{"id":3740,"date":"2026-05-18T08:50:10","date_gmt":"2026-05-18T07:50:10","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/?page_id=3740"},"modified":"2026-09-13T19:12:20","modified_gmt":"2026-09-13T18:12:20","slug":"topic-3-bonding-structure","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-3-bonding-structure\/","title":{"rendered":"Topic 3 Bonding &amp; Structure"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"ols-t3-page\">\n\n  <aside class=\"ols-sidebar\">\r\n  <div class=\"ols-sidebar-header\">\r\n    <h3>Revision Notes<\/h3>\r\n    <p>A Level Chemistry<\/p>\r\n  <\/div>\r\n\r\n  <div class=\"ols-topic-group\">\r\n    <h4>Topic 3 Bonding &amp; Structure<\/h4>\r\n\r\n    <ul class=\"ols-topic-list\">\r\n      <li>\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-3-bonding-structure\/ionic-bonding-structure\/\">Ionic Bonding &amp; Structure<\/a>\r\n\r\n        <ul class=\"ols-subtopic-list\">\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-3-bonding-structure\/ionic-bonding-structure\/nature-of-ionic-bonding\/\">Nature of Ionic Bonding<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-3-bonding-structure\/ionic-bonding-structure\/polarisation-of-ions\/\">Polarisation of Ions<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-3-bonding-structure\/ionic-bonding-structure\/physical-properties-of-ionic-compounds\/\">Physical Properties of Ionic Compounds<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n        <\/ul>\r\n      <\/li>\r\n\r\n      <li>\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-3-bonding-structure\/nature-of-covalent-bonding\/\">Nature of Covalent Bonding<\/a>\r\n\r\n        <ul class=\"ols-subtopic-list\">\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-3-bonding-structure\/nature-of-covalent-bonding\/covalent-bonding-and-structure\/\">Covalent Bonding<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-3-bonding-structure\/nature-of-covalent-bonding\/dative-covalent-bonding\/\">Dative Covalent Bonding<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\n          <li>\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-3-bonding-structure\/nature-of-covalent-bonding\/giant-covalent-structures\/\">Giant Covalent Structures<\/a>\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-3-bonding-structure\/nature-of-covalent-bonding\/electronegativity\/\">Electronegativity<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n        <\/ul>\r\n      <\/li>\r\n\r\n      <li>\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-3-bonding-structure\/shapes-of-molecules\/\">Shapes of Molecules<\/a>\r\n\r\n        <ul class=\"ols-subtopic-list\">\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-3-bonding-structure\/shapes-of-molecules\/linear\/\">Linear<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-3-bonding-structure\/shapes-of-molecules\/trigonal-planar\/\">Trigonal Planar<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-3-bonding-structure\/shapes-of-molecules\/tetrahedral\/\">Tetrahedral<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-3-bonding-structure\/shapes-of-molecules\/trigonal-pyramidal\/\">Trigonal Pyramidal<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-3-bonding-structure\/shapes-of-molecules\/bent\/\">Bent<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-3-bonding-structure\/shapes-of-molecules\/trigonal-bipyramidal\/\">Trigonal Bipyramidal<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-3-bonding-structure\/shapes-of-molecules\/octahedral\/\">Octahedral<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-3-bonding-structure\/shapes-of-molecules\/square-planar\/\">Square Planar<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-3-bonding-structure\/shapes-of-molecules\/square-pyramidal\/\">Square Pyramidal<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-3-bonding-structure\/shapes-of-molecules\/distorted-t\/\">Distorted T<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-3-bonding-structure\/shapes-of-molecules\/seesaw\/\">SeeSaw<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n        <\/ul>\r\n      <\/li>\r\n\r\n      <li>\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-3-bonding-structure\/polar-and-non-polar-molecules\/\">Polar &amp; Non-Polar Molecules<\/a>\r\n      <\/li>\r\n\r\n      <li>\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-3-bonding-structure\/metallic-bonding\/\">Nature of Metallic Bonding<\/a>\r\n\r\n        <ul class=\"ols-subtopic-list\">\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-3-bonding-structure\/metallic-bonding\/metallic-bonding-structure\/\">Metallic Bonding &amp; Structure<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-3-bonding-structure\/metallic-bonding\/physical-properties-of-metals\/\">Physical Properties of Metals<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n        <\/ul>\r\n      <\/li>\n          <li>\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-3-bonding-structure\/structure-types\/\">Structure Types<\/a>\n          <\/li>\r\n    <\/ul>\r\n  <\/div>\r\n\r\n  <div class=\"ols-topic-group\">\r\n    <h4>Next Topics<\/h4>\r\n\r\n    <ul class=\"ols-topic-list\">\r\n      <li>\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-4-organic-chemistry-and-alkanes\/\">Organic Chemistry &amp; Alkanes<\/a>\r\n      <\/li>\r\n      <li>\r\n        <a 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@media (max-width: 860px) {\n      .ols-t3-intro-inner {\n        grid-template-columns: 1fr;\n        gap: 40px;\n      }\n    }\n\n    @media (max-width: 640px) {\n      .ols-t3-intro {\n        padding: 24px 0 52px;\n      }\n\n      .ols-t3-topics {\n        padding: 52px 0 58px;\n      }\n\n      .ols-t3-cards-grid {\n        grid-template-columns: 1fr;\n        gap: 14px;\n      }\n\n      .ols-t3-spec-section {\n        padding: 52px 0 64px;\n      }\n\n      .ols-t3-spec-wrap {\n        padding: 24px 18px;\n        border-radius: 20px;\n      }\n\n      .ols-t3-info-grid {\n        grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr;\n      }\n    }\n\n  <\/style>\n\n  <!-- BREADCRUMB BAR - sits above everything -->\n  <div class=\"ols-t3-breadcrumb-bar\">\n    <div class=\"ols-t3-container\">\n      <nav class=\"ols-t3-breadcrumb\" aria-label=\"Breadcrumb\">\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/\">Revision Notes<\/a> \/\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/\">A Level Chemistry<\/a> \/\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/\">Edexcel International<\/a> \/\n        <span>Topic 3 Bonding and Structure<\/span>\n      <\/nav>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n\n  <!-- INTRO -->\n  <section class=\"ols-t3-intro\">\n    <div class=\"ols-t3-container\">\n      <div class=\"ols-t3-intro-inner\">\n\n        <div>\n          <div class=\"ols-t3-eyebrow\">Edexcel International A Level Chemistry<\/div>\n          <h1>Topic 3<br>Bonding<br>&amp; Structure<\/h1>\n          <div class=\"ols-t3-accent-bar\"><\/div>\n          <p class=\"ols-t3-intro-lead\">\n            Topic 3 explains how particles are held together and how bonding affects structure and properties. This topic covers ionic bonding, covalent bonding, molecular shapes, bond polarity, electronegativity, metallic bonding and the relationship between structure and physical behaviour.\n          <\/p>\n        <\/div>\n\n        <div class=\"ols-t3-info-grid\">\n          <div class=\"ols-t3-info-card\">\n            <div class=\"ols-t3-info-card-label\">Exam Unit<\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-t3-info-card-value\">Unit 1<\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-t3-info-card-sub\">WCH11\/01 &#8211; IAS<\/div>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-t3-info-card\">\n            <div class=\"ols-t3-info-card-label\">Specification Points<\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-t3-info-card-value\">3.1 &#8211; 3.22<\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-t3-info-card-sub\">22 points covered<\/div>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-t3-info-card\">\n            <div class=\"ols-t3-info-card-label\">Topic Parts<\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-t3-info-card-value\">4 parts<\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-t3-info-card-sub\">Revision notes available<\/div>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-t3-info-card\">\n            <div class=\"ols-t3-info-card-label\">Exam Board<\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-t3-info-card-value\">Edexcel IAL<\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-t3-info-card-sub\">Pearson International<\/div>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/section>\n\n  <!-- TOPIC CARDS -->\n  <section class=\"ols-t3-topics\">\n    <div class=\"ols-t3-container\">\n\n      <div class=\"ols-t3-section-header\">\n        <h2 class=\"ols-t3-section-title\">Revision Notes<\/h2>\n      <\/div>\n\n      <div class=\"ols-t3-cards-grid\">\n\n        <!-- Card 1: Ionic Bonding & Structure -->\n        <a class=\"ols-t3-card ols-t3-card--available\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-3-bonding-structure\/ionic-bonding-structure\/\">\n          <div class=\"ols-t3-card-img-wrap\">\n            <div class=\"ols-t3-visual ols-t3-visual--ionic\">\n              <div class=\"ols-t3-visual-panel\">\n                <div class=\"ols-t3-visual-kicker\">Ions and lattices<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-t3-visual-main\">Ionic<br>Bonding<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-t3-molecule-row\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n                  <span class=\"ols-t3-ion\">Na<sup>+<\/sup><\/span>\n                  <span class=\"ols-t3-bond\"><\/span>\n                  <span class=\"ols-t3-ion\">Cl<sup>&#8211;<\/sup><\/span>\n                <\/div>\n              <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-t3-card-num\">1<\/div>\n            <span class=\"ols-t3-card-status ols-t3-card-status--available\">Available<\/span>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-t3-card-body\">\n            <p class=\"ols-t3-card-title\">Ionic Bonding &amp; Structure<\/p>\n            <p class=\"ols-t3-card-desc\">Ion formation, dot-and-cross diagrams, ionic lattices, electrostatic attraction, ionic radii and polarisation.<\/p>\n            <span class=\"ols-t3-card-cta\">\n              Start revising\n              <svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"><\/path><\/svg>\n            <\/span>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n\n        <!-- Card 2: Covalent Bonding & Structure -->\n        <a class=\"ols-t3-card ols-t3-card--available\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-3-bonding-structure\/nature-of-covalent-bonding\/\">\n          <div class=\"ols-t3-card-img-wrap\">\n            <div class=\"ols-t3-visual ols-t3-visual--covalent\">\n              <div class=\"ols-t3-visual-panel\">\n                <div class=\"ols-t3-visual-kicker\">Shared electrons<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-t3-visual-main\">Covalent<br>Bonds<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-t3-molecule-row\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n                  <span class=\"ols-t3-atom\"><\/span>\n                  <span class=\"ols-t3-bond\"><\/span>\n                  <span class=\"ols-t3-atom\"><\/span>\n                  <span class=\"ols-t3-bond\"><\/span>\n                  <span class=\"ols-t3-atom\"><\/span>\n                <\/div>\n              <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-t3-card-num\">2<\/div>\n            <span class=\"ols-t3-card-status ols-t3-card-status--available\">Available<\/span>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-t3-card-body\">\n            <p class=\"ols-t3-card-title\">Covalent Bonding &amp; Structure<\/p>\n            <p class=\"ols-t3-card-desc\">Covalent attraction, dot-and-cross diagrams, dative covalent bonds, carbon structures, electronegativity and polarity.<\/p>\n            <span class=\"ols-t3-card-cta\">\n              Start revising\n              <svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"><\/path><\/svg>\n            <\/span>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n\n        <!-- Card 3: Shapes of Molecules -->\n        <a class=\"ols-t3-card ols-t3-card--available\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-3-bonding-structure\/shapes-of-molecules\/\">\n          <div class=\"ols-t3-card-img-wrap\">\n            <div class=\"ols-t3-visual ols-t3-visual--shape\">\n              <div class=\"ols-t3-visual-panel\">\n                <div class=\"ols-t3-visual-kicker\">Electron pairs<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-t3-shape\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n                  <span><\/span>\n                  <span><\/span>\n                  <span><\/span>\n                  <span><\/span>\n                <\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-t3-visual-main\">Molecular<br>Shapes<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-t3-visual-sub\">bond angles and 3D arrangement<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-t3-card-num\">3<\/div>\n            <span class=\"ols-t3-card-status ols-t3-card-status--available\">Available<\/span>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-t3-card-body\">\n            <p class=\"ols-t3-card-title\">Shapes of Molecules<\/p>\n            <p class=\"ols-t3-card-desc\">Electron-pair repulsion theory, bond angles, bond lengths and predicting the shapes of molecules and ions.<\/p>\n            <span class=\"ols-t3-card-cta\">\n              Start revising\n              <svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"><\/path><\/svg>\n            <\/span>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n\n        <!-- Card 4: Metallic Bonding & Structure -->\n        <a class=\"ols-t3-card ols-t3-card--available\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-3-bonding-structure\/metallic-bonding\/\">\n          <div class=\"ols-t3-card-img-wrap\">\n            <div class=\"ols-t3-visual ols-t3-visual--metallic\">\n              <div class=\"ols-t3-visual-panel\">\n                <div class=\"ols-t3-visual-kicker\">Metallic lattice<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-t3-electron-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-t3-visual-main\">Metallic<br>Bonding<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-t3-visual-sub\">metal ions and delocalised electrons<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-t3-card-num\">4<\/div>\n            <span class=\"ols-t3-card-status ols-t3-card-status--available\">Available<\/span>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-t3-card-body\">\n            <p class=\"ols-t3-card-title\">Metallic Bonding &amp; Structure<\/p>\n            <p class=\"ols-t3-card-desc\">Giant metallic lattices, delocalised electrons, electrical conductivity and high melting temperatures.<\/p>\n            <span class=\"ols-t3-card-cta\">\n              Start revising\n              <svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"><\/path><\/svg>\n            <\/span>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n\n        <a class=\"ols-t3-card ols-t3-card--available\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-3-bonding-structure\/structure-types\/\">\n          <div class=\"ols-t3-card-img-wrap\">\n            <div class=\"ols-t3-visual ols-t3-visual--metallic\">\n              <div class=\"ols-t3-visual-panel\">\n                <div class=\"ols-t3-visual-kicker\">Solid lattices<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-t3-electron-dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-t3-visual-main\">Structure<br>Types<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-t3-visual-sub\">four lattice types compared<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-t3-card-num\">5<\/div>\n            <span class=\"ols-t3-card-status ols-t3-card-status--available\">Available<\/span>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-t3-card-body\">\n            <p class=\"ols-t3-card-title\">Structure Types<\/p>\n            <p class=\"ols-t3-card-desc\">Giant ionic, giant metallic, giant covalent and simple molecular lattices compared: what holds each together and how that decides its properties.<\/p>\n            <span class=\"ols-t3-card-cta\">\n              Start revising\n              <svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"><\/path><\/svg>\n            <\/span>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/section>\n\n  <!-- SPECIFICATION -->\n  <section class=\"ols-t3-spec-section\">\n    <div class=\"ols-t3-container\">\n\n      <!-- DESKTOP SPECIFICATION -->\n      <div class=\"ols-t3-spec-desktop\">\n        <div class=\"ols-t3-spec-wrap\">\n          <div class=\"ols-t3-spec-pill\">Specification Coverage<\/div>\n          <h2 class=\"ols-t3-spec-heading\">Topic 3 Bonding &amp; Structure &#8211; Edexcel International A Level Chemistry<\/h2>\n          <p class=\"ols-t3-spec-intro-text\">The following specification points outline the knowledge and skills students are expected to demonstrate for Topic 3.<\/p>\n\n          <h3 class=\"ols-t3-spec-group-title\">3A: Ionic Bonding<\/h3>\n          <div class=\"ols-t3-spec-rows\">\n\n            <div class=\"ols-t3-spec-row ols-t3-spec-row--light\">\n              <div class=\"ols-t3-spec-code ols-t3-spec-code--dark\">3.1<\/div>\n              <div class=\"ols-t3-spec-text\">know and be able to interpret evidence for the existence of ions, limited to physical properties of ionic compounds, electron density maps and the migration of ions<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n\n            <div class=\"ols-t3-spec-row ols-t3-spec-row--light\">\n              <div class=\"ols-t3-spec-code ols-t3-spec-code--dark\">3.2<\/div>\n              <div class=\"ols-t3-spec-text\">be able to describe the formation of ions in terms of loss or gain of electrons<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n\n            <div class=\"ols-t3-spec-row ols-t3-spec-row--light\">\n              <div class=\"ols-t3-spec-code ols-t3-spec-code--dark\">3.3<\/div>\n              <div class=\"ols-t3-spec-text\">be able to draw dot-and-cross diagrams to show electrons in cations and anions<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n\n            <div class=\"ols-t3-spec-row ols-t3-spec-row--light\">\n              <div class=\"ols-t3-spec-code ols-t3-spec-code--dark\">3.4<\/div>\n              <div class=\"ols-t3-spec-text\">be able to describe ionic crystals as giant lattices of ions<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n\n            <div class=\"ols-t3-spec-row ols-t3-spec-row--light\">\n              <div class=\"ols-t3-spec-code ols-t3-spec-code--dark\">3.5<\/div>\n              <div class=\"ols-t3-spec-text\">know that ionic bonding is the result of strong net electrostatic attraction between ions<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n\n            <div class=\"ols-t3-spec-row ols-t3-spec-row--light\">\n              <div class=\"ols-t3-spec-code ols-t3-spec-code--dark\">3.6<\/div>\n              <div class=\"ols-t3-spec-text\">understand the effects of ionic radius and ionic charge on the strength of ionic bonding<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n\n            <div class=\"ols-t3-spec-row ols-t3-spec-row--light\">\n              <div class=\"ols-t3-spec-code ols-t3-spec-code--dark\">3.7<\/div>\n              <div class=\"ols-t3-spec-text\">understand reasons for the trends in ionic radii down a group in the Periodic Table, and for a set of isoelectronic ions, including N<sup>3-<\/sup> to Al<sup>3+<\/sup><\/div>\n            <\/div>\n\n            <div class=\"ols-t3-spec-row ols-t3-spec-row--light\">\n              <div class=\"ols-t3-spec-code ols-t3-spec-code--dark\">3.8<\/div>\n              <div class=\"ols-t3-spec-text\">understand the meaning of the term polarisation as applied to ions<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n\n            <div class=\"ols-t3-spec-row ols-t3-spec-row--light\">\n              <div class=\"ols-t3-spec-code ols-t3-spec-code--dark\">3.9<\/div>\n              <div class=\"ols-t3-spec-text\">understand that the polarising power of a cation depends on its radius and charge, and the polarisability of an anion also depends on its radius and charge<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n\n            <div class=\"ols-t3-spec-row ols-t3-spec-row--mid\">\n              <div class=\"ols-t3-spec-code ols-t3-spec-code--mid\">Practical<\/div>\n              <div class=\"ols-t3-spec-text\">\n                <strong>Further suggested practical:<\/strong> The migration of ions in a U-tube using copper(II) chromate solution or on a microscope slide using potassium manganate(VII) crystals.\n              <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n\n          <\/div>\n\n          <h3 class=\"ols-t3-spec-group-title\">3B: Covalent Bonding<\/h3>\n          <div class=\"ols-t3-spec-rows\">\n\n            <div class=\"ols-t3-spec-row ols-t3-spec-row--mid\">\n              <div class=\"ols-t3-spec-code ols-t3-spec-code--mid\">3.10<\/div>\n              <div class=\"ols-t3-spec-text\">\n                <div style=\"margin:0 0 12px;\">understand that covalent bonding is the strong electrostatic attraction between two nuclei and the shared pair of electrons between them, based on the evidence:<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-t3-spec-sub-list\">\n                  <div class=\"ols-t3-spec-sub-row\">\n                    <div class=\"ols-t3-spec-sub-code\">i<\/div>\n                    <div class=\"ols-t3-spec-sub-text\">the physical properties of giant atomic structures<\/div>\n                  <\/div>\n                  <div class=\"ols-t3-spec-sub-row\">\n                    <div class=\"ols-t3-spec-sub-code\">ii<\/div>\n                    <div class=\"ols-t3-spec-sub-text\">electron density maps for simple molecules<\/div>\n                  <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n              <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n\n            <div class=\"ols-t3-spec-row ols-t3-spec-row--mid\">\n              <div class=\"ols-t3-spec-code ols-t3-spec-code--mid\">3.11<\/div>\n              <div class=\"ols-t3-spec-text\">\n                <div style=\"margin:0 0 12px;\">be able to draw dot-and-cross diagrams to show electrons in covalent substances, including:<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-t3-spec-sub-list\">\n                  <div class=\"ols-t3-spec-sub-row\">\n                    <div class=\"ols-t3-spec-sub-code\">i<\/div>\n                    <div class=\"ols-t3-spec-sub-text\">molecules with single, double and triple bonds<\/div>\n                  <\/div>\n                  <div class=\"ols-t3-spec-sub-row\">\n                    <div class=\"ols-t3-spec-sub-code\">ii<\/div>\n                    <div class=\"ols-t3-spec-sub-text\">species with dative covalent, coordinate, bonds, including Al<sub>2<\/sub>Cl<sub>6<\/sub> and the ammonium ion<\/div>\n                  <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n              <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n\n            <div class=\"ols-t3-spec-row ols-t3-spec-row--light\">\n              <div class=\"ols-t3-spec-code ols-t3-spec-code--dark\">3.12<\/div>\n              <div class=\"ols-t3-spec-text\">be able to describe the different structures formed by giant lattices of carbon atoms, including graphite, diamond and graphene, and discuss the applications of each<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n\n            <div class=\"ols-t3-spec-row ols-t3-spec-row--light\">\n              <div class=\"ols-t3-spec-code ols-t3-spec-code--dark\">3.13<\/div>\n              <div class=\"ols-t3-spec-text\">understand the meaning of the term electronegativity as applied to atoms in a covalent bond<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n\n            <div class=\"ols-t3-spec-row ols-t3-spec-row--light\">\n              <div class=\"ols-t3-spec-code ols-t3-spec-code--dark\">3.14<\/div>\n              <div class=\"ols-t3-spec-text\">know that ionic and covalent bonding are the extremes of a continuum of bonding type and be able to explain this in terms of electronegativity differences, leading to bond polarity in bonds and molecules, and to ionic bonding if the electronegativity is large enough<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n\n            <div class=\"ols-t3-spec-row ols-t3-spec-row--light\">\n              <div class=\"ols-t3-spec-code ols-t3-spec-code--dark\">3.15<\/div>\n              <div class=\"ols-t3-spec-text\">be able to distinguish between polar bonds and polar molecules and predict whether or not a given molecule is likely to be polar<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n\n            <div class=\"ols-t3-spec-row ols-t3-spec-row--mid\">\n              <div class=\"ols-t3-spec-code ols-t3-spec-code--mid\">Practical<\/div>\n              <div class=\"ols-t3-spec-text\">\n                <strong>Further suggested practical:<\/strong> Determine the effect of an electrostatic force on jets of liquids, water, ethanol and cyclohexane, and use the results to determine whether the molecules are polar or non-polar.\n              <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n\n          <\/div>\n\n          <h3 class=\"ols-t3-spec-group-title\">3C: Shapes of Molecules<\/h3>\n          <div class=\"ols-t3-spec-rows\">\n\n            <div class=\"ols-t3-spec-row ols-t3-spec-row--light\">\n              <div class=\"ols-t3-spec-code ols-t3-spec-code--dark\">3.16<\/div>\n              <div class=\"ols-t3-spec-text\">understand the principles of the electron-pair repulsion theory, used to interpret and predict the shapes of simple molecules and ions<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n\n            <div class=\"ols-t3-spec-row ols-t3-spec-row--light\">\n              <div class=\"ols-t3-spec-code ols-t3-spec-code--dark\">3.17<\/div>\n              <div class=\"ols-t3-spec-text\">understand the terms bond length and bond angle<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n\n            <div class=\"ols-t3-spec-row ols-t3-spec-row--light\">\n              <div class=\"ols-t3-spec-code ols-t3-spec-code--dark\">3.18<\/div>\n              <div class=\"ols-t3-spec-text\">know and be able to explain the shapes of, and bond angles in, BeCl<sub>2<\/sub>, BCl<sub>3<\/sub>, CH<sub>4<\/sub>, NH<sub>3<\/sub>, NH<sub>4<\/sub><sup>+<\/sup>, H<sub>2<\/sub>O, CO<sub>2<\/sub>, gaseous PCl<sub>5<\/sub>, SF<sub>6<\/sub> and C<sub>2<\/sub>H<sub>4<\/sub><\/div>\n            <\/div>\n\n            <div class=\"ols-t3-spec-row ols-t3-spec-row--light\">\n              <div class=\"ols-t3-spec-code ols-t3-spec-code--dark\">3.19<\/div>\n              <div class=\"ols-t3-spec-text\">be able to apply the electron-pair repulsion theory to predict the shapes of, and bond angles in, molecules and ions analogous to those in 3.18<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n\n          <\/div>\n\n          <h3 class=\"ols-t3-spec-group-title\">3D: Metallic Bonding<\/h3>\n          <div class=\"ols-t3-spec-rows\">\n\n            <div class=\"ols-t3-spec-row ols-t3-spec-row--light\">\n              <div class=\"ols-t3-spec-code ols-t3-spec-code--dark\">3.20<\/div>\n              <div class=\"ols-t3-spec-text\">understand that metals consist of giant lattices of metal ions in a sea of delocalised electrons<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n\n            <div class=\"ols-t3-spec-row ols-t3-spec-row--light\">\n              <div class=\"ols-t3-spec-code ols-t3-spec-code--dark\">3.21<\/div>\n              <div class=\"ols-t3-spec-text\">know that metallic bonding is the strong electrostatic attraction between metal ions and the delocalised electrons<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n\n            <div class=\"ols-t3-spec-row ols-t3-spec-row--light\">\n              <div class=\"ols-t3-spec-code ols-t3-spec-code--dark\">3.22<\/div>\n              <div class=\"ols-t3-spec-text\">be able to use the models in 3.20 and 3.21 to interpret simple properties of metals, including electrical conductivity and high melting temperature<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n\n          <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n      <\/div>\n\n      <!-- MOBILE SPECIFICATION -->\n      <div class=\"ols-t3-spec-mobile\">\n        <div class=\"ols-t3-spec-wrap\">\n          <div class=\"ols-t3-spec-pill\">Specification Coverage<\/div>\n          <h2 class=\"ols-t3-spec-heading\">Topic 3 Bonding &amp; Structure &#8211; Edexcel International A Level Chemistry<\/h2>\n          <p class=\"ols-t3-spec-intro-text\">The following specification points outline the knowledge and skills students are expected to demonstrate for Topic 3.<\/p>\n\n          <h3 class=\"ols-t3-spec-group-title\">3A: Ionic Bonding<\/h3>\n          <div class=\"ols-t3-spec-mob-rows\">\n\n            <div class=\"ols-t3-spec-mob-row ols-t3-spec-mob-row--light\">\n              <div class=\"ols-t3-spec-mob-code\">3.1<\/div>\n              <div class=\"ols-t3-spec-mob-text\">know and be able to interpret evidence for the existence of ions, limited to physical properties of ionic compounds, electron density maps and the migration of ions<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n\n            <div class=\"ols-t3-spec-mob-row ols-t3-spec-mob-row--light\">\n              <div class=\"ols-t3-spec-mob-code\">3.2<\/div>\n              <div class=\"ols-t3-spec-mob-text\">be able to describe the formation of ions in terms of loss or gain of electrons<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n\n            <div class=\"ols-t3-spec-mob-row ols-t3-spec-mob-row--light\">\n              <div class=\"ols-t3-spec-mob-code\">3.3<\/div>\n              <div class=\"ols-t3-spec-mob-text\">be able to draw dot-and-cross diagrams to show electrons in cations and anions<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n\n            <div class=\"ols-t3-spec-mob-row ols-t3-spec-mob-row--light\">\n              <div class=\"ols-t3-spec-mob-code\">3.4<\/div>\n              <div class=\"ols-t3-spec-mob-text\">be able to describe ionic crystals as giant lattices of ions<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n\n            <div class=\"ols-t3-spec-mob-row ols-t3-spec-mob-row--light\">\n              <div class=\"ols-t3-spec-mob-code\">3.5<\/div>\n              <div class=\"ols-t3-spec-mob-text\">know that ionic bonding is the result of strong net electrostatic attraction between ions<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n\n            <div class=\"ols-t3-spec-mob-row ols-t3-spec-mob-row--light\">\n              <div class=\"ols-t3-spec-mob-code\">3.6<\/div>\n              <div class=\"ols-t3-spec-mob-text\">understand the effects of ionic radius and ionic charge on the strength of ionic bonding<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n\n            <div class=\"ols-t3-spec-mob-row ols-t3-spec-mob-row--light\">\n              <div class=\"ols-t3-spec-mob-code\">3.7<\/div>\n              <div class=\"ols-t3-spec-mob-text\">understand reasons for the trends in ionic radii down a group in the Periodic Table, and for a set of isoelectronic ions, including N<sup>3-<\/sup> to Al<sup>3+<\/sup><\/div>\n            <\/div>\n\n            <div class=\"ols-t3-spec-mob-row ols-t3-spec-mob-row--light\">\n              <div class=\"ols-t3-spec-mob-code\">3.8<\/div>\n              <div class=\"ols-t3-spec-mob-text\">understand the meaning of the term polarisation as applied to ions<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n\n            <div class=\"ols-t3-spec-mob-row ols-t3-spec-mob-row--light\">\n              <div class=\"ols-t3-spec-mob-code\">3.9<\/div>\n              <div class=\"ols-t3-spec-mob-text\">understand that the polarising power of a cation depends on its radius and charge, and the polarisability of an anion also depends on its radius and charge<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n\n            <div class=\"ols-t3-spec-mob-row ols-t3-spec-mob-row--mid\">\n              <div class=\"ols-t3-spec-mob-code ols-t3-spec-mob-code--mid\">Practical<\/div>\n              <div class=\"ols-t3-spec-mob-text\"><strong>Further suggested practical:<\/strong> The migration of ions in a U-tube using copper(II) chromate solution or on a microscope slide using potassium manganate(VII) crystals.<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n\n          <\/div>\n\n          <h3 class=\"ols-t3-spec-group-title\">3B: Covalent Bonding<\/h3>\n          <div class=\"ols-t3-spec-mob-rows\">\n\n            <div class=\"ols-t3-spec-mob-row ols-t3-spec-mob-row--mid\">\n              <div class=\"ols-t3-spec-mob-code ols-t3-spec-mob-code--mid\">3.10<\/div>\n              <div class=\"ols-t3-spec-mob-text\">\n                <div style=\"margin:0 0 10px;\">understand that covalent bonding is the strong electrostatic attraction between two nuclei and the shared pair of electrons between them, based on the evidence:<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-t3-spec-mob-sub-list\">\n                  <div class=\"ols-t3-spec-mob-sub-row\">\n                    <div class=\"ols-t3-spec-mob-sub-code\">i<\/div>\n                    <div class=\"ols-t3-spec-mob-sub-text\">the physical properties of giant atomic structures<\/div>\n                  <\/div>\n                  <div class=\"ols-t3-spec-mob-sub-row\">\n                    <div class=\"ols-t3-spec-mob-sub-code\">ii<\/div>\n                    <div class=\"ols-t3-spec-mob-sub-text\">electron density maps for simple molecules<\/div>\n                  <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n              <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n\n            <div class=\"ols-t3-spec-mob-row ols-t3-spec-mob-row--mid\">\n              <div class=\"ols-t3-spec-mob-code ols-t3-spec-mob-code--mid\">3.11<\/div>\n              <div class=\"ols-t3-spec-mob-text\">\n                <div style=\"margin:0 0 10px;\">be able to draw dot-and-cross diagrams to show electrons in covalent substances, including:<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-t3-spec-mob-sub-list\">\n                  <div class=\"ols-t3-spec-mob-sub-row\">\n                    <div class=\"ols-t3-spec-mob-sub-code\">i<\/div>\n                    <div class=\"ols-t3-spec-mob-sub-text\">molecules with single, double and triple bonds<\/div>\n                  <\/div>\n                  <div class=\"ols-t3-spec-mob-sub-row\">\n                    <div class=\"ols-t3-spec-mob-sub-code\">ii<\/div>\n                    <div class=\"ols-t3-spec-mob-sub-text\">species with dative covalent, coordinate, bonds, including Al<sub>2<\/sub>Cl<sub>6<\/sub> and the ammonium ion<\/div>\n                  <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n              <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n\n            <div class=\"ols-t3-spec-mob-row ols-t3-spec-mob-row--light\">\n              <div class=\"ols-t3-spec-mob-code\">3.12<\/div>\n              <div class=\"ols-t3-spec-mob-text\">be able to describe the different structures formed by giant lattices of carbon atoms, including graphite, diamond and graphene, and discuss the applications of each<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n\n            <div class=\"ols-t3-spec-mob-row ols-t3-spec-mob-row--light\">\n              <div class=\"ols-t3-spec-mob-code\">3.13<\/div>\n              <div class=\"ols-t3-spec-mob-text\">understand the meaning of the term electronegativity as applied to atoms in a covalent bond<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n\n            <div class=\"ols-t3-spec-mob-row ols-t3-spec-mob-row--light\">\n              <div class=\"ols-t3-spec-mob-code\">3.14<\/div>\n              <div class=\"ols-t3-spec-mob-text\">know that ionic and covalent bonding are the extremes of a continuum of bonding type and be able to explain this in terms of electronegativity differences, leading to bond polarity in bonds and molecules, and to ionic bonding if the electronegativity is large enough<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n\n            <div class=\"ols-t3-spec-mob-row ols-t3-spec-mob-row--light\">\n              <div class=\"ols-t3-spec-mob-code\">3.15<\/div>\n              <div class=\"ols-t3-spec-mob-text\">be able to distinguish between polar bonds and polar molecules and predict whether or not a given molecule is likely to be polar<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n\n            <div class=\"ols-t3-spec-mob-row ols-t3-spec-mob-row--mid\">\n              <div class=\"ols-t3-spec-mob-code ols-t3-spec-mob-code--mid\">Practical<\/div>\n              <div class=\"ols-t3-spec-mob-text\"><strong>Further suggested practical:<\/strong> Determine the effect of an electrostatic force on jets of liquids, water, ethanol and cyclohexane, and use the results to determine whether the molecules are polar or non-polar.<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n\n          <\/div>\n\n          <h3 class=\"ols-t3-spec-group-title\">3C: Shapes of Molecules<\/h3>\n          <div class=\"ols-t3-spec-mob-rows\">\n\n            <div class=\"ols-t3-spec-mob-row ols-t3-spec-mob-row--light\">\n              <div class=\"ols-t3-spec-mob-code\">3.16<\/div>\n              <div class=\"ols-t3-spec-mob-text\">understand the principles of the electron-pair repulsion theory, used to interpret and predict the shapes of simple molecules and ions<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n\n            <div class=\"ols-t3-spec-mob-row ols-t3-spec-mob-row--light\">\n              <div class=\"ols-t3-spec-mob-code\">3.17<\/div>\n              <div class=\"ols-t3-spec-mob-text\">understand the terms bond length and bond angle<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n\n            <div class=\"ols-t3-spec-mob-row ols-t3-spec-mob-row--light\">\n              <div class=\"ols-t3-spec-mob-code\">3.18<\/div>\n              <div class=\"ols-t3-spec-mob-text\">know and be able to explain the shapes of, and bond angles in, BeCl<sub>2<\/sub>, BCl<sub>3<\/sub>, CH<sub>4<\/sub>, NH<sub>3<\/sub>, NH<sub>4<\/sub><sup>+<\/sup>, H<sub>2<\/sub>O, CO<sub>2<\/sub>, gaseous PCl<sub>5<\/sub>, SF<sub>6<\/sub> and C<sub>2<\/sub>H<sub>4<\/sub><\/div>\n            <\/div>\n\n            <div class=\"ols-t3-spec-mob-row ols-t3-spec-mob-row--light\">\n              <div class=\"ols-t3-spec-mob-code\">3.19<\/div>\n              <div class=\"ols-t3-spec-mob-text\">be able to apply the electron-pair repulsion theory to predict the shapes of, and bond angles in, molecules and ions analogous to those in 3.18<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n\n          <\/div>\n\n          <h3 class=\"ols-t3-spec-group-title\">3D: Metallic Bonding<\/h3>\n          <div class=\"ols-t3-spec-mob-rows\">\n\n            <div class=\"ols-t3-spec-mob-row ols-t3-spec-mob-row--light\">\n              <div class=\"ols-t3-spec-mob-code\">3.20<\/div>\n              <div class=\"ols-t3-spec-mob-text\">understand that metals consist of giant lattices of metal ions in a sea of delocalised electrons<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n\n            <div class=\"ols-t3-spec-mob-row ols-t3-spec-mob-row--light\">\n              <div class=\"ols-t3-spec-mob-code\">3.21<\/div>\n              <div class=\"ols-t3-spec-mob-text\">know that metallic bonding is the strong electrostatic attraction between metal ions and the delocalised electrons<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n\n            <div class=\"ols-t3-spec-mob-row ols-t3-spec-mob-row--light\">\n              <div class=\"ols-t3-spec-mob-code\">3.22<\/div>\n              <div class=\"ols-t3-spec-mob-text\">be able to use the models in 3.20 and 3.21 to interpret simple properties of metals, including electrical conductivity and high melting temperature<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n\n          <\/div>\n\n        <\/div>\n      <\/div>\n\n    <\/div>\n  <\/section>\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Revision Notes \/ A Level Chemistry \/ Edexcel International \/ Topic 3 Bonding and Structure Edexcel International A Level Chemistry Topic 3Bonding&amp; Structure Topic 3 explains how particles are held together and how bonding affects structure and properties. This topic covers ionic bonding, covalent bonding, molecular shapes, bond polarity, electronegativity, metallic bonding and the relationship [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":12,"featured_media":0,"parent":1786,"menu_order":2,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-3740","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/3740","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/12"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3740"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/3740\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":7825,"href":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/3740\/revisions\/7825"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1786"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3740"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}