast at about 35 \u00b0C, more slowly and as a dilute solution.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n\n      <!-- author card (moved to the end, 10 Oct 2026) -->\n      <div class=\"ols-author\">\n\n    <img decoding=\"async\"\n      class=\"ols-author-avatar-img\"\n      src=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/Author-Profile.jpeg\"\n      alt=\"Dr. Mohammed Al-Fatah\"\n    >\n\n    <div class=\"ols-author-content\">\n\n      <h2 class=\"ols-author-title\">\n        Written by: Dr. Mohammed Al-Fatah\n      <\/h2>\n\n      <p class=\"ols-author-description\">\n        Chemistry specialist revision notes for A Level Chemistry.\n      <\/p>\n\n      <a\n        class=\"ols-linkedin-pill\"\n        href=\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/doctormohammedfatah\/\"\n        target=\"_blank\"\n        rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"\n      >\n        <svg class=\"ols-linkedin-icon\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"currentColor\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n          <path d=\"M4.98 3.5C4.98 4.88 3.86 6 2.48 6S0 4.88 0 3.5 1.12 1 2.48 1s2.5 1.12 2.5 2.5zM.5 8h4V24h-4V8zm7 0h3.8v2.2h.1c.5-.9 1.8-2.2 3.9-2.2 4.2 0 5 2.8 5 6.4V24h-4v-7.6c0-1.8 0-4.2-2.6-4.2s-3 2-3 4v7.8h-4V8z\"\/>\n        <\/svg>\n        View LinkedIn Profile\n      <\/a>\n\n    <\/div>\n\n  <\/div>\n\n\n      <section class=\"ols-related-card\">\n        <h2>Related Alkene Revision Notes<\/h2>\n        <p>Continue through Topic 5 by linking hydration with the other addition reactions of alkenes.<\/p>\n\n        <div class=\"ols-related-grid\">\n          <a class=\"ols-related-item\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/\">Hydrogen<\/a>\n          <a class=\"ols-related-item\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/\">KMnO<sub>4<\/sub><\/a>\n          <a class=\"ols-related-item\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/\">Bromine Water<\/a>\n        <\/div>\n      <\/section>\n\n      <section class=\"ols-attribution-card ols-attr-std\" aria-label=\"Copyright notice\">\n<style id=\"ols-attribution-card-css\">.ols-attribution-card.ols-attr-std{background:linear-gradient(135deg,#ffffff,#f8fbff);border:1px solid rgba(28,36,75,0.14);border-radius:28px;box-shadow:0 18px 45px rgba(28,36,75,0.10);padding:34px;margin:24px 0;overflow:hidden;font-family:Poppins,Arial,sans-serif;box-sizing:border-box}.ols-attribution-card.ols-attr-std *{box-sizing:border-box}.ols-attribution-card.ols-attr-std p{margin:0;font-size:14px;line-height:1.65;font-weight:300;color:#667085}.ols-attribution-card.ols-attr-std strong{font-weight:700;color:#1C244B}@media (max-width:760px){.ols-attribution-card.ols-attr-std{padding:24px 18px;border-radius:22px}}<\/style>\n<p><strong>Copyright notice:<\/strong> This OLS revision content, including the explanations, layout, diagrams, tables and embedded learning structure, is authored for Online Learning System by Dr. Mohammed Al-Fatah. It may not be copied, reproduced, redistributed or adapted without written permission.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n    <\/main>\n  \n\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">\n{\n    \"@context\": \"https:\/\/schema.org\",\n    \"@graph\": [\n        {\n            \"@type\": \"WebPage\",\n            \"@id\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/#webpage\",\n            \"url\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/\",\n            \"name\": \"Alkene Hydration with Steam | A Level Chemistry\",\n            \"description\": \"Learn alkene hydration with steam including ethanol formation, phosphoric acid catalyst, industrial conditions and hydration reactions in A Level Chemistry.\",\n            \"inLanguage\": \"en-GB\",\n            \"isPartOf\": {\n                \"@id\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/#website\"\n            },\n            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