{"id":4518,"date":"2026-05-28T06:05:11","date_gmt":"2026-05-28T05:05:11","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-1-atomic-structure-and-the-periodic-table\/mass-spectrometry\/the-mass-spectrometer\/"},"modified":"2026-10-25T12:14:09","modified_gmt":"2026-10-25T12:14:09","slug":"the-mass-spectrometer","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-1-atomic-structure-and-the-periodic-table\/mass-spectrometry\/the-mass-spectrometer\/","title":{"rendered":"The Mass Spectrometer"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<section class=\"ols-revision-page ols-mass-spectrometer-9ch0-page\">\n  <style>\n    .ols-revision-page {\n      --navy: #1C244B;\n      --blue: #2563eb;\n      --soft-blue: #eef4ff;\n      --soft-red: #fff7f7;\n      --soft-purple: #f7f0ff;\n      --soft-green: #f0f7f1;\n      --soft-orange: #fff7ed;\n      --gold: #c9973a;\n      --grey-text: #667085;\n      --body-text: #1f2937;\n      --border: rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.14);\n      --shadow: 0 18px 45px rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.10);\n      --inner-shadow: 0 10px 26px rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.08);\n      font-family: Poppins, Arial, sans-serif;\n      color: var(--navy);\n      background: #ffffff;\n    }\n    .ols-revision-page * { box-sizing: border-box; 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}\n      .ols-table td::before { content: attr(data-label); display: block; margin-bottom: 6px; font-size: 13px; font-weight: 700; color: var(--blue); }\n      .ols-author { align-items: flex-start; padding: 22px 18px; border-radius: 22px; }\n      .ols-author-avatar-img { width: 72px; height: 72px; }\n      .ols-author-title { font-size: 24px; }\n      .ols-author-description { font-size: 15px; }\n    }\n  <\/style>\n\n  <aside class=\"ols-sidebar\">\r\n  <div class=\"ols-sidebar-header\">\r\n    <h3>Revision Notes<\/h3>\r\n    <p>A Level Chemistry<\/p>\r\n  <\/div>\r\n\r\n  <div class=\"ols-topic-group\">\r\n    <h4>Topic 1 Atomic Structure and The Periodic Table<\/h4>\r\n\r\n    <ul class=\"ols-topic-list\">\r\n      <li>\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-1-atomic-structure-and-the-periodic-table\/atomic-structure\/\">Atomic Structure<\/a>\r\n      <\/li>\r\n\r\n      <li>\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-1-atomic-structure-and-the-periodic-table\/mass-spectrometry\/\">Mass Spectrometry<\/a>\r\n\r\n        <ul class=\"ols-subtopic-list\">\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-1-atomic-structure-and-the-periodic-table\/mass-spectrometry\/the-mass-spectrometer\/\">The Mass Spectrometer<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-1-atomic-structure-and-the-periodic-table\/mass-spectrometry\/ram-calculations\/\">RAM Calculations<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-1-atomic-structure-and-the-periodic-table\/mass-spectrometry\/predicting-diatomic-mass-spectra\/\">Predicting Diatomic Mass Spectra<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-1-atomic-structure-and-the-periodic-table\/mass-spectrometry\/identifying-compounds-from-mass-spectra\/\">Identifying Compounds from Mass Spectra<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n        <\/ul>\r\n      <\/li>\r\n\r\n      <li>\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-1-atomic-structure-and-the-periodic-table\/electron-configuration\/\">Electron Configuration<\/a>\r\n      <\/li>\r\n\r\n      <li>\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-1-atomic-structure-and-the-periodic-table\/ionisation-energy\/\">Ionisation Energy<\/a>\r\n\r\n        <ul class=\"ols-subtopic-list\">\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-1-atomic-structure-and-the-periodic-table\/ionisation-energy\/introduction-to-ionisation-energy\/\">Introduction to Ionisation Energy<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-1-atomic-structure-and-the-periodic-table\/ionisation-energy\/successive-ionisation-energies\/\">Successive Ionisation Energies<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-1-atomic-structure-and-the-periodic-table\/ionisation-energy\/trends-in-a-period\/\">Trends in a Period<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-1-atomic-structure-and-the-periodic-table\/ionisation-energy\/trends-in-a-group\/\">Trends in a Group<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n        <\/ul>\r\n      <\/li>\r\n\r\n      <li>\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-1-atomic-structure-and-the-periodic-table\/periodic-trends\/\">Periodic Trends<\/a>\r\n      <\/li>\r\n    <\/ul>\r\n  <\/div>\r\n\r\n  <div class=\"ols-topic-group\">\r\n    <h4>Next Topics<\/h4>\r\n\r\n    <ul class=\"ols-topic-list\">\r\n      <li>\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-2-bonding-and-structure\/\">Bonding &amp; Structure<\/a>\r\n      <\/li>\r\n      <li>\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-3-redox-i\/\">Redox I<\/a>\r\n      <\/li>\r\n      <li>\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-4-inorganic-chemistry-and-the-periodic-table\/\">Inorganic Chemistry &amp; The Periodic Table<\/a>\r\n      <\/li>\r\n    <\/ul>\r\n  <\/div>\r\n<\/aside>\r\n\r\n<script>\r\n(function() {\r\n  function normalisePath(path) {\r\n    return String(path || '')\r\n      .split('?')[0]\r\n      .split('#')[0]\r\n      .replace(\/\\\/+$\/, '')\r\n      .toLowerCase();\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  function highlightActive() {\r\n    var sidebar = document.querySelector('.ols-sidebar');\r\n    if (!sidebar) return false;\r\n\r\n    var currentPath = normalisePath(window.location.pathname);\r\n    var links = sidebar.querySelectorAll('a[href]');\r\n    var matched = null;\r\n    var matchedLength = 0;\r\n\r\n    sidebar.querySelectorAll('.active, .active-main, .parent-active').forEach(function(item) {\r\n      item.classList.remove('active', 'active-main', 'parent-active');\r\n    });\r\n\r\n    sidebar.querySelectorAll('a[data-ols-disabled-parent=\"1\"], a[aria-current]').forEach(function(a) {\r\n      a.removeAttribute('aria-current');\r\n      a.removeAttribute('tabindex');\r\n      a.removeAttribute('data-ols-disabled-parent');\r\n    });\r\n\r\n    links.forEach(function(a) {\r\n      try {\r\n        var href = a.getAttribute('href');\r\n\r\n        if (!href || href === '#' || href.charAt(0) === '#') {\r\n          return;\r\n        }\r\n\r\n        var linkPath = normalisePath(new URL(href, window.location.origin).pathname);\r\n\r\n        if (!linkPath) {\r\n          return;\r\n        }\r\n\r\n        if (currentPath === linkPath || currentPath.indexOf(linkPath + '\/') === 0) {\r\n          if (linkPath.length > matchedLength) {\r\n            matched = a;\r\n            matchedLength = linkPath.length;\r\n          }\r\n        }\r\n      } catch(e) {}\r\n    });\r\n\r\n    if (matched) {\r\n      var matchedLi = matched.closest('li');\r\n      var parentSub = matched.closest('.ols-subtopic-list');\r\n\r\n      if (parentSub) {\r\n        if (matchedLi) {\r\n          matchedLi.classList.add('active');\r\n          matched.setAttribute('aria-current', 'page');\r\n        }\r\n\r\n        var parentLi = parentSub.closest('li');\r\n\r\n        if (parentLi) {\r\n          parentLi.classList.add('parent-active', 'active-main');\r\n\r\n          var parentLink = parentLi.querySelector(':scope > a');\r\n\r\n          if (parentLink) {\r\n            parentLink.setAttribute('aria-current', 'true');\r\n            parentLink.setAttribute('tabindex', '-1');\r\n            parentLink.setAttribute('data-ols-disabled-parent', '1');\r\n          }\r\n        }\r\n      } else {\r\n        if (matchedLi) {\r\n          matchedLi.classList.add('parent-active', 'active-main');\r\n          matched.setAttribute('aria-current', 'page');\r\n          matched.setAttribute('tabindex', '-1');\r\n          matched.setAttribute('data-ols-disabled-parent', '1');\r\n        }\r\n      }\r\n    }\r\n\r\n    return true;\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  if (!highlightActive()) {\r\n    document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', highlightActive);\r\n  }\r\n})();\r\n<\/script>\n\n  <main class=\"ols-main\">\n      <nav class=\"ols-breadcrumbs\" aria-label=\"Breadcrumb\">\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/\">Revision Notes<\/a> \/\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/\">A Level Chemistry<\/a> \/\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/\">Edexcel<\/a> \/\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-1-atomic-structure-and-the-periodic-table\/\">Topic 1 Atomic Structure &amp; The Periodic Table<\/a> \/\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-1-atomic-structure-and-the-periodic-table\/mass-spectrometry\/\">Mass Spectrometry<\/a> \/\n        <span>The Mass Spectrometer<\/span>\n      <\/nav>\n\n      <header class=\"ols-title-card\">\n        <h1>The Mass Spectrometer<\/h1>\n        <p class=\"ols-page-intro\">A concise revision guide to how a mass spectrometer works, including vaporisation, ionisation by electron bombardment, acceleration, deflection, detection and the interpretation of m\/z values.<\/p>\n\n        <div class=\"ols-badges\">\n          <div class=\"ols-badge\">Unit: Paper 1<\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-badge\">Topic 1: Atomic Structure &amp; The Periodic Table<\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-badge\">9CH0\/01<\/div>\n        <\/div>\n      <\/header>\n<!-- 3D card: mass-spectrometer-ions (5 Oct 2026, Topics 1-5 upgrade) -->\n<!-- Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Mohammed Al-Fatah, onlinelearningsystem.net. 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padding:5px 9px; max-width:calc(100% - 28px);}\n  .ols-msp-001 .msp-badge{font-size:10.5px; padding:4px 9px;}\n  .ols-msp-001 .msp-badge.b-eq{font-size:11px;}\n  .ols-msp-001 .msp-badges{max-width:calc(100% - 28px);}\n  .ols-msp-001 .msp-info{padding:18px;}\n}\n\/* on a phone the caption needs the full top row, so the drag hint goes *\/\n@media (max-width:480px){\n  .ols-msp-001 .msp-hint{display:none;}\n  .ols-msp-001 .msp-stage{height:420px;}\n}\n@media (prefers-reduced-motion:reduce){\n  .ols-msp-001 .msp-seg button,.ols-msp-001 .msp-pill{transition:none;}\n}\n\n.ols-cc-msp-001{\n  font-family:'Poppins',system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',Roboto,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;\n  margin:10px auto 0; text-align:center; font-size:11px; font-style:italic; color:#aab0c0;\n}\n.ols-cc-msp-001 a{color:#aab0c0; text-decoration:none;}\n.ols-cc-msp-001 a:hover{text-decoration:underline;}\n<\/style>\n\n<div class=\"msp-head\">\n  <h2 class=\"msp-title\">Mass Spectrometer: Follow the Ions<\/h2>\n  <p class=\"msp-sub\">Choose a step to follow the ions through the instrument: ionisation, acceleration, deflection, detection and changing the magnetic field.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"msp-stage\" id=\"mspStage\">\n  <canvas class=\"msp-canvas\" id=\"mspCanvas\"><\/canvas>\n  <div class=\"msp-overlay\" id=\"mspOverlay\"><\/div>\n  <div class=\"msp-caption\" id=\"mspCaption\"><\/div>\n  <div class=\"msp-hint\" id=\"mspHint\">Drag to rotate<\/div>\n  <div class=\"msp-badges\" id=\"mspBadges\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"msp-controls\">\n  <div class=\"msp-row\">\n    <span class=\"msp-rowlab\">Step<\/span>\n    <div class=\"msp-seg\" role=\"group\" aria-label=\"Step\">\n      <button type=\"button\" data-step=\"1\" aria-pressed=\"true\"><span class=\"msp-n\">1<\/span>Ionisation<\/button>\n      <button type=\"button\" data-step=\"2\" aria-pressed=\"false\"><span class=\"msp-n\">2<\/span>Acceleration<\/button>\n      <button type=\"button\" data-step=\"3\" aria-pressed=\"false\"><span class=\"msp-n\">3<\/span>Deflection<\/button>\n      <button type=\"button\" data-step=\"4\" aria-pressed=\"false\"><span class=\"msp-n\">4<\/span>Detection<\/button>\n      <button type=\"button\" data-step=\"5\" aria-pressed=\"false\"><span class=\"msp-n\">5<\/span>Changing the magnetic field<\/button>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n\n  <div class=\"msp-row\">\n    <span class=\"msp-rowlab\">View<\/span>\n    <button type=\"button\" class=\"msp-pill\" id=\"mspResetV\">Reset view<\/button>\n  <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"msp-info\">\n  <h3 id=\"mspInfoTitle\"><\/h3>\n  <p id=\"mspInfoText\"><\/p>\n  <div class=\"msp-facts\" id=\"mspFacts\"><\/div>\n  <div class=\"msp-key\">\n    <span><i style=\"background:#ececf0;border-color:#9097a6\"><\/i>Hydrogen atom or H\u207a ion<\/span>\n    <span><i style=\"background:#f0c428\"><\/i>Electron<\/span>\n    <span><i style=\"background:#427ede\"><\/i>Ion with smaller m\/z<\/span>\n    <span><i style=\"background:#36a858\"><\/i>Ion with larger m\/z<\/span>\n    <span><i style=\"background:#d44a3e\"><\/i>N pole<\/span>\n    <span><i style=\"background:#466ed6\"><\/i>S pole<\/span>\n  <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<script src=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-content\/uploads\/JS\/mass-spectrometer-ions.js?v=20261025p\"><\/script>\n<\/section>\n\n<p class=\"ols-cc-msp-001\">&copy; Dr. Mohammed Al-Fatah &#8211; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">onlinelearningsystem.net<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n      <article class=\"ols-note-card\">\n<div class=\"ols-note-title\">\n<div class=\"ols-note-icon\">1<\/div>\n<h2>Before You Start<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<p>This page builds on GCSE atomic structure: isotopes, ions and the forces between charges.<\/p>\n<ul class=\"ols-list\">\n<li><strong>Isotopes<\/strong> are atoms of the same element with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons.<\/li>\n<li>An atom that loses an electron becomes a <strong>positive ion<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li>Opposite charges attract and like charges repel.<\/li>\n<li>The relative atomic mass of an element is a mean that allows for the abundance of each isotope.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/article>\n<section class=\"ols-h5p-card ols-h5p-inline ols-h5p-recap\">\n<span class=\"ols-h5p-kicker\">Before you start<\/span>\n<h2>GCSE Recap: Isotopes, Ions and Charges<\/h2>\n<p>Before you read on, check the GCSE ideas about isotopes, ions and charges that the instrument relies on.<\/p>\n<div class=\"ols-h5p-frame\"><div class=\"h5p-content\" data-content-id=\"1304\"><\/div><\/div>\n<\/section>\n\n<article class=\"ols-note-card soft\">\n        <div class=\"ols-note-title\"><div class=\"ols-note-icon\">2<\/div><h2>What a Mass Spectrometer Does<\/h2><\/div>\n        <p>A <strong>mass spectrometer<\/strong> separates positive ions according to their <strong>mass-to-charge ratio<\/strong>, written as <strong>m\/z<\/strong>.<\/p>\n        <p>It is used to identify isotopes, compare their relative abundance, and provide data used to calculate relative atomic mass. The sample must be converted into particles that can move through the machine and be detected as ions.<\/p>\n        <p>The main sequence is: <strong>vaporisation<\/strong>, <strong>ionisation<\/strong>, <strong>acceleration<\/strong>, <strong>deflection<\/strong> and <strong>detection<\/strong>.<\/p>\n        <div class=\"ols-key-box\"><p><strong>Key idea:<\/strong> The mass spectrometer does not directly weigh atoms. It forms positive ions, separates them by m\/z, and records detector signals that show relative abundance.<\/p><\/div>\n        <div class=\"ols-figure-card\">\n          <div class=\"ols-figure-image\">\n            <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/wave-42.jpg\" alt=\"Labelled electron bombardment mass spectrometer with the five stages vaporisation, ionisation, acceleration, deflection and detection, and both ion paths reaching the detector\">\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-figure-caption\">\n            <p>The detector records ions that pass through the selected path, allowing the computer to build a spectrum from their m\/z values and abundances.<\/p>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n      <\/article>\n\n      <article class=\"ols-note-card\">\n        <div class=\"ols-note-title\"><div class=\"ols-note-icon\">3<\/div><h2>Why the Instrument Uses a Vacuum<\/h2><\/div>\n        <p>The mass spectrometer operates at <strong>low pressure<\/strong> and under a <strong>vacuum<\/strong>.<\/p>\n        <p>This matters because air particles would otherwise collide with the ions, change their path, or become ionised themselves. If air particles reached the detector, they could produce extra signals and reduce the reliability of the spectrum.<\/p>\n        <div class=\"ols-key-box\"><p><strong>Exam focus:<\/strong> A vacuum prevents collisions with air particles and prevents air particles from being ionised and detected.<\/p><\/div>\n      <\/article>\n<section class=\"ols-h5p-card ols-h5p-inline\">\n<span class=\"ols-h5p-kicker\">Check your understanding<\/span>\n<h2>Quick Check: What If Air Leaks In?<\/h2>\n<p>Explain what would go wrong if air leaked into the instrument.<\/p>\n<div class=\"ols-h5p-frame\"><div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-611\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"611\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Mass Spectrometer Explain: An Air Leak During an Argon Spectrum\"><\/iframe><\/div><\/div>\n<\/section>\n\n      <article class=\"ols-note-card purple\">\n        <div class=\"ols-note-title\"><div class=\"ols-note-icon\">4<\/div><h2>Stage 1: Vaporisation and Ionisation<\/h2><\/div>\n        <p>The sample must be in the <strong>gaseous state<\/strong> so that its particles can move through the mass spectrometer. If the sample is not already gaseous, it is first <strong>vaporised<\/strong>.<\/p>\n        <p>In electron bombardment, an electron gun fires high-energy electrons at the gaseous atoms or molecules. These electrons collide with the sample and remove an outer electron, forming a <strong>positive ion<\/strong>.<\/p>\n        <p>For an atom X, this can be represented as: <strong>X(g) + e<sup>&#8211;<\/sup> \u2192 X<sup>+<\/sup>(g) + 2e<sup>&#8211;<\/sup><\/strong>.<\/p>\n        <div class=\"ols-key-box\"><p><strong>Remember:<\/strong> Ionisation produces positive ions because an electron has been removed.<\/p><\/div>\n        <!--\n  Copyright Notice:\n  This HTML, CSS, JavaScript animation and educational design are the intellectual property of Online Learning System.\n  Unauthorised copying, redistribution, resale, modification, republication, scraping, or reuse is prohibited.\n  \u00a9 Online Learning System. 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design are the intellectual property of Online Learning System.\n      Unauthorised copying, redistribution, resale, modification, republication, scraping, or reuse is prohibited.\n      \u00a9 Online Learning System. All rights reserved.\n    *\/\n\n    (function () {\n      const card = document.getElementById(\"ols-ms-ionisation-electron-bombardment\");\n      const pauseBtn = document.getElementById(\"olsMsIonPauseBtn\");\n\n      if (!card || !pauseBtn) {\n        return;\n      }\n\n      let manuallyPaused = false;\n\n      function pause() {\n        card.classList.add(\"ols-paused\");\n        pauseBtn.textContent = \"Play animation\";\n        pauseBtn.classList.remove(\"is-active\");\n      }\n\n      function play() {\n        card.classList.remove(\"ols-paused\");\n        pauseBtn.textContent = \"Pause animation\";\n        pauseBtn.classList.add(\"is-active\");\n      }\n\n      function togglePause() {\n        manuallyPaused = !card.classList.contains(\"ols-paused\");\n        if (manuallyPaused) {\n          pause();\n        } else {\n          play();\n        }\n      }\n\n      pauseBtn.addEventListener(\"click\", togglePause);\n\n      const observer = new IntersectionObserver(function (entries) {\n        entries.forEach(function (entry) {\n          if (entry.intersectionRatio >= 0.5) {\n            if (!manuallyPaused) { play(); }\n          } else {\n            pause();\n          }\n        });\n      }, { threshold: [0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1.0] });\n\n      observer.observe(card);\n    })();\n  <\/script>\n<\/section>\n      <\/article>\n<section class=\"ols-h5p-card ols-h5p-inline\">\n<span class=\"ols-h5p-kicker\">Check your understanding<\/span>\n<h2>Quick Check: Write the Ionisation Equation<\/h2>\n<p>Choose the correct ionisation equation for a molecule that is not on this page.<\/p>\n<div class=\"ols-h5p-frame\"><div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-237\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"237\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Electron Bombardment MCQ: Ionisation Equation for a Water Molecule\"><\/iframe><\/div><\/div>\n<\/section>\n\n      <article class=\"ols-note-card orange\">\n        <div class=\"ols-note-title\"><div class=\"ols-note-icon\">5<\/div><h2>Stage 2: Acceleration<\/h2><\/div>\n        <p>The positive ions are accelerated by an <strong>electric field<\/strong>. The field pulls the positive ions towards a negatively charged plate or region.<\/p>\n        <p>This forms a narrow beam of ions travelling through the instrument. Ions with the same charge are given the same kinetic energy as they are accelerated into the flight path.<\/p>\n        <div class=\"ols-key-box\"><p><strong>Exam focus:<\/strong> Positive ions accelerate towards the negative plate because opposite charges attract.<\/p><\/div>\n        <!--\n===============================================================================\nCOPYRIGHT NOTICE\n\u00a9 Online Learning System. All rights reserved.\n\nThis HTML, CSS, JavaScript animation, educational sequencing, visual layout,\ncode structure and explanatory content are the intellectual property of\nOnline Learning System.\n\nUnauthorised copying, redistribution, resale, modification, republication,\nscraping, extraction, derivative reuse or removal of copyright notices is\nstrictly prohibited.\n\nBinary copyright marker:\n01000011 01101111 01110000 01111001 01110010 01101001 01100111 01101000 01110100 00100000 01001111 01101110 01101100 01101001 01101110 01100101 00100000 01001100 01100101 01100001 01110010 01101110 01101001 01101110 01100111 00100000 01010011 01111001 01110011 01110100 01100101 01101101\n\nHex copyright marker:\n43 6F 70 79 72 69 67 68 74 20 4F 6E 6C 69 6E 65 20 4C 65 61 72 6E 69 6E 67 20 53 79 73 74 65 6D\n===============================================================================\n-->\n\n<section id=\"ols-ms-acceleration-stage\" class=\"ols-ms-acceleration-stage is-playing\" data-owner=\"Online Learning System\" data-copyright=\"\u00a9 Online Learning System. All rights reserved.\" data-rights=\"Unauthorised copying, redistribution, resale, modification, republication, scraping, extraction, derivative reuse or removal of copyright notices is prohibited.\">\n  <style>\n    \/* \n      \u00a9 Online Learning System. All rights reserved.\n      This animation and code structure are protected intellectual property.\n    *\/\n\n    #ols-ms-acceleration-stage {\n      --ols-navy: #1C244B;\n      --ols-blue: #2563eb;\n      --ols-red: #c81e1e;\n      --ols-gold: #c9973a;\n      --ols-green: #0f9d58;\n      --ols-soft-blue: #eef4ff;\n      --ols-border: rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.14);\n      --ols-shadow: 0 14px 34px rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.12);\n      --ols-inner-shadow: 0 10px 26px rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.08);\n      width: 100%;\n      margin: 28px auto;\n      font-family: Poppins, Arial, sans-serif;\n      color: var(--ols-navy);\n    }\n\n    #ols-ms-acceleration-stage,\n    #ols-ms-acceleration-stage * {\n      box-sizing: border-box;\n    }\n\n    #ols-ms-acceleration-stage.ols-paused *,\n    #ols-ms-acceleration-stage.ols-paused *::before,\n    #ols-ms-acceleration-stage.ols-paused *::after {\n      animation-play-state: paused !important;\n    }\n\n    #ols-ms-acceleration-stage .ols-ms-card {\n      width: 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opacity: 0;\n        transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0.85);\n      }\n      14% {\n        left: 16%;\n        opacity: 1;\n        transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(1);\n      }\n      42% {\n        left: 43.8%;\n        opacity: 1;\n        transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(1);\n      }\n      48% {\n        left: 46.5%;\n        opacity: 1;\n        transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0.92);\n      }\n      52% {\n        left: 49.5%;\n        opacity: 1;\n        transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(1.02);\n      }\n      61% {\n        left: 70%;\n        opacity: 1;\n        transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(1.02);\n      }\n      72% {\n        left: 91%;\n        opacity: 1;\n        transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(1.02);\n      }\n      100% {\n        left: 104%;\n        opacity: 0;\n        transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(1.02);\n      }\n    }\n\n    @keyframes olsAccelerationTrail {\n      0%, 12% {\n        opacity: 0;\n        width: 0;\n      }\n      18% {\n        opacity: 0.8;\n        width: 56px;\n      }\n      42% {\n        opacity: 0.8;\n        width: 250px;\n      }\n      48% {\n        opacity: 0.92;\n        width: 275px;\n      }\n      52% {\n        opacity: 1;\n        width: 335px;\n      }\n      61% {\n        opacity: 1;\n        width: 520px;\n      }\n      72% {\n        opacity: 1;\n        width: 720px;\n      }\n      100% {\n        opacity: 0;\n        width: 830px;\n      }\n    }\n\n    @keyframes olsVelocityArea {\n      0%, 48% {\n        opacity: 0;\n      }\n      54%, 100% {\n        opacity: 1;\n      }\n    }\n\n    @keyframes olsVelocitySweep {\n      0% {\n        transform: translateX(-42px);\n        opacity: 0.1;\n      }\n      25% {\n        opacity: 0.7;\n      }\n      100% {\n        transform: translateX(120px);\n        opacity: 0.95;\n      }\n    }\n\n    @keyframes olsSpeedLabel {\n      0%, 50% {\n        opacity: 0;\n        transform: translateY(8px);\n      }\n      58%, 100% {\n        opacity: 1;\n        transform: translateY(0);\n      }\n    }\n\n    @keyframes olsEquationAppear {\n      0%, 58% {\n        opacity: 0;\n        transform: translateX(-50%) translateY(12px);\n      }\n      66%, 100% {\n        opacity: 1;\n        transform: translateX(-50%) translateY(0);\n      }\n    }\n\n    @media (max-width: 880px) {\n      #ols-ms-acceleration-stage .ols-stage {\n        height: 500px;\n      }\n\n      #ols-ms-acceleration-stage .ols-explanation-grid {\n        grid-template-columns: 1fr;\n      }\n\n      #ols-ms-acceleration-stage .ols-hint {\n        display: none;\n      }\n\n      #ols-ms-acceleration-stage .ols-disc-label {\n        top: calc(50% - 116px);\n      }\n\n      #ols-ms-acceleration-stage .ols-speed-label {\n        left: 58%;\n      }\n    }\n\n    @media (max-width: 560px) {\n      #ols-ms-acceleration-stage .ols-ms-header,\n      #ols-ms-acceleration-stage .ols-explanation {\n        padding-left: 18px;\n        padding-right: 18px;\n      }\n\n      #ols-ms-acceleration-stage .ols-stage {\n        height: 460px;\n      }\n\n      #ols-ms-acceleration-stage .ols-step-label {\n        top: 70px;\n        font-size: 15px;\n      }\n\n      #ols-ms-acceleration-stage .ols-disc {\n        width: 30px;\n        height: 126px;\n      }\n\n      #ols-ms-acceleration-stage .ols-disc::before {\n        width: 42px;\n        height: 42px;\n      }\n\n      #ols-ms-acceleration-stage .ols-disc::after {\n        width: 25px;\n        height: 25px;\n      }\n\n      #ols-ms-acceleration-stage .ols-disc-label,\n      #ols-ms-acceleration-stage .ols-speed-label,\n      #ols-ms-acceleration-stage .ols-flight-label {\n        font-size: 12px;\n      }\n\n      #ols-ms-acceleration-stage .ols-equation {\n        bottom: 18px;\n        padding: 14px;\n      }\n\n      #ols-ms-acceleration-stage .ols-controls {\n        padding: 14px;\n      }\n\n      #ols-ms-acceleration-stage .ols-btn {\n        width: 100%;\n      }\n    }\n  <\/style>\n\n  \n\n  <script>\n    \/*\n      ===============================================================================\n      COPYRIGHT NOTICE\n      \u00a9 Online Learning System. All rights reserved.\n\n      This HTML, CSS, JavaScript animation, educational sequencing, visual layout,\n      code structure and explanatory content are the intellectual property of\n      Online Learning System.\n\n      Binary copyright marker:\n      01000011 01101111 01110000 01111001 01110010 01101001 01100111 01101000 01110100 00100000 01001111 01101110 01101100 01101001 01101110 01100101 00100000 01001100 01100101 01100001 01110010 01101110 01101001 01101110 01100111 00100000 01010011 01111001 01110011 01110100 01100101 01101101\n\n      Hex copyright marker:\n      43 6F 70 79 72 69 67 68 74 20 4F 6E 6C 69 6E 65 20 4C 65 61 72 6E 69 6E 67 20 53 79 73 74 65 6D\n      ===============================================================================\n    *\/\n\n    (function () {\n      const card = document.getElementById(\"ols-ms-acceleration-stage\");\n      const pauseBtn = document.getElementById(\"olsMsAccelPauseBtn\");\n\n      if (!card || !pauseBtn) {\n        return;\n      }\n\n      let manuallyPaused = false;\n\n      function pause() {\n        card.classList.add(\"ols-paused\");\n        pauseBtn.textContent = \"Play animation\";\n        pauseBtn.classList.remove(\"is-active\");\n      }\n\n      function play() {\n        card.classList.remove(\"ols-paused\");\n        pauseBtn.textContent = \"Pause animation\";\n        pauseBtn.classList.add(\"is-active\");\n      }\n\n      function togglePause() {\n        manuallyPaused = !card.classList.contains(\"ols-paused\");\n        if (manuallyPaused) {\n          pause();\n        } else {\n          play();\n        }\n      }\n\n      pauseBtn.addEventListener(\"click\", togglePause);\n\n      const observer = new IntersectionObserver(function (entries) {\n        entries.forEach(function (entry) {\n          if (entry.intersectionRatio >= 0.5) {\n            if (!manuallyPaused) { play(); }\n          } else {\n            pause();\n          }\n        });\n      }, { threshold: [0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1.0] });\n\n      observer.observe(card);\n    })();\n  <\/script>\n<\/section>\n      <\/article>\n<section class=\"ols-h5p-card ols-h5p-inline\">\n<span class=\"ols-h5p-kicker\">Check your understanding<\/span>\n<h2>Quick Check: What Gets Accelerated?<\/h2>\n<p>Decide whether the statement about un-ionised atoms is true or false.<\/p>\n<div class=\"ols-h5p-frame\"><div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-612\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"612\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Mass Spectrometer True or False: Are Neutral Atoms Accelerated?\"><\/iframe><\/div><\/div>\n<\/section>\n\n      <article class=\"ols-note-card\">\n        <div class=\"ols-note-title\"><div class=\"ols-note-icon\">6<\/div><h2>Stage 3: Deflection<\/h2><\/div>\n        <p>The beam of positive ions passes through a <strong>magnetic field<\/strong>. The magnetic field deflects the ions so that their path bends.<\/p>\n        <p>The amount of deflection depends on the <strong>mass-to-charge ratio<\/strong>, m\/z. Ions with a smaller m\/z are deflected more. Ions with a larger m\/z are deflected less.<\/p>\n        <p>If the ions all have a charge of 1+, then lighter ions have a smaller m\/z and are deflected more than heavier ions. If the charge is different, m\/z must be considered directly rather than mass alone.<\/p>\n        <p>A <strong>2+ ion<\/strong> forms when a second electron is knocked out during electron bombardment. Its m\/z is half that of the 1+ ion of the same mass, so it is deflected more. Most ions are 1+ because removing a second electron needs much more energy.<\/p>\n        <div class=\"ols-table-wrap\">\n          <table class=\"ols-table\">\n            <thead><tr><th>Ion property<\/th><th>Effect on m\/z<\/th><th>Effect on deflection<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\n            <tbody>\n              <tr><td data-label=\"Ion property\">Lower mass with the same charge<\/td><td data-label=\"Effect on m\/z\">Smaller m\/z<\/td><td data-label=\"Effect on deflection\">More deflection<\/td><\/tr>\n              <tr><td data-label=\"Ion property\">Higher mass with the same charge<\/td><td data-label=\"Effect on m\/z\">Larger m\/z<\/td><td data-label=\"Effect on deflection\">Less deflection<\/td><\/tr>\n              <tr><td data-label=\"Ion property\">Higher positive charge with the same mass<\/td><td data-label=\"Effect on m\/z\">Smaller m\/z<\/td><td data-label=\"Effect on deflection\">More deflection<\/td><\/tr>\n            <\/tbody>\n          <\/table>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"ols-key-box\"><p><strong>Example:<\/strong> An ion with mass 28 and charge 1+ has m\/z = 28. An ion with mass 56 and charge 2+ also has m\/z = 28, so both can be detected under the same magnetic field setting.<\/p><\/div>\n        <!--\n===============================================================================\nCOPYRIGHT NOTICE\n\u00a9 Online Learning System. All rights reserved.\n\nThis HTML, CSS, JavaScript animation, educational sequencing, visual layout,\ncode structure and explanatory content are the intellectual property of\nOnline Learning System.\n\nUnauthorised copying, redistribution, resale, modification, republication,\nscraping, extraction, derivative reuse or removal of copyright notices is\nstrictly prohibited.\n\nBinary copyright marker:\n01000011 01101111 01110000 01111001 01110010 01101001 01100111 01101000 01110100 00100000 01001111 01101110 01101100 01101001 01101110 01100101 00100000 01001100 01100101 01100001 01110010 01101110 01101001 01101110 01100111 00100000 01010011 01111001 01110011 01110100 01100101 01101101\n\nHex copyright marker:\n43 6F 70 79 72 69 67 68 74 20 4F 6E 6C 69 6E 65 20 4C 65 61 72 6E 69 6E 67 20 53 79 73 74 65 6D\n===============================================================================\n-->\n\n<section id=\"ols-ms-deflection-stage\" class=\"ols-ms-deflection-stage is-playing\" data-owner=\"Online Learning System\" data-copyright=\"\u00a9 Online Learning System. All rights reserved.\" data-rights=\"Unauthorised copying, redistribution, resale, modification, republication, scraping, extraction, derivative reuse or removal of copyright notices is prohibited.\">\n  <style>\n    \/*\n      \u00a9 Online Learning System. All rights reserved.\n      This animation and code structure are protected intellectual property.\n    *\/\n\n    #ols-ms-deflection-stage {\n      --ols-navy: #1C244B;\n      --ols-blue: #2563eb;\n      --ols-red: #c81e1e;\n      --ols-gold: #c9973a;\n      --ols-green: #0f9d58;\n      --ols-soft-blue: #eef4ff;\n      --ols-border: rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.14);\n      --ols-shadow: 0 14px 34px rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.12);\n      --ols-inner-shadow: 0 10px 26px rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.08);\n      width: 100%;\n      margin: 28px auto;\n      font-family: Poppins, Arial, sans-serif;\n      color: var(--ols-navy);\n    }\n\n    #ols-ms-deflection-stage,\n    #ols-ms-deflection-stage * {\n      box-sizing: border-box;\n    }\n\n    #ols-ms-deflection-stage.ols-paused *,\n    #ols-ms-deflection-stage.ols-paused *::before,\n    #ols-ms-deflection-stage.ols-paused *::after {\n      animation-play-state: paused !important;\n    }\n\n    #ols-ms-deflection-stage .ols-ms-card {\n      width: 100%;\n      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{\n      position: absolute;\n      left: 52%;\n      top: 50%;\n      width: 270px;\n      height: 210px;\n      transform: translate(-50%, -50%);\n      z-index: 5;\n      pointer-events: none;\n    }\n\n    #ols-ms-deflection-stage .ols-magnet-plate {\n      position: absolute;\n      left: 50%;\n      width: 200px;\n      height: 52px;\n      transform: translateX(-50%);\n      border-radius: 16px;\n      box-shadow:\n        0 12px 26px rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.18),\n        inset 0 4px 10px rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.55);\n      border: 1px solid rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.14);\n    }\n\n    #ols-ms-deflection-stage .ols-magnet-plate.top {\n      top: 0;\n      background: linear-gradient(135deg, #dff3ff, #91c7ff 42%, #2563eb 100%);\n    }\n\n    #ols-ms-deflection-stage .ols-magnet-plate.bottom {\n      bottom: 0;\n      background: linear-gradient(135deg, #ffd9d9, #ff8a8a 42%, #c81e1e 100%);\n    }\n\n    #ols-ms-deflection-stage .ols-magnet-plate span {\n      position: absolute;\n      inset: 0;\n      display: grid;\n      place-items: center;\n      font-size: 17px;\n      line-height: 1;\n      font-weight: 800;\n      color: #ffffff;\n      text-shadow: 0 2px 4px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.18);\n    }\n\n    #ols-ms-deflection-stage .ols-field-lines {\n      position: absolute;\n      left: 50%;\n      top: 50%;\n      width: 180px;\n      height: 102px;\n      transform: translate(-50%, -50%);\n      z-index: 4;\n      opacity: 0;\n      animation: olsFieldRegionShow 8s ease-in-out infinite;\n    }\n\n    #ols-ms-deflection-stage .ols-field-lines span {\n      position: absolute;\n      top: 0;\n      bottom: 0;\n      width: 3px;\n      border-radius: 999px;\n      background: linear-gradient(180deg, rgba(37, 99, 235, 0.92), rgba(200, 30, 30, 0.92));\n      opacity: 0.72;\n    }\n\n    #ols-ms-deflection-stage .ols-field-lines span::after {\n      content: \"\";\n      position: absolute;\n      left: 50%;\n      bottom: -2px;\n      transform: translateX(-50%);\n      width: 0;\n      height: 0;\n      border-left: 7px solid transparent;\n      border-right: 7px solid transparent;\n      border-top: 10px solid rgba(200, 30, 30, 0.88);\n    }\n\n    #ols-ms-deflection-stage .ols-field-lines span:nth-child(1) { left: 8%; }\n    #ols-ms-deflection-stage .ols-field-lines span:nth-child(2) { left: 28%; }\n    #ols-ms-deflection-stage .ols-field-lines span:nth-child(3) { left: 48%; }\n    #ols-ms-deflection-stage .ols-field-lines span:nth-child(4) { left: 68%; }\n    #ols-ms-deflection-stage .ols-field-lines span:nth-child(5) { left: 88%; }\n\n    #ols-ms-deflection-stage .ols-magnet-label {\n      position: absolute;\n      left: 52%;\n      top: 154px;\n      width: 270px;\n      transform: translateX(-50%);\n      text-align: center;\n      font-size: 14px;\n      line-height: 1.35;\n      font-weight: 800;\n      color: var(--ols-navy);\n      z-index: 8;\n    }\n\n    #ols-ms-deflection-stage .ols-ion {\n      position: absolute;\n      top: 50%;\n      border-radius: 50%;\n      transform: translate(-50%, -50%);\n      z-index: 7;\n      display: grid;\n      place-items: center;\n      color: #ffffff;\n      font-weight: 900;\n      box-shadow:\n        0 0 0 5px rgba(37, 99, 235, 0.12),\n        0 0 20px rgba(37, 99, 235, 0.36);\n    }\n\n    #ols-ms-deflection-stage .ols-ion::before {\n      content: \"+\";\n      transform: translateY(-1px);\n    }\n\n    #ols-ms-deflection-stage .ols-ion.small-blue {\n      width: 32px;\n      height: 32px;\n      left: 12%;\n      background:\n        radial-gradient(circle at 35% 30%, #ffffff, #9cc3ff 22%, #2563eb 60%, #1C244B 92%);\n      font-size: 22px;\n      animation: olsSmallIonPath 8s linear infinite;\n    }\n\n    #ols-ms-deflection-stage .ols-ion.large-green {\n      width: 48px;\n      height: 48px;\n      left: 7%;\n      background:\n        radial-gradient(circle at 35% 30%, #ffffff, #81e6b0 22%, #0f9d58 62%, #075f3b 94%);\n      font-size: 28px;\n      box-shadow:\n        0 0 0 6px rgba(15, 157, 88, 0.12),\n        0 0 24px rgba(15, 157, 88, 0.36);\n      animation: olsLargeIonPath 8s linear infinite;\n    }\n\n    #ols-ms-deflection-stage .ols-ion-label {\n      position: absolute;\n      left: 14%;\n      top: calc(50% + 58px);\n      font-size: 13px;\n      line-height: 1.35;\n      font-weight: 800;\n      color: var(--ols-navy);\n      text-align: center;\n      width: 190px;\n      z-index: 8;\n      opacity: 0;\n      animation: olsIonLabelShow 8s ease-in-out infinite;\n    }\n\n    #ols-ms-deflection-stage .ols-speed-lines {\n      position: absolute;\n      left: 18%;\n      top: calc(50% - 9px);\n      width: 22%;\n      height: 28px;\n      z-index: 2;\n      opacity: 0;\n      animation: olsSpeedLinesShow 8s ease-in-out infinite;\n    }\n\n    #ols-ms-deflection-stage .ols-speed-lines span {\n      position: absolute;\n      left: 0;\n      right: 0;\n      height: 4px;\n      border-radius: 999px;\n      background: linear-gradient(90deg, 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opacity: 0;\n      animation: olsResultLabelShow 8s ease-in-out infinite;\n    }\n\n    #ols-ms-deflection-stage .ols-result-label strong {\n      display: block;\n      margin-bottom: 4px;\n      color: var(--ols-navy);\n      font-weight: 800;\n    }\n\n    #ols-ms-deflection-stage .ols-equation {\n      position: absolute;\n      left: 50%;\n      bottom: 26px;\n      transform: translateX(-50%);\n      width: min(88%, 820px);\n      padding: 16px 20px;\n      border-radius: 20px;\n      background: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.94);\n      border: 1px solid rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.12);\n      box-shadow: 0 12px 28px rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.10);\n      text-align: center;\n      font-size: clamp(17px, 1.8vw, 25px);\n      line-height: 1.35;\n      font-weight: 800;\n      color: var(--ols-navy);\n      opacity: 0;\n      animation: olsEquationAppear 8s ease-in-out infinite;\n      z-index: 8;\n    }\n\n    #ols-ms-deflection-stage .ols-equation span.blue {\n      color: var(--ols-blue);\n    }\n\n    #ols-ms-deflection-stage .ols-equation span.green {\n      color: var(--ols-green);\n    }\n\n    #ols-ms-deflection-stage .ols-legend {\n      display: grid;\n      grid-template-columns: repeat(3, minmax(0, 1fr));\n      gap: 12px;\n      padding: 16px 18px;\n      background: #ffffff;\n      border-bottom: 1px solid rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.08);\n    }\n\n    #ols-ms-deflection-stage .ols-legend-item {\n      display: flex;\n      align-items: center;\n      gap: 10px;\n      padding: 12px 14px;\n      border-radius: 16px;\n      background: #f8fbff;\n      border: 1px solid rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.10);\n      font-size: 14px;\n      line-height: 1.45;\n      font-weight: 400;\n      color: rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.84);\n    }\n\n    #ols-ms-deflection-stage .ols-legend-dot {\n      width: 16px;\n      height: 16px;\n      border-radius: 50%;\n      flex: 0 0 auto;\n      box-shadow: 0 3px 8px rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.16);\n    }\n\n    #ols-ms-deflection-stage .ols-legend-dot.blue {\n      background: #2563eb;\n    }\n\n    #ols-ms-deflection-stage .ols-legend-dot.green {\n      width: 22px;\n      height: 22px;\n      background: #0f9d58;\n    }\n\n    #ols-ms-deflection-stage .ols-legend-dot.field {\n      border-radius: 6px;\n      background: linear-gradient(180deg, #2563eb, #c81e1e);\n    }\n\n    #ols-ms-deflection-stage .ols-controls {\n      display: flex;\n      flex-wrap: wrap;\n      gap: 10px;\n      padding: 16px 18px;\n      background: #ffffff;\n      border-bottom: 1px solid rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.08);\n    }\n\n    #ols-ms-deflection-stage .ols-btn {\n      appearance: none;\n      border: 1px solid rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.14);\n      background: #ffffff;\n      color: var(--ols-navy);\n      border-radius: 999px;\n      padding: 10px 15px;\n      font-family: Poppins, Arial, sans-serif;\n      font-size: 14px;\n      font-weight: 700;\n      cursor: pointer;\n      transition: transform 0.2s ease, box-shadow 0.2s ease, background 0.2s ease, color 0.2s ease;\n    }\n\n    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1fr));\n      gap: 14px;\n      margin-top: 16px;\n    }\n\n    #ols-ms-deflection-stage .ols-info-box {\n      border-radius: 18px;\n      padding: 16px;\n      background: #f8fbff;\n      border: 1px solid rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.10);\n      box-shadow: var(--ols-inner-shadow);\n    }\n\n    #ols-ms-deflection-stage .ols-info-box strong {\n      display: block;\n      font-size: 15px;\n      margin-bottom: 6px;\n      color: var(--ols-navy);\n    }\n\n    #ols-ms-deflection-stage .ols-info-box span {\n      display: block;\n      font-size: 14px;\n      line-height: 1.55;\n      font-weight: 300;\n      color: rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.80);\n    }\n\n    #ols-ms-deflection-stage .ols-copyright-footer {\n      padding: 16px 22px 20px;\n      background: #ffffff;\n      border-top: 1px solid rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.08);\n      text-align: center;\n      font-size: 13px;\n      line-height: 1.55;\n      font-weight: 500;\n      color: rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.70);\n    }\n\n    #ols-ms-deflection-stage .ols-copyright-footer strong {\n      color: var(--ols-navy);\n      font-weight: 800;\n    }\n\n    @keyframes olsDeflectStepOne {\n      0%, 8% {\n        opacity: 0;\n        transform: translateY(8px);\n      }\n      14%, 42% {\n        opacity: 1;\n        transform: translateY(0);\n      }\n      48%, 100% {\n        opacity: 0;\n        transform: translateY(-8px);\n      }\n    }\n\n    @keyframes olsDeflectStepTwo {\n      0%, 48% {\n        opacity: 0;\n        transform: translateY(8px);\n      }\n      56%, 100% {\n        opacity: 1;\n        transform: translateY(0);\n      }\n    }\n\n    @keyframes olsSmallIonPath {\n      0%, 8% {\n        left: 12%;\n        top: 50%;\n        opacity: 0;\n        transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0.9);\n      }\n      14% {\n        left: 12%;\n        top: 50%;\n        opacity: 1;\n        transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(1);\n      }\n      40% {\n        left: 44%;\n        top: 50%;\n        opacity: 1;\n        transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(1);\n      }\n      55% {\n        left: 56%;\n        top: 50%;\n        opacity: 1;\n        transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(1);\n      }\n      72% {\n        left: 71%;\n        top: 41%;\n        opacity: 1;\n        transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(1);\n      }\n      100% {\n        left: 89%;\n        top: 27%;\n        opacity: 0;\n        transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(1);\n      }\n    }\n\n    @keyframes olsLargeIonPath {\n      0%, 8% {\n        left: 7%;\n        top: 50%;\n        opacity: 0;\n        transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0.9);\n      }\n      14% {\n        left: 7%;\n        top: 50%;\n        opacity: 1;\n        transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(1);\n      }\n      40% {\n        left: 39%;\n        top: 50%;\n        opacity: 1;\n        transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(1);\n      }\n      55% {\n        left: 51%;\n        top: 50%;\n        opacity: 1;\n        transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(1);\n      }\n      72% {\n        left: 67%;\n        top: 48%;\n        opacity: 1;\n        transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(1);\n      }\n      100% {\n        left: 86%;\n        top: 43%;\n        opacity: 0;\n        transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(1);\n      }\n    }\n\n    @keyframes olsPathShow {\n      0%, 42% {\n        opacity: 0;\n      }\n      50%, 100% {\n        opacity: 1;\n      }\n    }\n\n    @keyframes olsFieldRegionShow {\n      0%, 32% {\n        opacity: 0;\n      }\n      40%, 100% {\n        opacity: 1;\n      }\n    }\n\n    @keyframes olsIonLabelShow {\n      0%, 14% {\n        opacity: 0;\n        transform: translateY(8px);\n      }\n      20%, 38% {\n        opacity: 1;\n        transform: translateY(0);\n      }\n      46%, 100% {\n        opacity: 0;\n        transform: translateY(-8px);\n      }\n    }\n\n    @keyframes olsSpeedLinesShow {\n      0%, 12% {\n        opacity: 0;\n      }\n      18%, 42% {\n      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.ols-legend {\n        grid-template-columns: 1fr;\n      }\n\n      #ols-ms-deflection-stage .ols-hint {\n        display: none;\n      }\n\n      #ols-ms-deflection-stage .ols-result-label {\n        left: 5%;\n        width: 32%;\n        font-size: 12px;\n      }\n\n      #ols-ms-deflection-stage .ols-magnet-region {\n        transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0.86);\n      }\n\n      #ols-ms-deflection-stage .ols-magnet-label {\n        top: 148px;\n      }\n    }\n\n    @media (max-width: 560px) {\n      #ols-ms-deflection-stage .ols-ms-header,\n      #ols-ms-deflection-stage .ols-explanation {\n        padding-left: 18px;\n        padding-right: 18px;\n      }\n\n      #ols-ms-deflection-stage .ols-stage {\n        height: 500px;\n      }\n\n      #ols-ms-deflection-stage .ols-step-label {\n        top: 68px;\n        font-size: 15px;\n      }\n\n      #ols-ms-deflection-stage .ols-path-guide {\n        left: 2%;\n        top: 118px;\n        width: 96%;\n        height: 330px;\n      }\n\n      #ols-ms-deflection-stage .ols-magnet-region {\n        left: 52%;\n        transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0.72);\n      }\n\n      #ols-ms-deflection-stage .ols-magnet-label {\n        left: 52%;\n        top: 150px;\n        font-size: 12px;\n      }\n\n      #ols-ms-deflection-stage .ols-result-label {\n        display: none;\n      }\n\n      #ols-ms-deflection-stage .ols-equation {\n        bottom: 18px;\n        padding: 14px;\n      }\n\n      #ols-ms-deflection-stage .ols-controls {\n        padding: 14px;\n      }\n\n      #ols-ms-deflection-stage .ols-btn {\n        width: 100%;\n      }\n    }\n  <\/style>\n\n  \n\n  <script>\n    \/*\n      ===============================================================================\n      COPYRIGHT NOTICE\n      \u00a9 Online Learning System. All rights reserved.\n\n      This HTML, CSS, JavaScript animation, educational sequencing, visual layout,\n      code structure and explanatory content are the intellectual property of\n      Online Learning System.\n\n      Binary copyright marker:\n      01000011 01101111 01110000 01111001 01110010 01101001 01100111 01101000 01110100 00100000 01001111 01101110 01101100 01101001 01101110 01100101 00100000 01001100 01100101 01100001 01110010 01101110 01101001 01101110 01100111 00100000 01010011 01111001 01110011 01110100 01100101 01101101\n\n      Hex copyright marker:\n      43 6F 70 79 72 69 67 68 74 20 4F 6E 6C 69 6E 65 20 4C 65 61 72 6E 69 6E 67 20 53 79 73 74 65 6D\n      ===============================================================================\n    *\/\n\n    (function () {\n      const card = document.getElementById(\"ols-ms-deflection-stage\");\n      const pauseBtn = document.getElementById(\"olsMsDeflectPauseBtn\");\n\n      if (!card || !pauseBtn) {\n        return;\n      }\n\n      let manuallyPaused = false;\n\n      function pause() {\n        card.classList.add(\"ols-paused\");\n        pauseBtn.textContent = \"Play animation\";\n        pauseBtn.classList.remove(\"is-active\");\n      }\n\n      function play() {\n        card.classList.remove(\"ols-paused\");\n        pauseBtn.textContent = \"Pause animation\";\n        pauseBtn.classList.add(\"is-active\");\n      }\n\n      function togglePause() {\n        manuallyPaused = !card.classList.contains(\"ols-paused\");\n        if (manuallyPaused) {\n          pause();\n        } else {\n          play();\n        }\n      }\n\n      pauseBtn.addEventListener(\"click\", togglePause);\n\n      const observer = new IntersectionObserver(function (entries) {\n        entries.forEach(function (entry) {\n          if (entry.intersectionRatio >= 0.5) {\n            if (!manuallyPaused) { play(); }\n          } else {\n            pause();\n          }\n        });\n      }, { threshold: [0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1.0] });\n\n      observer.observe(card);\n    })();\n  <\/script>\n<\/section>\n      <div class=\"ols-figure-card ols-zoom-pop\">\n<div class=\"ols-figure-image\">\n<a class=\"ols-image-fullscreen-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/t2-img-13-deflection.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" aria-label=\"Open image fullscreen\">\n<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/t2-img-13-deflection.jpg\" alt=\"Three magnesium ion paths bending in a magnetic field: m\/z 12 bends most, m\/z 24 less and m\/z 26 least, with a rule table\" data-fullscreen-src=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/t2-img-13-deflection.jpg\">\n<\/a>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"ols-figure-caption\"><p>Smaller m\/z means more deflection: a 2+ ion has half the m\/z of the 1+ ion of the same mass.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/article>\n<section class=\"ols-h5p-card ols-h5p-inline\">\n<span class=\"ols-h5p-kicker\">Check your understanding<\/span>\n<h2>Quick Check: Compare the m\/z Values<\/h2>\n<p>Compare the m\/z values and deflections of ions that are not on this page.<\/p>\n<div class=\"ols-h5p-frame\"><div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-238\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"238\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Mass Spectrometer Quick-Fire: Deflection and m\/z of New Ions\"><\/iframe><\/div><\/div>\n<\/section>\n\n      <article class=\"ols-note-card purple\">\n        <div class=\"ols-note-title\"><div class=\"ols-note-icon\">7<\/div><h2>Stage 4: Detection<\/h2><\/div>\n        <p>The deflected ions reach a detector plate. When a positive ion hits the detector, it gains an electron and becomes neutral.<\/p>\n        <p>Electrons flow from the detector to the positive ions, creating a small electrical current. This signal is amplified and sent to a computer.<\/p>\n        <p>The size of the detector signal is proportional to the number of ions reaching the detector. This is why the peak height or intensity in a mass spectrum shows <strong>relative abundance<\/strong>.<\/p>\n        <div class=\"ols-key-box\"><p><strong>Exam focus:<\/strong> More ions hitting the detector produce a larger current, so the signal represents greater abundance.<\/p><\/div>\n        <section id=\"ols-ms-detection-stage\" class=\"ols-ms-detection-stage is-playing\">\n  <style>\n    #ols-ms-detection-stage {\n      --ols-navy: #1C244B;\n      --ols-blue: #2563eb;\n      --ols-green: #0f9d58;\n      --ols-red: #c81e1e;\n      --ols-gold: #c9973a;\n      --ols-soft-blue: #eef4ff;\n      --ols-border: rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.14);\n      --ols-shadow: 0 14px 34px rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.12);\n      width: 100%;\n      margin: 28px auto;\n      font-family: Poppins, Arial, sans-serif;\n      color: var(--ols-navy);\n    }\n\n    #ols-ms-detection-stage,\n    #ols-ms-detection-stage * {\n      box-sizing: border-box;\n    }\n\n    #ols-ms-detection-stage.ols-paused *,\n    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0.10);\n      color: var(--ols-blue);\n      border: 1px solid rgba(37, 99, 235, 0.18);\n      font-size: 13px;\n      font-weight: 700;\n      margin-bottom: 12px;\n    }\n\n    #ols-ms-detection-stage .ols-ms-title {\n      margin: 0;\n      font-size: clamp(26px, 3vw, 40px);\n      line-height: 1.12;\n      font-weight: 700;\n      color: var(--ols-navy);\n      letter-spacing: -0.03em;\n    }\n\n    #ols-ms-detection-stage .ols-ms-subtitle {\n      margin: 12px 0 0;\n      font-size: clamp(16px, 1.4vw, 22px);\n      line-height: 1.55;\n      font-weight: 300;\n      color: rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.82);\n      max-width: 980px;\n    }\n\n    #ols-ms-detection-stage .ols-stage-wrap {\n      position: relative;\n      width: 100%;\n      background:\n        radial-gradient(circle at 20% 40%, rgba(37, 99, 235, 0.08), transparent 24%),\n        radial-gradient(circle at 50% 55%, rgba(15, 157, 88, 0.10), transparent 26%),\n        linear-gradient(180deg, #ffffff 0%, #f7f9fc 100%);\n      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0.9);\n      z-index: 5;\n    }\n\n    #ols-ms-detection-stage .ols-hit-flash {\n      position: absolute;\n      left: calc(66% + 3px);\n      width: 34px;\n      height: 34px;\n      border-radius: 50%;\n      transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0.2);\n      opacity: 0;\n      z-index: 7;\n      pointer-events: none;\n    }\n\n    #ols-ms-detection-stage .ols-hit-flash.blue {\n      top: 33%;\n      background: rgba(37, 99, 235, 0.55);\n      animation: olsBlueHitFlash 12s linear infinite;\n    }\n\n    #ols-ms-detection-stage .ols-hit-flash.green {\n      top: 54%;\n      background: rgba(15, 157, 88, 0.55);\n      animation: olsGreenHitFlash 12s linear infinite;\n    }\n\n    #ols-ms-detection-stage .ols-electron {\n      position: absolute;\n      left: 64%;\n      width: 16px;\n      height: 16px;\n      border-radius: 50%;\n      display: grid;\n      place-items: center;\n      background: radial-gradient(circle at 35% 30%, #ffffff, #ffb7b7 22%, #c81e1e 70%);\n      color: white;\n      font-size: 15px;\n      font-weight: 900;\n      z-index: 8;\n      opacity: 0;\n      box-shadow: 0 0 16px rgba(200, 30, 30, 0.35);\n    }\n\n    #ols-ms-detection-stage .ols-electron::before {\n      content: \"\u2212\";\n      transform: translateY(-1px);\n    }\n\n    #ols-ms-detection-stage .ols-electron.blue-e {\n      top: 27%;\n      animation: olsBlueElectron 12s linear infinite;\n    }\n\n    #ols-ms-detection-stage .ols-electron.green-e {\n      top: 60%;\n      animation: olsGreenElectron 12s linear infinite;\n    }\n\n    #ols-ms-detection-stage .ols-ion {\n      position: absolute;\n      border-radius: 50%;\n      transform: translate(-50%, -50%);\n      z-index: 6;\n      display: grid;\n      place-items: center;\n      color: #ffffff;\n      font-weight: 900;\n    }\n\n    #ols-ms-detection-stage .ols-ion::before {\n      content: \"+\";\n      transform: translateY(-1px);\n    }\n\n    #ols-ms-detection-stage .ols-ion.is-neutral::before {\n      content: \"\";\n    }\n\n    #ols-ms-detection-stage .small-blue {\n      width: 32px;\n      height: 32px;\n      top: 33%;\n      background: radial-gradient(circle at 35% 30%, #ffffff, #9cc3ff 22%, #2563eb 60%, #1C244B 92%);\n      font-size: 22px;\n      box-shadow: 0 0 0 5px rgba(37, 99, 235, 0.12), 0 0 20px rgba(37, 99, 235, 0.36);\n    }\n\n    #ols-ms-detection-stage .large-green {\n      width: 48px;\n      height: 48px;\n      top: 54%;\n      background: radial-gradient(circle at 35% 30%, #ffffff, #81e6b0 22%, #0f9d58 62%, #075f3b 94%);\n      font-size: 28px;\n      box-shadow: 0 0 0 6px rgba(15, 157, 88, 0.12), 0 0 24px rgba(15, 157, 88, 0.36);\n    }\n\n    #ols-ms-detection-stage .blue-ion-1 { animation: olsBlueIonOne 12s linear infinite; }\n    #ols-ms-detection-stage .blue-ion-2 { animation: olsBlueIonTwo 12s linear infinite; }\n\n    #ols-ms-detection-stage .green-ion-1 { animation: olsGreenIonOne 12s linear infinite; }\n    #ols-ms-detection-stage .green-ion-2 { animation: olsGreenIonTwo 12s linear infinite; }\n    #ols-ms-detection-stage .green-ion-3 { animation: olsGreenIonThree 12s linear infinite; }\n    #ols-ms-detection-stage .green-ion-4 { animation: olsGreenIonFour 12s linear infinite; }\n\n    #ols-ms-detection-stage .ols-spectrum {\n      position: absolute;\n      left: 71%;\n      top: 27%;\n      width: 25%;\n      height: 280px;\n      z-index: 4;\n    }\n\n    #ols-ms-detection-stage .ols-spectrum-axis {\n      position: absolute;\n      left: 0;\n      top: 0;\n      width: 4px;\n      height: 100%;\n      border-radius: 999px;\n      background: rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.28);\n    }\n\n    #ols-ms-detection-stage .ols-spectrum-line {\n      position: absolute;\n      left: 0;\n      height: 18px;\n      border-radius: 0 999px 999px 0;\n      transform-origin: left center;\n      transform: scaleX(0);\n      box-shadow: 0 8px 20px rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.12);\n    }\n\n    #ols-ms-detection-stage .ols-spectrum-line.blue {\n      top: 38px;\n      width: 48%;\n      background: linear-gradient(90deg, #2563eb, rgba(37, 99, 235, 0.62));\n      animation: olsBlueAbundanceLine 12s linear infinite;\n    }\n\n    #ols-ms-detection-stage .ols-spectrum-line.green {\n      top: 158px;\n      width: 96%;\n      background: linear-gradient(90deg, #0f9d58, rgba(15, 157, 88, 0.62));\n      animation: olsGreenAbundanceLine 12s linear infinite;\n    }\n\n    #ols-ms-detection-stage .ols-spectrum-tag {\n      position: absolute;\n      left: 6px;\n      font-size: 13px;\n      font-weight: 800;\n      color: var(--ols-navy);\n      background: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.92);\n      border: 1px solid rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.10);\n      border-radius: 999px;\n      padding: 6px 10px;\n      box-shadow: 0 6px 18px rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.08);\n    }\n\n    #ols-ms-detection-stage .ols-spectrum-tag.blue {\n      top: 8px;\n    }\n\n    #ols-ms-detection-stage .ols-spectrum-tag.green {\n      top: 128px;\n    }\n\n    #ols-ms-detection-stage .ols-spectrum-note {\n      position: absolute;\n      left: 70%;\n      bottom: 38px;\n      width: min(330px, 27%);\n      padding: 14px 16px;\n      border-radius: 18px;\n      background: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.94);\n      border: 1px solid rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.12);\n      box-shadow: 0 12px 28px rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.10);\n      font-size: 14px;\n      line-height: 1.45;\n      font-weight: 500;\n      color: rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.84);\n      z-index: 9;\n      opacity: 0;\n      animation: olsSpectrumNoteShow 12s ease-in-out infinite;\n    }\n\n    #ols-ms-detection-stage .ols-spectrum-note strong {\n      display: block;\n      margin-bottom: 4px;\n      color: var(--ols-navy);\n      font-weight: 800;\n    }\n\n    #ols-ms-detection-stage .ols-neutral-label {\n      position: absolute;\n      left: 50%;\n      top: 75%;\n      transform: translateX(-50%);\n      width: min(430px, 50%);\n      padding: 12px 14px;\n      border-radius: 18px;\n      background: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.94);\n      border: 1px solid rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.12);\n      box-shadow: 0 12px 28px rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.10);\n      font-size: 14px;\n      line-height: 1.45;\n      font-weight: 600;\n      color: rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.84);\n      z-index: 9;\n      text-align: center;\n      opacity: 0;\n      animation: olsNeutralNoteShow 12s ease-in-out infinite;\n    }\n\n    #ols-ms-detection-stage .ols-legend {\n      display: grid;\n      grid-template-columns: repeat(3, minmax(0, 1fr));\n      gap: 12px;\n      padding: 16px 18px;\n      background: #ffffff;\n      border-bottom: 1px solid rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.08);\n    }\n\n    #ols-ms-detection-stage .ols-legend-item {\n      display: flex;\n      align-items: center;\n      gap: 10px;\n      padding: 12px 14px;\n      border-radius: 16px;\n      background: #f8fbff;\n      border: 1px solid rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.10);\n      font-size: 14px;\n      line-height: 1.45;\n      font-weight: 400;\n      color: rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.84);\n    }\n\n    #ols-ms-detection-stage .ols-dot {\n      width: 16px;\n      height: 16px;\n      border-radius: 50%;\n      flex: 0 0 auto;\n      box-shadow: 0 3px 8px rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.16);\n    }\n\n    #ols-ms-detection-stage .ols-dot.blue { background: #2563eb; }\n    #ols-ms-detection-stage .ols-dot.green { width: 22px; height: 22px; background: #0f9d58; }\n    #ols-ms-detection-stage .ols-dot.red { background: #c81e1e; }\n\n    #ols-ms-detection-stage .ols-controls {\n      display: flex;\n      flex-wrap: wrap;\n      gap: 10px;\n      padding: 16px 18px;\n      background: #ffffff;\n      border-bottom: 1px solid rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.08);\n    }\n\n    #ols-ms-detection-stage .ols-btn {\n      appearance: none;\n      border: 1px solid rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.14);\n      background: #ffffff;\n      color: var(--ols-navy);\n      border-radius: 999px;\n      padding: 10px 15px;\n      font-family: Poppins, Arial, sans-serif;\n      font-size: 14px;\n      font-weight: 700;\n      cursor: pointer;\n      transition: transform 0.2s ease, box-shadow 0.2s ease, background 0.2s ease, color 0.2s ease;\n    }\n\n    #ols-ms-detection-stage .ols-btn:hover {\n      transform: translateY(-2px);\n      box-shadow: 0 8px 20px rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.12);\n    }\n\n    #ols-ms-detection-stage .ols-btn.is-active {\n      background: var(--ols-navy);\n      color: #ffffff;\n      border-color: var(--ols-navy);\n    }\n\n    #ols-ms-detection-stage .ols-explanation {\n      padding: 22px 26px 26px;\n      background: #ffffff;\n    }\n\n    #ols-ms-detection-stage .ols-key-message {\n      margin: 0;\n      padding: 16px 18px;\n      border-radius: 18px;\n      background: var(--ols-soft-blue);\n      border: 1px solid rgba(37, 99, 235, 0.14);\n      font-size: 16px;\n      line-height: 1.65;\n      font-weight: 300;\n      color: rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.88);\n    }\n\n    #ols-ms-detection-stage .ols-key-message strong {\n      font-weight: 800;\n      color: var(--ols-navy);\n    }\n\n    #ols-ms-detection-stage .ols-copyright-footer {\n      padding: 16px 22px 20px;\n      background: #ffffff;\n      border-top: 1px solid rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.08);\n      text-align: center;\n      font-size: 13px;\n      line-height: 1.55;\n      font-weight: 500;\n      color: rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.70);\n    }\n\n    #ols-ms-detection-stage .ols-copyright-footer strong {\n      color: var(--ols-navy);\n      font-weight: 800;\n    }\n\n    @keyframes olsDetectStepOne {\n      0%, 5% { opacity: 0; transform: translateY(8px); }\n      8%, 35% { opacity: 1; transform: translateY(0); }\n      40%, 100% { opacity: 0; transform: translateY(-8px); }\n    }\n\n    @keyframes olsDetectStepTwo {\n      0%, 36% { opacity: 0; transform: translateY(8px); }\n      42%, 67% { opacity: 1; transform: translateY(0); }\n      72%, 100% { opacity: 0; transform: translateY(-8px); }\n    }\n\n    @keyframes olsDetectStepThree {\n      0%, 68% { opacity: 0; transform: translateY(8px); }\n      74%, 100% { opacity: 1; transform: translateY(0); }\n    }\n\n    @keyframes olsBlueIonOne {\n      0%, 6% { left: 18%; opacity: 0; }\n      8% { left: 18%; opacity: 1; }\n      18% { left: 66%; opacity: 1; }\n      20%, 100% { left: 66%; opacity: 0; }\n    }\n\n    @keyframes olsBlueIonTwo {\n      0%, 48% { left: 18%; opacity: 0; }\n      50% { left: 18%; opacity: 1; }\n      60% { left: 66%; opacity: 1; }\n      62%, 100% { left: 66%; opacity: 0; }\n    }\n\n    @keyframes olsGreenIonOne {\n      0%, 14% { left: 15%; opacity: 0; }\n      16% { left: 15%; opacity: 1; }\n      26% { left: 66%; opacity: 1; }\n      28%, 100% { left: 66%; opacity: 0; }\n    }\n\n    @keyframes olsGreenIonTwo {\n      0%, 30% { left: 15%; opacity: 0; }\n      32% { left: 15%; opacity: 1; }\n      42% { left: 66%; opacity: 1; }\n      44%, 100% { left: 66%; opacity: 0; }\n    }\n\n    @keyframes olsGreenIonThree {\n      0%, 64% { left: 15%; opacity: 0; }\n      66% { left: 15%; opacity: 1; }\n      76% { left: 66%; opacity: 1; }\n      78%, 100% { left: 66%; opacity: 0; }\n    }\n\n    @keyframes olsGreenIonFour {\n      0%, 78% { left: 15%; opacity: 0; }\n      80% { left: 15%; opacity: 1; }\n      90% { left: 66%; opacity: 1; }\n      92%, 100% { left: 66%; opacity: 0; }\n    }\n\n    @keyframes olsBlueElectron {\n      0%, 17% { opacity: 0; transform: translate(0, 0) scale(0.8); }\n      18% { opacity: 1; transform: translate(0, 0) scale(1); }\n      20% { opacity: 0; transform: translate(22px, 36px) scale(0.2); }\n      49%, 59% { opacity: 0; transform: translate(0, 0) scale(0.8); }\n      60% { opacity: 1; transform: translate(0, 0) scale(1); }\n      62% { opacity: 0; transform: translate(22px, 36px) scale(0.2); }\n      100% { opacity: 0; }\n    }\n\n    @keyframes olsGreenElectron {\n      0%, 25% { opacity: 0; transform: translate(0, 0) scale(0.8); }\n      26% { opacity: 1; transform: translate(0, 0) scale(1); }\n      28% { opacity: 0; transform: translate(22px, -18px) scale(0.2); }\n      41% { opacity: 0; transform: translate(0, 0) scale(0.8); }\n      42% { opacity: 1; transform: translate(0, 0) scale(1); }\n      44% { opacity: 0; transform: translate(22px, -18px) scale(0.2); }\n      75% { opacity: 0; transform: translate(0, 0) scale(0.8); }\n      76% { opacity: 1; transform: translate(0, 0) scale(1); }\n      78% { opacity: 0; transform: translate(22px, -18px) scale(0.2); }\n      89% { opacity: 0; transform: translate(0, 0) scale(0.8); }\n      90% { opacity: 1; transform: translate(0, 0) scale(1); }\n      92% { opacity: 0; transform: translate(22px, -18px) scale(0.2); }\n      100% { opacity: 0; }\n    }\n\n    @keyframes olsBlueHitFlash {\n      0%, 17% { opacity: 0; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0.2); }\n      18% { opacity: 1; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(1.4); }\n      21% { opacity: 0; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0.2); }\n      59% { opacity: 0; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0.2); }\n      60% { opacity: 1; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(1.4); }\n      63%, 100% { opacity: 0; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0.2); }\n    }\n\n    @keyframes olsGreenHitFlash {\n      0%, 25% { opacity: 0; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0.2); }\n      26% { opacity: 1; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(1.4); }\n      29% { opacity: 0; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0.2); }\n      41% { opacity: 0; }\n      42% { opacity: 1; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(1.4); }\n      45% { opacity: 0; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0.2); }\n      75% { opacity: 0; }\n      76% { opacity: 1; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(1.4); }\n      79% { opacity: 0; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0.2); }\n      89% { opacity: 0; }\n      90% { opacity: 1; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(1.4); }\n      93%, 100% { opacity: 0; transform: translate(-50%, -50%) scale(0.2); }\n    }\n\n    @keyframes olsBlueAbundanceLine {\n      0%, 17% { transform: scaleX(0); }\n      20%, 59% { transform: scaleX(0.5); }\n      62%, 100% { transform: scaleX(1); }\n    }\n\n    @keyframes olsGreenAbundanceLine {\n      0%, 25% { transform: scaleX(0); }\n      28%, 41% { transform: scaleX(0.25); }\n      44%, 75% { transform: scaleX(0.5); }\n      78%, 89% { transform: scaleX(0.75); }\n      92%, 100% { transform: scaleX(1); }\n    }\n\n    @keyframes olsNeutralNoteShow {\n      0%, 15% { opacity: 0; transform: translateX(-50%) translateY(8px); }\n      20%, 66% { opacity: 1; transform: translateX(-50%) translateY(0); }\n      72%, 100% { opacity: 0; transform: translateX(-50%) translateY(-8px); }\n    }\n\n    @keyframes olsSpectrumNoteShow {\n      0%, 70% { opacity: 0; transform: translateY(8px); }\n      76%, 100% { opacity: 1; transform: translateY(0); }\n    }\n\n    @media (max-width: 880px) {\n      #ols-ms-detection-stage .ols-stage {\n        height: 600px;\n      }\n\n      #ols-ms-detection-stage .ols-legend {\n        grid-template-columns: 1fr;\n      }\n\n      #ols-ms-detection-stage .ols-label.right {\n        display: none;\n      }\n\n      #ols-ms-detection-stage .ols-spectrum-note {\n        display: none;\n      }\n\n      #ols-ms-detection-stage .ols-spectrum {\n        left: 72%;\n        width: 24%;\n      }\n    }\n\n    @media (max-width: 560px) {\n      #ols-ms-detection-stage .ols-ms-header,\n      #ols-ms-detection-stage .ols-explanation {\n        padding-left: 18px;\n        padding-right: 18px;\n      }\n\n      #ols-ms-detection-stage .ols-stage {\n        height: 540px;\n      }\n\n      #ols-ms-detection-stage .ols-step-label {\n        top: 68px;\n        font-size: 15px;\n      }\n\n      #ols-ms-detection-stage .ols-neutral-label {\n        width: 78%;\n        top: 76%;\n      }\n\n      #ols-ms-detection-stage .ols-btn {\n        width: 100%;\n      }\n    }\n  <\/style>\n\n  \n\n  <script>\n    (function () {\n      const card = document.getElementById(\"ols-ms-detection-stage\");\n      const pauseBtn = document.getElementById(\"olsMsDetectPauseBtn\");\n\n      if (!card || !pauseBtn) {\n        return;\n      }\n\n      let manuallyPaused = false;\n\n      function pause() {\n        card.classList.add(\"ols-paused\");\n        pauseBtn.textContent = \"Play animation\";\n        pauseBtn.classList.remove(\"is-active\");\n      }\n\n      function play() {\n        card.classList.remove(\"ols-paused\");\n        pauseBtn.textContent = \"Pause animation\";\n        pauseBtn.classList.add(\"is-active\");\n      }\n\n      function togglePause() {\n        manuallyPaused = !card.classList.contains(\"ols-paused\");\n        if (manuallyPaused) {\n          pause();\n        } else {\n          play();\n        }\n      }\n\n      pauseBtn.addEventListener(\"click\", togglePause);\n\n      const observer = new IntersectionObserver(function (entries) {\n        entries.forEach(function (entry) {\n          if (entry.intersectionRatio >= 0.5) {\n            if (!manuallyPaused) { play(); }\n          } else {\n            pause();\n          }\n        });\n      }, { threshold: [0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1.0] });\n\n      observer.observe(card);\n    })();\n  <\/script>\n<\/section>\n      <\/article>\n<section class=\"ols-h5p-card ols-h5p-inline\">\n<span class=\"ols-h5p-kicker\">Check your understanding<\/span>\n<h2>Quick Check: Reading the Detector Current<\/h2>\n<p>Use the detector currents to compare two isotopes.<\/p>\n<div class=\"ols-h5p-frame\"><div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-239\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"239\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Mass Spectrometer MCQ: Detector Current and Isotope Abundance in Boron\"><\/iframe><\/div><\/div>\n<\/section>\n\n      <article class=\"ols-note-card orange\">\n        <div class=\"ols-note-title\"><div class=\"ols-note-icon\">8<\/div><h2>Changing the Magnetic Field<\/h2><\/div>\n        <p>For a fixed magnetic field strength, only ions with a particular m\/z value follow the correct path through the slit and reach the detector.<\/p>\n        <p>The magnetic field strength is then changed so that ions with different m\/z values can be detected.<\/p>\n<p>Ions with a larger m\/z are deflected less, so a <strong>stronger magnetic field<\/strong> is needed to bend them onto the detector. A weaker field brings ions with a smaller m\/z onto the detector.<\/p>\n<p>The computer combines these detector signals to produce the mass spectrum.<\/p>\n        <div class=\"ols-key-box\"><p><strong>Key idea:<\/strong> Changing the magnetic field lets the instrument scan across different m\/z values.<\/p><\/div>\n      <\/article>\n<section class=\"ols-h5p-card ols-h5p-inline\">\n<span class=\"ols-h5p-kicker\">Check your understanding<\/span>\n<h2>Quick Check: Scanning to a Heavier Ion<\/h2>\n<p>Decide how the magnetic field must change to detect a heavier ion.<\/p>\n<div class=\"ols-h5p-frame\"><div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-613\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"613\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Mass Spectrometer MCQ: Scanning from a Lighter Ion to a Heavier Ion\"><\/iframe><\/div><\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"ols-h5p-card ols-h5p-inline\">\n<span class=\"ols-h5p-kicker\">Check your understanding<\/span>\n<h2>Quick Check: Mass Spectrometer Round-Up<\/h2>\n<p>Pick the one fully correct statement in each round to pull the whole page together.<\/p>\n<div class=\"ols-h5p-frame\"><div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-236\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"236\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Mass Spectrometer Summary: Vacuum, Ionisation, m\/z and Detector Current\"><\/iframe><\/div><\/div>\n<\/section>\n\n      <article class=\"ols-note-card\">\n        <div class=\"ols-note-title\"><div class=\"ols-note-icon\">9<\/div><h2>Common Exam Points<\/h2><\/div>\n        <p>Mass spectrometry questions often test precise sequencing, the role of the vacuum, the meaning of m\/z, and the link between detector current and abundance.<\/p>\n        <div class=\"ols-rule-list\">\n          <div class=\"ols-rule-item\"><h3>Use the correct sequence<\/h3><p>Vaporise the sample if needed, ionise it, accelerate the positive ions, deflect them in a magnetic field, then detect them.<\/p><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-rule-item\"><h3>State why a vacuum is needed<\/h3><p>A vacuum prevents collisions with air particles and prevents air particles from becoming ionised and detected.<\/p><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-rule-item\"><h3>Do not use mass alone when charge can vary<\/h3><p>Deflection depends on m\/z, not only mass. A higher charge lowers the m\/z value.<\/p><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-rule-item\"><h3>Link current to abundance<\/h3><p>A larger current is produced when more ions reach the detector, so signal intensity is proportional to abundance.<\/p><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n      <\/article>\n\n      \n\n      <article class=\"ols-note-card purple\">\n        <div class=\"ols-note-title\"><div class=\"ols-note-icon\">\u2713<\/div><h2>QuickSnap<\/h2><\/div>\n        <p>In a mass spectrometer, the sample is first vaporised if needed, then ionised by electron bombardment to form positive ions.<\/p>\n<p>The positive ions are accelerated by an electric field and deflected by a magnetic field according to their m\/z value. Ions with smaller m\/z values are deflected more, while ions with larger m\/z values are deflected less.<\/p>\n<p>When ions reach the detector, they gain electrons and produce a current. The size of this current is proportional to the abundance of the ions reaching the detector.<\/p>\n        <div class=\"ols-rule-list\">\n          <div class=\"ols-rule-item\"><h3>Ionisation<\/h3><p>High-energy electrons remove electrons from gaseous particles, forming positive ions.<\/p><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-rule-item\"><h3>Acceleration<\/h3><p>Positive ions are attracted towards a negative electric field and form a beam.<\/p><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-rule-item\"><h3>Deflection<\/h3><p>The magnetic field separates ions by m\/z. Smaller m\/z means greater deflection.<\/p><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-rule-item\"><h3>Detection<\/h3><p>Positive ions gain electrons at the detector, producing a current proportional to abundance.<\/p><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n      <\/article>\n\n      <section class=\"ols-faq-card\">\n        <h2>The Mass Spectrometer FAQs<\/h2>\n        <p>Use these quick answers to secure the key wording for Edexcel A Level Chemistry.<\/p>\n        <div class=\"ols-faq-list\">\n          <div class=\"ols-faq-item\"><h3>What does a mass spectrometer measure?<\/h3><p>It separates and detects positive ions according to their mass-to-charge ratio, m\/z.<\/p><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-faq-item\"><h3>Why must the sample be vaporised?<\/h3><p>The sample must be in the gaseous state so that its particles can move through the instrument and be ionised.<\/p><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-faq-item\"><h3>How are positive ions formed in electron bombardment?<\/h3><p>High-energy electrons collide with gaseous atoms or molecules and remove electrons, producing positive ions.<\/p><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-faq-item\"><h3>Why is a vacuum needed in a mass spectrometer?<\/h3><p>A vacuum prevents collisions with air particles and prevents air particles from becoming ionised and detected.<\/p><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-faq-item\"><h3>What determines the amount of deflection?<\/h3><p>The amount of deflection depends on m\/z. Ions with smaller m\/z values are deflected more.<\/p><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-faq-item\"><h3>What does the detector signal show?<\/h3><p>The detector signal is a small current. Its size is proportional to the abundance of ions reaching the detector.<\/p><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n      <\/section>\n\n      <!-- author card (moved to the end, 10 Oct 2026) -->\n      <div class=\"ols-author\">\n\n    <img decoding=\"async\"\n      class=\"ols-author-avatar-img\"\n      src=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/Author-Profile.jpeg\"\n      alt=\"Dr. Mohammed Al-Fatah\"\n    >\n\n    <div class=\"ols-author-content\">\n\n      <h2 class=\"ols-author-title\">\n        Written by: Dr. Mohammed Al-Fatah\n      <\/h2>\n\n      <p class=\"ols-author-description\">\n        Chemistry specialist revision notes for A Level Chemistry.\n      <\/p>\n\n      <a\n        class=\"ols-linkedin-pill\"\n        href=\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/doctormohammedfatah\/\"\n        target=\"_blank\"\n        rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"\n      >\n        <svg class=\"ols-linkedin-icon\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"currentColor\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n          <path d=\"M4.98 3.5C4.98 4.88 3.86 6 2.48 6S0 4.88 0 3.5 1.12 1 2.48 1s2.5 1.12 2.5 2.5zM.5 8h4V24h-4V8zm7 0h3.8v2.2h.1c.5-.9 1.8-2.2 3.9-2.2 4.2 0 5 2.8 5 6.4V24h-4v-7.6c0-1.8 0-4.2-2.6-4.2s-3 2-3 4v7.8h-4V8z\"\/>\n        <\/svg>\n        View LinkedIn Profile\n      <\/a>\n\n    <\/div>\n\n  <\/div>\n\n\n      <section class=\"ols-related-card\">\n        <h2>Related Topics<\/h2>\n        <p>Continue with the linked Topic 1 revision pages to connect mass spectrometry with isotopes, relative atomic mass and ionisation energy.<\/p>\n        <div class=\"ols-related-grid\">\n          <a class=\"ols-related-item\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-1-atomic-structure-and-the-periodic-table\/mass-spectrometry\/ram-calculations\/\">RAM Calculations<\/a>\n          <a class=\"ols-related-item\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-1-atomic-structure-and-the-periodic-table\/mass-spectrometry\/predicting-diatomic-mass-spectra\/\">Predicting Diatomic Mass Spectra<\/a>\n          <a class=\"ols-related-item\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-1-atomic-structure-and-the-periodic-table\/ionisation-energy\/\">Ionisation Energy<\/a>\n        <\/div>\n      <\/section>\n    <!-- OLS Author Copyright Footprint \/ Attribution Card -->\n      <section class=\"ols-attribution-card ols-attr-std\" aria-label=\"Copyright notice\">\n<style id=\"ols-attribution-card-css\">.ols-attribution-card.ols-attr-std{background:linear-gradient(135deg,#ffffff,#f8fbff);border:1px solid rgba(28,36,75,0.14);border-radius:28px;box-shadow:0 18px 45px rgba(28,36,75,0.10);padding:34px;margin:24px 0;overflow:hidden;font-family:Poppins,Arial,sans-serif;box-sizing:border-box}.ols-attribution-card.ols-attr-std *{box-sizing:border-box}.ols-attribution-card.ols-attr-std p{margin:0;font-size:14px;line-height:1.65;font-weight:300;color:#667085}.ols-attribution-card.ols-attr-std strong{font-weight:700;color:#1C244B}@media (max-width:760px){.ols-attribution-card.ols-attr-std{padding:24px 18px;border-radius:22px}}<\/style>\n<p><strong>Copyright notice:<\/strong> This OLS revision content, including the explanations, layout, diagrams, tables and embedded learning structure, is authored for Online Learning System by Dr. Mohammed Al-Fatah. It may not be copied, reproduced, redistributed or adapted without written permission.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n    <\/main>\n\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">\n{\n    \"@context\": \"https:\/\/schema.org\",\n    \"@graph\": [\n        {\n            \"@type\": \"WebPage\",\n            \"@id\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-1-atomic-structure-and-the-periodic-table\/mass-spectrometry\/the-mass-spectrometer\/#webpage\",\n            \"url\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-1-atomic-structure-and-the-periodic-table\/mass-spectrometry\/the-mass-spectrometer\/\",\n            \"name\": \"The Mass Spectrometer - Edexcel A Level Chemistry\",\n            \"description\": \"Free OLS revision notes explaining how a mass spectrometer works for Edexcel A Level Chemistry, including vaporisation, ionisation, acceleration, deflection, detection, m\/z and relative 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Unit: Paper 1 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":12,"featured_media":0,"parent":4514,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-4518","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/4518","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/12"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4518"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/4518\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":24796,"href":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/4518\/revisions\/24796"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/4514"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4518"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}