{"id":3449,"date":"2026-05-13T08:04:11","date_gmt":"2026-05-13T07:04:11","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/?page_id=3449"},"modified":"2026-10-18T17:34:56","modified_gmt":"2026-10-18T16:34:56","slug":"polymerisation-reactions","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-5-alkenes\/polymerisation-reactions\/","title":{"rendered":"Polymerisation Reactions"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<section class=\"ols-revision-page ols-polymerisation-reactions-page\">\n  <style>\n    .ols-revision-page {\n      --navy: #1C244B;\n      --blue: #2563eb;\n      --soft-blue: #eef4ff;\n      --soft-red: #fff7f7;\n      --soft-purple: #f7f0ff;\n      --soft-green: #f0f7f1;\n      --green: #3f8f46;\n      --red: #d94b2b;\n      --gold: #c9973a;\n      --grey-text: #667085;\n      --body-text: #1f2937;\n      --border: rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.14);\n      --shadow: 0 18px 45px 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color: var(--body-text);\n    }\n.ols-faq-card,\n      .ols-quicksnap-card,\n      .ols-attribution-card {\n        padding: 24px 18px;\n        border-radius: 22px;\n      }\n<\/style>\n\n  <aside class=\"ols-sidebar\">\r\n  <div class=\"ols-sidebar-header\">\r\n    <h3>Revision Notes<\/h3>\r\n    <p>A Level Chemistry<\/p>\r\n  <\/div>\r\n\r\n  <div class=\"ols-topic-group\">\r\n    <h4>Topic 5 Alkenes<\/h4>\r\n\r\n    <ul class=\"ols-topic-list\">\r\n      <li>\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-5-alkenes\/alkene-bonding\/\">Alkene Bonding<\/a>\r\n      <\/li>\r\n      <li>\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-5-alkenes\/geometric-isomerism\/\">Geometric Isomerism<\/a>\r\n      <\/li>\r\n      <li>\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-5-alkenes\/electrophilic-addition-mechanism\/\">Electrophilic Addition Mechanism<\/a>\r\n      <\/li>\r\n      <li>\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-5-alkenes\/reactions-of-alkenes\/\">Reactions of Alkenes<\/a>\r\n\r\n        <ul class=\"ols-subtopic-list\">\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-5-alkenes\/reactions-of-alkenes\/halogens\/\">Halogens<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-5-alkenes\/reactions-of-alkenes\/hydrogen-halide\/\">Hydrogen Halide<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-5-alkenes\/reactions-of-alkenes\/bromine-water\/\">Bromine Water<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-5-alkenes\/reactions-of-alkenes\/hydrogen\/\">Hydrogen<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-5-alkenes\/reactions-of-alkenes\/steam\/\">Steam<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-5-alkenes\/reactions-of-alkenes\/kmno4\/\">KMnO4<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n        <\/ul>\r\n      <\/li>\r\n      <li>\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-5-alkenes\/polymerisation-reactions\/\">Polymerisation Reactions<\/a>\r\n      <\/li>\r\n      <li>\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-5-alkenes\/polymer-waste\/\">Polymer Waste<\/a>\r\n      <\/li>\r\n    <\/ul>\r\n  <\/div>\r\n\r\n  <div class=\"ols-topic-group\">\r\n    <h4>Next Topics<\/h4>\r\n\r\n    <ul class=\"ols-topic-list\">\r\n      <li>\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-6-energetics\/\">Energetics<\/a>\r\n      <\/li>\r\n      <li>\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-7-intermolecular-forces\/\">Intermolecular Forces<\/a>\r\n      <\/li>\r\n      <li>\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-8A-redox-chemistry\/\">Redox Chemistry<\/a>\r\n      <\/li>\r\n    <\/ul>\r\n  <\/div>\r\n<\/aside>\r\n\r\n<script>\r\n(function() {\r\n  function normalisePath(path) {\r\n    return String(path || '')\r\n      .split('?')[0]\r\n      .split('#')[0]\r\n      .replace(\/\\\/+$\/, '')\r\n      .toLowerCase();\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  function highlightActive() {\r\n    var sidebar = document.querySelector('.ols-sidebar');\r\n    if (!sidebar) return false;\r\n\r\n    var currentPath = normalisePath(window.location.pathname);\r\n    var links = sidebar.querySelectorAll('a[href]');\r\n    var matched = null;\r\n    var matchedLength = 0;\r\n\r\n    sidebar.querySelectorAll('.active, .active-main, .parent-active').forEach(function(item) {\r\n      item.classList.remove('active', 'active-main', 'parent-active');\r\n    });\r\n\r\n    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'1');\r\n        }\r\n      }\r\n    }\r\n\r\n    return true;\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  if (!highlightActive()) {\r\n    document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', highlightActive);\r\n  }\r\n})();\r\n<\/script>\n\n  <main class=\"ols-main\">\n      <nav class=\"ols-breadcrumbs\" aria-label=\"Breadcrumb\">\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/\">Revision Notes<\/a> \/\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/\">A Level Chemistry<\/a> \/\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/\">Edexcel International<\/a> \/\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-5-alkenes\/\">Topic 5 Alkenes<\/a> \/\n        <span>Polymerisation Reactions<\/span>\n      <\/nav>\n\n      <header class=\"ols-title-card\">\n        <h1>Polymerisation Reactions<\/h1>\n        <p class=\"ols-page-intro\">A concise revision guide to addition polymerisation, how alkene monomers form poly(alkenes), how to recognise repeating units and why poly(ethene) and poly(propene) have useful material properties.<\/p>\n\n        <div class=\"ols-badges\">\n          <div class=\"ols-badge\">Exam board: Edexcel International<\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-badge\">Topic 5: Alkenes<\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-badge\">Level: A Level Chemistry<\/div>\n        <\/div>\n      <\/header>\n<!-- 3D card: addition-polymerisation (5 Oct 2026, Topics 1-5 upgrade) -->\n<!-- Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Mohammed Al-Fatah, onlinelearningsystem.net. 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border-radius:22px;}\n  .ols-adp-001 h2.adp-title{font-size:20.5px;}\n  .ols-adp-001 p.adp-sub{font-size:13.5px;}\n  .ols-adp-001 .adp-stage{height:400px;}\n  .ols-adp-001 .adp-rowlab{min-width:100%;}\n  .ols-adp-001 .adp-seg button{padding:9px 13px; font-size:13px;}\n  .ols-adp-001 .adp-lab{font-size:10.5px; padding:4px 8px;}\n  .ols-adp-001 .adp-lab.l-part{font-size:9.5px; padding:3px 7px;}\n  .ols-adp-001 .adp-lab.l-read{font-size:12px; padding:5px 9px;}\n  .ols-adp-001 .adp-caption{font-size:10.5px; padding:5px 9px; max-width:64%;}\n  .ols-adp-001 .adp-badge{font-size:10.5px; padding:4px 9px;}\n  .ols-adp-001 .adp-badge.b-eq{font-size:11px;}\n  .ols-adp-001 .adp-badges{max-width:calc(100% - 28px);}\n  .ols-adp-001 .adp-info{padding:18px;}\n}\n\/* on a phone the caption needs the full top row, so the drag hint goes *\/\n@media (max-width:480px){\n  .ols-adp-001 .adp-hint{display:none;}\n  .ols-adp-001 .adp-caption{max-width:calc(100% - 28px);}\n}\n@media (prefers-reduced-motion:reduce){\n  .ols-adp-001 .adp-seg button,.ols-adp-001 .adp-pill{transition:none;}\n}\n\n.ols-cc-adp-001{\n  font-family:'Poppins',system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',Roboto,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;\n  margin:10px auto 0; text-align:center; font-size:11px; font-style:italic; color:#aab0c0;\n}\n.ols-cc-adp-001 a{color:#aab0c0; text-decoration:none;}\n.ols-cc-adp-001 a:hover{text-decoration:underline;}\n.ols-adp-001 .adp-seg button{display:inline-flex; align-items:center;}\n.ols-adp-001 .adp-seg button .adp-n{display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; width:20px; height:20px; margin-right:9px; border-radius:50%; font-size:11px; font-weight:600; background:rgba(37,99,235,0.10); color:#2563eb; flex:0 0 auto;}\n.ols-adp-001 .adp-seg button[aria-pressed=\"true\"] .adp-n{background:#ffffff; color:#2563eb;}\n<\/style>\n\n<div class=\"adp-head\">\n  <h2 class=\"adp-title\">Addition Polymerisation<\/h2>\n  <p class=\"adp-sub\">Choose a step to watch alkene monomers open their C=C bonds and join into one long chain.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"adp-stage\" id=\"adpStage\">\n  <canvas class=\"adp-canvas\" id=\"adpCanvas\"><\/canvas>\n  <div class=\"adp-overlay\" id=\"adpOverlay\"><\/div>\n  <div class=\"adp-caption\" id=\"adpCaption\"><\/div>\n  <div class=\"adp-hint\" id=\"adpHint\">Drag to rotate<\/div>\n  <div class=\"adp-badges\" id=\"adpBadges\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"adp-controls\">\n  <div class=\"adp-row\">\n    <span class=\"adp-rowlab\">Step<\/span>\n    <div class=\"adp-seg\" role=\"group\" aria-label=\"Step\">\n      <button type=\"button\" data-step=\"1\" aria-pressed=\"true\"><span class=\"adp-n\">1<\/span>The monomers<\/button>\n      <button type=\"button\" data-step=\"2\" aria-pressed=\"false\"><span class=\"adp-n\">2<\/span>The double bonds open<\/button>\n      <button type=\"button\" data-step=\"3\" aria-pressed=\"false\"><span class=\"adp-n\">3<\/span>The chain grows<\/button>\n      <button type=\"button\" data-step=\"4\" aria-pressed=\"false\"><span class=\"adp-n\">4<\/span>The repeat unit<\/button>\n      <button type=\"button\" data-step=\"5\" aria-pressed=\"false\"><span class=\"adp-n\">5<\/span>Propene to poly(propene)<\/button>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n\n  <div class=\"adp-row\">\n    <span class=\"adp-rowlab\">View<\/span>\n    <button type=\"button\" class=\"adp-pill\" id=\"adpResetV\">Reset view<\/button>\n  <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"adp-info\">\n  <h3 id=\"adpInfoTitle\"><\/h3>\n  <p id=\"adpInfoText\"><\/p>\n  <div class=\"adp-facts\" id=\"adpFacts\"><\/div>\n  <div class=\"adp-key\">\n    <span><i class=\"k-ball\" style=\"background:#464a54\"><\/i>Carbon<\/span>\n    <span><i class=\"k-ball\" style=\"background:#ececf0\"><\/i>Hydrogen<\/span>\n    <span><i class=\"k-ball\" style=\"background:#c9961c\"><\/i>Repeat unit highlight<\/span>\n  <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<script src=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-content\/uploads\/JS\/addition-polymerisation.js?v=20261018z\"><\/script>\n<\/section>\n\n<p class=\"ols-cc-adp-001\">&copy; Dr. Mohammed Al-Fatah &#8211; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">onlinelearningsystem.net<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n      \n<section class=\"ols-h5p-card ols-h5p-inline ols-h5p-recap\">\n<span class=\"ols-h5p-kicker\">Before you start<\/span>\n<h2>GCSE Recap: Monomers and Chains<\/h2>\n<p>Answer three quick GCSE questions before you start.<\/p>\n<div class=\"ols-h5p-frame\"><div class=\"h5p-content\" data-content-id=\"742\"><\/div><\/div>\n<\/section>\n<article class=\"ols-note-card soft\">\n        <div class=\"ols-note-title\">\n          <div class=\"ols-note-icon\">1<\/div>\n          <h2>What Is Addition Polymerisation?<\/h2>\n        <\/div>\n\n        <p><strong>Addition polymerisation<\/strong> is a chain-forming reaction in which many alkene molecules join together to form a long-chain polymer.<\/p>\n        <p>The alkene molecules are the <strong>monomers<\/strong>. During polymerisation, the carbon-carbon double bonds open up, allowing the monomers to connect into a long saturated carbon chain.<\/p>\n        <p>No small molecule is eliminated during addition polymerisation, so there are <strong>no by-products<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n        <div class=\"ols-key-box\">\n          <p><strong>Key idea:<\/strong> Addition polymers form when many alkene monomers join together by opening their C=C double bonds.<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n\n        <div class=\"ols-reaction-strip\">\n          <div class=\"ols-reaction-item\"><span>Starting material<\/span><strong>Many alkene monomers<\/strong><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-reaction-item\"><span>Bond change<\/span><strong>C=C opens up<\/strong><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-reaction-item\"><span>Product<\/span><strong>One long polymer chain<\/strong><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n      <div class=\"ols-figure-card ols-zoom-pop\">\n<div class=\"ols-figure-image\">\n<a class=\"ols-image-fullscreen-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/t5-img-34-monomersjoin.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" aria-label=\"Open image fullscreen\">\n<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/t5-img-34-monomersjoin.jpg\" alt=\"Cartoon monomers whose double links open so each joins two neighbours in a long chain, labelled monomer, repeat unit and polymer\" data-fullscreen-src=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/t5-img-34-monomersjoin.jpg\">\n<\/a>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"ols-figure-caption\"><p>Each monomer&#8217;s C=C opens and every monomer bonds to two neighbours, giving one long saturated chain and no other product.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/article>\n<section class=\"ols-h5p-card ols-h5p-inline\">\n<span class=\"ols-h5p-kicker\">Check your understanding<\/span>\n<h2>Quick Check: Which Bonds Change?<\/h2>\n<p>Apply the idea to a monomer that is not on this page.<\/p>\n<div class=\"ols-h5p-frame\"><div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-53\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"53\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Addition Polymerisation MCQ: The Bonds When Tetrafluoroethene Polymerises\"><\/iframe><\/div><\/div>\n<\/section>\n\n      <article class=\"ols-note-card\">\n        <div class=\"ols-note-title\">\n          <div class=\"ols-note-icon\">2<\/div>\n          <h2>From Ethene to Poly(ethene)<\/h2>\n        <\/div>\n\n        <p>Ethene, CH<sub>2<\/sub>=CH<sub>2<\/sub>, is an alkene monomer. When many ethene molecules polymerise, the C=C double bond in each monomer opens and the carbon atoms form new C-C single bonds to neighbouring monomers.<\/p>\n        <p>The polymer formed is <strong>poly(ethene)<\/strong>. The repeat unit is written in brackets, with an <strong>n<\/strong> outside the brackets to show that the unit is repeated many times.<\/p>\n\n        <div class=\"ols-key-box\">\n          <p><strong>Equation focus:<\/strong> Include <strong>n<\/strong> before the monomer and <strong>n<\/strong> after the bracketed repeating unit when writing addition polymerisation equations.<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n\n        <div class=\"ols-figure-card\">\n          <div class=\"ols-figure-image\">\n            <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/t5-cd-10-polyethene.svg\" alt=\"Addition polymerisation of ethene and propene with bracketed repeat units, and a poly(propene) chain with one repeat unit marked\" width=\"1301\" height=\"801\">\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-figure-caption\">\n            <p>The C=C bond in ethene changes into single bonds in the polymer chain, giving a bracketed repeating unit.<\/p>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n      <\/article>\n\n      <article class=\"ols-note-card purple\">\n        <div class=\"ols-note-title\">\n          <div class=\"ols-note-icon\">3<\/div>\n          <h2>Recognising Repeating Units<\/h2>\n        <\/div>\n\n        <p>A repeating unit is the smallest section of the polymer chain that repeats over and over again.<\/p>\n        <p>To recognise the repeating unit in a poly(alkene), look for the section of the carbon chain that came from one alkene monomer. The double bond is no longer present in the polymer because it has opened during the addition reaction.<\/p>\n        <p>The brackets should cut through single bonds at both ends of the repeating unit. This shows that the chain continues on both sides.<\/p>\n\n        <div class=\"ols-definition-box\">\n          <div class=\"ols-definition-circle\">n<\/div>\n          <p><strong>Repeating unit:<\/strong> The section of a polymer chain that is repeated many times to form the polymer.<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n\n        <div class=\"ols-figure-card\">\n          <div class=\"ols-figure-image\">\n            <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/t5-cd-10b-polypropenesection.svg\" alt=\"Addition polymerisation of ethene and propene with bracketed repeat units, and a poly(propene) chain with one repeat unit marked\" width=\"1525\" height=\"801\">\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-figure-caption\">\n            <p>The bracketed section identifies one repeat of the polymer chain and the open bonds show that the chain continues.<\/p>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n      <div class=\"ols-figure-card ols-zoom-pop\">\n<div class=\"ols-figure-image\">\n<a class=\"ols-image-fullscreen-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/t5-img-35-repeatunit.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" aria-label=\"Open image fullscreen\">\n<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/t5-img-35-repeatunit.jpg\" alt=\"Two-way method card: monomer to repeat unit and repeat unit to monomer, using placeholder groups W, X, Y, Z, plus common errors\" data-fullscreen-src=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/t5-img-35-repeatunit.jpg\">\n<\/a>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"ols-figure-caption\"><p>To get the repeat unit, change C=C to C\u2013C and add a bond out of each side through the brackets; reverse the steps to find the monomer.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/article>\n<section class=\"ols-h5p-card ols-h5p-inline\">\n<span class=\"ols-h5p-kicker\">Check your understanding<\/span>\n<h2>Quick Check: Build a Repeat Unit<\/h2>\n<p>Drag the words and numbers into place to work out a repeat unit for yourself.<\/p>\n<div class=\"ols-h5p-frame\"><div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-52\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"52\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Addition Polymerisation Drag: From But-1-ene to Its Repeat Unit\"><\/iframe><\/div><\/div>\n<\/section>\n\n      <article class=\"ols-note-card\">\n        <div class=\"ols-note-title\">\n          <div class=\"ols-note-icon\">4<\/div>\n          <h2>From Propene to Poly(propene)<\/h2>\n        <\/div>\n\n        <p>Propene can also undergo addition polymerisation. Each propene monomer opens its C=C double bond and links to other monomers to form <strong>poly(propene)<\/strong>.<\/p>\n        <p>The CH<sub>3<\/sub> group from propene stays as a side group on every second carbon atom of the polymer chain. This side group helps make poly(propene) stiffer than poly(ethene).<\/p>\n\n        <div class=\"ols-key-box\">\n          <p><strong>Exam focus:<\/strong> When converting a monomer into a repeat unit, keep every substituent attached to the same carbon. Only the C=C bond changes into C-C single bonds.<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n\n        <div class=\"ols-figure-card\">\n          <div class=\"ols-figure-image\">\n            <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/t5-cd-10c-polypropene.svg\" alt=\"Addition polymerisation of ethene and propene with bracketed repeat units, and a poly(propene) chain with one repeat unit marked\" width=\"1520\" height=\"843\">\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-figure-caption\">\n            <p>The CH<sub>3<\/sub> side group remains part of the repeat unit when propene forms poly(propene).<\/p>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n      <\/article>\n<section class=\"ols-h5p-card ols-h5p-inline\">\n<span class=\"ols-h5p-kicker\">Check your understanding<\/span>\n<h2>Quick Check: Repeat Unit from a New Monomer<\/h2>\n<p>Choose the repeat unit for the polymer made from pent-2-ene.<\/p>\n<div class=\"ols-h5p-frame\"><div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-1070\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"1070\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Addition Polymerisation MCQ: The Repeat Unit of Poly(pent-2-ene)\"><\/iframe><\/div><\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"ols-h5p-card ols-h5p-inline\">\n<span class=\"ols-h5p-kicker\">Check your understanding<\/span>\n<h2>Quick Check: Work Backwards to the Monomer<\/h2>\n<p>Answer as quickly as you can, going from the chain back to the molecule it came from.<\/p>\n<div class=\"ols-h5p-frame\"><div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-54\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"54\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Addition Polymerisation Quick-Fire: From Repeat Unit Back to Monomer\"><\/iframe><\/div><\/div>\n<\/section>\n\n\n      <article class=\"ols-note-card soft\">\n        <div class=\"ols-note-title\">\n          <div class=\"ols-note-icon\">5<\/div>\n          <h2>Properties and Uses of Poly(alkenes)<\/h2>\n        <\/div>\n\n        <p>Different poly(alkenes) have different physical properties because their repeat units and side groups are different.<\/p>\n        <p><strong>Poly(ethene)<\/strong> is widely used for plastic bags, buckets and bottles. It is useful because it is flexible, easy to mould, waterproof, chemically resistant and has low density.<\/p>\n        <p><strong>Poly(propene)<\/strong> forms a stiffer polymer, so it is suitable for products that need greater strength and rigidity. It is commonly used in utensils, storage containers, fibres, ropes and carpets.<\/p>\n\n        <div class=\"ols-table-wrap\">\n          <table class=\"ols-table\">\n            <thead>\n              <tr>\n                <th>Polymer<\/th>\n                <th>Useful properties<\/th>\n                <th>Common uses<\/th>\n              <\/tr>\n            <\/thead>\n            <tbody>\n              <tr>\n                <td><strong>Poly(ethene)<\/strong><\/td>\n                <td>Flexible, easy to mould, waterproof, chemically resistant and low density.<\/td>\n                <td>Plastic bags, buckets and bottles.<\/td>\n              <\/tr>\n              <tr>\n                <td><strong>Poly(propene)<\/strong><\/td>\n                <td>Stiffer, stronger and more rigid than many simple flexible plastics.<\/td>\n                <td>Utensils, storage containers, fibres, ropes and carpets.<\/td>\n              <\/tr>\n            <\/tbody>\n          <\/table>\n        <\/div>\n      <\/article>\n<section class=\"ols-h5p-card ols-h5p-inline\">\n<span class=\"ols-h5p-kicker\">Check your understanding<\/span>\n<h2>Quick Check: Pick the Accurate Statement<\/h2>\n<p>In each round, choose the one statement that is accurate.<\/p>\n<div class=\"ols-h5p-frame\"><div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-55\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"55\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Addition Polymerisation Summary: Side Groups, Names and What Is Left\"><\/iframe><\/div><\/div>\n<\/section>\n\n      <article class=\"ols-note-card purple\">\n        <div class=\"ols-note-title\">\n          <div class=\"ols-note-icon\">6<\/div>\n          <h2>Common Exam Mistakes<\/h2>\n        <\/div>\n\n        <ul>\n          <li>Do not draw a C=C double bond inside the polymer repeat unit. The double bond opens during addition polymerisation.<\/li>\n          <li>Do not forget the <strong>n<\/strong> before the monomer and after the bracketed repeat unit in a polymerisation equation.<\/li>\n          <li>Do not remove side groups such as CH<sub>3<\/sub> when converting propene into poly(propene).<\/li>\n          <li>Do not describe addition polymerisation as forming a small molecule by-product.<\/li>\n        <\/ul>\n      <\/article>\n\n      \n\n      <section class=\"ols-faq-card\">\n<h2>FAQs<\/h2>\n<p>These questions secure the repeat-unit and monomer skills that polymer questions test every year.<\/p>\n<div class=\"ols-faq-list\">\n<div class=\"ols-faq-item\">\n<h3>How many carbon atoms go in the main chain of a repeat unit?<\/h3>\n<p>Two, for a poly(alkene) made from one alkene monomer. They are the two carbon atoms of the original C=C bond. Every other atom or group stays attached to them as a side group.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"ols-faq-item\">\n<h3>Why does addition polymerisation have a 100% atom economy?<\/h3>\n<p>All the atoms in the monomers end up in the polymer. No small molecule such as water is lost, so the polymer is the only product.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"ols-faq-item\">\n<h3>How do I find the monomer from a section of polymer chain?<\/h3>\n<p>Pick out a two-carbon repeat unit with its side groups, remove the brackets and n, then put a C=C bond between the two backbone carbons. A chain with CH<sub>3<\/sub> on every second carbon comes from propene.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"ols-faq-item\">\n<h3>Is poly(ethene) an alkene?<\/h3>\n<p>No. The C=C bonds open during polymerisation, so poly(ethene) is a saturated chain, like a very long alkane. It does not decolourise bromine water, despite the &#8220;ene&#8221; in its name.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"ols-faq-item\">\n<h3>Why are poly(alkenes) so unreactive?<\/h3>\n<p>Their chains contain only strong C-C and C-H bonds, which are non-polar. With no \u03c0 bond and no polar bond, there is nothing for electrophiles or nucleophiles to attack. This makes them durable but slow to break down.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n\n      <!-- author card (moved to the end, 10 Oct 2026) -->\n      <div class=\"ols-author\">\n\n    <img decoding=\"async\"\n      class=\"ols-author-avatar-img\"\n      src=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/Author-Profile.jpeg\"\n      alt=\"Dr. Mohammed Al-Fatah\"\n    >\n\n    <div class=\"ols-author-content\">\n\n      <h2 class=\"ols-author-title\">\n        Written by: Dr. Mohammed Al-Fatah\n      <\/h2>\n\n      <p class=\"ols-author-description\">\n        Chemistry specialist revision notes for A Level Chemistry.\n      <\/p>\n\n      <a\n        class=\"ols-linkedin-pill\"\n        href=\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/doctormohammedfatah\/\"\n        target=\"_blank\"\n        rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"\n      >\n        <svg class=\"ols-linkedin-icon\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"currentColor\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n          <path d=\"M4.98 3.5C4.98 4.88 3.86 6 2.48 6S0 4.88 0 3.5 1.12 1 2.48 1s2.5 1.12 2.5 2.5zM.5 8h4V24h-4V8zm7 0h3.8v2.2h.1c.5-.9 1.8-2.2 3.9-2.2 4.2 0 5 2.8 5 6.4V24h-4v-7.6c0-1.8 0-4.2-2.6-4.2s-3 2-3 4v7.8h-4V8z\"\/>\n        <\/svg>\n        View LinkedIn Profile\n      <\/a>\n\n    <\/div>\n\n  <\/div>\n\n\n      <section class=\"ols-related-card\">\n        <h2>Related Alkene Revision Notes<\/h2>\n        <p>Continue through Topic 5 by linking polymerisation to alkene bonding, addition reactions and polymer waste.<\/p>\n\n        <div class=\"ols-related-grid\">\n          <a class=\"ols-related-item\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-5-alkenes\/alkene-bonding\/\">Alkene Bonding<\/a>\n          <a class=\"ols-related-item\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-5-alkenes\/reactions-of-alkenes\/\">Reactions of Alkenes<\/a>\n          <a class=\"ols-related-item\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-5-alkenes\/polymer-waste\/\">Polymer Waste<\/a>\n        <\/div>\n      <\/section>\n\n      <section class=\"ols-attribution-card ols-attr-std\" aria-label=\"Copyright notice\">\n<style id=\"ols-attribution-card-css\">.ols-attribution-card.ols-attr-std{background:linear-gradient(135deg,#ffffff,#f8fbff);border:1px solid rgba(28,36,75,0.14);border-radius:28px;box-shadow:0 18px 45px rgba(28,36,75,0.10);padding:34px;margin:24px 0;overflow:hidden;font-family:Poppins,Arial,sans-serif;box-sizing:border-box}.ols-attribution-card.ols-attr-std *{box-sizing:border-box}.ols-attribution-card.ols-attr-std p{margin:0;font-size:14px;line-height:1.65;font-weight:300;color:#667085}.ols-attribution-card.ols-attr-std strong{font-weight:700;color:#1C244B}@media (max-width:760px){.ols-attribution-card.ols-attr-std{padding:24px 18px;border-radius:22px}}<\/style>\n<p><strong>Copyright notice:<\/strong> This OLS revision content, including the explanations, layout, diagrams, tables and embedded learning structure, is authored for Online Learning System by Dr. Mohammed Al-Fatah. It may not be copied, reproduced, redistributed or adapted without written permission.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n    <\/main>\n<\/section>\n\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">\n{\n    \"@context\": \"https:\/\/schema.org\",\n    \"@graph\": [\n        {\n            \"@type\": \"Organization\",\n            \"@id\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/#organization\",\n            \"name\": \"Online Learning System\",\n            \"url\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/\",\n            \"logo\": {\n                \"@type\": \"ImageObject\",\n                \"url\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/a-level-chemistry-virtual-lesson-tutor.webp\"\n            }\n        },\n        {\n            \"@type\": \"WebSite\",\n            \"@id\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/#website\",\n            \"url\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/\",\n            \"name\": \"Online Learning System\",\n            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They are the two carbon atoms of the original C=C bond. Every other atom or group stays attached to them as a side group.\"\n                    }\n                },\n                {\n                    \"@type\": \"Question\",\n                    \"name\": \"Why does addition polymerisation have a 100% atom economy?\",\n                    \"acceptedAnswer\": {\n                        \"@type\": \"Answer\",\n                        \"text\": \"All the atoms in the monomers end up in the polymer. No small molecule such as water is lost, so the polymer is the only product.\"\n                    }\n                },\n                {\n                    \"@type\": \"Question\",\n                    \"name\": \"How do I find the monomer from a section of polymer chain?\",\n                    \"acceptedAnswer\": {\n                        \"@type\": \"Answer\",\n                        \"text\": \"Pick out a two-carbon repeat unit with its side groups, remove the brackets and n, then put a C=C bond between the two backbone carbons. A chain with CH3 on every second carbon comes from propene.\"\n                    }\n                },\n                {\n                    \"@type\": \"Question\",\n                    \"name\": \"Is poly(ethene) an alkene?\",\n                    \"acceptedAnswer\": {\n                        \"@type\": \"Answer\",\n                        \"text\": \"No. The C=C bonds open during polymerisation, so poly(ethene) is a saturated chain, like a very long alkane. It does not decolourise bromine water, despite the \"ene\" in its name.\"\n                    }\n                },\n                {\n                    \"@type\": \"Question\",\n                    \"name\": \"Why are poly(alkenes) so unreactive?\",\n                    \"acceptedAnswer\": {\n                        \"@type\": \"Answer\",\n                        \"text\": \"Their chains contain only strong C-C and C-H bonds, which are non-polar. With no \u03c0 bond and no polar bond, there is nothing for electrophiles or nucleophiles to attack. This makes them durable but slow to break down.\"\n                    }\n                }\n            ]\n        }\n    ]\n}\n<\/script>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Revision Notes \/ A Level Chemistry \/ Edexcel International \/ Topic 5 Alkenes \/ Polymerisation Reactions Polymerisation Reactions A concise revision guide to addition polymerisation, how alkene monomers form poly(alkenes), how to recognise repeating units and why poly(ethene) and poly(propene) have useful material properties. Exam board: Edexcel International Topic 5: Alkenes Level: A Level Chemistry [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":12,"featured_media":0,"parent":3113,"menu_order":4,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-3449","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/3449","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/12"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3449"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/3449\/revisions"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/3113"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3449"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}