{"id":4571,"date":"2026-05-30T06:09:08","date_gmt":"2026-05-30T05:09:08","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-2-bonding-and-structure\/covalent-bonding\/"},"modified":"2026-06-02T09:45:11","modified_gmt":"2026-06-02T08:45:11","slug":"covalent-bonding","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-2-bonding-and-structure\/covalent-bonding\/","title":{"rendered":"Covalent Bonding"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<section class=\"ols-revision-page ols-covalent-bonding-landing-page\">\n  <style>\n    .ols-revision-page {\n      --navy: #1C244B;\n      --blue: #2563eb;\n      --soft-blue: #eef4ff;\n      --soft-red: #fff7f7;\n      --soft-purple: #f7f0ff;\n      --soft-green: #f0f7f1;\n      --soft-orange: #fff7ed;\n      --gold: #c9973a;\n      --grey-text: #667085;\n      --body-text: #1f2937;\n      --border: rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.14);\n      --shadow: 0 18px 45px rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.10);\n      --inner-shadow: 0 10px 26px rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.08);\n      font-family: Poppins, Arial, sans-serif;\n      color: var(--navy);\n      background: #ffffff;\n    }\n\n    .ols-revision-page * { box-sizing: border-box; }\n\n    .ols-revision-layout {\n      display: block;\n      max-width: 1450px;\n      margin: 0 auto;\n      padding: 24px 20px 60px;\n    }\n\n    .ols-breadcrumbs {\n      display: flex;\n      flex-wrap: wrap;\n      gap: 8px;\n      margin: 10px 0 22px;\n      font-size: 15px;\n      color: var(--grey-text);\n    }\n\n    .ols-breadcrumbs a,\n    .ols-breadcrumbs span {\n      color: var(--grey-text);\n      text-decoration: none;\n      font-weight: 600;\n    }\n\n    .ols-breadcrumbs a:hover {\n      color: var(--blue);\n      text-decoration: underline;\n      text-underline-offset: 3px;\n    }\n\n    .ols-title-card,\n    .ols-note-card,\n    .ols-related-card,\n    .ols-attribution-card {\n      background: #ffffff;\n      border: 1px solid var(--border);\n      border-radius: 28px;\n      box-shadow: var(--shadow);\n      padding: 34px;\n      margin-bottom: 24px;\n      overflow: hidden;\n    }\n\n    .ols-title-card {\n      background: linear-gradient(135deg, #ffffff 0%, #f8fbff 100%);\n    }\n\n    .ols-title-card h1 {\n      margin: 0 0 18px;\n      font-size: clamp(36px, 5vw, 58px);\n      line-height: 1.08;\n      font-weight: 800;\n      letter-spacing: -0.04em;\n      color: #111827;\n    }\n\n    .ols-page-intro {\n      font-size: 19px;\n      line-height: 1.7;\n      font-weight: 300;\n      color: var(--body-text);\n      margin: 0 0 22px;\n    }\n\n    .ols-badges {\n      display: flex;\n      flex-wrap: wrap;\n      gap: 12px;\n      margin-bottom: 22px;\n    }\n\n    .ols-badge {\n      display: inline-flex;\n      align-items: center;\n      padding: 9px 14px;\n      border-radius: 999px;\n      background: #ffffff;\n      border: 1px solid var(--border);\n      font-size: 15px;\n      font-weight: 600;\n      color: var(--navy);\n    }\n\n    .ols-author {\n      display: flex;\n      align-items: center;\n      gap: 20px;\n      padding: 28px;\n      border-radius: 28px;\n      background: linear-gradient(135deg, #ffffff 0%, #f8fbff 100%);\n      border: 1px solid rgba(28,36,75,0.12);\n      box-shadow: 0 18px 45px rgba(28,36,75,0.10);\n      margin-top: 22px;\n    }\n\n    .ols-author-avatar-img {\n      width: 92px;\n      height: 92px;\n      border-radius: 50%;\n      object-fit: cover;\n      object-position: center;\n      flex-shrink: 0;\n      border: 4px solid #ffffff;\n      box-shadow: 0 14px 32px rgba(28,36,75,0.18), 0 0 0 1px rgba(28,36,75,0.10);\n      transition: transform 0.25s ease, box-shadow 0.25s ease;\n    }\n\n    .ols-author:hover .ols-author-avatar-img {\n      transform: scale(1.04);\n      box-shadow: 0 20px 42px rgba(28,36,75,0.22), 0 0 0 1px rgba(28,36,75,0.10);\n    }\n\n    .ols-author-content { min-width: 0; }\n\n    .ols-author-title {\n      margin: 0 0 4px;\n      font-size: clamp(24px,3vw,34px);\n      line-height: 1.15;\n      font-weight: 700;\n      color: var(--navy);\n      letter-spacing: -0.03em;\n    }\n\n    .ols-author-description {\n      margin: 0;\n      font-size: 17px;\n      line-height: 1.7;\n      font-weight: 300;\n      color: var(--grey-text);\n    }\n\n    .ols-linkedin-pill {\n      display: inline-flex;\n      align-items: center;\n      justify-content: center;\n      gap: 10px;\n      margin-top: 16px;\n      padding: 11px 18px;\n      border-radius: 999px;\n      background: linear-gradient(135deg,#0A66C2,#004182);\n      color: #ffffff;\n      text-decoration: none;\n      font-size: 14px;\n      line-height: 1;\n      font-weight: 700;\n      letter-spacing: 0.01em;\n      box-shadow: 0 10px 22px rgba(10,102,194,0.24);\n      position: relative;\n      overflow: hidden;\n      transition: transform 0.22s ease, box-shadow 0.22s ease;\n    }\n\n    .ols-linkedin-pill::before {\n      content: \"\";\n      position: absolute;\n      top: 0;\n      left: -120%;\n      width: 100%;\n      height: 100%;\n      background: linear-gradient(120deg, rgba(255,255,255,0) 0%, rgba(255,255,255,0.28) 50%, rgba(255,255,255,0) 100%);\n      transition: left 0.7s ease;\n    }\n\n    .ols-linkedin-pill:hover {\n      transform: translateY(-3px) scale(1.03);\n      box-shadow: 0 16px 34px rgba(10,102,194,0.34), 0 0 0 6px rgba(10,102,194,0.10);\n      color: #ffffff;\n    }\n\n    .ols-linkedin-pill:hover::before { left: 120%; }\n\n    .ols-linkedin-icon {\n      width: 18px;\n      height: 18px;\n      display: block;\n      flex-shrink: 0;\n    }\n\n    .ols-note-card.soft { background: linear-gradient(135deg, #ffffff 0%, var(--soft-red) 100%); }\n    .ols-note-card.purple { background: linear-gradient(135deg, #ffffff 0%, var(--soft-purple) 100%); }\n\n    .ols-note-title {\n      display: flex;\n      align-items: center;\n      gap: 14px;\n      margin-bottom: 20px;\n    }\n\n    .ols-note-icon {\n      width: 52px;\n      height: 52px;\n      border-radius: 16px;\n      background: var(--navy);\n      color: #ffffff;\n      display: grid;\n      place-items: center;\n      font-size: 24px;\n      font-weight: 800;\n      flex-shrink: 0;\n    }\n\n    .ols-note-title h2,\n    .ols-related-card h2 {\n      margin: 0;\n      font-size: clamp(28px, 3.5vw, 42px);\n      line-height: 1.15;\n      font-weight: 800;\n      color: #111827;\n      letter-spacing: -0.03em;\n    }\n\n    .ols-related-card h2 { margin-bottom: 14px; }\n\n    .ols-note-card p,\n    .ols-note-card li,\n    .ols-related-card p,\n    .ols-attribution-card p {\n      font-size: clamp(15px, 1.3vw, 18px);\n      line-height: 1.65;\n      font-weight: 300;\n      color: var(--body-text);\n    }\n\n    .ols-note-card strong,\n    .ols-related-card strong,\n    .ols-attribution-card strong {\n      font-weight: 700;\n      color: var(--navy);\n    }\n\n    .ols-key-box {\n      margin-top: 20px;\n      background: var(--soft-green);\n      border: 1px solid rgba(63, 143, 70, 0.25);\n      border-radius: 20px;\n      padding: 18px 20px;\n    }\n\n    .ols-key-box p {\n      margin: 0;\n      font-weight: 400;\n      color: var(--navy);\n    }\n\n    .ols-ert-grid {\n      display: grid;\n      grid-template-columns: repeat(3, minmax(0, 1fr));\n      gap: 18px;\n      margin-top: 26px;\n    }\n\n    .ols-ert-card {\n      position: relative;\n      display: grid;\n      grid-template-rows: auto 1fr auto;\n      min-height: 285px;\n      padding: 24px;\n      border-radius: 24px;\n      border: 1px solid rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.13);\n      background:\n        radial-gradient(circle at top right, rgba(37, 99, 235, 0.13), transparent 34%),\n        linear-gradient(135deg, #ffffff 0%, #f8fbff 100%);\n      color: var(--navy);\n      text-decoration: none;\n      overflow: hidden;\n      box-shadow: var(--inner-shadow);\n      transition: transform 0.24s ease, box-shadow 0.24s ease, border-color 0.24s ease, background 0.24s ease;\n    }\n\n    .ols-ert-card:hover {\n      transform: translateY(-6px);\n      border-color: rgba(37, 99, 235, 0.28);\n      box-shadow: 0 24px 52px rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.15);\n      color: var(--navy);\n    }\n\n    .ols-ert-card::before {\n      content: \"\";\n      position: absolute;\n      top: -60px;\n      right: -60px;\n      width: 145px;\n      height: 145px;\n      border-radius: 50%;\n      background: rgba(37, 99, 235, 0.08);\n      transition: transform 0.28s ease, background 0.28s ease;\n    }\n\n    .ols-ert-card:hover::before {\n      transform: scale(1.22);\n      background: rgba(37, 99, 235, 0.13);\n    }\n\n    .ols-ert-visual {\n      position: relative;\n      z-index: 1;\n      min-height: 94px;\n      display: flex;\n      align-items: center;\n      justify-content: center;\n      margin-bottom: 18px;\n    }\n\n    .ols-ert-icon {\n      position: relative;\n      width: 150px;\n      height: 94px;\n    }\n\n    .ols-ert-line,\n    .ols-ert-arrow,\n    .ols-ert-label-mini,\n    .ols-ert-ion,\n    .ols-ert-pull,\n    .ols-ert-lattice {\n      position: absolute;\n      display: block;\n    }\n\n    .ols-ert-atom,\n    .ols-ert-shared,\n    .ols-ert-donor,\n    .ols-ert-acceptor,\n    .ols-ert-bond-pull {\n      position: absolute;\n      display: block;\n    }\n\n    .ols-ert-covalent .ols-ert-atom {\n      width: 42px;\n      height: 42px;\n      border-radius: 50%;\n      display: grid;\n      place-items: center;\n      color: #ffffff;\n      font-size: 14px;\n      font-weight: 800;\n      box-shadow: 0 12px 24px rgba(28,36,75,0.14);\n    }\n\n    .ols-ert-covalent .ols-ert-atom.left {\n      left: 25px;\n      top: 25px;\n      background: var(--blue);\n    }\n\n    .ols-ert-covalent .ols-ert-atom.right {\n      right: 25px;\n      top: 25px;\n      background: var(--gold);\n    }\n\n    .ols-ert-covalent .ols-ert-shared {\n      left: 67px;\n      top: 43px;\n      width: 18px;\n      height: 8px;\n      border-radius: 999px;\n      background: var(--navy);\n      box-shadow: 16px 0 0 var(--navy);\n    }\n\n    .ols-ert-covalent .ols-ert-label-mini {\n      left: 39px;\n      bottom: 8px;\n      color: var(--blue);\n      font-size: 13px;\n      font-weight: 800;\n    }\n\n    .ols-ert-dative .ols-ert-donor {\n      left: 24px;\n      top: 24px;\n      width: 44px;\n      height: 44px;\n      border-radius: 16px;\n      display: grid;\n      place-items: center;\n      background: rgba(238, 244, 255, 0.96);\n      border: 3px solid rgba(37, 99, 235, 0.32);\n      color: var(--blue);\n      font-size: 26px;\n      line-height: 1;\n      font-weight: 800;\n      box-shadow: 0 10px 22px rgba(28,36,75,0.10);\n    }\n\n    .ols-ert-dative .ols-ert-arrow {\n      left: 73px;\n      top: 44px;\n      width: 38px;\n      height: 3px;\n      border-radius: 999px;\n      background: rgba(201,151,58,0.88);\n    }\n\n    .ols-ert-dative .ols-ert-arrow::after {\n      content: \"\";\n      position: absolute;\n      right: -1px;\n      top: 50%;\n      transform: translateY(-50%);\n      border-left: 10px solid rgba(201,151,58,0.88);\n      border-top: 6px solid transparent;\n      border-bottom: 6px solid transparent;\n    }\n\n    .ols-ert-dative .ols-ert-acceptor {\n      right: 18px;\n      top: 28px;\n      min-width: 42px;\n      height: 38px;\n      padding: 0 8px;\n      border-radius: 14px;\n      display: grid;\n      place-items: center;\n      color: #ffffff;\n      font-size: 14px;\n      font-weight: 800;\n      background: var(--gold);\n      box-shadow: 0 8px 18px rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.16);\n    }\n\n    .ols-ert-dative .ols-ert-label-mini {\n      left: 24px;\n      bottom: 8px;\n      color: var(--gold);\n      font-size: 13px;\n      font-weight: 800;\n    }\n\n    .ols-ert-electronegativity .ols-ert-atom {\n      border-radius: 50%;\n      display: grid;\n      place-items: center;\n      color: #ffffff;\n      font-size: 13px;\n      font-weight: 800;\n      box-shadow: 0 12px 24px rgba(28,36,75,0.14);\n    }\n\n    .ols-ert-electronegativity .ols-ert-atom.small {\n      left: 25px;\n      top: 30px;\n      width: 34px;\n      height: 34px;\n      background: var(--blue);\n    }\n\n    .ols-ert-electronegativity .ols-ert-atom.large {\n      right: 21px;\n      top: 22px;\n      width: 50px;\n      height: 50px;\n      background: var(--gold);\n    }\n\n    .ols-ert-electronegativity .ols-ert-bond-pull {\n      left: 63px;\n      top: 45px;\n      width: 42px;\n      height: 4px;\n      border-radius: 999px;\n      background: rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.58);\n    }\n\n    .ols-ert-electronegativity .ols-ert-bond-pull::after {\n      content: \"\";\n      position: absolute;\n      right: -1px;\n      top: 50%;\n      transform: translateY(-50%);\n      border-left: 11px solid rgba(28,36,75,0.58);\n      border-top: 7px solid transparent;\n      border-bottom: 7px solid transparent;\n    }\n\n    .ols-ert-electronegativity .ols-ert-label-mini {\n      left: 35px;\n      bottom: 8px;\n      color: var(--blue);\n      font-size: 13px;\n      font-weight: 800;\n    }\n\n    .ols-ert-card h3 {\n      position: relative;\n      z-index: 1;\n      margin: 0 0 10px;\n      font-size: 23px;\n      line-height: 1.2;\n      font-weight: 800;\n      letter-spacing: -0.02em;\n      color: #111827;\n    }\n\n    .ols-ert-card p {\n      position: relative;\n      z-index: 1;\n      margin: 0;\n      font-size: 15px;\n      line-height: 1.6;\n      font-weight: 300;\n      color: var(--body-text);\n    }\n\n    .ols-ert-card,\n    .ols-ert-card *,\n    .ols-ert-card:hover,\n    .ols-ert-card:hover *,\n    .ols-related-item,\n    .ols-related-item *,\n    .ols-related-item:hover,\n    .ols-related-item:hover * {\n      text-decoration: none !important;\n    }\n\n    .ols-ert-meta {\n      position: relative;\n      z-index: 1;\n      display: inline-flex;\n      align-items: center;\n      justify-content: center;\n      margin-top: 20px;\n      padding: 10px 14px;\n      border-radius: 999px;\n      background: var(--navy);\n      color: #ffffff;\n      font-size: 13px;\n      font-weight: 700;\n      width: fit-content;\n      transition: background 0.22s ease, transform 0.22s ease;\n    }\n\n    .ols-ert-card:hover .ols-ert-meta {\n      background: var(--blue);\n      transform: translateX(4px);\n    }\n\n    .ols-related-grid {\n      display: grid;\n      grid-template-columns: repeat(3, minmax(0, 1fr));\n      gap: 16px;\n      margin-top: 18px;\n    }\n\n    .ols-related-item {\n      border: 1px solid var(--border);\n      border-radius: 18px;\n      padding: 18px;\n      background: #ffffff;\n      color: var(--navy);\n      text-decoration: none;\n      font-weight: 600;\n      line-height: 1.5;\n      transition: transform 0.2s ease, box-shadow 0.2s ease, color 0.2s ease;\n    }\n\n    .ols-related-item:hover {\n      transform: translateY(-2px);\n      box-shadow: 0 10px 22px rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.08);\n      color: var(--blue);\n    }\n\n    .ols-attribution-card {\n      background: linear-gradient(135deg, #ffffff 0%, #f8fbff 100%);\n    }\n\n    .ols-attribution-card p {\n      margin: 0;\n      font-size: 14px;\n      color: var(--grey-text);\n    }\n\n    @media (max-width: 1050px) {\n      .ols-revision-layout { grid-template-columns: 1fr; }\n      .ols-main { max-width: none; }\n      .ols-ert-grid { grid-template-columns: repeat(2, minmax(0, 1fr)); }\n      .ols-related-grid { grid-template-columns: repeat(2, minmax(0, 1fr)); }\n    }\n\n    @media (max-width: 760px) {\n      .ols-revision-layout { padding: 14px 12px 44px; }\n      .ols-title-card, .ols-note-card, .ols-related-card, .ols-attribution-card { padding: 24px 18px; border-radius: 22px; }\n      .ols-note-title { align-items: flex-start; }\n      .ols-author { align-items: flex-start; padding: 22px 18px; border-radius: 22px; }\n      .ols-author-avatar-img { width: 72px; height: 72px; }\n      .ols-author-title { font-size: 24px; }\n      .ols-author-description { font-size: 15px; }\n      .ols-ert-grid { grid-template-columns: 1fr; }\n      .ols-ert-card { min-height: 255px; }\n      .ols-related-grid { grid-template-columns: 1fr; }\n    }\n\n    \/* =========================================================\n       SIMPLE COLOURFUL LANDING PAGE CARD VISUALS\n       Robust symbol-based cards for WordPress landing pages.\n    ========================================================= *\/\n\n    .ols-ert-grid {\n      grid-template-columns: repeat(3, minmax(0, 1fr)) !important;\n      gap: 22px !important;\n    }\n\n    .ols-ert-card {\n      display: flex !important;\n      flex-direction: column !important;\n      padding: 0 !important;\n      min-height: 0 !important;\n      border-radius: 24px !important;\n      overflow: hidden !important;\n      background: #ffffff !important;\n      box-shadow: 0 14px 34px rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.10) !important;\n      transition:\n        transform 0.28s cubic-bezier(0.34, 1.56, 0.64, 1),\n        box-shadow 0.28s ease,\n        border-color 0.28s ease !important;\n    }\n\n    .ols-ert-card:hover {\n      transform: translateY(-10px) scale(1.02) !important;\n      box-shadow: 0 28px 56px rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.16) !important;\n      border-color: rgba(37, 99, 235, 0.35) !important;\n    }\n\n    .ols-ert-card::before {\n      display: none !important;\n    }\n\n    .ols-ert-card-img-wrap {\n      position: relative;\n      width: 100%;\n      aspect-ratio: 4 \/ 3;\n      overflow: hidden;\n      background: var(--soft-blue);\n    }\n\n    .ols-ert-card-img-wrap::after {\n      content: \"\";\n      position: absolute;\n      inset: 0;\n      background: linear-gradient(180deg, transparent 40%, rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.22) 100%);\n      opacity: 0;\n      transition: opacity 0.28s ease;\n      z-index: 1;\n    }\n\n    .ols-ert-card:hover .ols-ert-card-img-wrap::after {\n      opacity: 1;\n    }\n\n    .ols-ert-card-num {\n      position: absolute;\n      top: 14px;\n      left: 14px;\n      width: 34px;\n      height: 34px;\n      border-radius: 50%;\n      background: var(--navy);\n      color: #ffffff;\n      font-size: 13px;\n      font-weight: 800;\n      display: flex;\n      align-items: center;\n      justify-content: center;\n      z-index: 4;\n      box-shadow: 0 6px 16px rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.30);\n    }\n\n    .ols-ert-card-status {\n      position: absolute;\n      top: 14px;\n      right: 14px;\n      padding: 5px 11px;\n      border-radius: 999px;\n      background: #eaf3de;\n      color: #3B6D11;\n      font-size: 10px;\n      font-weight: 800;\n      letter-spacing: 0.01em;\n      z-index: 4;\n      box-shadow: 0 6px 16px rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.12);\n    }\n\n    .ols-ert-card-body {\n      padding: 20px 20px 24px;\n      flex: 1;\n      display: flex;\n      flex-direction: column;\n      gap: 8px;\n      background: #ffffff;\n    }\n\n    .ols-ert-card-body h3 {\n      margin: 0 !important;\n      font-size: 18px !important;\n      line-height: 1.25 !important;\n      font-weight: 800 !important;\n      letter-spacing: -0.025em !important;\n      color: #111827 !important;\n    }\n\n    .ols-ert-card-body p {\n      margin: 0 !important;\n      font-size: 13px !important;\n      line-height: 1.62 !important;\n      font-weight: 300 !important;\n      color: var(--grey-text) !important;\n    }\n\n    .ols-ert-meta {\n      margin-top: 12px !important;\n      padding: 0 !important;\n      background: transparent !important;\n      color: var(--blue) !important;\n      font-size: 13px !important;\n      font-weight: 800 !important;\n      display: inline-flex !important;\n      align-items: center !important;\n      gap: 6px !important;\n      transition: transform 0.22s ease, color 0.22s ease !important;\n    }\n\n    .ols-ert-meta::after {\n      content: \"\u2192\";\n      font-size: 16px;\n      line-height: 1;\n      transition: transform 0.22s ease;\n    }\n\n    .ols-ert-card:hover .ols-ert-meta {\n      background: transparent !important;\n      transform: none !important;\n      color: var(--blue) !important;\n    }\n\n    .ols-ert-card:hover .ols-ert-meta::after {\n      transform: translateX(4px);\n    }\n\n    .ols-ert-visual {\n      position: absolute !important;\n      inset: 0 !important;\n      min-height: 0 !important;\n      margin: 0 !important;\n      padding: 32px 24px 24px !important;\n      overflow: hidden;\n      display: flex !important;\n      align-items: center !important;\n      justify-content: center !important;\n      z-index: 0 !important;\n    }\n\n    .ols-ert-visual::before,\n    .ols-ert-visual::after {\n      content: \"\";\n      position: absolute;\n      border-radius: 999px;\n      opacity: 0.72;\n      filter: blur(1px);\n      z-index: 0;\n    }\n\n    .ols-ert-visual::before {\n      width: 170px;\n      height: 170px;\n      left: -58px;\n      bottom: 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class=\"ols-sidebar\">\r\n  <div class=\"ols-sidebar-header\">\r\n    <h3>Revision Notes<\/h3>\r\n    <p>A Level Chemistry<\/p>\r\n  <\/div>\r\n\r\n  <div class=\"ols-topic-group\">\r\n    <h4>Topic 2 Bonding and Structure<\/h4>\r\n\r\n    <ul class=\"ols-topic-list\">\r\n\r\n      <li>\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-2-bonding-and-structure\/ionic-bonding\/\">Ionic Bonding<\/a>\r\n\r\n        <ul class=\"ols-subtopic-list\">\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-2-bonding-and-structure\/ionic-bonding\/nature-of-ionic-bonding\/\">Nature of Ionic Bonding<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-2-bonding-and-structure\/ionic-bonding\/polarisation-of-ions\/\">Polarisation of Ions<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-2-bonding-and-structure\/ionic-bonding\/physical-properties-of-ionic-compounds\/\">Physical Properties of Ionic Compounds<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n        <\/ul>\r\n      <\/li>\r\n\r\n      <li>\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-2-bonding-and-structure\/covalent-bonding\/\">Covalent Bonding<\/a>\r\n\r\n        <ul class=\"ols-subtopic-list\">\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-2-bonding-and-structure\/covalent-bonding\/nature-of-covalent-bonding\/\">Nature of Covalent Bonding<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-2-bonding-and-structure\/covalent-bonding\/dative-covalent-bonding\/\">Dative Covalent Bonding<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-2-bonding-and-structure\/covalent-bonding\/electronegativity\/\">Electronegativity<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n        <\/ul>\r\n      <\/li>\r\n\r\n      <li>\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-2-bonding-and-structure\/shapes-of-molecules\/\">Shapes of Molecules<\/a>\r\n\r\n        <ul class=\"ols-subtopic-list\">\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-2-bonding-and-structure\/shapes-of-molecules\/linear\/\">Linear<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-2-bonding-and-structure\/shapes-of-molecules\/trigonal-planar\/\">Trigonal Planar<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-2-bonding-and-structure\/shapes-of-molecules\/tetrahedral\/\">Tetrahedral<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-2-bonding-and-structure\/shapes-of-molecules\/trigonal-pyramidal\/\">Trigonal Pyramidal<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-2-bonding-and-structure\/shapes-of-molecules\/bent\/\">Bent<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-2-bonding-and-structure\/shapes-of-molecules\/trigonal-bipyramidal\/\">Trigonal Bipyramidal<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-2-bonding-and-structure\/shapes-of-molecules\/octahedral\/\">Octahedral<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-2-bonding-and-structure\/shapes-of-molecules\/square-planar\/\">Square Planar<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-2-bonding-and-structure\/shapes-of-molecules\/square-pyramidal\/\">Square Pyramidal<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-2-bonding-and-structure\/shapes-of-molecules\/distorted-t\/\">Distorted T<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-2-bonding-and-structure\/shapes-of-molecules\/seesaw\/\">SeeSaw<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n        <\/ul>\r\n      <\/li>\r\n\r\n      <li>\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-2-bonding-and-structure\/polar-molecules\/\">Polar Molecules<\/a>\r\n      <\/li>\r\n\r\n      <li>\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-2-bonding-and-structure\/metallic-bonding\/\">Metallic Bonding<\/a>\r\n\r\n        <ul class=\"ols-subtopic-list\">\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-2-bonding-and-structure\/metallic-bonding\/metallic-bonding-and-structure\/\">Metallic Bonding and Structure<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-2-bonding-and-structure\/metallic-bonding\/physical-properties-of-metals\/\">Physical Properties of Metals<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n        <\/ul>\r\n      <\/li>\r\n\r\n      <li>\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-2-bonding-and-structure\/intermolecular-forces\/\">Intermolecular Forces<\/a>\r\n      <\/li>\r\n\r\n      <li>\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-2-bonding-and-structure\/structure-types\/\">Structure Types<\/a>\r\n      <\/li>\r\n\r\n    <\/ul>\r\n  <\/div>\r\n\r\n  <div class=\"ols-topic-group\">\r\n    <h4>Next Topics<\/h4>\r\n\r\n    <ul class=\"ols-topic-list\">\r\n      <li>\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-3-redox-i\/\">Redox I<\/a>\r\n      <\/li>\r\n      <li>\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-4-inorganic-chemistry-and-the-periodic-table\/\">Inorganic Chemistry &amp; The Periodic Table<\/a>\r\n      <\/li>\r\n      <li>\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-5-formulae-equations-and-amounts-of-substance\/\">Formulae, Equations &amp; Amounts<\/a>\r\n      <\/li>\r\n    <\/ul>\r\n  <\/div>\r\n<\/aside>\r\n\r\n<script>\r\n(function() {\r\n  function normalisePath(path) {\r\n    return String(path || '')\r\n      .split('?')[0]\r\n      .split('#')[0]\r\n      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href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/\">A Level Chemistry<\/a> \/\n      <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/\">Edexcel<\/a> \/\n      <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-2-bonding-and-structure\/\">Topic 2 Bonding and Structure<\/a> \/\n      <span>Covalent Bonding<\/span>\n    <\/nav>\n\n    <header class=\"ols-title-card\">\n      <h1>Covalent Bonding<\/h1>\n      <p class=\"ols-page-intro\">Use this landing page to move quickly between the main covalent bonding revision pages for Topic 2. Each card links to a focused page covering covalent bond formation, dative covalent bonding and electronegativity.<\/p>\n\n      <div class=\"ols-badges\">\n        <div class=\"ols-badge\">Unit: Paper 1<\/div>\n        <div class=\"ols-badge\">Topic 2: Bonding and Structure<\/div>\n        <div class=\"ols-badge\">9CH0\/01<\/div>\n      <\/div>\n\n      <div class=\"ols-author\">\n        <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"ols-author-avatar-img\" src=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/Author-Profile.jpeg\" alt=\"Dr. Mohammed Al-Fatah\">\n\n        <div class=\"ols-author-content\">\n          <h2 class=\"ols-author-title\">Written by:<br><span>Dr. Mohammed Al-Fatah<\/span><\/h2>\n          <p class=\"ols-author-description\">Chemistry specialist revision notes for A Level Chemistry.<\/p>\n\n          <a class=\"ols-linkedin-pill\" href=\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/doctormohammedfatah\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\n            <svg class=\"ols-linkedin-icon\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"currentColor\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n              <path d=\"M4.98 3.5C4.98 4.88 3.86 6 2.48 6S0 4.88 0 3.5 1.12 1 2.48 1s2.5 1.12 2.5 2.5zM.5 8h4V24h-4V8zm7 0h3.8v2.2h.1c.5-.9 1.8-2.2 3.9-2.2 4.2 0 5 2.8 5 6.4V24h-4v-7.6c0-1.8 0-4.2-2.6-4.2s-3 2-3 4v7.8h-4V8z\"><\/path>\n            <\/svg>\n            View LinkedIn Profile\n          <\/a>\n        <\/div>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/header>\n\n    <article class=\"ols-note-card soft\">\n      <div class=\"ols-note-title\">\n        <div class=\"ols-note-icon\">1<\/div>\n        <h2>Choose a Covalent Bonding Page<\/h2>\n      <\/div>\n\n      <p>Covalent bonding forms when atoms share pairs of electrons. These pages separate the key ideas so that students can revise ordinary covalent bonds, dative covalent bonds and how electronegativity affects bond polarity.<\/p>\n\n      <div class=\"ols-key-box\">\n        <p><strong>Key idea:<\/strong> A covalent bond is a shared pair of electrons attracted to the nuclei of both bonded atoms. Differences in electronegativity can make that shared pair unevenly distributed.<\/p>\n      <\/div>\n\n      <div class=\"ols-ert-grid\">\n        <a class=\"ols-ert-card ols-ert-card--available\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-2-bonding-and-structure\/covalent-bonding\/nature-of-covalent-bonding\/\">\n          <div class=\"ols-ert-card-img-wrap\">\n            <div class=\"ols-ert-visual ols-ert-visual--covalent\">\n              <div class=\"ols-ert-visual-panel\">\n                <div class=\"ols-ert-visual-kicker\">Shared electrons<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-ert-simple-symbol\" aria-hidden=\"true\">Cl\u2014Cl<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-ert-visual-main\">Covalent<br>Bonding<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-ert-visual-sub\">shared pairs and simple molecules<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-ert-card-num\">1<\/div>\n            <span class=\"ols-ert-card-status\">Available<\/span>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-ert-card-body\">\n            <h3>Nature of Covalent Bonding<\/h3>\n            <p>Revise how atoms share electron pairs, including dot-and-cross diagrams and simple molecular substances.<\/p>\n            <span class=\"ols-ert-meta\">Start revising<\/span>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n\n        <a class=\"ols-ert-card ols-ert-card--available\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-2-bonding-and-structure\/covalent-bonding\/dative-covalent-bonding\/\">\n          <div class=\"ols-ert-card-img-wrap\">\n            <div class=\"ols-ert-visual ols-ert-visual--dative\">\n              <div class=\"ols-ert-visual-panel\">\n                <div class=\"ols-ert-visual-kicker\">Coordinate bonding<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-ert-simple-symbol small\" aria-hidden=\"true\">:N \u2192 H\u207a<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-ert-visual-main\">Dative<br>Bonding<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-ert-visual-sub\">one atom donates both electrons<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-ert-card-num\">2<\/div>\n            <span class=\"ols-ert-card-status\">Available<\/span>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-ert-card-body\">\n            <h3>Dative Covalent Bonding<\/h3>\n            <p>Learn how a dative covalent bond forms when both electrons in the shared pair are donated by the same atom.<\/p>\n            <span class=\"ols-ert-meta\">Start revising<\/span>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n\n        <a class=\"ols-ert-card ols-ert-card--available\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-2-bonding-and-structure\/covalent-bonding\/electronegativity\/\">\n          <div class=\"ols-ert-card-img-wrap\">\n            <div class=\"ols-ert-visual ols-ert-visual--electronegativity\">\n              <div class=\"ols-ert-visual-panel\">\n                <div class=\"ols-ert-visual-kicker\">Bond polarity<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-ert-simple-symbol small\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u03b4\u207a \u2192 \u03b4\u207b<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-ert-visual-main\">Electro-<br>negativity<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-ert-visual-sub\">uneven electron density in a bond<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-ert-card-num\">3<\/div>\n            <span class=\"ols-ert-card-status\">Available<\/span>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-ert-card-body\">\n            <h3>Electronegativity<\/h3>\n            <p>Connect electronegativity differences with polar bonds, uneven electron density and partial charges in covalent molecules.<\/p>\n            <span class=\"ols-ert-meta\">Start revising<\/span>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/article>\n\n    <article class=\"ols-note-card purple\">\n      <div class=\"ols-note-title\">\n        <div class=\"ols-note-icon\">\u2713<\/div>\n        <h2>How to Use These Pages<\/h2>\n      <\/div>\n\n      <p>Start with the nature of covalent bonding to secure electron-pair sharing and dot-and-cross diagrams. Then move to dative covalent bonding to understand how one atom can provide both electrons in the shared pair. Finally, use electronegativity to explain bond polarity and uneven electron density.<\/p>\n\n      <div class=\"ols-key-box\">\n        <p><strong>Exam focus:<\/strong> For covalent bonding, distinguish clearly between shared electron pairs, lone pairs, dative covalent bonds and polar bonds. Use precise language about electron density rather than vague statements such as \u201cthe atom pulls harder\u201d.<\/p>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/article>\n\n    <section class=\"ols-related-card\">\n      <h2>Related Topic 2 Pages<\/h2>\n      <p>Use these pages to connect covalent bonding with ionic bonding, molecular shape, molecular polarity and metallic bonding.<\/p>\n\n      <div class=\"ols-related-grid\">\n        <a class=\"ols-related-item\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-2-bonding-and-structure\/ionic-bonding\/\">Ionic Bonding<\/a>\n        <a class=\"ols-related-item\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-2-bonding-and-structure\/shapes-of-molecules\/\">Shapes of Molecules<\/a>\n        <a class=\"ols-related-item\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-2-bonding-and-structure\/polar-molecules\/\">Polar Molecules<\/a>\n        <a class=\"ols-related-item\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-2-bonding-and-structure\/metallic-bonding\/\">Metallic Bonding<\/a>\n        <a class=\"ols-related-item\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-4-inorganic-chemistry-and-the-periodic-table\/\">Next Topic: Inorganic Chemistry and the Periodic Table<\/a>\n        <a class=\"ols-related-item\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-3-redox-i\/\">Next Topic: Redox I<\/a>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/section>\n\n    <section class=\"ols-attribution-card\">\n      <p><strong>Copyright notice:<\/strong> This revision page, including its written explanations, layout and teaching sequence, is produced for Online Learning System by Dr. Mohammed Al-Fatah. It is intended for student revision and may not be copied, redistributed or republished without permission.<\/p>\n    <\/section>\n\n    <script type=\"application\/ld+json\">\n    {\n      \"@context\": \"https:\/\/schema.org\",\n      \"@graph\": [\n        {\n          \"@type\": \"WebPage\",\n          \"@id\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-2-bonding-and-structure\/covalent-bonding\/#webpage\",\n          \"url\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-2-bonding-and-structure\/covalent-bonding\/\",\n          \"name\": \"Covalent Bonding Revision Notes\",\n          \"description\": \"A Level Chemistry landing page for covalent bonding, including the nature of covalent bonding, dative covalent bonding and electronegativity.\",\n          \"inLanguage\": \"en-GB\",\n          \"isPartOf\": {\n            \"@type\": \"WebSite\",\n            \"@id\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/#website\",\n            \"name\": \"Online Learning System\",\n            \"url\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/\"\n          },\n          \"about\": [\n            {\n              \"@type\": \"Thing\",\n              \"name\": \"Covalent bonding\"\n            },\n            {\n              \"@type\": \"Thing\",\n              \"name\": \"Dative covalent bonding\"\n            },\n            {\n              \"@type\": \"Thing\",\n              \"name\": \"Electronegativity\"\n            },\n            {\n              \"@type\": \"Thing\",\n              \"name\": \"Bond polarity\"\n            }\n          ],\n          \"author\": {\n            \"@type\": \"Person\",\n            \"name\": \"Dr. Mohammed Al-Fatah\",\n            \"url\": \"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/doctormohammedfatah\/\"\n          },\n          \"publisher\": {\n            \"@type\": \"Organization\",\n            \"name\": \"Online Learning System\",\n            \"url\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/\"\n          }\n        },\n        {\n          \"@type\": \"BreadcrumbList\",\n          \"@id\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-2-bonding-and-structure\/covalent-bonding\/#breadcrumb\",\n          \"itemListElement\": [\n            {\n              \"@type\": \"ListItem\",\n              \"position\": 1,\n              \"name\": \"Revision Notes\",\n              \"item\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/\"\n            },\n            {\n              \"@type\": \"ListItem\",\n              \"position\": 2,\n              \"name\": \"A Level Chemistry\",\n              \"item\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/\"\n            },\n            {\n              \"@type\": \"ListItem\",\n              \"position\": 3,\n              \"name\": \"Edexcel\",\n              \"item\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/\"\n            },\n            {\n              \"@type\": \"ListItem\",\n              \"position\": 4,\n              \"name\": \"Topic 2 Bonding and Structure\",\n              \"item\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-2-bonding-and-structure\/\"\n            },\n            {\n              \"@type\": \"ListItem\",\n              \"position\": 5,\n              \"name\": \"Covalent Bonding\",\n              \"item\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-2-bonding-and-structure\/covalent-bonding\/\"\n            }\n          ]\n        }\n      ]\n    }\n    <\/script>\n  <\/main>\n<\/section>\n\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Revision Notes \/ A Level Chemistry \/ Edexcel \/ Topic 2 Bonding and Structure \/ Covalent Bonding Covalent Bonding Use this landing page to move quickly between the main covalent bonding revision pages for Topic 2. Each card links to a focused page covering covalent bond formation, dative covalent bonding and electronegativity. Unit: Paper 1 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":12,"featured_media":0,"parent":4498,"menu_order":1,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"productId":0,"courseId":0,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-4571","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/4571","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/12"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4571"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/4571\/revisions"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/4498"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4571"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}