{"id":4522,"date":"2026-05-28T06:05:21","date_gmt":"2026-05-28T05:05:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-1-atomic-structure-and-the-periodic-table\/ionisation-energy\/introduction-to-ionisation-energy\/"},"modified":"2026-05-30T09:05:17","modified_gmt":"2026-05-30T08:05:17","slug":"introduction-to-ionisation-energy","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-1-atomic-structure-and-the-periodic-table\/ionisation-energy\/introduction-to-ionisation-energy\/","title":{"rendered":"Introduction to Ionisation Energy"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<!--\n===============================================================================\nONLINE LEARNING SYSTEM COPYRIGHT NOTICE\n\u00a9 Online Learning System. 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     }\n\n      .ols-note-title {\n        align-items: flex-start;\n      }\n\n      .ols-related-grid,\n      .ols-h5p-grid {\n        grid-template-columns: 1fr;\n      }\n\n      .ols-table-wrap {\n        border: none;\n        background: transparent;\n      }\n\n      .ols-table,\n      .ols-table thead,\n      .ols-table tbody,\n      .ols-table th,\n      .ols-table td,\n      .ols-table tr {\n        display: block;\n        width: 100%;\n      }\n\n      .ols-table {\n        border-collapse: separate;\n        border-spacing: 0;\n      }\n\n      .ols-table thead {\n        display: none;\n      }\n\n      .ols-table tr {\n        margin-bottom: 14px;\n        border: 1px solid var(--border);\n        border-radius: 18px;\n        overflow: hidden;\n        background: #ffffff;\n        box-shadow: var(--inner-shadow);\n      }\n\n      .ols-table td {\n        border-bottom: 1px solid var(--border);\n        padding: 14px 16px;\n        overflow-wrap: anywhere;\n      }\n\n      .ols-table td:last-child {\n        border-bottom: none;\n      }\n\n      .ols-table td::before {\n        content: attr(data-label);\n        display: block;\n        margin-bottom: 6px;\n        font-size: 13px;\n        font-weight: 700;\n        color: var(--blue);\n      }\n\n      .ols-author {\n        align-items: flex-start;\n        padding: 22px 18px;\n        border-radius: 22px;\n      }\n\n      .ols-author-avatar-img {\n        width: 72px;\n        height: 72px;\n      }\n\n      .ols-author-title {\n        font-size: 24px;\n      }\n\n      .ols-author-description {\n        font-size: 15px;\n      }\n    }\n  <\/style>\n\n  <div class=\"ols-revision-layout\">\n    \n    <aside class=\"ols-sidebar\">\r\n  <div class=\"ols-sidebar-header\">\r\n    <h3>Revision Notes<\/h3>\r\n    <p>A Level Chemistry<\/p>\r\n  <\/div>\r\n\r\n  <div class=\"ols-topic-group\">\r\n    <h4>Topic 1 Atomic Structure and The Periodic Table<\/h4>\r\n\r\n    <ul class=\"ols-topic-list\">\r\n      <li>\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-1-atomic-structure-and-the-periodic-table\/atomic-structure\/\">Atomic Structure<\/a>\r\n      <\/li>\r\n\r\n      <li>\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-1-atomic-structure-and-the-periodic-table\/mass-spectrometry\/\">Mass Spectrometry<\/a>\r\n\r\n        <ul class=\"ols-subtopic-list\">\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-1-atomic-structure-and-the-periodic-table\/mass-spectrometry\/the-mass-spectrometer\/\">The Mass Spectrometer<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-1-atomic-structure-and-the-periodic-table\/mass-spectrometry\/ram-calculations\/\">RAM Calculations<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-1-atomic-structure-and-the-periodic-table\/mass-spectrometry\/predicting-diatomic-mass-spectra\/\">Predicting Diatomic Mass Spectra<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-1-atomic-structure-and-the-periodic-table\/mass-spectrometry\/identifying-compounds-from-mass-spectra\/\">Identifying Compounds from Mass Spectra<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n        <\/ul>\r\n      <\/li>\r\n\r\n      <li>\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-1-atomic-structure-and-the-periodic-table\/electron-configuration\/\">Electron Configuration<\/a>\r\n      <\/li>\r\n\r\n      <li>\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-1-atomic-structure-and-the-periodic-table\/ionisation-energy\/\">Ionisation Energy<\/a>\r\n\r\n        <ul class=\"ols-subtopic-list\">\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-1-atomic-structure-and-the-periodic-table\/ionisation-energy\/introduction-to-ionisation-energy\/\">Introduction to Ionisation Energy<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-1-atomic-structure-and-the-periodic-table\/ionisation-energy\/successive-ionisation-energies\/\">Successive Ionisation Energies<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-1-atomic-structure-and-the-periodic-table\/ionisation-energy\/trends-in-a-period\/\">Trends in a Period<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-1-atomic-structure-and-the-periodic-table\/ionisation-energy\/trends-in-a-group\/\">Trends in a Group<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n        <\/ul>\r\n      <\/li>\r\n\r\n      <li>\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-1-atomic-structure-and-the-periodic-table\/periodic-trends\/\">Periodic Trends<\/a>\r\n      <\/li>\r\n    <\/ul>\r\n  <\/div>\r\n\r\n  <div class=\"ols-topic-group\">\r\n    <h4>Next Topics<\/h4>\r\n\r\n    <ul class=\"ols-topic-list\">\r\n      <li>\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-2-bonding-and-structure\/\">Bonding &amp; Structure<\/a>\r\n      <\/li>\r\n      <li>\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-3-redox-i\/\">Redox I<\/a>\r\n      <\/li>\r\n      <li>\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-4-inorganic-chemistry-and-the-periodic-table\/\">Inorganic Chemistry &amp; The Periodic Table<\/a>\r\n      <\/li>\r\n    <\/ul>\r\n  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class=\"ols-breadcrumbs\" aria-label=\"Breadcrumb\">\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/\">Revision Notes<\/a> \/\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/\">A Level Chemistry<\/a> \/\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/\">Edexcel<\/a> \/\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-1-atomic-structure-and-the-periodic-table\/\">Topic 1 Atomic Structure &amp; The Periodic Table<\/a> \/\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-1-atomic-structure-and-the-periodic-table\/ionisation-energy\/\">Ionisation Energy<\/a> \/\n        <span>Introduction to Ionisation Energy<\/span>\n      <\/nav>\n\n      <header class=\"ols-title-card\">\n        <h1>Introduction to Ionisation Energy<\/h1>\n        <p class=\"ols-page-intro\">A concise revision guide to first ionisation energy, second ionisation energy and the three main factors that affect how strongly an outer electron is attracted to the nucleus.<\/p>\n\n        <div class=\"ols-badges\">\n          <div class=\"ols-badge\">Unit: Paper 1<\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-badge\">Topic 1: Atomic Structure &amp; The Periodic Table<\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-badge\">9CH0\/01<\/div>\n        <\/div>\n\n        <div class=\"ols-author\">\n          <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"ols-author-avatar-img\" src=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/Author-Profile.jpeg\" alt=\"Dr. Mohammed Al-Fatah\">\n          <div class=\"ols-author-content\">\n            <h2 class=\"ols-author-title\">Written by:<br><span>Dr. Mohammed Al-Fatah<\/span><\/h2>\n            <p class=\"ols-author-description\">Chemistry specialist revision notes for A Level Chemistry.<\/p>\n            <a class=\"ols-linkedin-pill\" href=\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/doctormohammedfatah\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\n              <svg class=\"ols-linkedin-icon\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"currentColor\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M4.98 3.5C4.98 4.88 3.86 6 2.48 6S0 4.88 0 3.5 1.12 1 2.48 1s2.5 1.12 2.5 2.5zM.5 8h4V24h-4V8zm7 0h3.8v2.2h.1c.5-.9 1.8-2.2 3.9-2.2 4.2 0 5 2.8 5 6.4V24h-4v-7.6c0-1.8 0-4.2-2.6-4.2s-3 2-3 4v7.8h-4V8z\"><\/path><\/svg>\n              View LinkedIn Profile\n            <\/a>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n      <\/header>\n\n      <article class=\"ols-note-card soft\">\n        <div class=\"ols-note-title\"><div class=\"ols-note-icon\">1<\/div><h2>What Is First Ionisation Energy?<\/h2><\/div>\n        <p><strong>First ionisation energy<\/strong> is the energy required when <strong>one mole of gaseous atoms<\/strong> forms <strong>one mole of gaseous ions with a single positive charge<\/strong>.<\/p>\n        <p>The electron is removed from each gaseous atom. Because an electron is removed, a positive ion forms.<\/p>\n\n        <div class=\"ols-equation-box\">\n          O(g) \u2192 O\u207a(g) + e\u207b\n          <small>For oxygen, the first ionisation energy is +1314 kJ mol\u207b\u00b9.<\/small>\n        <\/div>\n\n        <div class=\"ols-key-box\">\n          <p><strong>Key idea:<\/strong> The definition must include one mole, gaseous atoms, gaseous ions and a single positive charge.<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n      <\/article>\n\n      <article class=\"ols-note-card\">\n        <div class=\"ols-note-title\"><div class=\"ols-note-icon\">2<\/div><h2>Second Ionisation Energy<\/h2><\/div>\n        <p><strong>Second ionisation energy<\/strong> is the energy required when <strong>one mole of gaseous ions with a single positive charge<\/strong> forms <strong>one mole of gaseous ions with a double positive charge<\/strong>.<\/p>\n        <p>This means the second electron is removed from an ion that is already positive. This normally requires more energy than removing the first electron because the remaining electrons are attracted more strongly to the positively charged species.<\/p>\n\n        <div class=\"ols-equation-box\">\n          O\u207a(g) \u2192 O\u00b2\u207a(g) + e\u207b\n          <small>This represents the second ionisation of oxygen ions.<\/small>\n        <\/div>\n\n        <div class=\"ols-key-box\">\n          <p><strong>Exam focus:<\/strong> Do not define second ionisation energy using neutral atoms. It starts with gaseous 1+ ions and forms gaseous 2+ ions.<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n      <\/article>\n\n      <article class=\"ols-note-card purple\">\n        <div class=\"ols-note-title\"><div class=\"ols-note-icon\">3<\/div><h2>Why Ionisation Energy Is Positive<\/h2><\/div>\n        <p>Ionisation energy is positive because energy must be supplied to overcome the attraction between the negatively charged electron and the positively charged nucleus.<\/p>\n        <p>A <strong>high ionisation energy<\/strong> indicates a <strong>strong attraction between the electron and the nucleus<\/strong>. As a result, more energy is needed to remove the electron from the atom or ion.<\/p>\n\n        <div class=\"ols-key-box\">\n          <p><strong>Remember:<\/strong> Removing an electron requires energy input, so ionisation energies are endothermic and usually shown with a positive sign.<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n      <\/article>\n\n      <article class=\"ols-note-card orange\">\n        <div class=\"ols-note-title\"><div class=\"ols-note-icon\">4<\/div><h2>Three Factors That Affect Ionisation Energy<\/h2><\/div>\n        <p>Ionisation energy depends on how strongly the outer electron is attracted to the nucleus. Three factors are most important: <strong>nuclear charge<\/strong>, <strong>distance from the nucleus<\/strong> and <strong>shielding<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n        <div class=\"ols-table-wrap\">\n          <table class=\"ols-table\">\n            <thead>\n              <tr>\n                <th>Factor<\/th>\n                <th>Effect on attraction<\/th>\n                <th>Effect on ionisation energy<\/th>\n              <\/tr>\n            <\/thead>\n            <tbody>\n              <tr>\n                <td data-label=\"Factor\"><strong>Nuclear charge<\/strong><\/td>\n                <td data-label=\"Effect on attraction\">More protons in the nucleus make the nucleus more positively charged, so attraction for outer electrons increases.<\/td>\n                <td data-label=\"Effect on ionisation energy\">Higher nuclear charge usually increases ionisation energy.<\/td>\n              <\/tr>\n              <tr>\n                <td data-label=\"Factor\"><strong>Distance from the nucleus<\/strong><\/td>\n                <td data-label=\"Effect on attraction\">Attraction falls rapidly with distance. An electron in a shell closer to the nucleus is more strongly attracted.<\/td>\n                <td data-label=\"Effect on ionisation energy\">Greater distance from the nucleus usually decreases ionisation energy.<\/td>\n              <\/tr>\n              <tr>\n                <td data-label=\"Factor\"><strong>Shielding<\/strong><\/td>\n                <td data-label=\"Effect on attraction\">Inner shells of electrons repel outer electrons and reduce the attraction from the nucleus.<\/td>\n                <td data-label=\"Effect on ionisation energy\">More shielding usually decreases ionisation energy.<\/td>\n              <\/tr>\n            <\/tbody>\n          <\/table>\n        <\/div>\n\n        <div class=\"ols-key-box\">\n          <p><strong>Key idea:<\/strong> Many ionisation energy questions can be answered by applying these three factors carefully.<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n      <\/article>\n\n      <article class=\"ols-note-card\">\n        <div class=\"ols-note-title\"><div class=\"ols-note-icon\">5<\/div><h2>How to Apply the Factors<\/h2><\/div>\n        <p>When comparing ionisation energies, start by asking which electron is being removed and how strongly it is attracted to the nucleus.<\/p>\n\n        <div class=\"ols-rule-list\">\n          <div class=\"ols-rule-item\">\n            <h3>More protons usually means stronger attraction<\/h3>\n            <p>If shielding and distance are similar, a higher nuclear charge increases attraction for the outer electron.<\/p>\n          <\/div>\n\n          <div class=\"ols-rule-item\">\n            <h3>More shells usually means weaker attraction<\/h3>\n            <p>If the outer electron is in a shell further from the nucleus, it experiences weaker attraction.<\/p>\n          <\/div>\n\n          <div class=\"ols-rule-item\">\n            <h3>More shielding lowers the effective nuclear attraction<\/h3>\n            <p>Inner electrons repel outer electrons, so the outer electron feels less of the full nuclear charge.<\/p>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n      <\/article>\n\n      <article class=\"ols-note-card soft\">\n        <div class=\"ols-note-title\"><div class=\"ols-note-icon\">6<\/div><h2>Common Exam Points<\/h2><\/div>\n        <ul>\n          <li>Always state <strong>gaseous atoms<\/strong> or <strong>gaseous ions<\/strong> in ionisation energy definitions.<\/li>\n          <li>Always refer to <strong>one mole<\/strong>, not one atom, when giving the formal definition.<\/li>\n          <li>For first ionisation energy, the product is <strong>gaseous 1+ ions<\/strong>.<\/li>\n          <li>For second ionisation energy, the reactant is already a <strong>gaseous 1+ ion<\/strong>.<\/li>\n          <li>When explaining trends, use <strong>nuclear charge<\/strong>, <strong>distance from the nucleus<\/strong> and <strong>shielding<\/strong>.<\/li>\n          <li>Do not just say attraction is stronger or weaker. State why the attraction changes.<\/li>\n        <\/ul>\n      <\/article>\n\n      <section class=\"ols-h5p-card\">\n        <h2>Check Your Understanding<\/h2>\n        <p>Use these short tasks to test the key ideas from this page before moving on to successive ionisation energies and periodic trends.<\/p>\n\n        <div class=\"ols-h5p-grid\">\n          <div class=\"ols-h5p-frame\"><div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-263\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"263\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"T2.4.1 Drag: Introduction to Ionisation Energy Key Concepts\"><\/iframe><\/div><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-h5p-frame\"><div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-264\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"264\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"T2.4.2 MCQ: Definition of First Ionisation Energy\"><\/iframe><\/div><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-h5p-frame\"><div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-265\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"265\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"T2.4.3 MCQ: Second Ionisation Energy Equation\"><\/iframe><\/div><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-h5p-frame\"><div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-266\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"266\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"T2.4.4 MCQ: Factors Affecting Ionisation Energy\"><\/iframe><\/div><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-h5p-frame\"><div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-348\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"348\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Ionisation Energy: Introduction Dialog Cards\"><\/iframe><\/div><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n      <\/section>\n\n      <section class=\"ols-quicksnap-card\">\n        <h2>QuickSnap<\/h2>\n        <p>This text summary condenses the page into the essential exam ideas.<\/p>\n        <ul class=\"ols-quicksnap-list\">\n          <li><strong>First ionisation energy:<\/strong> energy required when one mole of gaseous atoms forms one mole of gaseous 1+ ions.<\/li>\n          <li><strong>Second ionisation energy:<\/strong> energy required when one mole of gaseous 1+ ions forms one mole of gaseous 2+ ions.<\/li>\n          <li><strong>High ionisation energy:<\/strong> strong attraction between the electron and the nucleus.<\/li>\n          <li><strong>Main factors:<\/strong> nuclear charge, distance of the outer electron from the nucleus and shielding by inner electron shells.<\/li>\n          <li><strong>Exam method:<\/strong> explain attraction, then link the strength of attraction to the energy needed to remove the electron.<\/li>\n        <\/ul>\n      <\/section>\n\n\n<section class=\"ols-course-cta-atomic-structure\" 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class=\"ols-course-cta-card\">\n      \n          <div class=\"ols-course-cta-top\">\n      \n            <a class=\"ols-course-cta-image-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/product\/atomic-structure-and-the-periodic-table-topic-1\/\" aria-label=\"Open the Edexcel A Level Chemistry Topic 1 Atomic Structure and The Periodic Table course page\">\n      \n              <div class=\"ols-course-cta-image\">\n                <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/T1-Atomic-Structure-and-The-Periodic-Table.jpg\" alt=\"Edexcel A Level Chemistry Topic 1 Atomic Structure and The Periodic Table course banner\">\n              <\/div>\n      \n            <\/a>\n      \n            <div class=\"ols-course-cta-content\">\n      \n              <div class=\"ols-course-cta-header-row\">\n      \n                <div class=\"ols-course-cta-kicker\">\n                  Complete Topic 1 Atomic Structure &amp; The Periodic Table Course\n                <\/div>\n      \n                <a class=\"ols-course-button ols-course-button-top\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/product\/atomic-structure-and-the-periodic-table-topic-1\/\">\n                  View Course\n                <\/a>\n      \n              <\/div>\n      \n              <h2>\n                Master Atomic Structure and The Periodic Table for Edexcel A Level Chemistry\n              <\/h2>\n      \n            <\/div>\n      \n          <\/div>\n      \n          <div class=\"ols-course-cta-intro-stats\">\n      \n            <p class=\"ols-course-cta-intro\">\n              Continue from these free revision notes into the full Topic 1 Atomic Structure and The Periodic Table course, with guided video teaching, diagnostic MCQ practice, teacher-marked short-answer questions and a specification assignment with a personalised progress report.\n            <\/p>\n      \n            <div class=\"ols-course-cta-stats\">\n      \n              <div class=\"ols-course-stat\">\n                <span>Guided learning<\/span>\n                <strong>18 hours<\/strong>\n              <\/div>\n      \n              <div class=\"ols-course-stat\">\n                <span>Video lessons<\/span>\n                <strong>369 mins<\/strong>\n              <\/div>\n      \n              <div class=\"ols-course-stat\">\n                <span>MCQ practice<\/span>\n                <strong>86 marks<\/strong>\n              <\/div>\n      \n              <div class=\"ols-course-stat\">\n                <span>SAQ practice<\/span>\n                <strong>215 marks<\/strong>\n              <\/div>\n      \n            <\/div>\n      \n          <\/div>\n      \n          <div class=\"ols-course-cta-features\">\n      \n            <div class=\"ols-course-feature\">\n              <h3>Guided video teaching<\/h3>\n              <p>\n                Learn atomic structure, isotopes, mass spectrometry, ionisation energy, electron configuration and periodic trends through structured video lessons with worked examples and walkthroughs.\n              <\/p>\n            <\/div>\n      \n            <div class=\"ols-course-feature\">\n              <h3>Instant MCQ feedback<\/h3>\n              <p>\n                Auto-marked MCQ quizzes provide immediate diagnostic feedback for every answer choice.\n              <\/p>\n            <\/div>\n      \n            <div class=\"ols-course-feature\">\n              <h3>Teacher-marked SAQs<\/h3>\n              <p>\n                Submit written exam responses and receive chemistry specialist feedback with improvement guidance.\n              <\/p>\n            <\/div>\n      \n            <div class=\"ols-course-feature\">\n              <h3>Progress tracking<\/h3>\n              <p>\n                Identify strengths and weaknesses across atomic structure, isotopes, mass spectrometry, ionisation energies, electron 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opacity:0.65;\n    transform:translate(-50%,-50%) scale(1);\n  }\n  100%{\n    opacity:0;\n    transform:translate(-50%,-50%) scale(2.5);\n  }\n}\n\n.mcq-option-label{\n  font-size:23px;\n  color:#111827;\n}\n\n.mcq-specific-feedback{\n  display:inline-flex;\n  align-items:center;\n  margin-left:18px;\n  min-height:38px;\n  opacity:0;\n  transform:translateX(-8px);\n}\n\n.mcq-specific-feedback.show{\n  opacity:1;\n  transform:translateX(0);\n  transition:\n    opacity 0.35s ease,\n    transform 0.35s ease;\n}\n\n.mcq-cross-icon{\n  width:26px;\n  height:26px;\n  border-radius:50%;\n  border:2px solid #d83255;\n  color:#d83255;\n\n  display:inline-flex;\n  justify-content:center;\n  align-items:center;\n\n  font-size:18px;\n  font-weight:700;\n\n  margin-right:12px;\n\n  opacity:0;\n  transform:scale(0.4);\n}\n\n.mcq-cross-icon.show{\n  animation:mcqCrossPop 0.35s ease forwards;\n}\n\n@keyframes mcqCrossPop{\n  70%{\n    opacity:1;\n    transform:scale(1.18);\n  }\n  100%{\n    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line-height:1.34;\n\n  opacity:0;\n  transform:translateY(20px);\n\n  transition:\n    opacity 0.7s ease,\n    transform 0.7s ease;\n\n  overflow:hidden;\n}\n\n.mcq-general-feedback.show{\n  opacity:1;\n  transform:translateY(0);\n}\n\n#mcqGeneralText{\n  white-space:pre-wrap;\n}\n\n.mcq-specific-cursor{\n  background:#111827;\n}\n\n.mcq-general-cursor{\n  background:#8a6a00;\n}\n\n\/* ============================================================\n   3. SHORT ANSWER FEEDBACK\n============================================================ *\/\n\n.ols-saq-stage{\n  width:100vw;\n  height:100vh;\n\n  display:flex;\n  justify-content:center;\n  align-items:center;\n\n  padding:0;\n  overflow:hidden;\n\n  background:\n    radial-gradient(circle at top left,rgba(70,127,247,0.16),transparent 34%),\n    linear-gradient(135deg,#f8fbff 0%,#e9efff 100%);\n}\n\n.ols-saq-intro{\n  position:absolute;\n  inset:0;\n  z-index:50;\n\n  display:flex;\n  justify-content:center;\n  align-items:center;\n\n  background:\n    radial-gradient(circle at top left,rgba(70,127,247,0.14),transparent 34%),\n    linear-gradient(135deg,#f8fbff 0%,#e9efff 100%);\n\n  opacity:1;\n  visibility:visible;\n  pointer-events:none;\n}\n\n.ols-saq-intro.hide{\n  animation:olsSaqIntroFadeOut 0.85s ease forwards;\n}\n\n@keyframes olsSaqIntroFadeOut{\n  to{\n    opacity:0;\n    visibility:hidden;\n  }\n}\n\n.ols-saq-intro-title-wrap{\n  max-width:1250px;\n  padding:0 34px;\n  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transform:translateY(24px) scale(0.96);\n  }\n  to{\n    opacity:1;\n    transform:translateY(0) scale(1);\n  }\n}\n\n.saq-question-area{\n  height:335px;\n  background:#eaf0ff;\n  padding:30px 40px 32px;\n}\n\n.saq-question-text{\n  font-size:25px;\n  line-height:1.42;\n  color:#111827;\n  margin-bottom:22px;\n}\n\n.saq-student-box{\n  height:195px;\n\n  background:#f3f4f6;\n\n  border:2px solid #cfd6e3;\n  border-radius:8px;\n\n  padding:23px 26px;\n\n  font-size:24px;\n  line-height:1.55;\n\n  color:#4b5563;\n\n  position:relative;\n  overflow:hidden;\n}\n\n.saq-teacher-feedback{\n  height:630px;\n\n  background:#dff3e6;\n  color:#075f3b;\n\n  padding:28px 40px 30px;\n\n  font-size:23px;\n  line-height:1.47;\n\n  opacity:0;\n  transform:translateY(20px);\n\n  transition:\n    opacity 0.7s ease,\n    transform 0.7s ease;\n\n  overflow:hidden;\n}\n\n.saq-teacher-feedback.show{\n  opacity:1;\n  transform:translateY(0);\n}\n\n#saqTeacherText{\n  white-space:pre-wrap;\n}\n\n.saq-teacher-cursor{\n  background:#075f3b;\n}\n\n\/* ============================================================\n   SMALL WINDOW PROTECTION\n============================================================ *\/\n\n@media(max-width:900px){\n\n  .ols-video-title,\n  .ols-mcq-intro-title,\n  .ols-saq-intro-title{\n    font-size:clamp(42px,11vw,78px);\n    line-height:1.12;\n  }\n\n  .ols-title-cursor{\n    width:4px;\n    margin-left:6px;\n  }\n\n  .ols-video-card{\n    border-radius:20px;\n  }\n\n}\n<\/style>\n\n\n\n\n<div class=\"ols-combined-stage\">\n\n  <!-- ========================================================\n       SCENE 1: VIRTUAL LESSON\n  ========================================================= -->\n\n  <section id=\"sceneVideo\" class=\"ols-scene active\">\n\n    <div class=\"ols-video-stage\">\n\n      <div id=\"videoTitleScreen\" class=\"ols-video-title-screen\">\n\n        <div class=\"ols-video-title-wrap\">\n          <h1 class=\"ols-video-title\">\n            <span id=\"videoTitleText\"><\/span><span id=\"videoTitleCursor\" class=\"ols-title-cursor\"><\/span>\n          <\/h1>\n        <\/div>\n\n      <\/div>\n\n      <section id=\"videoScene\" class=\"ols-video-scene\">\n\n        <div class=\"ols-video-scale-wrap\">\n\n          <div class=\"ols-video-card\">\n            <video id=\"lessonVideo\" src=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/Virtual-Lesson.mp4\" muted=\"\" playsinline=\"\" preload=\"auto\">\n            <\/video>\n          <\/div>\n\n        <\/div>\n\n      <\/section>\n\n    <\/div>\n\n  <\/section>\n\n  <!-- ========================================================\n       SCENE 2: MULTIPLE CHOICE FEEDBACK\n  ========================================================= -->\n\n  <section id=\"sceneMcq\" class=\"ols-scene\">\n\n    <div class=\"ols-mcq-stage\">\n\n      <div id=\"mcqIntroScreen\" class=\"ols-mcq-intro-screen\">\n        <div class=\"ols-mcq-intro-title-wrap\">\n          <h1 class=\"ols-mcq-intro-title\">\n            <span id=\"mcqIntroTitleText\"><\/span><span id=\"mcqIntroTitleCursor\" class=\"ols-title-cursor\"><\/span>\n          <\/h1>\n        <\/div>\n      <\/div>\n\n      <div class=\"ols-mcq-scale-wrap\">\n\n        <main id=\"mcqScreen\" class=\"ols-mcq-screen\">\n\n          <section class=\"mcq-question-area\">\n\n            <p class=\"mcq-question-lead\">Some ionic radii are shown.<\/p>\n\n            <table class=\"mcq-ionic-table\">\n              <thead>\n                <tr>\n                  <th>Ion<\/th>\n                  <th>Ionic radius \/ nm<\/th>\n                <\/tr>\n              <\/thead>\n\n              <tbody>\n                <tr>\n                  <td>Na<sup>+<\/sup><\/td>\n                  <td>0.102<\/td>\n                <\/tr>\n\n                <tr>\n                  <td>K<sup>+<\/sup><\/td>\n                  <td>0.138<\/td>\n                <\/tr>\n\n                <tr>\n                  <td>F<sup>\u2212<\/sup><\/td>\n                  <td>0.133<\/td>\n                <\/tr>\n\n                <tr>\n                  <td>Cl<sup>\u2212<\/sup><\/td>\n                  <td>0.180<\/td>\n                <\/tr>\n              <\/tbody>\n            <\/table>\n\n            <p class=\"mcq-question-main\">Which compound has the strongest ionic bonding?<\/p>\n\n            <div class=\"mcq-options-wrap\">\n\n              <div id=\"mcqWrongOption\" class=\"mcq-option-row\">\n                <span class=\"mcq-radio\"><\/span>\n                <span class=\"mcq-radio-ripple\"><\/span>\n                <span class=\"mcq-option-label\">sodium chloride<\/span>\n\n                <span id=\"mcqSpecificFeedback\" class=\"mcq-specific-feedback\">\n                  <span id=\"mcqCrossIcon\" class=\"mcq-cross-icon\">\u00d7<\/span>\n                  <span class=\"mcq-specific-feedback-text\">\n                    <span id=\"mcqSpecificText\"><\/span><span id=\"mcqSpecificCursor\" class=\"cursor mcq-specific-cursor\" style=\"display:none;\"><\/span>\n                  <\/span>\n                <\/span>\n              <\/div>\n\n              <div class=\"mcq-option-row\">\n                <span class=\"mcq-radio\"><\/span>\n                <span class=\"mcq-radio-ripple\"><\/span>\n                <span class=\"mcq-option-label\">potassium chloride<\/span>\n              <\/div>\n\n              <div class=\"mcq-option-row\">\n                <span class=\"mcq-radio\"><\/span>\n                <span class=\"mcq-radio-ripple\"><\/span>\n                <span class=\"mcq-option-label\">sodium fluoride<\/span>\n              <\/div>\n\n              <div class=\"mcq-option-row\">\n                <span class=\"mcq-radio\"><\/span>\n                <span class=\"mcq-radio-ripple\"><\/span>\n                <span class=\"mcq-option-label\">potassium fluoride<\/span>\n              <\/div>\n\n            <\/div>\n\n            <button id=\"mcqSubmitButton\" class=\"mcq-submit-button\">Submit answer<\/button>\n\n          <\/section>\n\n          <section id=\"mcqGeneralFeedback\" class=\"mcq-general-feedback\">\n            <span id=\"mcqGeneralText\"><\/span><span id=\"mcqGeneralCursor\" class=\"cursor mcq-general-cursor\" style=\"display:none;\"><\/span>\n          <\/section>\n\n        <\/main>\n\n      <\/div>\n\n    <\/div>\n\n  <\/section>\n\n  <!-- ========================================================\n       SCENE 3: SHORT ANSWER FEEDBACK\n  ========================================================= -->\n\n  <section id=\"sceneSaq\" class=\"ols-scene\">\n\n    <div class=\"ols-saq-stage\">\n\n      <div id=\"saqIntro\" class=\"ols-saq-intro\">\n        <div class=\"ols-saq-intro-title-wrap\">\n          <h1 class=\"ols-saq-intro-title\">\n            <span id=\"saqIntroTitleText\"><\/span><span id=\"saqIntroTitleCursor\" class=\"ols-title-cursor\"><\/span>\n          <\/h1>\n        <\/div>\n      <\/div>\n\n      <div class=\"ols-saq-scale-wrap\">\n\n        <main id=\"saqScreen\" class=\"ols-saq-screen\">\n\n          <section class=\"saq-question-area\">\n\n            <div class=\"saq-question-text\">\n              <strong>(ii)<\/strong>&nbsp;&nbsp; Melting temperature depends on the strength of metallic bonding.<br>\n              Explain why the metallic bonding in magnesium is much stronger than that in sodium.\n            <\/div>\n\n            <div class=\"saq-student-box\">\n              <span id=\"saqStudentText\"><\/span><span id=\"saqStudentCursor\" class=\"cursor\"><\/span>\n            <\/div>\n\n          <\/section>\n\n          <section id=\"saqTeacherFeedback\" class=\"saq-teacher-feedback\">\n            <span id=\"saqTeacherText\"><\/span><span id=\"saqTeacherCursor\" class=\"cursor saq-teacher-cursor\" style=\"display:none;\"><\/span>\n          <\/section>\n\n        <\/main>\n\n      <\/div>\n\n    <\/div>\n\n  <\/section>\n\n<\/div>\n\n<script>\n\/* ============================================================\n   70% VIEWPORT PLAY \/ PAUSE CONTROLLER\n============================================================ *\/\n\nconst olsStage =\ndocument.querySelector(\".ols-combined-stage\");\n\nlet olsAnimationHasStarted = false;\nlet olsAnimationIsVisibleEnough = false;\nlet olsAnimationPaused = true;\n\nconst olsNativeSetTimeout = window.setTimeout.bind(window);\nconst olsNativeClearTimeout = window.clearTimeout.bind(window);\nconst olsPausableTimers = new Map();\nlet olsPausableTimerId = 1;\n\nwindow.setTimeout = function(callback,delay,...args){\n\n  const timerId = olsPausableTimerId++;\n\n  const timer = {\n    callback,\n    delay:Number(delay) || 0,\n    remaining:Number(delay) || 0,\n    args,\n    startedAt:Date.now(),\n    nativeId:null,\n    completed:false\n  };\n\n  function runTimer(){\n\n    if(timer.completed){\n      return;\n    }\n\n    timer.completed = true;\n    olsPausableTimers.delete(timerId);\n    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 currentScene.classList.remove(\"fade-out\");\n\n    nextScene.classList.add(\"active\");\n\n    if(callback){\n      callback();\n    }\n\n  },850);\n\n}\n\nfunction fitAllScreens(){\n\n  fitVideoScreen();\n  fitMcqScreen();\n  fitSaqScreen();\n\n}\n\nwindow.addEventListener(\"resize\",fitAllScreens);\nwindow.addEventListener(\"orientationchange\",fitAllScreens);\n\n\/* ============================================================\n   RESPONSIVE FITTING\n============================================================ *\/\n\nfunction fitVideoScreen(){\n\n  const baseWidth = 1180;\n  const baseHeight = 664;\n\n  const safePadding = 24;\n\n  const availableWidth = window.innerWidth - safePadding;\n  const availableHeight = window.innerHeight - safePadding;\n\n  const scaleByWidth = availableWidth \/ baseWidth;\n  const scaleByHeight = availableHeight \/ baseHeight;\n\n  const finalScale = Math.min(scaleByWidth,scaleByHeight,1);\n\n  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overcoming forces between particles in a solid or liquid.<\/p>\n          <\/div>\n\n          <div class=\"ols-faq-item\">\n            <h3>Why is ionisation energy positive?<\/h3>\n            <p>Energy must be supplied to overcome the attraction between the negatively charged electron and the positively charged nucleus, so ionisation is endothermic.<\/p>\n          <\/div>\n\n          <div class=\"ols-faq-item\">\n            <h3>What are the three main factors affecting ionisation energy?<\/h3>\n            <p>The three main factors are nuclear charge, distance of the electron from the nucleus and shielding by inner electron shells.<\/p>\n          <\/div>\n\n          <div class=\"ols-faq-item\">\n            <h3>Why does shielding lower ionisation energy?<\/h3>\n            <p>Inner shell electrons repel outer electrons and reduce the attraction between the outer electron and the nucleus. Less attraction means less energy is needed to remove the electron.<\/p>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n      <\/section>\n\n      <section class=\"ols-related-card\">\n        <h2>Related Topics<\/h2>\n        <p>Continue through Topic 1 by linking ionisation energy to successive ionisation energies, periodic trends and electron configuration.<\/p>\n\n        <div class=\"ols-related-grid\">\n          <a class=\"ols-related-item\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-1-atomic-structure-and-the-periodic-table\/ionisation-energy\/successive-ionisation-energies\/\">Successive Ionisation Energy<\/a>\n          <a class=\"ols-related-item\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-1-atomic-structure-and-the-periodic-table\/ionisation-energy\/trends-in-a-period\/\">Trends in a Period<\/a>\n          <a class=\"ols-related-item\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-1-atomic-structure-and-the-periodic-table\/ionisation-energy\/trends-in-a-group\/\">Trends in a Group<\/a>\n          <a class=\"ols-related-item\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-1-atomic-structure-and-the-periodic-table\/electron-configuration\/\">Electron Configuration<\/a>\n          <a class=\"ols-related-item\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-1-atomic-structure-and-the-periodic-table\/mass-spectrometry\/\">Mass Spectrometry<\/a>\n          <a class=\"ols-related-item\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-2-bonding-and-structure\/\">Bonding &amp; Structure<\/a>\n        <\/div>\n      <\/section>\n\n      <!-- OLS Author Copyright Footprint \/ Attribution Card -->\n      <section class=\"ols-attribution-card\">\n        <style>\n          .ols-attribution-card {\n            background: linear-gradient(135deg, #ffffff, #f8fbff);\n            border: 1px solid rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.14);\n            border-radius: 28px;\n            box-shadow: 0 18px 45px rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.10);\n            padding: 34px;\n            margin-bottom: 24px;\n            overflow: hidden;\n            font-family: Poppins, Arial, sans-serif;\n            box-sizing: border-box;\n          }\n      \n          .ols-attribution-card,\n          .ols-attribution-card * {\n            box-sizing: border-box;\n          }\n      \n          .ols-attribution-card p {\n            margin: 0;\n            font-size: 14px;\n            line-height: 1.65;\n            font-weight: 300;\n            color: #667085;\n          }\n      \n          .ols-attribution-card strong {\n            font-weight: 700;\n            color: #1C244B;\n          }\n      \n          @media (max-width: 760px) {\n            .ols-attribution-card {\n              padding: 24px 18px;\n              border-radius: 22px;\n            }\n          }\n        <\/style>\n      \n        <p><strong>Copyright notice:<\/strong> This OLS revision content, including the explanations, layout, diagrams, tables and embedded learning structure, is authored for Online Learning System by Dr. Mohammed Al-Fatah. 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