{"id":4347,"date":"2026-05-26T07:19:46","date_gmt":"2026-05-26T06:19:46","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/?page_id=4347"},"modified":"2026-05-26T08:53:28","modified_gmt":"2026-05-26T07:53:28","slug":"crude-oil","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-4-organic-chemistry-and-alkanes\/crude-oil\/","title":{"rendered":"Alkanes from Crude Oil"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<section class=\"ols-revision-page ols-alkanes-from-crude-oil-landing-page\">\n  <style>\n    .ols-revision-page {\n      --navy: #1C244B;\n      --blue: #2563eb;\n      --soft-blue: #eef4ff;\n      --soft-red: #fff7f7;\n      --soft-purple: #f7f0ff;\n      --soft-green: #f0f7f1;\n      --soft-orange: #fff7ed;\n      --gold: #c9973a;\n      --grey-text: #667085;\n      --body-text: #1f2937;\n      --border: rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.14);\n      --shadow: 0 18px 45px rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.10);\n      --inner-shadow: 0 10px 26px rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.08);\n      font-family: Poppins, Arial, sans-serif;\n      color: var(--navy);\n      background: #ffffff;\n    }\n\n    .ols-revision-page * { box-sizing: border-box; }\n\n    .ols-revision-layout {\n      display: block;\n      max-width: 1450px;\n      margin: 0 auto;\n      padding: 24px 20px 60px;\n    }\n\n    .ols-breadcrumbs {\n      display: flex;\n      flex-wrap: wrap;\n      gap: 8px;\n      margin: 10px 0 22px;\n      font-size: 15px;\n      color: var(--grey-text);\n    }\n\n    .ols-breadcrumbs a,\n    .ols-breadcrumbs span {\n      color: var(--grey-text);\n      text-decoration: none;\n      font-weight: 600;\n    }\n\n    .ols-breadcrumbs a:hover {\n      color: var(--blue);\n      text-decoration: underline;\n      text-underline-offset: 3px;\n    }\n\n    .ols-title-card,\n    .ols-note-card,\n    .ols-related-card,\n    .ols-attribution-card {\n      background: #ffffff;\n      border: 1px solid var(--border);\n      border-radius: 28px;\n      box-shadow: var(--shadow);\n      padding: 34px;\n      margin-bottom: 24px;\n      overflow: hidden;\n    }\n\n    .ols-title-card {\n      background: linear-gradient(135deg, #ffffff 0%, #f8fbff 100%);\n    }\n\n    .ols-title-card h1 {\n      margin: 0 0 18px;\n      font-size: clamp(36px, 5vw, 58px);\n      line-height: 1.08;\n      font-weight: 800;\n      letter-spacing: -0.04em;\n      color: #111827;\n    }\n\n    .ols-page-intro {\n      font-size: 19px;\n      line-height: 1.7;\n      font-weight: 300;\n      color: var(--body-text);\n      margin: 0 0 22px;\n    }\n\n    .ols-badges {\n      display: flex;\n      flex-wrap: wrap;\n      gap: 12px;\n      margin-bottom: 22px;\n    }\n\n    .ols-badge {\n      display: inline-flex;\n      align-items: center;\n      padding: 9px 14px;\n      border-radius: 999px;\n      background: #ffffff;\n      border: 1px solid var(--border);\n      font-size: 15px;\n      font-weight: 600;\n      color: var(--navy);\n    }\n\n    .ols-author {\n      display: flex;\n      align-items: center;\n      gap: 20px;\n      padding: 28px;\n      border-radius: 28px;\n      background: linear-gradient(135deg, #ffffff 0%, #f8fbff 100%);\n      border: 1px solid rgba(28,36,75,0.12);\n      box-shadow: 0 18px 45px rgba(28,36,75,0.10);\n      margin-top: 22px;\n    }\n\n    .ols-author-avatar-img {\n      width: 92px;\n      height: 92px;\n      border-radius: 50%;\n      object-fit: cover;\n      object-position: center;\n      flex-shrink: 0;\n      border: 4px solid #ffffff;\n      box-shadow: 0 14px 32px rgba(28,36,75,0.18), 0 0 0 1px rgba(28,36,75,0.10);\n      transition: transform 0.25s ease, box-shadow 0.25s ease;\n    }\n\n    .ols-author:hover .ols-author-avatar-img {\n      transform: scale(1.04);\n      box-shadow: 0 20px 42px rgba(28,36,75,0.22), 0 0 0 1px rgba(28,36,75,0.10);\n    }\n\n    .ols-author-content { min-width: 0; }\n\n    .ols-author-title {\n      margin: 0 0 4px;\n      font-size: clamp(24px,3vw,34px);\n      line-height: 1.15;\n      font-weight: 700;\n      color: var(--navy);\n      letter-spacing: -0.03em;\n    }\n\n    .ols-author-description {\n      margin: 0;\n      font-size: 17px;\n      line-height: 1.7;\n      font-weight: 300;\n      color: var(--grey-text);\n    }\n\n    .ols-linkedin-pill {\n      display: inline-flex;\n      align-items: center;\n      justify-content: center;\n      gap: 10px;\n      margin-top: 16px;\n      padding: 11px 18px;\n      border-radius: 999px;\n      background: linear-gradient(135deg,#0A66C2,#004182);\n      color: #ffffff;\n      text-decoration: none;\n      font-size: 14px;\n      line-height: 1;\n      font-weight: 700;\n      letter-spacing: 0.01em;\n      box-shadow: 0 10px 22px rgba(10,102,194,0.24);\n      position: relative;\n      overflow: hidden;\n      transition: transform 0.22s ease, box-shadow 0.22s ease;\n    }\n\n    .ols-linkedin-pill::before {\n      content: \"\";\n      position: absolute;\n      top: 0;\n      left: -120%;\n      width: 100%;\n      height: 100%;\n      background: linear-gradient(120deg, rgba(255,255,255,0) 0%, rgba(255,255,255,0.28) 50%, rgba(255,255,255,0) 100%);\n      transition: left 0.7s ease;\n    }\n\n    .ols-linkedin-pill:hover {\n      transform: translateY(-3px) scale(1.03);\n      box-shadow: 0 16px 34px rgba(10,102,194,0.34), 0 0 0 6px rgba(10,102,194,0.10);\n      color: #ffffff;\n    }\n\n    .ols-linkedin-pill:hover::before { left: 120%; }\n\n    .ols-linkedin-icon {\n      width: 18px;\n      height: 18px;\n      display: block;\n      flex-shrink: 0;\n    }\n\n    .ols-note-card.soft { background: linear-gradient(135deg, #ffffff 0%, var(--soft-red) 100%); }\n    .ols-note-card.purple { background: linear-gradient(135deg, #ffffff 0%, var(--soft-purple) 100%); }\n\n    .ols-note-title {\n      display: flex;\n      align-items: center;\n      gap: 14px;\n      margin-bottom: 20px;\n    }\n\n    .ols-note-icon {\n      width: 52px;\n      height: 52px;\n      border-radius: 16px;\n      background: var(--navy);\n      color: #ffffff;\n      display: grid;\n      place-items: center;\n      font-size: 24px;\n      font-weight: 800;\n      flex-shrink: 0;\n    }\n\n    .ols-note-title h2,\n    .ols-related-card h2 {\n      margin: 0;\n      font-size: clamp(28px, 3.5vw, 42px);\n      line-height: 1.15;\n      font-weight: 800;\n      color: #111827;\n      letter-spacing: -0.03em;\n    }\n\n    .ols-related-card h2 { margin-bottom: 14px; }\n\n    .ols-note-card p,\n    .ols-note-card li,\n    .ols-related-card p,\n    .ols-attribution-card p {\n      font-size: clamp(15px, 1.3vw, 18px);\n      line-height: 1.65;\n      font-weight: 300;\n      color: var(--body-text);\n    }\n\n    .ols-note-card strong,\n    .ols-related-card strong,\n    .ols-attribution-card strong {\n      font-weight: 700;\n      color: var(--navy);\n    }\n\n    .ols-key-box {\n      margin-top: 20px;\n      background: var(--soft-green);\n      border: 1px solid rgba(63, 143, 70, 0.25);\n      border-radius: 20px;\n      padding: 18px 20px;\n    }\n\n    .ols-key-box p {\n      margin: 0;\n      font-weight: 400;\n      color: var(--navy);\n    }\n\n    .ols-ert-grid {\n      display: grid;\n      grid-template-columns: repeat(2, minmax(0, 1fr));\n      gap: 18px;\n      margin-top: 26px;\n    }\n\n    .ols-ert-card {\n      position: relative;\n      display: grid;\n      grid-template-rows: auto 1fr auto;\n      min-height: 285px;\n      padding: 24px;\n      border-radius: 24px;\n      border: 1px solid rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.13);\n      background:\n        radial-gradient(circle at top right, rgba(37, 99, 235, 0.13), transparent 34%),\n        linear-gradient(135deg, #ffffff 0%, #f8fbff 100%);\n      color: var(--navy);\n      text-decoration: none;\n      overflow: hidden;\n      box-shadow: var(--inner-shadow);\n      transition: transform 0.24s ease, box-shadow 0.24s ease, border-color 0.24s ease, background 0.24s ease;\n    }\n\n    .ols-ert-card:hover {\n      transform: translateY(-6px);\n      border-color: rgba(37, 99, 235, 0.28);\n      box-shadow: 0 24px 52px rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.15);\n      color: var(--navy);\n    }\n\n    .ols-ert-card::before {\n      content: \"\";\n      position: absolute;\n      top: -60px;\n      right: -60px;\n      width: 145px;\n      height: 145px;\n      border-radius: 50%;\n      background: rgba(37, 99, 235, 0.08);\n      transition: transform 0.28s ease, background 0.28s ease;\n    }\n\n    .ols-ert-card:hover::before {\n      transform: scale(1.22);\n      background: rgba(37, 99, 235, 0.13);\n    }\n\n    .ols-ert-visual {\n      position: relative;\n      z-index: 1;\n      min-height: 94px;\n      display: flex;\n      align-items: center;\n      justify-content: center;\n      margin-bottom: 18px;\n    }\n\n    .ols-ert-icon {\n      position: relative;\n      width: 150px;\n      height: 94px;\n    }\n\n    .ols-ert-line,\n    .ols-ert-arrow,\n    .ols-ert-label-mini,\n    .ols-ert-box,\n    .ols-ert-dot,\n    .ols-ert-bubble,\n    .ols-ert-precipitate,\n    .ols-ert-swap,\n    .ols-ert-bond,\n    .ols-ert-molecule,\n    .ols-ert-reagent,\n    .ols-ert-droplet,\n    .ols-ert-ring,\n    .ols-ert-cloud,\n    .ols-ert-chain,\n    .ols-ert-functional,\n    .ols-ert-branch,\n    .ols-ert-oatom,\n    .ols-ert-halo,\n    .ols-ert-carbonyl,\n    .ols-ert-esterbridge {\n      position: absolute;\n      display: block;\n    }\n\n    .ols-ert-iupac .ols-ert-chain {\n      left: 18px;\n      top: 43px;\n      width: 92px;\n      height: 4px;\n      border-radius: 999px;\n      background: var(--navy);\n      box-shadow: 0 10px 22px rgba(28,36,75,0.12);\n    }\n\n    .ols-ert-iupac .ols-ert-chain::before,\n    .ols-ert-iupac .ols-ert-chain::after {\n      content: \"\";\n      position: absolute;\n      top: -10px;\n      width: 22px;\n      height: 22px;\n      border-radius: 50%;\n      background: var(--blue);\n      box-shadow: 34px 0 0 var(--blue), 68px 0 0 var(--blue);\n    }\n\n    .ols-ert-iupac .ols-ert-chain::before { left: -8px; }\n    .ols-ert-iupac .ols-ert-chain::after { display: none; }\n\n    .ols-ert-iupac .ols-ert-label-mini {\n      right: 12px;\n      top: 29px;\n      width: 42px;\n      height: 42px;\n      border-radius: 14px;\n      display: grid;\n      place-items: center;\n      color: #ffffff;\n      font-size: 14px;\n      font-weight: 800;\n      background: var(--gold);\n      box-shadow: 0 8px 18px rgba(28,36,75,0.16);\n    }\n\n    .ols-ert-alkene .ols-ert-bond {\n      left: 42px;\n      top: 44px;\n      width: 58px;\n      height: 4px;\n      border-radius: 999px;\n      background: var(--navy);\n      box-shadow: 0 -8px 0 var(--navy);\n    }\n\n    .ols-ert-alkene .ols-ert-bond::before,\n    .ols-ert-alkene .ols-ert-bond::after {\n      content: \"\";\n      position: absolute;\n      top: -10px;\n      width: 20px;\n      height: 20px;\n      border-radius: 50%;\n      background: var(--blue);\n      box-shadow: 0 10px 22px rgba(37,99,235,0.20);\n    }\n\n    .ols-ert-alkene .ols-ert-bond::before { left: -18px; }\n    .ols-ert-alkene .ols-ert-bond::after { right: -18px; }\n\n    .ols-ert-alkene .ols-ert-label-mini {\n      left: 53px;\n      bottom: 8px;\n      color: var(--blue);\n      font-size: 13px;\n      font-weight: 800;\n    }\n\n    .ols-ert-alcohol .ols-ert-chain,\n    .ols-ert-halogenoalkane .ols-ert-chain,\n    .ols-ert-carbonyl-card .ols-ert-chain,\n    .ols-ert-carboxylic .ols-ert-chain,\n    .ols-ert-ester .ols-ert-chain {\n      left: 24px;\n      top: 46px;\n      width: 58px;\n      height: 4px;\n      border-radius: 999px;\n      background: var(--navy);\n    }\n\n    .ols-ert-alcohol .ols-ert-chain::before,\n    .ols-ert-halogenoalkane .ols-ert-chain::before,\n    .ols-ert-carbonyl-card .ols-ert-chain::before,\n    .ols-ert-carboxylic .ols-ert-chain::before,\n    .ols-ert-ester .ols-ert-chain::before {\n      content: \"\";\n      position: absolute;\n      left: -12px;\n      top: -9px;\n      width: 20px;\n      height: 20px;\n      border-radius: 50%;\n      background: var(--blue);\n      box-shadow: 36px 0 0 var(--blue);\n    }\n\n    .ols-ert-alcohol .ols-ert-oatom {\n      right: 24px;\n      top: 28px;\n      width: 48px;\n      height: 40px;\n      border-radius: 15px;\n      display: grid;\n      place-items: center;\n      color: #ffffff;\n      font-size: 14px;\n      font-weight: 800;\n      background: var(--gold);\n      box-shadow: 0 8px 18px rgba(201,151,58,0.18);\n    }\n\n    .ols-ert-halogenoalkane .ols-ert-halo {\n      right: 30px;\n      top: 29px;\n      width: 42px;\n      height: 42px;\n      border-radius: 50%;\n      display: grid;\n      place-items: center;\n      color: #ffffff;\n      font-size: 15px;\n      font-weight: 800;\n      background: #7a3e9d;\n      box-shadow: 0 8px 18px rgba(122,62,157,0.20);\n    }\n\n    .ols-ert-carbonyl-card .ols-ert-carbonyl,\n    .ols-ert-carboxylic .ols-ert-carbonyl,\n    .ols-ert-ester .ols-ert-carbonyl {\n      right: 35px;\n      top: 28px;\n      width: 38px;\n      height: 38px;\n      border-radius: 13px;\n      display: grid;\n      place-items: center;\n      color: #ffffff;\n      font-size: 13px;\n      font-weight: 800;\n      background: #c81e1e;\n      box-shadow: 0 8px 18px rgba(200,30,30,0.18);\n    }\n\n    .ols-ert-carbonyl-card .ols-ert-carbonyl::before,\n    .ols-ert-carboxylic .ols-ert-carbonyl::before,\n    .ols-ert-ester .ols-ert-carbonyl::before {\n      content: \"\";\n      position: absolute;\n      left: 50%;\n      top: -18px;\n      transform: translateX(-50%);\n      width: 4px;\n      height: 18px;\n      border-radius: 999px;\n      background: var(--navy);\n      box-shadow: 7px 0 0 var(--navy);\n    }\n\n    .ols-ert-carbonyl-card .ols-ert-label-mini,\n    .ols-ert-carboxylic .ols-ert-label-mini,\n    .ols-ert-ester .ols-ert-label-mini {\n      left: 46px;\n      bottom: 8px;\n      color: #c81e1e;\n      font-size: 13px;\n      font-weight: 800;\n    }\n\n    .ols-ert-carboxylic .ols-ert-oatom {\n      right: 10px;\n      top: 53px;\n      width: 42px;\n      height: 32px;\n      border-radius: 14px;\n      display: grid;\n      place-items: center;\n      color: #ffffff;\n      font-size: 12px;\n      font-weight: 800;\n      background: var(--gold);\n      box-shadow: 0 8px 18px rgba(201,151,58,0.18);\n    }\n\n    .ols-ert-ester .ols-ert-esterbridge {\n      right: 7px;\n      top: 52px;\n      min-width: 54px;\n      height: 32px;\n      padding: 0 8px;\n      border-radius: 14px;\n      display: grid;\n      place-items: center;\n      color: #ffffff;\n      font-size: 12px;\n      font-weight: 800;\n      background: var(--gold);\n      box-shadow: 0 8px 18px rgba(201,151,58,0.18);\n    }\n\n\n    .ols-ert-tower,\n    .ols-ert-tray,\n    .ols-ert-flame,\n    .ols-ert-crack-line,\n    .ols-ert-product-dot,\n    .ols-ert-ringhex,\n    .ols-ert-spark {\n      position: absolute;\n      display: block;\n    }\n\n    .ols-ert-fractional .ols-ert-tower {\n      left: 51px;\n      top: 10px;\n      width: 46px;\n      height: 72px;\n      border-radius: 18px 18px 12px 12px;\n      background: linear-gradient(180deg, rgba(238,244,255,0.98), rgba(255,255,255,0.95));\n      border: 4px solid rgba(37,99,235,0.30);\n      box-shadow: 0 12px 26px rgba(37,99,235,0.12);\n    }\n\n    .ols-ert-fractional .ols-ert-tray {\n      left: 43px;\n      width: 62px;\n      height: 4px;\n      border-radius: 999px;\n      background: var(--navy);\n      opacity: 0.88;\n    }\n\n    .ols-ert-fractional .tray-1 { top: 27px; }\n    .ols-ert-fractional .tray-2 { top: 43px; }\n    .ols-ert-fractional .tray-3 { top: 59px; }\n\n    .ols-ert-fractional .ols-ert-label-mini {\n      left: 37px;\n      bottom: 7px;\n      color: var(--blue);\n      font-size: 13px;\n      font-weight: 800;\n    }\n\n    .ols-ert-cracking .ols-ert-chain {\n      left: 28px;\n      top: 43px;\n      width: 86px;\n      height: 5px;\n      border-radius: 999px;\n      background: var(--navy);\n      box-shadow: 0 10px 20px rgba(28,36,75,0.12);\n    }\n\n    .ols-ert-cracking .ols-ert-chain::before,\n    .ols-ert-cracking .ols-ert-chain::after {\n      content: \"\";\n      position: absolute;\n      top: -10px;\n      width: 24px;\n      height: 24px;\n      border-radius: 50%;\n      background: var(--blue);\n      box-shadow: 31px 0 0 var(--blue), 62px 0 0 var(--blue);\n    }\n\n    .ols-ert-cracking .ols-ert-chain::before { left: -10px; }\n    .ols-ert-cracking .ols-ert-chain::after {\n      left: 94px;\n      background: var(--gold);\n      box-shadow: none;\n      width: 22px;\n      height: 22px;\n      top: -9px;\n    }\n\n    .ols-ert-cracking .ols-ert-crack-line {\n      left: 76px;\n      top: 21px;\n      width: 20px;\n      height: 51px;\n      transform: rotate(24deg);\n      border-left: 4px solid #c81e1e;\n    }\n\n    .ols-ert-cracking .ols-ert-crack-line::before,\n    .ols-ert-cracking .ols-ert-crack-line::after {\n      content: \"\";\n      position: absolute;\n      left: -11px;\n      width: 18px;\n      height: 4px;\n      border-radius: 999px;\n      background: #c81e1e;\n      transform: rotate(-45deg);\n    }\n\n    .ols-ert-cracking .ols-ert-crack-line::before { top: 17px; }\n    .ols-ert-cracking .ols-ert-crack-line::after { top: 31px; }\n\n    .ols-ert-cracking .ols-ert-label-mini {\n      left: 48px;\n      bottom: 7px;\n      color: #c81e1e;\n      font-size: 13px;\n      font-weight: 800;\n    }\n\n    .ols-ert-reforming .ols-ert-ringhex {\n      left: 42px;\n      top: 17px;\n      width: 66px;\n      height: 58px;\n      background: linear-gradient(135deg, rgba(255,247,237,0.96), rgba(255,255,255,0.94));\n      border: 4px solid rgba(201,151,58,0.62);\n      clip-path: polygon(25% 0%, 75% 0%, 100% 50%, 75% 100%, 25% 100%, 0% 50%);\n      box-shadow: 0 12px 26px rgba(201,151,58,0.14);\n    }\n\n    .ols-ert-reforming .ols-ert-spark {\n      right: 19px;\n      top: 22px;\n      width: 34px;\n      height: 34px;\n      border-radius: 50%;\n      background: var(--blue);\n      box-shadow: 0 9px 20px rgba(37,99,235,0.18);\n    }\n\n    .ols-ert-reforming .ols-ert-spark::before,\n    .ols-ert-reforming .ols-ert-spark::after {\n      content: \"\";\n      position: absolute;\n      left: 50%;\n      top: 50%;\n      width: 42px;\n      height: 4px;\n      border-radius: 999px;\n      background: rgba(201,151,58,0.88);\n      transform: translate(-50%, -50%) rotate(45deg);\n    }\n\n    .ols-ert-reforming .ols-ert-spark::after {\n      transform: translate(-50%, -50%) rotate(-45deg);\n    }\n\n    .ols-ert-reforming .ols-ert-label-mini {\n      left: 44px;\n      bottom: 7px;\n      color: var(--gold);\n      font-size: 13px;\n      font-weight: 800;\n    }\n\n\n    .ols-ert-card h3 {\n      position: relative;\n      z-index: 1;\n      margin: 0 0 10px;\n      font-size: 23px;\n      line-height: 1.2;\n      font-weight: 800;\n      letter-spacing: -0.02em;\n      color: #111827;\n    }\n\n    .ols-ert-card p {\n      position: relative;\n      z-index: 1;\n      margin: 0;\n      font-size: 15px;\n      line-height: 1.6;\n      font-weight: 300;\n      color: var(--body-text);\n    }\n\n    .ols-ert-card,\n    .ols-ert-card *,\n    .ols-ert-card:hover,\n    .ols-ert-card:hover *,\n    .ols-related-item,\n    .ols-related-item *,\n    .ols-related-item:hover,\n    .ols-related-item:hover * {\n      text-decoration: none !important;\n    }\n\n    .ols-ert-meta {\n      position: relative;\n      z-index: 1;\n      display: inline-flex;\n      align-items: center;\n      justify-content: center;\n      margin-top: 20px;\n      padding: 10px 14px;\n      border-radius: 999px;\n      background: var(--navy);\n      color: #ffffff;\n      font-size: 13px;\n      font-weight: 700;\n      width: fit-content;\n      transition: 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<div class=\"ols-sidebar-header\">\r\n    <h3>Revision Notes<\/h3>\r\n    <p>A Level Chemistry<\/p>\r\n  <\/div>\r\n\r\n  <div class=\"ols-topic-group\">\r\n    <h4>Topic 4 Organic Chemistry &amp; Alkanes<\/h4>\r\n\r\n    <ul class=\"ols-topic-list\">\r\n      <li>\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-4-organic-chemistry-and-alkanes\/hazard-and-risk\/\">Hazard &amp; Risk<\/a>\r\n      <\/li>\r\n\r\n      <li>\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-4-organic-chemistry-and-alkanes\/organic-chemistry\/\">Introduction To Organic Chemistry<\/a>\r\n\r\n        <ul class=\"ols-subtopic-list\">\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-4-organic-chemistry-and-alkanes\/organic-chemistry\/iupac-rules\/\">IUPAC Rules<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-4-organic-chemistry-and-alkanes\/organic-chemistry\/alkene\/\">Alkene<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-4-organic-chemistry-and-alkanes\/organic-chemistry\/alcohol\/\">Alcohol<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-4-organic-chemistry-and-alkanes\/organic-chemistry\/halogenoalkanes\/\">Halogenoalkanes<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-4-organic-chemistry-and-alkanes\/organic-chemistry\/aldehyde\/\">Aldehyde<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-4-organic-chemistry-and-alkanes\/organic-chemistry\/ketone\/\">Ketone<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-4-organic-chemistry-and-alkanes\/organic-chemistry\/carboxylic-acid\/\">Carboxylic Acid<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-4-organic-chemistry-and-alkanes\/organic-chemistry\/ester\/\">Ester<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n        <\/ul>\r\n      <\/li>\r\n\r\n      <li>\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-4-organic-chemistry-and-alkanes\/isomerism\/\">Isomerism<\/a>\r\n      <\/li>\r\n\r\n      <li>\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-4-organic-chemistry-and-alkanes\/crude-oil\/\">Alkanes from Crude Oil<\/a>\r\n\r\n        <ul class=\"ols-subtopic-list\">\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-4-organic-chemistry-and-alkanes\/crude-oil\/fractional-distillation\/\">Fractional Distillation<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-4-organic-chemistry-and-alkanes\/crude-oil\/cracking\/\">Cracking<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-4-organic-chemistry-and-alkanes\/crude-oil\/reforming\/\">Reforming<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n        <\/ul>\r\n      <\/li>\r\n\r\n      <li>\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-4-organic-chemistry-and-alkanes\/fuel\/\">Alkanes as Fuel<\/a>\r\n\r\n        <ul class=\"ols-subtopic-list\">\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-4-organic-chemistry-and-alkanes\/fuel\/combustion\/\">Combustion<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-4-organic-chemistry-and-alkanes\/fuel\/oxides-of-sulfur\/\">Oxides of Sulfur<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-4-organic-chemistry-and-alkanes\/fuel\/oxides-of-nitrogen\/\">Oxides of Nitrogen<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-4-organic-chemistry-and-alkanes\/fuel\/catalytic-converter\/\">Catalytic Converter<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n        <\/ul>\r\n      <\/li>\r\n\r\n      <li>\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-4-organic-chemistry-and-alkanes\/alternative-fuel\/\">Alternative Fuel<\/a>\r\n      <\/li>\r\n\r\n      <li>\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-4-organic-chemistry-and-alkanes\/reactions\/\">Reactions of Alkanes<\/a>\r\n\r\n        <ul class=\"ols-subtopic-list\">\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-4-organic-chemistry-and-alkanes\/reactions\/free-radical-substitution\/\">Free Radical Substitution<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-4-organic-chemistry-and-alkanes\/reactions\/initiation\/\">Initiation<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-4-organic-chemistry-and-alkanes\/reactions\/propagation\/\">Propagation<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-4-organic-chemistry-and-alkanes\/reactions\/termination\/\">Termination<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-4-organic-chemistry-and-alkanes\/reactions\/further-substitution\/\">Further Substitution<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n        <\/ul>\r\n      <\/li>\r\n    <\/ul>\r\n  <\/div>\r\n\r\n  <div class=\"ols-topic-group\">\r\n    <h4>Next Topics<\/h4>\r\n\r\n    <ul class=\"ols-topic-list\">\r\n      <li>\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-5-alkenes\/\">Alkenes<\/a>\r\n      <\/li>\r\n      <li>\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-6-energetics\/\">Energetics<\/a>\r\n      <\/li>\r\n      <li>\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-7-intermolecular-forces\/\">Intermolecular Forces<\/a>\r\n      <\/li>\r\n    <\/ul>\r\n  <\/div>\r\n<\/aside>\r\n\r\n<script>\r\n(function() {\r\n  function normalisePath(path) {\r\n    return String(path || '')\r\n      .split('?')[0]\r\n      .split('#')[0]\r\n      .replace(\/\\\/+$\/, '')\r\n      .toLowerCase();\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  function highlightActive() {\r\n    var sidebar = document.querySelector('.ols-sidebar');\r\n    if (!sidebar) return false;\r\n\r\n    var currentPath = 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href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/\">Edexcel International<\/a> \/\n      <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-4-organic-chemistry-and-alkanes\/\">Topic 4 Organic Chemistry &amp; Alkanes<\/a> \/\n      <span>Alkanes from Crude Oil<\/span>\n    <\/nav>\n\n    <header class=\"ols-title-card\">\n      <h1>Alkanes from Crude Oil<\/h1>\n      <p class=\"ols-page-intro\">Use this landing page to move quickly between the main crude oil revision pages for Topic 4. Each card links to a focused page covering how crude oil is separated, how larger hydrocarbons are broken down, and how hydrocarbon structures can be rearranged for more useful fuels.<\/p>\n\n      <div class=\"ols-badges\">\n        <div class=\"ols-badge\">Exam board: Edexcel International<\/div>\n        <div class=\"ols-badge\">Topic 4: Organic Chemistry &amp; Alkanes<\/div>\n        <div class=\"ols-badge\">Level: A Level Chemistry<\/div>\n      <\/div>\n\n      <div class=\"ols-author\">\n        <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"ols-author-avatar-img\" src=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/Author-Profile.jpeg\" alt=\"Dr. Mohammed Al-Fatah\">\n\n        <div class=\"ols-author-content\">\n          <h2 class=\"ols-author-title\">Written by:<br><span>Dr. Mohammed Al-Fatah<\/span><\/h2>\n          <p class=\"ols-author-description\">Chemistry specialist revision notes for A Level Chemistry.<\/p>\n\n          <a class=\"ols-linkedin-pill\" href=\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/doctormohammedfatah\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\n            <svg class=\"ols-linkedin-icon\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"currentColor\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n              <path d=\"M4.98 3.5C4.98 4.88 3.86 6 2.48 6S0 4.88 0 3.5 1.12 1 2.48 1s2.5 1.12 2.5 2.5zM.5 8h4V24h-4V8zm7 0h3.8v2.2h.1c.5-.9 1.8-2.2 3.9-2.2 4.2 0 5 2.8 5 6.4V24h-4v-7.6c0-1.8 0-4.2-2.6-4.2s-3 2-3 4v7.8h-4V8z\"><\/path>\n            <\/svg>\n            View LinkedIn Profile\n          <\/a>\n        <\/div>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/header>\n\n    <article class=\"ols-note-card soft\">\n      <div class=\"ols-note-title\">\n        <div class=\"ols-note-icon\">1<\/div>\n        <h2>Choose an Alkanes from Crude Oil Page<\/h2>\n      <\/div>\n\n      <p>Crude oil is a mixture of hydrocarbons. These pages separate the key ideas students need for Topic 4: how fractions are separated by boiling point, how long-chain hydrocarbons are cracked into more useful molecules, and how reforming changes molecular structure to improve fuel quality.<\/p>\n\n      <div class=\"ols-key-box\">\n        <p><strong>Key idea:<\/strong> Crude oil chemistry links physical separation, hydrocarbon chain length, boiling point, supply and demand, and the industrial production of more useful fuels and feedstocks.<\/p>\n      <\/div>\n\n      <div class=\"ols-ert-grid\">\n        <a class=\"ols-ert-card\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-4-organic-chemistry-and-alkanes\/crude-oil\/fractional-distillation\/\">\n          <div class=\"ols-ert-visual\">\n            <div class=\"ols-ert-icon ols-ert-fractional\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n              <span class=\"ols-ert-tower\"><\/span>\n              <span class=\"ols-ert-tray tray-1\"><\/span>\n              <span class=\"ols-ert-tray tray-2\"><\/span>\n              <span class=\"ols-ert-tray tray-3\"><\/span>\n              <span class=\"ols-ert-label-mini\">fractions<\/span>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/div>\n          <h3>Fractional Distillation<\/h3>\n          <p>Revise how crude oil is separated into fractions using differences in boiling point and the temperature gradient in a fractionating column.<\/p>\n          <span class=\"ols-ert-meta\">Open revision page<\/span>\n        <\/a>\n\n        <a class=\"ols-ert-card\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-4-organic-chemistry-and-alkanes\/crude-oil\/cracking\/\">\n          <div class=\"ols-ert-visual\">\n            <div class=\"ols-ert-icon ols-ert-cracking\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n              <span class=\"ols-ert-chain\"><\/span>\n              <span class=\"ols-ert-crack-line\"><\/span>\n              <span class=\"ols-ert-label-mini\">cracking<\/span>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/div>\n          <h3>Cracking<\/h3>\n          <p>Learn how larger alkanes are broken down into shorter-chain alkanes and alkenes to meet demand for more useful products.<\/p>\n          <span class=\"ols-ert-meta\">Open revision page<\/span>\n        <\/a>\n\n        <a class=\"ols-ert-card\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-4-organic-chemistry-and-alkanes\/crude-oil\/reforming\/\">\n          <div class=\"ols-ert-visual\">\n            <div class=\"ols-ert-icon ols-ert-reforming\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n              <span class=\"ols-ert-ringhex\"><\/span>\n              <span class=\"ols-ert-spark\"><\/span>\n              <span class=\"ols-ert-label-mini\">reforming<\/span>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/div>\n          <h3>Reforming<\/h3>\n          <p>Review how straight-chain hydrocarbons can be converted into branched, cyclic or aromatic products that are more useful as fuels.<\/p>\n          <span class=\"ols-ert-meta\">Open revision page<\/span>\n        <\/a>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/article>\n\n    <article class=\"ols-note-card purple\">\n      <div class=\"ols-note-title\">\n        <div class=\"ols-note-icon\">\u2713<\/div>\n        <h2>How to Use These Pages<\/h2>\n      <\/div>\n\n      <p>Start with fractional distillation to secure how crude oil is separated into fractions. Then move to cracking to understand why long-chain hydrocarbons are converted into shorter molecules. Finish with reforming to compare how hydrocarbon structure can be rearranged rather than simply broken apart.<\/p>\n\n      <div class=\"ols-key-box\">\n        <p><strong>Exam focus:<\/strong> For each process, learn whether bonds are being broken, whether the process is physical or chemical, what conditions are needed, and why the products are more useful industrially.<\/p>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/article>\n\n    <section class=\"ols-related-card\">\n      <h2>Related Topic 4 Pages<\/h2>\n      <p>Use these pages to connect crude oil processing with organic chemistry, fuels, pollution and reactions of alkanes.<\/p>\n\n      <div class=\"ols-related-grid\">\n        <a class=\"ols-related-item\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-4-organic-chemistry-and-alkanes\/organic-chemistry\/\">Introduction to Organic Chemistry<\/a>\n        <a class=\"ols-related-item\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-4-organic-chemistry-and-alkanes\/isomerism\/\">Isomerism<\/a>\n        <a class=\"ols-related-item\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-4-organic-chemistry-and-alkanes\/fuel\/\">Alkanes as Fuel<\/a>\n        <a class=\"ols-related-item\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-4-organic-chemistry-and-alkanes\/alternative-fuel\/\">Alternative Fuel<\/a>\n        <a class=\"ols-related-item\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-4-organic-chemistry-and-alkanes\/reactions\/\">Reactions of Alkanes<\/a>\n        <a class=\"ols-related-item\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-5-alkenes\/\">Next Topic: Alkenes<\/a>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/section>\n\n    <section class=\"ols-attribution-card\">\n      <p><strong>Copyright notice:<\/strong> This revision page, including its written explanations, layout and teaching sequence, is produced for Online Learning System by Dr. Mohammed Al-Fatah. It is intended for student revision and may not be copied, redistributed or republished without permission.<\/p>\n    <\/section>\n\n    <script type=\"application\/ld+json\">\n    {\n      \"@context\": \"https:\/\/schema.org\",\n      \"@graph\": [\n        {\n          \"@type\": \"WebPage\",\n          \"@id\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-4-organic-chemistry-and-alkanes\/crude-oil\/#webpage\",\n          \"url\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-4-organic-chemistry-and-alkanes\/crude-oil\/\",\n          \"name\": \"Alkanes from Crude Oil Revision Notes\",\n          \"description\": \"A Level Chemistry landing page for alkanes from crude oil, including fractional distillation, cracking and reforming.\",\n          \"inLanguage\": \"en-GB\",\n          \"isPartOf\": {\n            \"@type\": \"WebSite\",\n            \"@id\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/#website\",\n            \"name\": \"Online Learning System\",\n            \"url\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/\"\n          },\n          \"about\": [\n            {\n              \"@type\": \"Thing\",\n              \"name\": \"Crude oil\"\n            },\n            {\n              \"@type\": \"Thing\",\n              \"name\": \"Fractional distillation\"\n            },\n            {\n              \"@type\": \"Thing\",\n              \"name\": \"Cracking\"\n            },\n            {\n              \"@type\": \"Thing\",\n              \"name\": \"Reforming\"\n            },\n            {\n              \"@type\": \"Thing\",\n              \"name\": \"Alkanes\"\n            },\n            {\n              \"@type\": \"Thing\",\n              \"name\": \"Hydrocarbons\"\n            }\n          ],\n          \"author\": {\n            \"@type\": \"Person\",\n            \"name\": \"Dr. Mohammed Al-Fatah\",\n            \"url\": \"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/doctormohammedfatah\/\"\n          },\n          \"publisher\": {\n            \"@type\": \"Organization\",\n            \"name\": \"Online Learning System\",\n            \"url\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/\"\n          }\n        },\n        {\n          \"@type\": \"BreadcrumbList\",\n          \"@id\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-4-organic-chemistry-and-alkanes\/crude-oil\/#breadcrumb\",\n          \"itemListElement\": [\n            {\n              \"@type\": \"ListItem\",\n              \"position\": 1,\n              \"name\": \"Revision Notes\",\n              \"item\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/\"\n            },\n            {\n              \"@type\": \"ListItem\",\n              \"position\": 2,\n              \"name\": \"A Level Chemistry\",\n              \"item\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/\"\n            },\n            {\n              \"@type\": \"ListItem\",\n              \"position\": 3,\n              \"name\": \"Edexcel International\",\n              \"item\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/\"\n            },\n            {\n              \"@type\": \"ListItem\",\n              \"position\": 4,\n              \"name\": \"Topic 4 Organic Chemistry & Alkanes\",\n              \"item\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-4-organic-chemistry-and-alkanes\/\"\n            },\n            {\n              \"@type\": \"ListItem\",\n              \"position\": 5,\n              \"name\": \"Alkanes from Crude Oil\",\n              \"item\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-4-organic-chemistry-and-alkanes\/crude-oil\/\"\n            }\n          ]\n        }\n      ]\n    }\n    <\/script>\n  <\/main>\n<\/section>\n\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Revision Notes \/ A Level Chemistry \/ Edexcel International \/ Topic 4 Organic Chemistry &amp; Alkanes \/ Alkanes from Crude Oil Alkanes from Crude Oil Use this landing page to move quickly between the main crude oil revision pages for Topic 4. 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