{"id":4349,"date":"2026-05-26T07:21:12","date_gmt":"2026-05-26T06:21:12","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/?page_id=4349"},"modified":"2026-05-26T08:56:53","modified_gmt":"2026-05-26T07:56:53","slug":"fuel","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-4-organic-chemistry-and-alkanes\/fuel\/","title":{"rendered":"Alkanes as Fuel"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<section class=\"ols-revision-page ols-alkanes-as-fuel-landing-page\">\n  <style>\n    .ols-revision-page {\n      --navy: #1C244B;\n      --blue: #2563eb;\n      --soft-blue: #eef4ff;\n      --soft-red: #fff7f7;\n      --soft-purple: #f7f0ff;\n      --soft-green: #f0f7f1;\n      --soft-orange: #fff7ed;\n      --gold: #c9973a;\n      --grey-text: #667085;\n      --body-text: #1f2937;\n      --border: rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.14);\n      --shadow: 0 18px 45px rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.10);\n      --inner-shadow: 0 10px 26px rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.08);\n      font-family: Poppins, Arial, sans-serif;\n      color: var(--navy);\n      background: #ffffff;\n    }\n\n    .ols-revision-page * { box-sizing: border-box; }\n\n    .ols-revision-layout {\n      display: block;\n      max-width: 1450px;\n      margin: 0 auto;\n      padding: 24px 20px 60px;\n    }\n\n    .ols-breadcrumbs {\n      display: flex;\n      flex-wrap: wrap;\n      gap: 8px;\n      margin: 10px 0 22px;\n      font-size: 15px;\n      color: var(--grey-text);\n    }\n\n    .ols-breadcrumbs a,\n    .ols-breadcrumbs span {\n      color: var(--grey-text);\n      text-decoration: none;\n      font-weight: 600;\n    }\n\n    .ols-breadcrumbs a:hover {\n      color: var(--blue);\n      text-decoration: underline;\n      text-underline-offset: 3px;\n    }\n\n    .ols-title-card,\n    .ols-note-card,\n    .ols-related-card,\n    .ols-attribution-card {\n      background: #ffffff;\n      border: 1px solid var(--border);\n      border-radius: 28px;\n      box-shadow: var(--shadow);\n      padding: 34px;\n      margin-bottom: 24px;\n      overflow: hidden;\n    }\n\n    .ols-title-card {\n      background: linear-gradient(135deg, #ffffff 0%, #f8fbff 100%);\n    }\n\n    .ols-title-card h1 {\n      margin: 0 0 18px;\n      font-size: clamp(36px, 5vw, 58px);\n      line-height: 1.08;\n      font-weight: 800;\n      letter-spacing: -0.04em;\n      color: #111827;\n    }\n\n    .ols-page-intro {\n      font-size: 19px;\n      line-height: 1.7;\n      font-weight: 300;\n      color: var(--body-text);\n      margin: 0 0 22px;\n    }\n\n    .ols-badges {\n      display: flex;\n      flex-wrap: wrap;\n      gap: 12px;\n      margin-bottom: 22px;\n    }\n\n    .ols-badge {\n      display: inline-flex;\n      align-items: center;\n      padding: 9px 14px;\n      border-radius: 999px;\n      background: #ffffff;\n      border: 1px solid var(--border);\n      font-size: 15px;\n      font-weight: 600;\n      color: var(--navy);\n    }\n\n    .ols-author {\n      display: flex;\n      align-items: center;\n      gap: 20px;\n      padding: 28px;\n      border-radius: 28px;\n      background: linear-gradient(135deg, #ffffff 0%, #f8fbff 100%);\n      border: 1px solid rgba(28,36,75,0.12);\n      box-shadow: 0 18px 45px rgba(28,36,75,0.10);\n      margin-top: 22px;\n    }\n\n    .ols-author-avatar-img {\n      width: 92px;\n      height: 92px;\n      border-radius: 50%;\n      object-fit: cover;\n      object-position: center;\n      flex-shrink: 0;\n      border: 4px solid #ffffff;\n      box-shadow: 0 14px 32px rgba(28,36,75,0.18), 0 0 0 1px rgba(28,36,75,0.10);\n      transition: transform 0.25s ease, box-shadow 0.25s ease;\n    }\n\n    .ols-author:hover .ols-author-avatar-img {\n      transform: scale(1.04);\n      box-shadow: 0 20px 42px rgba(28,36,75,0.22), 0 0 0 1px rgba(28,36,75,0.10);\n    }\n\n    .ols-author-content { min-width: 0; }\n\n    .ols-author-title {\n      margin: 0 0 4px;\n      font-size: clamp(24px,3vw,34px);\n      line-height: 1.15;\n      font-weight: 700;\n      color: var(--navy);\n      letter-spacing: -0.03em;\n    }\n\n    .ols-author-description {\n      margin: 0;\n      font-size: 17px;\n      line-height: 1.7;\n      font-weight: 300;\n      color: var(--grey-text);\n    }\n\n    .ols-linkedin-pill {\n      display: inline-flex;\n      align-items: center;\n      justify-content: center;\n      gap: 10px;\n      margin-top: 16px;\n      padding: 11px 18px;\n      border-radius: 999px;\n      background: linear-gradient(135deg,#0A66C2,#004182);\n      color: #ffffff;\n      text-decoration: none;\n      font-size: 14px;\n      line-height: 1;\n      font-weight: 700;\n      letter-spacing: 0.01em;\n      box-shadow: 0 10px 22px rgba(10,102,194,0.24);\n      position: relative;\n      overflow: hidden;\n      transition: transform 0.22s ease, box-shadow 0.22s ease;\n    }\n\n    .ols-linkedin-pill::before {\n      content: \"\";\n      position: absolute;\n      top: 0;\n      left: -120%;\n      width: 100%;\n      height: 100%;\n      background: linear-gradient(120deg, rgba(255,255,255,0) 0%, rgba(255,255,255,0.28) 50%, rgba(255,255,255,0) 100%);\n      transition: left 0.7s ease;\n    }\n\n    .ols-linkedin-pill:hover {\n      transform: translateY(-3px) scale(1.03);\n      box-shadow: 0 16px 34px rgba(10,102,194,0.34), 0 0 0 6px rgba(10,102,194,0.10);\n      color: #ffffff;\n    }\n\n    .ols-linkedin-pill:hover::before { left: 120%; }\n\n    .ols-linkedin-icon {\n      width: 18px;\n      height: 18px;\n      display: block;\n      flex-shrink: 0;\n    }\n\n    .ols-note-card.soft { background: linear-gradient(135deg, #ffffff 0%, var(--soft-red) 100%); }\n    .ols-note-card.purple { background: linear-gradient(135deg, #ffffff 0%, var(--soft-purple) 100%); }\n\n    .ols-note-title {\n      display: flex;\n      align-items: center;\n      gap: 14px;\n      margin-bottom: 20px;\n    }\n\n    .ols-note-icon {\n      width: 52px;\n      height: 52px;\n      border-radius: 16px;\n      background: var(--navy);\n      color: #ffffff;\n      display: grid;\n      place-items: center;\n      font-size: 24px;\n      font-weight: 800;\n      flex-shrink: 0;\n    }\n\n    .ols-note-title h2,\n    .ols-related-card h2 {\n      margin: 0;\n      font-size: clamp(28px, 3.5vw, 42px);\n      line-height: 1.15;\n      font-weight: 800;\n      color: #111827;\n      letter-spacing: -0.03em;\n    }\n\n    .ols-related-card h2 { margin-bottom: 14px; }\n\n    .ols-note-card p,\n    .ols-note-card li,\n    .ols-related-card p,\n    .ols-attribution-card p {\n      font-size: clamp(15px, 1.3vw, 18px);\n      line-height: 1.65;\n      font-weight: 300;\n      color: var(--body-text);\n    }\n\n    .ols-note-card strong,\n    .ols-related-card strong,\n    .ols-attribution-card strong {\n      font-weight: 700;\n      color: var(--navy);\n    }\n\n    .ols-key-box {\n      margin-top: 20px;\n      background: var(--soft-green);\n      border: 1px solid rgba(63, 143, 70, 0.25);\n      border-radius: 20px;\n      padding: 18px 20px;\n    }\n\n    .ols-key-box p {\n      margin: 0;\n      font-weight: 400;\n      color: var(--navy);\n    }\n\n    .ols-ert-grid {\n      display: grid;\n      grid-template-columns: repeat(2, minmax(0, 1fr));\n      gap: 18px;\n      margin-top: 26px;\n    }\n\n    .ols-ert-card {\n      position: relative;\n      display: grid;\n      grid-template-rows: auto 1fr auto;\n      min-height: 285px;\n      padding: 24px;\n      border-radius: 24px;\n      border: 1px solid rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.13);\n      background:\n        radial-gradient(circle at top right, rgba(37, 99, 235, 0.13), transparent 34%),\n        linear-gradient(135deg, #ffffff 0%, #f8fbff 100%);\n      color: var(--navy);\n      text-decoration: none;\n      overflow: hidden;\n      box-shadow: var(--inner-shadow);\n      transition: transform 0.24s ease, box-shadow 0.24s ease, border-color 0.24s ease, background 0.24s ease;\n    }\n\n    .ols-ert-card:hover {\n      transform: translateY(-6px);\n      border-color: rgba(37, 99, 235, 0.28);\n      box-shadow: 0 24px 52px rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.15);\n      color: var(--navy);\n    }\n\n    .ols-ert-card::before {\n      content: \"\";\n      position: absolute;\n      top: -60px;\n      right: -60px;\n      width: 145px;\n      height: 145px;\n      border-radius: 50%;\n      background: rgba(37, 99, 235, 0.08);\n      transition: transform 0.28s ease, background 0.28s ease;\n    }\n\n    .ols-ert-card:hover::before {\n      transform: scale(1.22);\n      background: rgba(37, 99, 235, 0.13);\n    }\n\n    .ols-ert-visual {\n      position: relative;\n      z-index: 1;\n      min-height: 94px;\n      display: flex;\n      align-items: center;\n      justify-content: center;\n      margin-bottom: 18px;\n    }\n\n    .ols-ert-icon {\n      position: relative;\n      width: 150px;\n      height: 94px;\n    }\n\n    .ols-ert-line,\n    .ols-ert-arrow,\n    .ols-ert-label-mini,\n    .ols-ert-box,\n    .ols-ert-dot,\n    .ols-ert-bubble,\n    .ols-ert-precipitate,\n    .ols-ert-swap,\n    .ols-ert-bond,\n    .ols-ert-molecule,\n    .ols-ert-reagent,\n    .ols-ert-droplet,\n    .ols-ert-ring,\n    .ols-ert-cloud,\n    .ols-ert-chain,\n    .ols-ert-functional,\n    .ols-ert-branch,\n    .ols-ert-oatom,\n    .ols-ert-halo,\n    .ols-ert-carbonyl,\n    .ols-ert-esterbridge {\n      position: absolute;\n      display: block;\n    }\n\n    .ols-ert-iupac .ols-ert-chain {\n      left: 18px;\n      top: 43px;\n      width: 92px;\n      height: 4px;\n      border-radius: 999px;\n      background: var(--navy);\n      box-shadow: 0 10px 22px rgba(28,36,75,0.12);\n    }\n\n    .ols-ert-iupac .ols-ert-chain::before,\n    .ols-ert-iupac .ols-ert-chain::after {\n      content: \"\";\n      position: absolute;\n      top: -10px;\n      width: 22px;\n      height: 22px;\n      border-radius: 50%;\n      background: var(--blue);\n      box-shadow: 34px 0 0 var(--blue), 68px 0 0 var(--blue);\n    }\n\n    .ols-ert-iupac .ols-ert-chain::before { left: -8px; }\n    .ols-ert-iupac .ols-ert-chain::after { display: none; }\n\n    .ols-ert-iupac .ols-ert-label-mini {\n      right: 12px;\n      top: 29px;\n      width: 42px;\n      height: 42px;\n      border-radius: 14px;\n      display: grid;\n      place-items: center;\n      color: #ffffff;\n      font-size: 14px;\n      font-weight: 800;\n      background: var(--gold);\n      box-shadow: 0 8px 18px rgba(28,36,75,0.16);\n    }\n\n    .ols-ert-alkene .ols-ert-bond {\n      left: 42px;\n      top: 44px;\n      width: 58px;\n      height: 4px;\n      border-radius: 999px;\n      background: var(--navy);\n      box-shadow: 0 -8px 0 var(--navy);\n    }\n\n    .ols-ert-alkene .ols-ert-bond::before,\n    .ols-ert-alkene .ols-ert-bond::after {\n      content: \"\";\n      position: absolute;\n      top: -10px;\n      width: 20px;\n      height: 20px;\n      border-radius: 50%;\n      background: var(--blue);\n      box-shadow: 0 10px 22px rgba(37,99,235,0.20);\n    }\n\n    .ols-ert-alkene .ols-ert-bond::before { left: -18px; }\n    .ols-ert-alkene .ols-ert-bond::after { right: -18px; }\n\n    .ols-ert-alkene .ols-ert-label-mini {\n      left: 53px;\n      bottom: 8px;\n      color: var(--blue);\n      font-size: 13px;\n      font-weight: 800;\n    }\n\n    .ols-ert-alcohol .ols-ert-chain,\n    .ols-ert-halogenoalkane .ols-ert-chain,\n    .ols-ert-carbonyl-card .ols-ert-chain,\n    .ols-ert-carboxylic .ols-ert-chain,\n    .ols-ert-ester .ols-ert-chain {\n      left: 24px;\n      top: 46px;\n      width: 58px;\n      height: 4px;\n      border-radius: 999px;\n      background: var(--navy);\n    }\n\n    .ols-ert-alcohol .ols-ert-chain::before,\n    .ols-ert-halogenoalkane .ols-ert-chain::before,\n    .ols-ert-carbonyl-card .ols-ert-chain::before,\n    .ols-ert-carboxylic .ols-ert-chain::before,\n    .ols-ert-ester .ols-ert-chain::before {\n      content: \"\";\n      position: absolute;\n      left: -12px;\n      top: -9px;\n      width: 20px;\n      height: 20px;\n      border-radius: 50%;\n      background: var(--blue);\n      box-shadow: 36px 0 0 var(--blue);\n    }\n\n    .ols-ert-alcohol .ols-ert-oatom {\n      right: 24px;\n      top: 28px;\n      width: 48px;\n      height: 40px;\n      border-radius: 15px;\n      display: grid;\n      place-items: center;\n      color: #ffffff;\n      font-size: 14px;\n      font-weight: 800;\n      background: var(--gold);\n      box-shadow: 0 8px 18px rgba(201,151,58,0.18);\n    }\n\n    .ols-ert-halogenoalkane .ols-ert-halo {\n      right: 30px;\n      top: 29px;\n      width: 42px;\n      height: 42px;\n      border-radius: 50%;\n      display: grid;\n      place-items: center;\n      color: #ffffff;\n      font-size: 15px;\n      font-weight: 800;\n      background: #7a3e9d;\n      box-shadow: 0 8px 18px rgba(122,62,157,0.20);\n    }\n\n    .ols-ert-carbonyl-card .ols-ert-carbonyl,\n    .ols-ert-carboxylic .ols-ert-carbonyl,\n    .ols-ert-ester .ols-ert-carbonyl {\n      right: 35px;\n      top: 28px;\n      width: 38px;\n      height: 38px;\n      border-radius: 13px;\n      display: grid;\n      place-items: center;\n      color: #ffffff;\n      font-size: 13px;\n      font-weight: 800;\n      background: #c81e1e;\n      box-shadow: 0 8px 18px rgba(200,30,30,0.18);\n    }\n\n    .ols-ert-carbonyl-card .ols-ert-carbonyl::before,\n    .ols-ert-carboxylic .ols-ert-carbonyl::before,\n    .ols-ert-ester .ols-ert-carbonyl::before {\n      content: \"\";\n      position: absolute;\n      left: 50%;\n      top: -18px;\n      transform: translateX(-50%);\n      width: 4px;\n      height: 18px;\n      border-radius: 999px;\n      background: var(--navy);\n      box-shadow: 7px 0 0 var(--navy);\n    }\n\n    .ols-ert-carbonyl-card .ols-ert-label-mini,\n    .ols-ert-carboxylic .ols-ert-label-mini,\n    .ols-ert-ester .ols-ert-label-mini {\n      left: 46px;\n      bottom: 8px;\n      color: #c81e1e;\n      font-size: 13px;\n      font-weight: 800;\n    }\n\n    .ols-ert-carboxylic .ols-ert-oatom {\n      right: 10px;\n      top: 53px;\n      width: 42px;\n      height: 32px;\n      border-radius: 14px;\n      display: grid;\n      place-items: center;\n      color: #ffffff;\n      font-size: 12px;\n      font-weight: 800;\n      background: var(--gold);\n      box-shadow: 0 8px 18px rgba(201,151,58,0.18);\n    }\n\n    .ols-ert-ester .ols-ert-esterbridge {\n      right: 7px;\n      top: 52px;\n      min-width: 54px;\n      height: 32px;\n      padding: 0 8px;\n      border-radius: 14px;\n      display: grid;\n      place-items: center;\n      color: #ffffff;\n      font-size: 12px;\n      font-weight: 800;\n      background: var(--gold);\n      box-shadow: 0 8px 18px rgba(201,151,58,0.18);\n    }\n\n\n    .ols-ert-tower,\n    .ols-ert-tray,\n    .ols-ert-flame,\n    .ols-ert-crack-line,\n    .ols-ert-product-dot,\n    .ols-ert-ringhex,\n    .ols-ert-spark {\n      position: absolute;\n      display: block;\n    }\n\n    .ols-ert-fractional .ols-ert-tower {\n      left: 51px;\n      top: 10px;\n      width: 46px;\n      height: 72px;\n      border-radius: 18px 18px 12px 12px;\n      background: linear-gradient(180deg, rgba(238,244,255,0.98), rgba(255,255,255,0.95));\n      border: 4px solid rgba(37,99,235,0.30);\n      box-shadow: 0 12px 26px rgba(37,99,235,0.12);\n    }\n\n    .ols-ert-fractional .ols-ert-tray {\n      left: 43px;\n      width: 62px;\n      height: 4px;\n      border-radius: 999px;\n      background: var(--navy);\n      opacity: 0.88;\n    }\n\n    .ols-ert-fractional .tray-1 { top: 27px; }\n    .ols-ert-fractional .tray-2 { top: 43px; }\n    .ols-ert-fractional .tray-3 { top: 59px; }\n\n    .ols-ert-fractional .ols-ert-label-mini {\n      left: 37px;\n      bottom: 7px;\n      color: var(--blue);\n      font-size: 13px;\n      font-weight: 800;\n    }\n\n    .ols-ert-cracking .ols-ert-chain {\n      left: 28px;\n      top: 43px;\n      width: 86px;\n      height: 5px;\n      border-radius: 999px;\n      background: var(--navy);\n      box-shadow: 0 10px 20px rgba(28,36,75,0.12);\n    }\n\n    .ols-ert-cracking .ols-ert-chain::before,\n    .ols-ert-cracking .ols-ert-chain::after {\n      content: \"\";\n      position: absolute;\n      top: -10px;\n      width: 24px;\n      height: 24px;\n      border-radius: 50%;\n      background: var(--blue);\n      box-shadow: 31px 0 0 var(--blue), 62px 0 0 var(--blue);\n    }\n\n    .ols-ert-cracking .ols-ert-chain::before { left: -10px; }\n    .ols-ert-cracking .ols-ert-chain::after {\n      left: 94px;\n      background: var(--gold);\n      box-shadow: none;\n      width: 22px;\n      height: 22px;\n      top: -9px;\n    }\n\n    .ols-ert-cracking .ols-ert-crack-line {\n      left: 76px;\n      top: 21px;\n      width: 20px;\n      height: 51px;\n      transform: rotate(24deg);\n      border-left: 4px solid #c81e1e;\n    }\n\n    .ols-ert-cracking .ols-ert-crack-line::before,\n    .ols-ert-cracking .ols-ert-crack-line::after {\n      content: \"\";\n      position: absolute;\n      left: -11px;\n      width: 18px;\n      height: 4px;\n      border-radius: 999px;\n      background: #c81e1e;\n      transform: rotate(-45deg);\n    }\n\n    .ols-ert-cracking .ols-ert-crack-line::before { top: 17px; }\n    .ols-ert-cracking .ols-ert-crack-line::after { top: 31px; }\n\n    .ols-ert-cracking .ols-ert-label-mini {\n      left: 48px;\n      bottom: 7px;\n      color: #c81e1e;\n      font-size: 13px;\n      font-weight: 800;\n    }\n\n    .ols-ert-reforming .ols-ert-ringhex {\n      left: 42px;\n      top: 17px;\n      width: 66px;\n      height: 58px;\n      background: linear-gradient(135deg, rgba(255,247,237,0.96), rgba(255,255,255,0.94));\n      border: 4px solid rgba(201,151,58,0.62);\n      clip-path: polygon(25% 0%, 75% 0%, 100% 50%, 75% 100%, 25% 100%, 0% 50%);\n      box-shadow: 0 12px 26px rgba(201,151,58,0.14);\n    }\n\n    .ols-ert-reforming .ols-ert-spark {\n      right: 19px;\n      top: 22px;\n      width: 34px;\n      height: 34px;\n      border-radius: 50%;\n      background: var(--blue);\n      box-shadow: 0 9px 20px rgba(37,99,235,0.18);\n    }\n\n    .ols-ert-reforming .ols-ert-spark::before,\n    .ols-ert-reforming .ols-ert-spark::after {\n      content: \"\";\n      position: absolute;\n      left: 50%;\n      top: 50%;\n      width: 42px;\n      height: 4px;\n      border-radius: 999px;\n      background: rgba(201,151,58,0.88);\n      transform: translate(-50%, -50%) rotate(45deg);\n    }\n\n    .ols-ert-reforming .ols-ert-spark::after {\n      transform: translate(-50%, -50%) rotate(-45deg);\n    }\n\n    .ols-ert-reforming .ols-ert-label-mini {\n      left: 44px;\n      bottom: 7px;\n      color: var(--gold);\n      font-size: 13px;\n      font-weight: 800;\n    }\n\n\n\n\n    .ols-ert-fuel .ols-ert-flame,\n    .ols-ert-sulfur .ols-ert-gas,\n    .ols-ert-sulfur .ols-ert-symbol,\n    .ols-ert-nitrogen .ols-ert-gas,\n    .ols-ert-nitrogen .ols-ert-symbol,\n    .ols-ert-catalyst .ols-ert-converter,\n    .ols-ert-catalyst .ols-ert-cell,\n    .ols-ert-catalyst .ols-ert-arrow-mini {\n      position: absolute;\n      display: block;\n    }\n\n    .ols-ert-fuel .ols-ert-flame {\n      left: 52px;\n      top: 10px;\n      width: 48px;\n      height: 68px;\n      border-radius: 50% 50% 46% 46%;\n      background: linear-gradient(180deg, rgba(201,151,58,0.96), rgba(200,30,30,0.78));\n      transform: rotate(45deg);\n      box-shadow: 0 14px 28px rgba(200,30,30,0.16);\n    }\n\n    .ols-ert-fuel .ols-ert-flame::before {\n      content: \"\";\n      position: absolute;\n      left: 14px;\n      top: 17px;\n      width: 22px;\n      height: 32px;\n      border-radius: 50% 50% 45% 45%;\n      background: rgba(255,247,237,0.85);\n    }\n\n    .ols-ert-fuel .ols-ert-label-mini {\n      left: 43px;\n      bottom: 7px;\n      color: #c81e1e;\n      font-size: 13px;\n      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class=\"ols-sidebar\">\r\n  <div class=\"ols-sidebar-header\">\r\n    <h3>Revision Notes<\/h3>\r\n    <p>A Level Chemistry<\/p>\r\n  <\/div>\r\n\r\n  <div class=\"ols-topic-group\">\r\n    <h4>Topic 4 Organic Chemistry &amp; Alkanes<\/h4>\r\n\r\n    <ul class=\"ols-topic-list\">\r\n      <li>\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-4-organic-chemistry-and-alkanes\/hazard-and-risk\/\">Hazard &amp; Risk<\/a>\r\n      <\/li>\r\n\r\n      <li>\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-4-organic-chemistry-and-alkanes\/organic-chemistry\/\">Introduction To Organic Chemistry<\/a>\r\n\r\n        <ul class=\"ols-subtopic-list\">\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-4-organic-chemistry-and-alkanes\/organic-chemistry\/iupac-rules\/\">IUPAC Rules<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-4-organic-chemistry-and-alkanes\/organic-chemistry\/alkene\/\">Alkene<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-4-organic-chemistry-and-alkanes\/organic-chemistry\/alcohol\/\">Alcohol<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-4-organic-chemistry-and-alkanes\/organic-chemistry\/halogenoalkanes\/\">Halogenoalkanes<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-4-organic-chemistry-and-alkanes\/organic-chemistry\/aldehyde\/\">Aldehyde<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-4-organic-chemistry-and-alkanes\/organic-chemistry\/ketone\/\">Ketone<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-4-organic-chemistry-and-alkanes\/organic-chemistry\/carboxylic-acid\/\">Carboxylic Acid<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-4-organic-chemistry-and-alkanes\/organic-chemistry\/ester\/\">Ester<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n        <\/ul>\r\n      <\/li>\r\n\r\n      <li>\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-4-organic-chemistry-and-alkanes\/isomerism\/\">Isomerism<\/a>\r\n      <\/li>\r\n\r\n      <li>\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-4-organic-chemistry-and-alkanes\/crude-oil\/\">Alkanes from Crude Oil<\/a>\r\n\r\n        <ul class=\"ols-subtopic-list\">\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-4-organic-chemistry-and-alkanes\/crude-oil\/fractional-distillation\/\">Fractional Distillation<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-4-organic-chemistry-and-alkanes\/crude-oil\/cracking\/\">Cracking<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-4-organic-chemistry-and-alkanes\/crude-oil\/reforming\/\">Reforming<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n        <\/ul>\r\n      <\/li>\r\n\r\n      <li>\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-4-organic-chemistry-and-alkanes\/fuel\/\">Alkanes as Fuel<\/a>\r\n\r\n        <ul class=\"ols-subtopic-list\">\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-4-organic-chemistry-and-alkanes\/fuel\/combustion\/\">Combustion<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-4-organic-chemistry-and-alkanes\/fuel\/oxides-of-sulfur\/\">Oxides of Sulfur<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-4-organic-chemistry-and-alkanes\/fuel\/oxides-of-nitrogen\/\">Oxides of Nitrogen<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-4-organic-chemistry-and-alkanes\/fuel\/catalytic-converter\/\">Catalytic Converter<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n        <\/ul>\r\n      <\/li>\r\n\r\n      <li>\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-4-organic-chemistry-and-alkanes\/alternative-fuel\/\">Alternative Fuel<\/a>\r\n      <\/li>\r\n\r\n      <li>\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-4-organic-chemistry-and-alkanes\/reactions\/\">Reactions of Alkanes<\/a>\r\n\r\n        <ul class=\"ols-subtopic-list\">\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-4-organic-chemistry-and-alkanes\/reactions\/free-radical-substitution\/\">Free Radical Substitution<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-4-organic-chemistry-and-alkanes\/reactions\/initiation\/\">Initiation<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-4-organic-chemistry-and-alkanes\/reactions\/propagation\/\">Propagation<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-4-organic-chemistry-and-alkanes\/reactions\/termination\/\">Termination<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-4-organic-chemistry-and-alkanes\/reactions\/further-substitution\/\">Further Substitution<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n        <\/ul>\r\n      <\/li>\r\n    <\/ul>\r\n  <\/div>\r\n\r\n  <div class=\"ols-topic-group\">\r\n    <h4>Next Topics<\/h4>\r\n\r\n    <ul class=\"ols-topic-list\">\r\n      <li>\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-5-alkenes\/\">Alkenes<\/a>\r\n      <\/li>\r\n      <li>\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-6-energetics\/\">Energetics<\/a>\r\n      <\/li>\r\n      <li>\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-7-intermolecular-forces\/\">Intermolecular Forces<\/a>\r\n      <\/li>\r\n    <\/ul>\r\n  <\/div>\r\n<\/aside>\r\n\r\n<script>\r\n(function() {\r\n  function normalisePath(path) {\r\n    return String(path || '')\r\n      .split('?')[0]\r\n      .split('#')[0]\r\n      .replace(\/\\\/+$\/, '')\r\n      .toLowerCase();\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  function highlightActive() {\r\n    var sidebar = document.querySelector('.ols-sidebar');\r\n    if (!sidebar) return false;\r\n\r\n    var currentPath = 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href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/\">Edexcel International<\/a> \/\n      <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-4-organic-chemistry-and-alkanes\/\">Topic 4 Organic Chemistry &amp; Alkanes<\/a> \/\n      <span>Alkanes as Fuel<\/span>\n    <\/nav>\n\n    <header class=\"ols-title-card\">\n      <h1>Alkanes as Fuel<\/h1>\n      <p class=\"ols-page-intro\">Use this landing page to move quickly between the main fuel revision pages for Topic 4. Each card links to a focused page covering combustion, pollutant formation, environmental impact and how catalytic converters reduce harmful exhaust emissions.<\/p>\n\n      <div class=\"ols-badges\">\n        <div class=\"ols-badge\">Exam board: Edexcel International<\/div>\n        <div class=\"ols-badge\">Topic 4: Organic Chemistry &amp; Alkanes<\/div>\n        <div class=\"ols-badge\">Level: A Level Chemistry<\/div>\n      <\/div>\n\n      <div class=\"ols-author\">\n        <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"ols-author-avatar-img\" src=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/Author-Profile.jpeg\" alt=\"Dr. Mohammed Al-Fatah\">\n\n        <div class=\"ols-author-content\">\n          <h2 class=\"ols-author-title\">Written by:<br><span>Dr. Mohammed Al-Fatah<\/span><\/h2>\n          <p class=\"ols-author-description\">Chemistry specialist revision notes for A Level Chemistry.<\/p>\n\n          <a class=\"ols-linkedin-pill\" href=\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/doctormohammedfatah\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\n            <svg class=\"ols-linkedin-icon\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"currentColor\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n              <path d=\"M4.98 3.5C4.98 4.88 3.86 6 2.48 6S0 4.88 0 3.5 1.12 1 2.48 1s2.5 1.12 2.5 2.5zM.5 8h4V24h-4V8zm7 0h3.8v2.2h.1c.5-.9 1.8-2.2 3.9-2.2 4.2 0 5 2.8 5 6.4V24h-4v-7.6c0-1.8 0-4.2-2.6-4.2s-3 2-3 4v7.8h-4V8z\"><\/path>\n            <\/svg>\n            View LinkedIn Profile\n          <\/a>\n        <\/div>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/header>\n\n    <article class=\"ols-note-card soft\">\n      <div class=\"ols-note-title\">\n        <div class=\"ols-note-icon\">1<\/div>\n        <h2>Choose an Alkanes as Fuel Page<\/h2>\n      <\/div>\n\n      <p>Alkanes are useful fuels because they burn exothermically in oxygen. These pages separate the main fuel chemistry students need for Topic 4: complete and incomplete combustion, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and catalytic converters.<\/p>\n\n      <div class=\"ols-key-box\">\n        <p><strong>Key idea:<\/strong> Alkane fuel chemistry links combustion equations, energy release, pollutant formation and the chemical methods used to reduce harmful vehicle emissions.<\/p>\n      <\/div>\n\n      <div class=\"ols-ert-grid\">\n        <a class=\"ols-ert-card\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-4-organic-chemistry-and-alkanes\/fuel\/combustion\/\">\n          <div class=\"ols-ert-visual\">\n            <div class=\"ols-ert-icon ols-ert-fuel\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n              <span class=\"ols-ert-flame\"><\/span>\n              <span class=\"ols-ert-label-mini\">combustion<\/span>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/div>\n          <h3>Combustion<\/h3>\n          <p>Revise complete and incomplete combustion of alkanes, including oxygen supply, products and balanced chemical equations.<\/p>\n          <span class=\"ols-ert-meta\">Open revision page<\/span>\n        <\/a>\n\n        <a class=\"ols-ert-card\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-4-organic-chemistry-and-alkanes\/fuel\/oxides-of-sulfur\/\">\n          <div class=\"ols-ert-visual\">\n            <div class=\"ols-ert-icon ols-ert-sulfur\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n              <span class=\"ols-ert-gas\"><\/span>\n              <span class=\"ols-ert-symbol\">SO\u2082<\/span>\n              <span class=\"ols-ert-label-mini\">sulfur oxides<\/span>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/div>\n          <h3>Oxides of Sulfur<\/h3>\n          <p>Learn how sulfur impurities in fossil fuels form sulfur dioxide and why this pollutant is linked to acid rain.<\/p>\n          <span class=\"ols-ert-meta\">Open revision page<\/span>\n        <\/a>\n\n        <a class=\"ols-ert-card\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-4-organic-chemistry-and-alkanes\/fuel\/oxides-of-nitrogen\/\">\n          <div class=\"ols-ert-visual\">\n            <div class=\"ols-ert-icon ols-ert-nitrogen\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n              <span class=\"ols-ert-gas\"><\/span>\n              <span class=\"ols-ert-symbol\">NO\u2093<\/span>\n              <span class=\"ols-ert-label-mini\">nitrogen oxides<\/span>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/div>\n          <h3>Oxides of Nitrogen<\/h3>\n          <p>Review how high engine temperatures allow nitrogen and oxygen from the air to react, forming nitrogen oxides.<\/p>\n          <span class=\"ols-ert-meta\">Open revision page<\/span>\n        <\/a>\n\n        <a class=\"ols-ert-card\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-4-organic-chemistry-and-alkanes\/fuel\/catalytic-converter\/\">\n          <div class=\"ols-ert-visual\">\n            <div class=\"ols-ert-icon ols-ert-catalyst\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n              <span class=\"ols-ert-converter\"><\/span>\n              <span class=\"ols-ert-cell\"><\/span>\n              <span class=\"ols-ert-arrow-mini\"><\/span>\n              <span class=\"ols-ert-label-mini\">converter<\/span>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/div>\n          <h3>Catalytic Converter<\/h3>\n          <p>Revise how catalytic converters reduce carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides and unburnt hydrocarbons in vehicle exhausts.<\/p>\n          <span class=\"ols-ert-meta\">Open revision page<\/span>\n        <\/a>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/article>\n\n    <article class=\"ols-note-card purple\">\n      <div class=\"ols-note-title\">\n        <div class=\"ols-note-icon\">\u2713<\/div>\n        <h2>How to Use These Pages<\/h2>\n      <\/div>\n\n      <p>Start with combustion to secure the core reactions of alkanes as fuels. Then move to oxides of sulfur and oxides of nitrogen to compare how different pollutants form. Finish with catalytic converters to understand how exhaust gases are converted into less harmful products.<\/p>\n\n      <div class=\"ols-key-box\">\n        <p><strong>Exam focus:<\/strong> Learn the pollutant, how it forms, why it is harmful, and how it can be reduced. Then connect each explanation to combustion conditions and real fuel use.<\/p>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/article>\n\n    <section class=\"ols-related-card\">\n      <h2>Related Topic 4 Pages<\/h2>\n      <p>Use these pages to connect alkane fuels with crude oil, alternative fuels, reactions of alkanes and the wider organic chemistry topic.<\/p>\n\n      <div class=\"ols-related-grid\">\n        <a class=\"ols-related-item\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-4-organic-chemistry-and-alkanes\/crude-oil\/\">Alkanes from Crude Oil<\/a>\n        <a class=\"ols-related-item\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-4-organic-chemistry-and-alkanes\/alternative-fuel\/\">Alternative Fuel<\/a>\n        <a class=\"ols-related-item\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-4-organic-chemistry-and-alkanes\/reactions\/\">Reactions of Alkanes<\/a>\n        <a class=\"ols-related-item\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-4-organic-chemistry-and-alkanes\/organic-chemistry\/\">Introduction to Organic Chemistry<\/a>\n        <a class=\"ols-related-item\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-4-organic-chemistry-and-alkanes\/isomerism\/\">Isomerism<\/a>\n        <a class=\"ols-related-item\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-5-alkenes\/\">Next Topic: Alkenes<\/a>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/section>\n\n    <section class=\"ols-attribution-card\">\n      <p><strong>Copyright notice:<\/strong> This revision page, including its written explanations, layout and teaching sequence, is produced for Online Learning System by Dr. Mohammed Al-Fatah. It is intended for student revision and may not be copied, redistributed or republished without permission.<\/p>\n    <\/section>\n\n    <script type=\"application\/ld+json\">\n    {\n      \"@context\": \"https:\/\/schema.org\",\n      \"@graph\": [\n        {\n          \"@type\": \"WebPage\",\n          \"@id\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-4-organic-chemistry-and-alkanes\/fuel\/#webpage\",\n          \"url\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-4-organic-chemistry-and-alkanes\/fuel\/\",\n          \"name\": \"Alkanes as Fuel Revision Notes\",\n          \"description\": \"A Level Chemistry landing page for alkanes as fuels, including combustion, oxides of sulfur, oxides of nitrogen and catalytic converters.\",\n          \"inLanguage\": \"en-GB\",\n          \"isPartOf\": {\n            \"@type\": \"WebSite\",\n            \"@id\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/#website\",\n            \"name\": \"Online Learning System\",\n            \"url\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/\"\n          },\n          \"about\": [\n            {\n              \"@type\": \"Thing\",\n              \"name\": \"Alkanes as fuels\"\n            },\n            {\n              \"@type\": \"Thing\",\n              \"name\": \"Combustion\"\n            },\n            {\n              \"@type\": \"Thing\",\n              \"name\": \"Oxides of sulfur\"\n            },\n            {\n              \"@type\": \"Thing\",\n              \"name\": \"Oxides of nitrogen\"\n            },\n            {\n              \"@type\": \"Thing\",\n              \"name\": \"Catalytic converters\"\n            },\n            {\n              \"@type\": \"Thing\",\n              \"name\": \"Vehicle emissions\"\n            }\n          ],\n          \"author\": {\n            \"@type\": \"Person\",\n            \"name\": \"Dr. Mohammed Al-Fatah\",\n            \"url\": \"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/doctormohammedfatah\/\"\n          },\n          \"publisher\": {\n            \"@type\": \"Organization\",\n            \"name\": \"Online Learning System\",\n            \"url\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/\"\n          }\n        },\n        {\n          \"@type\": \"BreadcrumbList\",\n          \"@id\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-4-organic-chemistry-and-alkanes\/fuel\/#breadcrumb\",\n          \"itemListElement\": [\n            {\n              \"@type\": \"ListItem\",\n              \"position\": 1,\n              \"name\": \"Revision Notes\",\n              \"item\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/\"\n            },\n            {\n              \"@type\": \"ListItem\",\n              \"position\": 2,\n              \"name\": \"A Level Chemistry\",\n              \"item\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/\"\n            },\n            {\n              \"@type\": \"ListItem\",\n              \"position\": 3,\n              \"name\": \"Edexcel International\",\n              \"item\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/\"\n            },\n            {\n              \"@type\": \"ListItem\",\n              \"position\": 4,\n              \"name\": \"Topic 4 Organic Chemistry & Alkanes\",\n              \"item\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-4-organic-chemistry-and-alkanes\/\"\n            },\n            {\n              \"@type\": \"ListItem\",\n              \"position\": 5,\n              \"name\": \"Alkanes as Fuel\",\n              \"item\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-4-organic-chemistry-and-alkanes\/fuel\/\"\n            }\n          ]\n        }\n      ]\n    }\n    <\/script>\n  <\/main>\n<\/section>\n\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Revision Notes \/ A Level Chemistry \/ Edexcel International \/ Topic 4 Organic Chemistry &amp; Alkanes \/ Alkanes as Fuel Alkanes as Fuel Use this landing page to move quickly between the main fuel revision pages for Topic 4. 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