{"id":4384,"date":"2026-05-26T09:02:28","date_gmt":"2026-05-26T08:02:28","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/?page_id=4384"},"modified":"2026-05-26T09:26:18","modified_gmt":"2026-05-26T08:26:18","slug":"ionic-bonding-structure","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-3-bonding-structure\/ionic-bonding-structure\/","title":{"rendered":"Ionic Bonding &amp; Structure"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<section class=\"ols-revision-page ols-ionic-bonding-structure-landing-page\">\n  <style>\n    .ols-revision-page {\n      --navy: #1C244B;\n      --blue: #2563eb;\n      --soft-blue: #eef4ff;\n      --soft-red: #fff7f7;\n      --soft-purple: #f7f0ff;\n      --soft-green: #f0f7f1;\n      --soft-orange: #fff7ed;\n      --gold: #c9973a;\n      --grey-text: #667085;\n      --body-text: #1f2937;\n      --border: rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.14);\n      --shadow: 0 18px 45px rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.10);\n      --inner-shadow: 0 10px 26px rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.08);\n      font-family: Poppins, Arial, sans-serif;\n      color: var(--navy);\n      background: #ffffff;\n    }\n\n    .ols-revision-page * { box-sizing: border-box; }\n\n    .ols-revision-layout {\n      display: block;\n      max-width: 1450px;\n      margin: 0 auto;\n      padding: 24px 20px 60px;\n    }\n\n    .ols-breadcrumbs {\n      display: flex;\n      flex-wrap: wrap;\n      gap: 8px;\n      margin: 10px 0 22px;\n      font-size: 15px;\n      color: var(--grey-text);\n    }\n\n    .ols-breadcrumbs a,\n    .ols-breadcrumbs span {\n      color: var(--grey-text);\n      text-decoration: none;\n      font-weight: 600;\n    }\n\n    .ols-breadcrumbs a:hover {\n      color: var(--blue);\n      text-decoration: underline;\n      text-underline-offset: 3px;\n    }\n\n    .ols-title-card,\n    .ols-note-card,\n    .ols-related-card,\n    .ols-attribution-card {\n      background: #ffffff;\n      border: 1px solid var(--border);\n      border-radius: 28px;\n      box-shadow: var(--shadow);\n      padding: 34px;\n      margin-bottom: 24px;\n      overflow: hidden;\n    }\n\n    .ols-title-card {\n      background: linear-gradient(135deg, #ffffff 0%, #f8fbff 100%);\n    }\n\n    .ols-title-card h1 {\n      margin: 0 0 18px;\n      font-size: clamp(36px, 5vw, 58px);\n      line-height: 1.08;\n      font-weight: 800;\n      letter-spacing: -0.04em;\n      color: #111827;\n    }\n\n    .ols-page-intro {\n      font-size: 19px;\n      line-height: 1.7;\n      font-weight: 300;\n      color: var(--body-text);\n      margin: 0 0 22px;\n    }\n\n    .ols-badges {\n      display: flex;\n      flex-wrap: wrap;\n      gap: 12px;\n      margin-bottom: 22px;\n    }\n\n    .ols-badge {\n      display: inline-flex;\n      align-items: center;\n      padding: 9px 14px;\n      border-radius: 999px;\n      background: #ffffff;\n      border: 1px solid var(--border);\n      font-size: 15px;\n      font-weight: 600;\n      color: var(--navy);\n    }\n\n    .ols-author {\n      display: flex;\n      align-items: center;\n      gap: 20px;\n      padding: 28px;\n      border-radius: 28px;\n      background: linear-gradient(135deg, #ffffff 0%, #f8fbff 100%);\n      border: 1px solid rgba(28,36,75,0.12);\n      box-shadow: 0 18px 45px rgba(28,36,75,0.10);\n      margin-top: 22px;\n    }\n\n    .ols-author-avatar-img {\n      width: 92px;\n      height: 92px;\n      border-radius: 50%;\n      object-fit: cover;\n      object-position: center;\n      flex-shrink: 0;\n      border: 4px solid #ffffff;\n      box-shadow: 0 14px 32px rgba(28,36,75,0.18), 0 0 0 1px rgba(28,36,75,0.10);\n      transition: transform 0.25s ease, box-shadow 0.25s ease;\n    }\n\n    .ols-author:hover .ols-author-avatar-img {\n      transform: scale(1.04);\n      box-shadow: 0 20px 42px rgba(28,36,75,0.22), 0 0 0 1px rgba(28,36,75,0.10);\n    }\n\n    .ols-author-content { min-width: 0; }\n\n    .ols-author-title {\n      margin: 0 0 4px;\n      font-size: clamp(24px,3vw,34px);\n      line-height: 1.15;\n      font-weight: 700;\n      color: var(--navy);\n      letter-spacing: -0.03em;\n    }\n\n    .ols-author-description {\n      margin: 0;\n      font-size: 17px;\n      line-height: 1.7;\n      font-weight: 300;\n      color: var(--grey-text);\n    }\n\n    .ols-linkedin-pill {\n      display: inline-flex;\n      align-items: center;\n      justify-content: center;\n      gap: 10px;\n      margin-top: 16px;\n      padding: 11px 18px;\n      border-radius: 999px;\n      background: linear-gradient(135deg,#0A66C2,#004182);\n      color: #ffffff;\n      text-decoration: none;\n      font-size: 14px;\n      line-height: 1;\n      font-weight: 700;\n      letter-spacing: 0.01em;\n      box-shadow: 0 10px 22px rgba(10,102,194,0.24);\n      position: relative;\n      overflow: hidden;\n      transition: transform 0.22s ease, box-shadow 0.22s ease;\n    }\n\n    .ols-linkedin-pill::before {\n      content: \"\";\n      position: absolute;\n      top: 0;\n      left: -120%;\n      width: 100%;\n      height: 100%;\n      background: linear-gradient(120deg, rgba(255,255,255,0) 0%, rgba(255,255,255,0.28) 50%, rgba(255,255,255,0) 100%);\n      transition: left 0.7s ease;\n    }\n\n    .ols-linkedin-pill:hover {\n      transform: translateY(-3px) scale(1.03);\n      box-shadow: 0 16px 34px rgba(10,102,194,0.34), 0 0 0 6px rgba(10,102,194,0.10);\n      color: #ffffff;\n    }\n\n    .ols-linkedin-pill:hover::before { left: 120%; }\n\n    .ols-linkedin-icon {\n      width: 18px;\n      height: 18px;\n      display: block;\n      flex-shrink: 0;\n    }\n\n    .ols-note-card.soft { background: linear-gradient(135deg, #ffffff 0%, var(--soft-red) 100%); }\n    .ols-note-card.purple { background: linear-gradient(135deg, #ffffff 0%, var(--soft-purple) 100%); }\n\n    .ols-note-title {\n      display: flex;\n      align-items: center;\n      gap: 14px;\n      margin-bottom: 20px;\n    }\n\n    .ols-note-icon {\n      width: 52px;\n      height: 52px;\n      border-radius: 16px;\n      background: var(--navy);\n      color: #ffffff;\n      display: grid;\n      place-items: center;\n      font-size: 24px;\n      font-weight: 800;\n      flex-shrink: 0;\n    }\n\n    .ols-note-title h2,\n    .ols-related-card h2 {\n      margin: 0;\n      font-size: clamp(28px, 3.5vw, 42px);\n      line-height: 1.15;\n      font-weight: 800;\n      color: #111827;\n      letter-spacing: -0.03em;\n    }\n\n    .ols-related-card h2 { margin-bottom: 14px; }\n\n    .ols-note-card p,\n    .ols-note-card li,\n    .ols-related-card p,\n    .ols-attribution-card p {\n      font-size: clamp(15px, 1.3vw, 18px);\n      line-height: 1.65;\n      font-weight: 300;\n      color: var(--body-text);\n    }\n\n    .ols-note-card strong,\n    .ols-related-card strong,\n    .ols-attribution-card strong {\n      font-weight: 700;\n      color: var(--navy);\n    }\n\n    .ols-key-box {\n      margin-top: 20px;\n      background: var(--soft-green);\n      border: 1px solid rgba(63, 143, 70, 0.25);\n      border-radius: 20px;\n      padding: 18px 20px;\n    }\n\n    .ols-key-box p {\n      margin: 0;\n      font-weight: 400;\n      color: var(--navy);\n    }\n\n    .ols-ert-grid {\n      display: grid;\n      grid-template-columns: repeat(3, minmax(0, 1fr));\n      gap: 18px;\n      margin-top: 26px;\n    }\n\n    .ols-ert-card {\n      position: relative;\n      display: grid;\n      grid-template-rows: auto 1fr auto;\n      min-height: 285px;\n      padding: 24px;\n      border-radius: 24px;\n      border: 1px solid rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.13);\n      background:\n        radial-gradient(circle at top right, rgba(37, 99, 235, 0.13), transparent 34%),\n        linear-gradient(135deg, #ffffff 0%, #f8fbff 100%);\n      color: var(--navy);\n      text-decoration: none;\n      overflow: hidden;\n      box-shadow: var(--inner-shadow);\n      transition: transform 0.24s ease, box-shadow 0.24s ease, border-color 0.24s ease, background 0.24s ease;\n    }\n\n    .ols-ert-card:hover {\n      transform: translateY(-6px);\n      border-color: rgba(37, 99, 235, 0.28);\n      box-shadow: 0 24px 52px rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.15);\n      color: var(--navy);\n    }\n\n    .ols-ert-card::before {\n      content: \"\";\n      position: absolute;\n      top: -60px;\n      right: -60px;\n      width: 145px;\n      height: 145px;\n      border-radius: 50%;\n      background: rgba(37, 99, 235, 0.08);\n      transition: transform 0.28s ease, background 0.28s ease;\n    }\n\n    .ols-ert-card:hover::before {\n      transform: scale(1.22);\n      background: rgba(37, 99, 235, 0.13);\n    }\n\n    .ols-ert-visual {\n      position: relative;\n      z-index: 1;\n      min-height: 94px;\n      display: flex;\n      align-items: center;\n      justify-content: center;\n      margin-bottom: 18px;\n    }\n\n    .ols-ert-icon {\n      position: relative;\n      width: 150px;\n      height: 94px;\n    }\n\n    .ols-ert-line,\n    .ols-ert-arrow,\n    .ols-ert-label-mini,\n    .ols-ert-ion,\n    .ols-ert-pull,\n    .ols-ert-lattice {\n      position: absolute;\n      display: block;\n    }\n\n    .ols-ert-ionic .ols-ert-ion {\n      width: 40px;\n      height: 40px;\n      border-radius: 50%;\n      display: grid;\n      place-items: center;\n      font-size: 15px;\n      font-weight: 800;\n      color: #ffffff;\n      box-shadow: 0 12px 24px rgba(28,36,75,0.14);\n    }\n\n    .ols-ert-ionic .ols-ert-ion.left {\n      left: 24px;\n      top: 24px;\n      background: var(--blue);\n    }\n\n    .ols-ert-ionic .ols-ert-ion.right {\n      right: 24px;\n      top: 24px;\n      background: var(--gold);\n    }\n\n    .ols-ert-ionic .ols-ert-arrow {\n      left: 68px;\n      top: 43px;\n      width: 36px;\n      height: 3px;\n      border-radius: 999px;\n      background: rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.65);\n    }\n\n    .ols-ert-ionic .ols-ert-arrow::after {\n      content: \"\";\n      position: absolute;\n      right: -1px;\n      top: 50%;\n      transform: translateY(-50%);\n      border-left: 10px solid rgba(28,36,75,0.65);\n      border-top: 6px solid transparent;\n      border-bottom: 6px solid transparent;\n    }\n\n    .ols-ert-ionic .ols-ert-label-mini {\n      left: 39px;\n      bottom: 8px;\n      color: var(--blue);\n      font-size: 13px;\n      font-weight: 800;\n    }\n\n    .ols-ert-polarisation .ols-ert-ion.large {\n      left: 21px;\n      top: 18px;\n      width: 58px;\n      height: 58px;\n      border-radius: 50%;\n      border: 3px solid rgba(37, 99, 235, 0.34);\n      background: rgba(238, 244, 255, 0.96);\n      box-shadow: inset -10px 0 0 rgba(37,99,235,0.10), 0 12px 24px rgba(28,36,75,0.10);\n    }\n\n    .ols-ert-polarisation .ols-ert-ion.small {\n      right: 33px;\n      top: 30px;\n      width: 34px;\n      height: 34px;\n      border-radius: 50%;\n      background: var(--gold);\n      box-shadow: 0 10px 22px rgba(201,151,58,0.20);\n    }\n\n    .ols-ert-polarisation .ols-ert-pull {\n      left: 82px;\n      top: 44px;\n      width: 34px;\n      height: 3px;\n      border-radius: 999px;\n      background: rgba(201,151,58,0.88);\n    }\n\n    .ols-ert-polarisation .ols-ert-pull::before,\n    .ols-ert-polarisation .ols-ert-pull::after {\n      content: \"\";\n      position: absolute;\n      top: 50%;\n      transform: translateY(-50%);\n      border-top: 6px solid transparent;\n      border-bottom: 6px solid transparent;\n    }\n\n    .ols-ert-polarisation .ols-ert-pull::before {\n      left: -1px;\n      border-right: 10px solid rgba(201,151,58,0.88);\n    }\n\n    .ols-ert-polarisation .ols-ert-pull::after {\n      right: -1px;\n      border-left: 10px solid rgba(201,151,58,0.88);\n    }\n\n    .ols-ert-polarisation .ols-ert-label-mini {\n      left: 34px;\n      bottom: 8px;\n      color: var(--gold);\n      font-size: 13px;\n      font-weight: 800;\n    }\n\n    .ols-ert-properties .ols-ert-lattice {\n      left: 31px;\n      top: 13px;\n      width: 88px;\n      height: 68px;\n      background:\n        radial-gradient(circle at 12px 12px, var(--blue) 0 7px, transparent 8px),\n        radial-gradient(circle at 44px 12px, var(--gold) 0 7px, transparent 8px),\n        radial-gradient(circle at 76px 12px, var(--blue) 0 7px, transparent 8px),\n        radial-gradient(circle at 12px 36px, var(--gold) 0 7px, transparent 8px),\n        radial-gradient(circle at 44px 36px, var(--blue) 0 7px, transparent 8px),\n        radial-gradient(circle at 76px 36px, var(--gold) 0 7px, transparent 8px),\n        radial-gradient(circle at 12px 60px, var(--blue) 0 7px, transparent 8px),\n        radial-gradient(circle at 44px 60px, var(--gold) 0 7px, transparent 8px),\n        radial-gradient(circle at 76px 60px, var(--blue) 0 7px, transparent 8px);\n      border-radius: 18px;\n      box-shadow: 0 12px 26px rgba(28,36,75,0.10);\n    }\n\n    .ols-ert-properties .ols-ert-lattice::before {\n      content: \"\";\n      position: absolute;\n      inset: 8px 6px;\n      background:\n        linear-gradient(90deg, rgba(28,36,75,0.16) 1px, transparent 1px) 0 0 \/ 32px 24px,\n        linear-gradient(0deg, rgba(28,36,75,0.16) 1px, transparent 1px) 0 0 \/ 32px 24px;\n      border-radius: 14px;\n      pointer-events: none;\n    }\n\n    .ols-ert-properties .ols-ert-label-mini {\n      left: 43px;\n      bottom: 7px;\n      color: var(--blue);\n      font-size: 13px;\n      font-weight: 800;\n    }\n\n    .ols-ert-card h3 {\n      position: relative;\n      z-index: 1;\n      margin: 0 0 10px;\n      font-size: 23px;\n      line-height: 1.2;\n      font-weight: 800;\n      letter-spacing: -0.02em;\n      color: #111827;\n    }\n\n    .ols-ert-card p {\n      position: relative;\n      z-index: 1;\n      margin: 0;\n      font-size: 15px;\n      line-height: 1.6;\n      font-weight: 300;\n      color: var(--body-text);\n    }\n\n    .ols-ert-card,\n    .ols-ert-card *,\n    .ols-ert-card:hover,\n    .ols-ert-card:hover *,\n    .ols-related-item,\n    .ols-related-item *,\n    .ols-related-item:hover,\n    .ols-related-item:hover * {\n      text-decoration: none !important;\n    }\n\n    .ols-ert-meta {\n      position: relative;\n      z-index: 1;\n      display: inline-flex;\n      align-items: center;\n      justify-content: center;\n      margin-top: 20px;\n      padding: 10px 14px;\n      border-radius: 999px;\n      background: var(--navy);\n      color: #ffffff;\n      font-size: 13px;\n      font-weight: 700;\n      width: fit-content;\n      transition: background 0.22s ease, transform 0.22s ease;\n    }\n\n    .ols-ert-card:hover .ols-ert-meta {\n      background: var(--blue);\n      transform: translateX(4px);\n    }\n\n    .ols-related-grid {\n      display: grid;\n      grid-template-columns: repeat(3, minmax(0, 1fr));\n      gap: 16px;\n      margin-top: 18px;\n    }\n\n    .ols-related-item {\n      border: 1px solid var(--border);\n      border-radius: 18px;\n      padding: 18px;\n      background: #ffffff;\n      color: var(--navy);\n      text-decoration: none;\n      font-weight: 600;\n      line-height: 1.5;\n      transition: transform 0.2s ease, box-shadow 0.2s ease, color 0.2s ease;\n    }\n\n    .ols-related-item:hover {\n      transform: translateY(-2px);\n      box-shadow: 0 10px 22px rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.08);\n      color: var(--blue);\n    }\n\n    .ols-attribution-card {\n      background: linear-gradient(135deg, #ffffff 0%, #f8fbff 100%);\n    }\n\n    .ols-attribution-card p {\n      margin: 0;\n      font-size: 14px;\n      color: var(--grey-text);\n    }\n\n    @media (max-width: 1050px) {\n      .ols-revision-layout { grid-template-columns: 1fr; }\n      .ols-main { max-width: none; }\n      .ols-ert-grid { grid-template-columns: repeat(2, minmax(0, 1fr)); }\n      .ols-related-grid { grid-template-columns: repeat(2, minmax(0, 1fr)); }\n    }\n\n    @media (max-width: 760px) {\n      .ols-revision-layout { padding: 14px 12px 44px; }\n      .ols-title-card, .ols-note-card, .ols-related-card, .ols-attribution-card { padding: 24px 18px; border-radius: 22px; }\n      .ols-note-title { align-items: flex-start; }\n      .ols-author { align-items: flex-start; padding: 22px 18px; border-radius: 22px; }\n      .ols-author-avatar-img { width: 72px; height: 72px; }\n      .ols-author-title { font-size: 24px; }\n      .ols-author-description { font-size: 15px; }\n      .ols-ert-grid { grid-template-columns: 1fr; }\n      .ols-ert-card { min-height: 255px; }\n      .ols-related-grid { grid-template-columns: 1fr; }\n    }\n  <\/style>\n\n  <aside class=\"ols-sidebar\">\r\n  <div class=\"ols-sidebar-header\">\r\n    <h3>Revision Notes<\/h3>\r\n    <p>A Level Chemistry<\/p>\r\n  <\/div>\r\n\r\n  <div class=\"ols-topic-group\">\r\n    <h4>Topic 3 Bonding &amp; Structure<\/h4>\r\n\r\n    <ul class=\"ols-topic-list\">\r\n      <li>\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-3-bonding-structure\/ionic-bonding-structure\/\">Ionic Bonding &amp; Structure<\/a>\r\n\r\n        <ul class=\"ols-subtopic-list\">\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-3-bonding-structure\/ionic-bonding-structure\/nature-of-ionic-bonding\/\">Nature of Ionic Bonding<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-3-bonding-structure\/ionic-bonding-structure\/polarisation-of-ions\/\">Polarisation of Ions<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-3-bonding-structure\/ionic-bonding-structure\/physical-properties-of-ionic-compounds\/\">Physical Properties of Ionic Compounds<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n        <\/ul>\r\n      <\/li>\r\n\r\n      <li>\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-3-bonding-structure\/nature-of-covalent-bonding\/\">Nature of Covalent Bonding<\/a>\r\n\r\n        <ul class=\"ols-subtopic-list\">\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-3-bonding-structure\/nature-of-covalent-bonding\/covalent-bonding-and-structure\/\">Covalent Bonding<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-3-bonding-structure\/nature-of-covalent-bonding\/dative-covalent-bonding\/\">Dative Covalent Bonding<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\n          <li>\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-3-bonding-structure\/nature-of-covalent-bonding\/giant-covalent-structures\/\">Giant Covalent Structures<\/a>\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-3-bonding-structure\/nature-of-covalent-bonding\/electronegativity\/\">Electronegativity<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n        <\/ul>\r\n      <\/li>\r\n\r\n      <li>\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-3-bonding-structure\/shapes-of-molecules\/\">Shapes of Molecules<\/a>\r\n\r\n        <ul class=\"ols-subtopic-list\">\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-3-bonding-structure\/shapes-of-molecules\/linear\/\">Linear<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-3-bonding-structure\/shapes-of-molecules\/trigonal-planar\/\">Trigonal Planar<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-3-bonding-structure\/shapes-of-molecules\/tetrahedral\/\">Tetrahedral<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-3-bonding-structure\/shapes-of-molecules\/trigonal-pyramidal\/\">Trigonal Pyramidal<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-3-bonding-structure\/shapes-of-molecules\/bent\/\">Bent<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-3-bonding-structure\/shapes-of-molecules\/trigonal-bipyramidal\/\">Trigonal Bipyramidal<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-3-bonding-structure\/shapes-of-molecules\/octahedral\/\">Octahedral<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-3-bonding-structure\/shapes-of-molecules\/square-planar\/\">Square Planar<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-3-bonding-structure\/shapes-of-molecules\/square-pyramidal\/\">Square Pyramidal<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-3-bonding-structure\/shapes-of-molecules\/distorted-t\/\">Distorted T<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-3-bonding-structure\/shapes-of-molecules\/seesaw\/\">SeeSaw<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n        <\/ul>\r\n      <\/li>\r\n\r\n      <li>\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-3-bonding-structure\/polar-and-non-polar-molecules\/\">Polar &amp; Non-Polar Molecules<\/a>\r\n      <\/li>\r\n\r\n      <li>\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-3-bonding-structure\/metallic-bonding\/\">Nature of Metallic Bonding<\/a>\r\n\r\n        <ul class=\"ols-subtopic-list\">\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-3-bonding-structure\/metallic-bonding\/metallic-bonding-structure\/\">Metallic Bonding &amp; Structure<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-3-bonding-structure\/metallic-bonding\/physical-properties-of-metals\/\">Physical Properties of Metals<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n        <\/ul>\r\n      <\/li>\n          <li>\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-3-bonding-structure\/structure-types\/\">Structure Types<\/a>\n          <\/li>\r\n    <\/ul>\r\n  <\/div>\r\n\r\n  <div class=\"ols-topic-group\">\r\n    <h4>Next Topics<\/h4>\r\n\r\n    <ul class=\"ols-topic-list\">\r\n      <li>\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-4-organic-chemistry-and-alkanes\/\">Organic Chemistry &amp; Alkanes<\/a>\r\n      <\/li>\r\n      <li>\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-5-alkenes\/\">Alkenes<\/a>\r\n      <\/li>\r\n      <li>\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-6-energetics\/\">Energetics<\/a>\r\n      <\/li>\r\n    <\/ul>\r\n  <\/div>\r\n<\/aside>\r\n\r\n<script>\r\n(function() {\r\n  function normalisePath(path) {\r\n    return String(path || '')\r\n      .split('?')[0]\r\n      .split('#')[0]\r\n      .replace(\/\\\/+$\/, '')\r\n      .toLowerCase();\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  function highlightActive() {\r\n    var sidebar = document.querySelector('.ols-sidebar');\r\n    if (!sidebar) return false;\r\n\r\n    var currentPath = normalisePath(window.location.pathname);\r\n    var links = sidebar.querySelectorAll('a[href]');\r\n    var matched = null;\r\n    var matchedLength = 0;\r\n\r\n    sidebar.querySelectorAll('.active, .active-main, .parent-active').forEach(function(item) {\r\n      item.classList.remove('active', 'active-main', 'parent-active');\r\n    });\r\n\r\n    sidebar.querySelectorAll('a[data-ols-disabled-parent=\"1\"], a[aria-current]').forEach(function(a) {\r\n      a.removeAttribute('aria-current');\r\n      a.removeAttribute('tabindex');\r\n      a.removeAttribute('data-ols-disabled-parent');\r\n    });\r\n\r\n    links.forEach(function(a) {\r\n      try {\r\n        var href = a.getAttribute('href');\r\n\r\n        if (!href || href === '#' || href.charAt(0) === '#') {\r\n          return;\r\n        }\r\n\r\n        var linkPath = normalisePath(new URL(href, window.location.origin).pathname);\r\n\r\n        if (!linkPath) {\r\n          return;\r\n        }\r\n\r\n        if (currentPath === linkPath || currentPath.indexOf(linkPath + '\/') === 0) {\r\n          if (linkPath.length > matchedLength) {\r\n            matched = a;\r\n            matchedLength = linkPath.length;\r\n          }\r\n        }\r\n      } catch(e) {}\r\n    });\r\n\r\n    if (matched) {\r\n      var matchedLi = matched.closest('li');\r\n      var parentSub = matched.closest('.ols-subtopic-list');\r\n\r\n      if (parentSub) {\r\n        if (matchedLi) {\r\n          matchedLi.classList.add('active');\r\n          matched.setAttribute('aria-current', 'page');\r\n        }\r\n\r\n        var parentLi = parentSub.closest('li');\r\n\r\n        if (parentLi) {\r\n          parentLi.classList.add('parent-active', 'active-main');\r\n\r\n          var parentLink = parentLi.querySelector(':scope > a');\r\n\r\n          if (parentLink) {\r\n            parentLink.setAttribute('aria-current', 'true');\r\n            parentLink.setAttribute('tabindex', '-1');\r\n            parentLink.setAttribute('data-ols-disabled-parent', '1');\r\n          }\r\n        }\r\n      } else {\r\n        if (matchedLi) {\r\n          matchedLi.classList.add('parent-active', 'active-main');\r\n          matched.setAttribute('aria-current', 'page');\r\n          matched.setAttribute('tabindex', '-1');\r\n          matched.setAttribute('data-ols-disabled-parent', '1');\r\n        }\r\n      }\r\n    }\r\n\r\n    return true;\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  if (!highlightActive()) {\r\n    document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', highlightActive);\r\n  }\r\n})();\r\n<\/script>\r\n\n\n  <main class=\"ols-main\">\n    <nav class=\"ols-breadcrumbs\" aria-label=\"Breadcrumb\">\n      <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/\">Revision Notes<\/a> \/\n      <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/\">A Level Chemistry<\/a> \/\n      <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/\">Edexcel International<\/a> \/\n      <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-3-bonding-structure\/\">Topic 3 Bonding &amp; Structure<\/a> \/\n      <span>Ionic Bonding &amp; Structure<\/span>\n    <\/nav>\n\n    <header class=\"ols-title-card\">\n      <h1>Ionic Bonding &amp; Structure<\/h1>\n      <p class=\"ols-page-intro\">Use this landing page to move quickly between the main ionic bonding revision pages for Topic 3. Each card links to a focused page covering ionic bond formation, polarisation of ions and the physical properties of ionic compounds.<\/p>\n\n      <div class=\"ols-badges\">\n        <div class=\"ols-badge\">Exam board: Edexcel International<\/div>\n        <div class=\"ols-badge\">Topic 3: Bonding &amp; Structure<\/div>\n        <div class=\"ols-badge\">Level: A Level Chemistry<\/div>\n      <\/div>\n\n      <div class=\"ols-author\">\n        <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"ols-author-avatar-img\" src=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/Author-Profile.jpeg\" alt=\"Dr. Mohammed Al-Fatah\">\n\n        <div class=\"ols-author-content\">\n          <h2 class=\"ols-author-title\">Written by:<br><span>Dr. Mohammed Al-Fatah<\/span><\/h2>\n          <p class=\"ols-author-description\">Chemistry specialist revision notes for A Level Chemistry.<\/p>\n\n          <a class=\"ols-linkedin-pill\" href=\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/doctormohammedfatah\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\n            <svg class=\"ols-linkedin-icon\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"currentColor\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n              <path d=\"M4.98 3.5C4.98 4.88 3.86 6 2.48 6S0 4.88 0 3.5 1.12 1 2.48 1s2.5 1.12 2.5 2.5zM.5 8h4V24h-4V8zm7 0h3.8v2.2h.1c.5-.9 1.8-2.2 3.9-2.2 4.2 0 5 2.8 5 6.4V24h-4v-7.6c0-1.8 0-4.2-2.6-4.2s-3 2-3 4v7.8h-4V8z\"><\/path>\n            <\/svg>\n            View LinkedIn Profile\n          <\/a>\n        <\/div>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/header>\n\n    <article class=\"ols-note-card soft\">\n      <div class=\"ols-note-title\">\n        <div class=\"ols-note-icon\">1<\/div>\n        <h2>Choose an Ionic Bonding Page<\/h2>\n      <\/div>\n\n      <p>Ionic compounds form when electrons are transferred and oppositely charged ions attract each other in a giant ionic lattice. These pages separate the key ideas so that students can revise how ionic bonding forms, why some ionic compounds show covalent character and how lattice structure explains physical properties.<\/p>\n\n      <div class=\"ols-key-box\">\n        <p><strong>Key idea:<\/strong> Ionic bonding is the strong electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions. The strength of this attraction helps explain high melting points, brittleness and electrical conductivity when molten or dissolved.<\/p>\n      <\/div>\n\n      <div class=\"ols-ert-grid\">\n        <a class=\"ols-ert-card\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-3-bonding-structure\/ionic-bonding-structure\/nature-of-ionic-bonding\/\">\n          <div class=\"ols-ert-visual\">\n            <div class=\"ols-ert-icon ols-ert-ionic\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n              <span class=\"ols-ert-ion left\">+<\/span>\n              <span class=\"ols-ert-arrow\"><\/span>\n              <span class=\"ols-ert-ion right\">\u2212<\/span>\n              <span class=\"ols-ert-label-mini\">ionic attraction<\/span>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/div>\n          <h3>Nature of Ionic Bonding<\/h3>\n          <p>Revise electron transfer, ion formation and the electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions in ionic compounds.<\/p>\n          <span class=\"ols-ert-meta\">Open revision page<\/span>\n        <\/a>\n\n        <a class=\"ols-ert-card\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-3-bonding-structure\/ionic-bonding-structure\/polarisation-of-ions\/\">\n          <div class=\"ols-ert-visual\">\n            <div class=\"ols-ert-icon ols-ert-polarisation\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n              <span class=\"ols-ert-ion large\"><\/span>\n              <span class=\"ols-ert-pull\"><\/span>\n              <span class=\"ols-ert-ion small\"><\/span>\n              <span class=\"ols-ert-label-mini\">polarisation<\/span>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/div>\n          <h3>Polarisation of Ions<\/h3>\n          <p>Learn how small highly charged cations can distort anion electron clouds, giving some ionic compounds partial covalent character.<\/p>\n          <span class=\"ols-ert-meta\">Open revision page<\/span>\n        <\/a>\n\n        <a class=\"ols-ert-card\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-3-bonding-structure\/ionic-bonding-structure\/physical-properties-of-ionic-compounds\/\">\n          <div class=\"ols-ert-visual\">\n            <div class=\"ols-ert-icon ols-ert-properties\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n              <span class=\"ols-ert-lattice\"><\/span>\n              <span class=\"ols-ert-label-mini\">giant lattice<\/span>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/div>\n          <h3>Physical Properties of Ionic Compounds<\/h3>\n          <p>Connect giant ionic lattice structure with melting point, solubility, brittleness and electrical conductivity.<\/p>\n          <span class=\"ols-ert-meta\">Open revision page<\/span>\n        <\/a>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/article>\n\n    <article class=\"ols-note-card purple\">\n      <div class=\"ols-note-title\">\n        <div class=\"ols-note-icon\">\u2713<\/div>\n        <h2>How to Use These Pages<\/h2>\n      <\/div>\n\n      <p>Start with the nature of ionic bonding to secure electron transfer and electrostatic attraction. Then move to polarisation of ions to understand why ionic compounds are not always purely ionic. Finally, use the physical properties page to link bonding and structure to exam-style explanations.<\/p>\n\n      <div class=\"ols-key-box\">\n        <p><strong>Exam focus:<\/strong> For ionic compounds, always link the macroscopic property back to particles, charge and electrostatic attraction. Avoid vague statements such as \u201cionic bonds are strong\u201d unless you identify the ions and the forces between them.<\/p>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/article>\n\n    <section class=\"ols-related-card\">\n      <h2>Related Topic 3 Pages<\/h2>\n      <p>Use these pages to connect ionic bonding with covalent bonding, molecular shape, molecular polarity and metallic bonding.<\/p>\n\n      <div class=\"ols-related-grid\">\n        <a class=\"ols-related-item\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-3-bonding-structure\/nature-of-covalent-bonding\/\">Nature of Covalent Bonding<\/a>\n        <a class=\"ols-related-item\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-3-bonding-structure\/shapes-of-molecules\/\">Shapes of Molecules<\/a>\n        <a class=\"ols-related-item\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-3-bonding-structure\/polar-and-non-polar-molecules\/\">Polar &amp; Non-Polar Molecules<\/a>\n        <a class=\"ols-related-item\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-3-bonding-structure\/metallic-bonding\/\">Nature of Metallic Bonding<\/a>\n        <a class=\"ols-related-item\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-4-organic-chemistry-and-alkanes\/\">Next Topic: Organic Chemistry &amp; Alkanes<\/a>\n        <a class=\"ols-related-item\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-5-alkenes\/\">Next Topic: Alkenes<\/a>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/section>\n\n    <section class=\"ols-attribution-card\">\n      <p><strong>Copyright notice:<\/strong> This revision page, including its written explanations, layout and teaching sequence, is produced for Online Learning System by Dr. Mohammed Al-Fatah. It is intended for student revision and may not be copied, redistributed or republished without permission.<\/p>\n    <\/section>\n\n    <script type=\"application\/ld+json\">\n    {\n      \"@context\": \"https:\/\/schema.org\",\n      \"@graph\": [\n        {\n          \"@type\": \"WebPage\",\n          \"@id\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-3-bonding-structure\/ionic-bonding-structure\/#webpage\",\n          \"url\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-3-bonding-structure\/ionic-bonding-structure\/\",\n          \"name\": \"Ionic Bonding and Structure Revision Notes\",\n          \"description\": \"A Level Chemistry landing page for ionic bonding and structure, including the nature of ionic bonding, polarisation of ions and physical properties of ionic compounds.\",\n          \"inLanguage\": \"en-GB\",\n          \"isPartOf\": {\n            \"@type\": \"WebSite\",\n            \"@id\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/#website\",\n            \"name\": \"Online Learning System\",\n            \"url\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/\"\n          },\n          \"about\": [\n            {\n              \"@type\": \"Thing\",\n              \"name\": \"Ionic bonding\"\n            },\n            {\n              \"@type\": \"Thing\",\n              \"name\": \"Ionic lattice\"\n            },\n            {\n              \"@type\": \"Thing\",\n              \"name\": \"Polarisation of ions\"\n            },\n            {\n              \"@type\": \"Thing\",\n              \"name\": \"Physical properties of ionic compounds\"\n            }\n          ],\n          \"author\": {\n            \"@type\": \"Person\",\n            \"name\": \"Dr. Mohammed Al-Fatah\",\n            \"url\": \"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/doctormohammedfatah\/\"\n          },\n          \"publisher\": {\n            \"@type\": \"Organization\",\n            \"name\": \"Online Learning System\",\n            \"url\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/\"\n          }\n        },\n        {\n          \"@type\": \"BreadcrumbList\",\n          \"@id\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-3-bonding-structure\/ionic-bonding-structure\/#breadcrumb\",\n          \"itemListElement\": [\n            {\n              \"@type\": \"ListItem\",\n              \"position\": 1,\n              \"name\": \"Revision Notes\",\n              \"item\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/\"\n            },\n            {\n              \"@type\": \"ListItem\",\n              \"position\": 2,\n              \"name\": \"A Level Chemistry\",\n              \"item\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/\"\n            },\n            {\n              \"@type\": \"ListItem\",\n              \"position\": 3,\n              \"name\": \"Edexcel International\",\n              \"item\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/\"\n            },\n            {\n              \"@type\": \"ListItem\",\n              \"position\": 4,\n              \"name\": \"Topic 3 Bonding & Structure\",\n              \"item\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-3-bonding-structure\/\"\n            },\n            {\n              \"@type\": \"ListItem\",\n              \"position\": 5,\n              \"name\": \"Ionic Bonding & Structure\",\n              \"item\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-3-bonding-structure\/ionic-bonding-structure\/\"\n            }\n          ]\n        }\n      ]\n    }\n    <\/script>\n  <\/main>\n<\/section>\n\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Revision Notes \/ A Level Chemistry \/ Edexcel International \/ Topic 3 Bonding &amp; Structure \/ Ionic Bonding &amp; Structure Ionic Bonding &amp; Structure Use this landing page to move quickly between the main ionic bonding revision pages for Topic 3. Each card links to a focused page covering ionic bond formation, polarisation of ions [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":12,"featured_media":0,"parent":3740,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-4384","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/4384","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/12"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4384"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/4384\/revisions"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/3740"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4384"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}