{"id":4387,"date":"2026-05-26T09:04:31","date_gmt":"2026-05-26T08:04:31","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/?page_id=4387"},"modified":"2026-09-12T11:59:48","modified_gmt":"2026-09-12T10:59:48","slug":"nature-of-covalent-bonding","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-3-bonding-structure\/nature-of-covalent-bonding\/","title":{"rendered":"Nature of Covalent Bonding"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<section class=\"ols-revision-page ols-nature-of-covalent-bonding-landing-page\">\n  <style>\n    .ols-revision-page {\n      --navy: #1C244B;\n      --blue: #2563eb;\n      --soft-blue: #eef4ff;\n      --soft-red: #fff7f7;\n      --soft-purple: #f7f0ff;\n      --soft-green: #f0f7f1;\n      --soft-orange: #fff7ed;\n      --gold: #c9973a;\n      --grey-text: #667085;\n      --body-text: #1f2937;\n      --border: rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.14);\n      --shadow: 0 18px 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href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-3-bonding-structure\/ionic-bonding-structure\/nature-of-ionic-bonding\/\">Nature of Ionic Bonding<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-3-bonding-structure\/ionic-bonding-structure\/polarisation-of-ions\/\">Polarisation of Ions<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-3-bonding-structure\/ionic-bonding-structure\/physical-properties-of-ionic-compounds\/\">Physical Properties of Ionic Compounds<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n        <\/ul>\r\n      <\/li>\r\n\r\n      <li>\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-3-bonding-structure\/nature-of-covalent-bonding\/\">Nature of Covalent Bonding<\/a>\r\n\r\n        <ul class=\"ols-subtopic-list\">\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-3-bonding-structure\/nature-of-covalent-bonding\/covalent-bonding-and-structure\/\">Covalent Bonding<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-3-bonding-structure\/nature-of-covalent-bonding\/dative-covalent-bonding\/\">Dative Covalent Bonding<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\n          <li>\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-3-bonding-structure\/nature-of-covalent-bonding\/giant-covalent-structures\/\">Giant Covalent Structures<\/a>\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-3-bonding-structure\/nature-of-covalent-bonding\/electronegativity\/\">Electronegativity<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n        <\/ul>\r\n      <\/li>\r\n\r\n      <li>\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-3-bonding-structure\/shapes-of-molecules\/\">Shapes of Molecules<\/a>\r\n\r\n        <ul class=\"ols-subtopic-list\">\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-3-bonding-structure\/shapes-of-molecules\/linear\/\">Linear<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-3-bonding-structure\/shapes-of-molecules\/trigonal-planar\/\">Trigonal Planar<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-3-bonding-structure\/shapes-of-molecules\/tetrahedral\/\">Tetrahedral<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-3-bonding-structure\/shapes-of-molecules\/trigonal-pyramidal\/\">Trigonal Pyramidal<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-3-bonding-structure\/shapes-of-molecules\/bent\/\">Bent<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-3-bonding-structure\/shapes-of-molecules\/trigonal-bipyramidal\/\">Trigonal Bipyramidal<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-3-bonding-structure\/shapes-of-molecules\/octahedral\/\">Octahedral<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-3-bonding-structure\/shapes-of-molecules\/square-planar\/\">Square Planar<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-3-bonding-structure\/shapes-of-molecules\/square-pyramidal\/\">Square Pyramidal<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-3-bonding-structure\/shapes-of-molecules\/distorted-t\/\">Distorted T<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-3-bonding-structure\/shapes-of-molecules\/seesaw\/\">SeeSaw<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n        <\/ul>\r\n      <\/li>\r\n\r\n      <li>\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-3-bonding-structure\/polar-and-non-polar-molecules\/\">Polar &amp; Non-Polar Molecules<\/a>\r\n      <\/li>\r\n\r\n      <li>\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-3-bonding-structure\/metallic-bonding\/\">Nature of Metallic Bonding<\/a>\r\n\r\n        <ul class=\"ols-subtopic-list\">\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-3-bonding-structure\/metallic-bonding\/metallic-bonding-structure\/\">Metallic Bonding &amp; Structure<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-3-bonding-structure\/metallic-bonding\/physical-properties-of-metals\/\">Physical Properties of Metals<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n        <\/ul>\r\n      <\/li>\n          <li>\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-3-bonding-structure\/structure-types\/\">Structure Types<\/a>\n          <\/li>\r\n    <\/ul>\r\n  <\/div>\r\n\r\n  <div class=\"ols-topic-group\">\r\n    <h4>Next Topics<\/h4>\r\n\r\n    <ul class=\"ols-topic-list\">\r\n      <li>\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-4-organic-chemistry-and-alkanes\/\">Organic Chemistry &amp; Alkanes<\/a>\r\n      <\/li>\r\n      <li>\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-5-alkenes\/\">Alkenes<\/a>\r\n      <\/li>\r\n      <li>\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-6-energetics\/\">Energetics<\/a>\r\n      <\/li>\r\n    <\/ul>\r\n  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class=\"ols-breadcrumbs\" aria-label=\"Breadcrumb\">\n      <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/\">Revision Notes<\/a> \/\n      <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/\">A Level Chemistry<\/a> \/\n      <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/\">Edexcel International<\/a> \/\n      <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-3-bonding-structure\/\">Topic 3 Bonding &amp; Structure<\/a> \/\n      <span>Nature of Covalent Bonding<\/span>\n    <\/nav>\n\n    <header class=\"ols-title-card\">\n      <h1>Nature of Covalent Bonding<\/h1>\n      <p class=\"ols-page-intro\">Use this landing page to move quickly between the main covalent bonding revision pages for Topic 3. Each card links to a focused page covering covalent bond formation, dative covalent bonding and electronegativity.<\/p>\n\n      <div class=\"ols-badges\">\n        <div class=\"ols-badge\">Exam board: Edexcel International<\/div>\n        <div class=\"ols-badge\">Topic 3: Bonding &amp; Structure<\/div>\n        <div class=\"ols-badge\">Level: A Level Chemistry<\/div>\n      <\/div>\n\n      <div class=\"ols-author\">\n        <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"ols-author-avatar-img\" src=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/Author-Profile.jpeg\" alt=\"Dr. Mohammed Al-Fatah\">\n\n        <div class=\"ols-author-content\">\n          <h2 class=\"ols-author-title\">Written by:<br><span>Dr. Mohammed Al-Fatah<\/span><\/h2>\n          <p class=\"ols-author-description\">Chemistry specialist revision notes for A Level Chemistry.<\/p>\n\n          <a class=\"ols-linkedin-pill\" href=\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/doctormohammedfatah\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\n            <svg class=\"ols-linkedin-icon\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"currentColor\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n              <path d=\"M4.98 3.5C4.98 4.88 3.86 6 2.48 6S0 4.88 0 3.5 1.12 1 2.48 1s2.5 1.12 2.5 2.5zM.5 8h4V24h-4V8zm7 0h3.8v2.2h.1c.5-.9 1.8-2.2 3.9-2.2 4.2 0 5 2.8 5 6.4V24h-4v-7.6c0-1.8 0-4.2-2.6-4.2s-3 2-3 4v7.8h-4V8z\"><\/path>\n            <\/svg>\n            View LinkedIn Profile\n          <\/a>\n        <\/div>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/header>\n\n    <article class=\"ols-note-card soft\">\n      <div class=\"ols-note-title\">\n        <div class=\"ols-note-icon\">1<\/div>\n        <h2>Choose a Covalent Bonding Page<\/h2>\n      <\/div>\n\n      <p>Covalent bonding forms when atoms share pairs of electrons. These pages separate the key ideas so that students can revise ordinary covalent bonds, dative covalent bonds and how electronegativity affects bond polarity.<\/p>\n\n      <div class=\"ols-key-box\">\n        <p><strong>Key idea:<\/strong> A covalent bond is a shared pair of electrons attracted to the nuclei of both bonded atoms. Differences in electronegativity can make that shared pair unevenly distributed.<\/p>\n      <\/div>\n\n      <div class=\"ols-ert-grid\">\n        <a class=\"ols-ert-card\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-3-bonding-structure\/nature-of-covalent-bonding\/covalent-bonding-and-structure\/\">\n          <div class=\"ols-ert-visual\">\n            <div class=\"ols-ert-icon ols-ert-covalent\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n              <span class=\"ols-ert-atom left\">Cl<\/span>\n              <span class=\"ols-ert-shared\"><\/span>\n              <span class=\"ols-ert-atom right\">Cl<\/span>\n              <span class=\"ols-ert-label-mini\">shared pair<\/span>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/div>\n          <h3>Covalent Bonding<\/h3>\n          <p>Revise how atoms share pairs of electrons to form covalent bonds, including dot-and-cross diagrams and simple molecular substances.<\/p>\n          <span class=\"ols-ert-meta\">Open revision page<\/span>\n        <\/a>\n\n        <a class=\"ols-ert-card\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-3-bonding-structure\/nature-of-covalent-bonding\/dative-covalent-bonding\/\">\n          <div class=\"ols-ert-visual\">\n            <div class=\"ols-ert-icon ols-ert-dative\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n              <span class=\"ols-ert-donor\">:<\/span>\n              <span class=\"ols-ert-arrow\"><\/span>\n              <span class=\"ols-ert-acceptor\">H\u207a<\/span>\n              <span class=\"ols-ert-label-mini\">coordinate bond<\/span>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/div>\n          <h3>Dative Covalent Bonding<\/h3>\n          <p>Learn how a dative covalent bond forms when both electrons in the shared pair are donated by the same atom.<\/p>\n          <span class=\"ols-ert-meta\">Open revision page<\/span>\n        <\/a>\n\n        <a class=\"ols-ert-card\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-3-bonding-structure\/nature-of-covalent-bonding\/giant-covalent-structures\/\">\n          <div class=\"ols-ert-visual\">\n            <div class=\"ols-ert-icon ols-ert-dative\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n              <span class=\"ols-ert-donor\">C<\/span>\n              <span class=\"ols-ert-arrow\"><\/span>\n              <span class=\"ols-ert-acceptor\">C<\/span>\n              <span class=\"ols-ert-label-mini\">giant lattice<\/span>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/div>\n          <h3>Giant Covalent Structures<\/h3>\n          <p>Compare diamond, graphite and graphene: how each is bonded, and why the structure explains hardness, melting point and electrical conductivity.<\/p>\n          <span class=\"ols-ert-meta\">Open revision page<\/span>\n        <\/a>\n\n        <a class=\"ols-ert-card\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-3-bonding-structure\/nature-of-covalent-bonding\/electronegativity\/\">\n          <div class=\"ols-ert-visual\">\n            <div class=\"ols-ert-icon ols-ert-electronegativity\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n              <span class=\"ols-ert-atom small\">\u03b4\u207a<\/span>\n              <span class=\"ols-ert-bond-pull\"><\/span>\n              <span class=\"ols-ert-atom large\">\u03b4\u207b<\/span>\n              <span class=\"ols-ert-label-mini\">bond polarity<\/span>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/div>\n          <h3>Electronegativity<\/h3>\n          <p>Connect electronegativity differences with polar bonds, uneven electron density and partial charges in covalent molecules.<\/p>\n          <span class=\"ols-ert-meta\">Open revision page<\/span>\n        <\/a>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/article>\n\n    <article class=\"ols-note-card purple\">\n      <div class=\"ols-note-title\">\n        <div class=\"ols-note-icon\">\u2713<\/div>\n        <h2>How to Use These Pages<\/h2>\n      <\/div>\n\n      <p>Start with covalent bonding to secure electron-pair sharing and dot-and-cross diagrams. Then move to dative covalent bonding to understand how one atom can provide both electrons in the shared pair. Finally, use electronegativity to explain bond polarity and uneven electron density.<\/p>\n\n      <div class=\"ols-key-box\">\n        <p><strong>Exam focus:<\/strong> For covalent bonding, distinguish clearly between shared electron pairs, lone pairs, dative covalent bonds and polar bonds. Use precise language about electron density rather than vague statements such as \u201cthe atom pulls harder\u201d.<\/p>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/article>\n\n    <section class=\"ols-related-card\">\n      <h2>Related Topic 3 Pages<\/h2>\n      <p>Use these pages to connect covalent bonding with ionic bonding, molecular shape, molecular polarity and metallic bonding.<\/p>\n\n      <div class=\"ols-related-grid\">\n        <a class=\"ols-related-item\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-3-bonding-structure\/ionic-bonding-structure\/\">Ionic Bonding &amp; Structure<\/a>\n        <a class=\"ols-related-item\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-3-bonding-structure\/shapes-of-molecules\/\">Shapes of Molecules<\/a>\n        <a class=\"ols-related-item\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-3-bonding-structure\/polar-and-non-polar-molecules\/\">Polar &amp; Non-Polar Molecules<\/a>\n        <a class=\"ols-related-item\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-3-bonding-structure\/metallic-bonding\/\">Nature of Metallic Bonding<\/a>\n        <a class=\"ols-related-item\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-4-organic-chemistry-and-alkanes\/\">Next Topic: Organic Chemistry &amp; Alkanes<\/a>\n        <a class=\"ols-related-item\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-5-alkenes\/\">Next Topic: Alkenes<\/a>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/section>\n\n    <section class=\"ols-attribution-card\">\n      <p><strong>Copyright notice:<\/strong> This revision page, including its written explanations, layout and teaching sequence, is produced for Online Learning System by Dr. Mohammed Al-Fatah. It is intended for student revision and may not be copied, redistributed or republished without permission.<\/p>\n    <\/section>\n\n    <script type=\"application\/ld+json\">\n    {\n      \"@context\": \"https:\/\/schema.org\",\n      \"@graph\": [\n        {\n          \"@type\": \"WebPage\",\n          \"@id\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-3-bonding-structure\/nature-of-covalent-bonding\/#webpage\",\n          \"url\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-3-bonding-structure\/nature-of-covalent-bonding\/\",\n          \"name\": \"Nature of Covalent Bonding Revision Notes\",\n          \"description\": \"A Level Chemistry landing page for nature of covalent bonding, including covalent bonding, dative covalent bonding and electronegativity.\",\n          \"inLanguage\": \"en-GB\",\n          \"isPartOf\": {\n            \"@type\": \"WebSite\",\n            \"@id\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/#website\",\n            \"name\": \"Online Learning System\",\n            \"url\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/\"\n          },\n          \"about\": [\n            {\n              \"@type\": \"Thing\",\n              \"name\": \"Covalent bonding\"\n            },\n            {\n              \"@type\": \"Thing\",\n              \"name\": \"Dative covalent bonding\"\n            },\n            {\n              \"@type\": \"Thing\",\n              \"name\": \"Electronegativity\"\n            },\n            {\n              \"@type\": \"Thing\",\n              \"name\": \"Bond polarity\"\n            }\n          ],\n          \"author\": {\n            \"@type\": \"Person\",\n            \"name\": \"Dr. Mohammed Al-Fatah\",\n            \"url\": \"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/doctormohammedfatah\/\"\n          },\n          \"publisher\": {\n            \"@type\": \"Organization\",\n            \"name\": \"Online Learning System\",\n            \"url\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/\"\n          }\n        },\n        {\n          \"@type\": \"BreadcrumbList\",\n          \"@id\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-3-bonding-structure\/nature-of-covalent-bonding\/#breadcrumb\",\n          \"itemListElement\": [\n            {\n              \"@type\": \"ListItem\",\n              \"position\": 1,\n              \"name\": \"Revision Notes\",\n              \"item\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/\"\n            },\n            {\n              \"@type\": \"ListItem\",\n              \"position\": 2,\n              \"name\": \"A Level Chemistry\",\n              \"item\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/\"\n            },\n            {\n              \"@type\": \"ListItem\",\n              \"position\": 3,\n              \"name\": \"Edexcel International\",\n              \"item\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/\"\n            },\n            {\n              \"@type\": \"ListItem\",\n              \"position\": 4,\n              \"name\": \"Topic 3 Bonding & Structure\",\n              \"item\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-3-bonding-structure\/\"\n            },\n            {\n              \"@type\": \"ListItem\",\n              \"position\": 5,\n              \"name\": \"Ionic Bonding & Structure\",\n              \"item\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-3-bonding-structure\/nature-of-covalent-bonding\/\"\n            }\n          ]\n        }\n      ]\n    }\n    <\/script>\n  <\/main>\n<\/section>\n\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Revision Notes \/ A Level Chemistry \/ Edexcel International \/ Topic 3 Bonding &amp; Structure \/ Nature of Covalent Bonding Nature of Covalent Bonding Use this landing page to move quickly between the main covalent bonding revision pages for Topic 3. Each card links to a focused page covering covalent bond formation, dative covalent bonding [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":12,"featured_media":0,"parent":3740,"menu_order":1,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-4387","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/4387","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/12"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4387"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/4387\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":7716,"href":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/4387\/revisions\/7716"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/3740"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4387"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}