{"id":4575,"date":"2026-05-30T06:09:18","date_gmt":"2026-05-30T05:09:18","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-2-bonding-and-structure\/intermolecular-forces\/"},"modified":"2026-10-24T09:30:42","modified_gmt":"2026-10-24T08:30:42","slug":"intermolecular-forces","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-2-bonding-and-structure\/intermolecular-forces\/","title":{"rendered":"Intermolecular Forces"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"ols-t2-page\">\n\n  <aside class=\"ols-sidebar\">\r\n  <div class=\"ols-sidebar-header\">\r\n    <h3>Revision Notes<\/h3>\r\n    <p>A Level Chemistry<\/p>\r\n  <\/div>\r\n\r\n  <div class=\"ols-topic-group\">\r\n    <h4>Topic 2 Bonding and Structure<\/h4>\r\n\r\n    <ul class=\"ols-topic-list\">\r\n\r\n      <li>\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-2-bonding-and-structure\/ionic-bonding\/\">Ionic Bonding<\/a>\r\n\r\n        <ul class=\"ols-subtopic-list\">\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-2-bonding-and-structure\/ionic-bonding\/nature-of-ionic-bonding\/\">Nature of Ionic Bonding<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-2-bonding-and-structure\/ionic-bonding\/polarisation-of-ions\/\">Polarisation of Ions<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-2-bonding-and-structure\/ionic-bonding\/physical-properties-of-ionic-compounds\/\">Physical Properties of Ionic Compounds<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n        <\/ul>\r\n      <\/li>\r\n\r\n      <li>\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-2-bonding-and-structure\/covalent-bonding\/\">Covalent Bonding<\/a>\r\n\r\n        <ul class=\"ols-subtopic-list\">\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-2-bonding-and-structure\/covalent-bonding\/nature-of-covalent-bonding\/\">Nature of Covalent Bonding<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-2-bonding-and-structure\/covalent-bonding\/dative-covalent-bonding\/\">Dative Covalent Bonding<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\n          <li>\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-2-bonding-and-structure\/covalent-bonding\/giant-covalent-structures\/\">Giant Covalent Structures<\/a>\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-2-bonding-and-structure\/covalent-bonding\/electronegativity\/\">Electronegativity<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n        <\/ul>\r\n      <\/li>\r\n\r\n      <li>\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-2-bonding-and-structure\/shapes-of-molecules\/\">Shapes of Molecules<\/a>\r\n\r\n        <ul class=\"ols-subtopic-list\">\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-2-bonding-and-structure\/shapes-of-molecules\/linear\/\">Linear<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-2-bonding-and-structure\/shapes-of-molecules\/trigonal-planar\/\">Trigonal Planar<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-2-bonding-and-structure\/shapes-of-molecules\/tetrahedral\/\">Tetrahedral<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-2-bonding-and-structure\/shapes-of-molecules\/trigonal-pyramidal\/\">Trigonal Pyramidal<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-2-bonding-and-structure\/shapes-of-molecules\/bent\/\">Bent<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-2-bonding-and-structure\/shapes-of-molecules\/trigonal-bipyramidal\/\">Trigonal Bipyramidal<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-2-bonding-and-structure\/shapes-of-molecules\/octahedral\/\">Octahedral<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-2-bonding-and-structure\/shapes-of-molecules\/square-planar\/\">Square Planar<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-2-bonding-and-structure\/shapes-of-molecules\/square-pyramidal\/\">Square Pyramidal<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-2-bonding-and-structure\/shapes-of-molecules\/distorted-t\/\">Distorted T<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-2-bonding-and-structure\/shapes-of-molecules\/seesaw\/\">SeeSaw<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n        <\/ul>\r\n      <\/li>\r\n\r\n      <li>\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-2-bonding-and-structure\/polar-molecules\/\">Polar Molecules<\/a>\r\n      <\/li>\r\n\r\n      <li>\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-2-bonding-and-structure\/metallic-bonding\/\">Metallic Bonding<\/a>\r\n\r\n        <ul class=\"ols-subtopic-list\">\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-2-bonding-and-structure\/metallic-bonding\/metallic-bonding-and-structure\/\">Metallic Bonding and Structure<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-2-bonding-and-structure\/metallic-bonding\/physical-properties-of-metals\/\">Physical Properties of Metals<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n        <\/ul>\r\n      <\/li>\r\n\r\n      <li>\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-2-bonding-and-structure\/intermolecular-forces\/\">Intermolecular Forces<\/a>\n        <ul class=\"ols-subtopic-list\">\n          <li>\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-2-bonding-and-structure\/intermolecular-forces\/london-forces\/\">London Forces<\/a>\n          <\/li>\n          <li>\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-2-bonding-and-structure\/intermolecular-forces\/permanent-dipole-dipole-forces\/\">Permanent Dipole-Dipole Forces<\/a>\n          <\/li>\n          <li>\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-2-bonding-and-structure\/intermolecular-forces\/hydrogen-bonding\/\">Hydrogen Bonding<\/a>\n          <\/li>\n          <li>\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-2-bonding-and-structure\/intermolecular-forces\/anomalous-properties-of-water\/\">Anomalous Properties of Water<\/a>\n          <\/li>\n          <li>\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-2-bonding-and-structure\/intermolecular-forces\/boiling-temperature-trends\/\">Boiling Temperature Trends<\/a>\n          <\/li>\n          <li>\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-2-bonding-and-structure\/intermolecular-forces\/choosing-solvents\/\">Choosing Solvents<\/a>\n          <\/li>\n        <\/ul>\r\n      <\/li>\r\n\r\n      <li>\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-2-bonding-and-structure\/structure-types\/\">Structure Types<\/a>\r\n      <\/li>\r\n\r\n    <\/ul>\r\n  <\/div>\r\n\r\n  <div class=\"ols-topic-group\">\r\n    <h4>Next Topics<\/h4>\r\n\r\n    <ul class=\"ols-topic-list\">\r\n      <li>\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-3-redox-i\/\">Redox I<\/a>\r\n      <\/li>\r\n      <li>\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-4-inorganic-chemistry-and-the-periodic-table\/\">Inorganic Chemistry &amp; The Periodic Table<\/a>\r\n      <\/li>\r\n      <li>\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-5-formulae-equations-and-amounts-of-substance\/\">Formulae, Equations &amp; Amounts<\/a>\r\n      <\/li>\r\n    <\/ul>\r\n  <\/div>\r\n<\/aside>\r\n\r\n<script>\r\n(function() {\r\n  function normalisePath(path) {\r\n    return String(path || '')\r\n      .split('?')[0]\r\n      .split('#')[0]\r\n      .replace(\/\\\/+$\/, '')\r\n      .toLowerCase();\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  function highlightActive() {\r\n    var sidebar = document.querySelector('.ols-sidebar');\r\n    if (!sidebar) 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 }\n    }\n\n    @media (max-width: 640px) {\n      .ols-t2-intro {\n        padding: 24px 0 52px;\n      }\n\n      .ols-t2-topics {\n        padding: 52px 0 58px;\n      }\n\n      .ols-t2-cards-grid {\n        grid-template-columns: 1fr;\n        gap: 14px;\n      }\n\n      .ols-t2-spec-section {\n        padding: 52px 0 64px;\n      }\n\n      .ols-t2-spec-wrap {\n        padding: 24px 18px;\n        border-radius: 20px;\n      }\n\n      .ols-t2-info-grid {\n        grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr;\n      }\n    }\n\n  <\/style>\n\n  <!-- BREADCRUMB BAR - sits above everything -->\n  <div class=\"ols-t2-breadcrumb-bar\">\n    <div class=\"ols-t2-container\">\n      <nav class=\"ols-t2-breadcrumb\" aria-label=\"Breadcrumb\">\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/\">Revision Notes<\/a> \/\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/\">A Level Chemistry<\/a> \/\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/\">Edexcel<\/a> \/\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-2-bonding-and-structure\/\">Topic 2 Bonding and Structure<\/a> \/\n<span>Intermolecular Forces<\/span>\n<\/nav>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n\n  <!-- INTRO -->\n  <section class=\"ols-t2-intro\">\n    <div class=\"ols-t2-container\">\n      <div class=\"ols-t2-intro-inner\">\n\n        <div>\n          <div class=\"ols-t2-eyebrow\">Edexcel A Level Chemistry<\/div>\n          <h1>Intermolecular Forces<\/h1>\n          <div class=\"ols-t2-accent-bar\"><\/div>\n          <p class=\"ols-t2-intro-lead\">\n            Intermolecular forces are the attractions between molecules, and they decide melting temperature, boiling temperature, volatility and solubility. These pages separate London forces, permanent dipole-dipole interactions and hydrogen bonding, then apply them to water, to boiling temperature trends and to the choice of solvent.\n          <\/p>\n        <\/div>\n\n        <div class=\"ols-t2-info-grid\">\n          <div class=\"ols-t2-info-card\">\n            <div class=\"ols-t2-info-card-label\">Exam Papers<\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-t2-info-card-value\">Paper 1 &amp; 2<\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-t2-info-card-sub\">9CH0\/01 and 9CH0\/02<\/div>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-t2-info-card\">\n            <div class=\"ols-t2-info-card-label\">Specification Points<\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-t2-info-card-value\">2.15 &#8211; 2.24<\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-t2-info-card-sub\">8 points covered<\/div>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-t2-info-card\">\n            <div class=\"ols-t2-info-card-label\">Sub-topics<\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-t2-info-card-value\">6 lessons<\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-t2-info-card-sub\">Revision notes available<\/div>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-t2-info-card\">\n            <div class=\"ols-t2-info-card-label\">Exam Board<\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-t2-info-card-value\">Edexcel<\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-t2-info-card-sub\">Pearson 9CH0<\/div>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/section>\n\n  <!-- TOPIC CARDS -->\n  <section class=\"ols-t2-topics\">\n    <div class=\"ols-t2-container\">\n\n      <div class=\"ols-t2-section-header\">\n        <h2 class=\"ols-t2-section-title\">Revision Notes<\/h2>\n        <p class=\"ols-t2-section-sub\">Work through each part of Edexcel Topic 2 in a structured sequence.<\/p>\n      <\/div>\n\n      <div class=\"ols-t2-cards-grid\">\n\n        <!-- Card 1: London Forces -->\n        <a class=\"ols-t2-card ols-t2-card--available\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-2-bonding-and-structure\/intermolecular-forces\/london-forces\/\">\n          <div class=\"ols-t2-card-img-wrap\">\n            <div class=\"ols-t2-visual ols-t2-visual--ionic\">\n              <div class=\"ols-t2-visual-panel\">\n                  <div class=\"ols-t2-visual-kicker\">Induced dipoles<\/div>\n                  <div class=\"ols-t2-visual-main\">London Forces<\/div>\n                  <div class=\"ols-t2-visual-sub\">instantaneous and induced dipoles<\/div>\n                <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-t2-card-num\">1<\/div>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-t2-card-body\">\n            <p class=\"ols-t2-card-title\">London Forces<\/p>\n            <p class=\"ols-t2-card-desc\">Revise how moving electrons create instantaneous and induced dipoles, and why electrons and shape decide their strength.<\/p>\n            <span class=\"ols-t2-card-cta\">\n              Start revising\n              <svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"><\/path><\/svg>\n            <\/span>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n\n        <!-- Card 2: Permanent Dipole-Dipole Forces -->\n        <a class=\"ols-t2-card ols-t2-card--available\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-2-bonding-and-structure\/intermolecular-forces\/permanent-dipole-dipole-forces\/\">\n          <div class=\"ols-t2-card-img-wrap\">\n            <div class=\"ols-t2-visual ols-t2-visual--covalent\">\n              <div class=\"ols-t2-visual-panel\">\n                  <div class=\"ols-t2-visual-kicker\">Permanent dipoles<\/div>\n                  <div class=\"ols-t2-visual-main\">Permanent Dipole-Dipole Forces<\/div>\n                  <div class=\"ols-t2-visual-sub\">attraction between polar molecules<\/div>\n                <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-t2-card-num\">2<\/div>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-t2-card-body\">\n            <p class=\"ols-t2-card-title\">Permanent Dipole-Dipole Forces<\/p>\n            <p class=\"ols-t2-card-desc\">Revise which molecules have a permanent dipole, how they attract, and how to decide the forces in an unfamiliar molecule.<\/p>\n            <span class=\"ols-t2-card-cta\">\n              Start revising\n              <svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"><\/path><\/svg>\n            <\/span>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n\n        <!-- Card 3: Hydrogen Bonding -->\n        <a class=\"ols-t2-card ols-t2-card--available\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-2-bonding-and-structure\/intermolecular-forces\/hydrogen-bonding\/\">\n          <div class=\"ols-t2-card-img-wrap\">\n            <div class=\"ols-t2-visual ols-t2-visual--shape\">\n              <div class=\"ols-t2-visual-panel\">\n                  <div class=\"ols-t2-visual-kicker\">Strong IMF<\/div>\n                  <div class=\"ols-t2-visual-main\">Hydrogen Bonding<\/div>\n                  <div class=\"ols-t2-visual-sub\">lone pair to \u03b4+ hydrogen<\/div>\n                <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-t2-card-num\">3<\/div>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-t2-card-body\">\n            <p class=\"ols-t2-card-title\">Hydrogen Bonding<\/p>\n            <p class=\"ols-t2-card-desc\">Revise the N-H, O-H and H-F requirement, the exam diagram, and predicting hydrogen bonding in other molecules.<\/p>\n            <span class=\"ols-t2-card-cta\">\n              Start revising\n              <svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"><\/path><\/svg>\n            <\/span>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n\n        <!-- Card 4: Anomalous Properties of Water -->\n        <a class=\"ols-t2-card ols-t2-card--available\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-2-bonding-and-structure\/intermolecular-forces\/anomalous-properties-of-water\/\">\n          <div class=\"ols-t2-card-img-wrap\">\n            <div class=\"ols-t2-visual ols-t2-visual--polar\">\n              <div class=\"ols-t2-visual-panel\">\n                  <div class=\"ols-t2-visual-kicker\">Ice and boiling<\/div>\n                  <div class=\"ols-t2-visual-main\">Anomalous Properties of Water<\/div>\n                  <div class=\"ols-t2-visual-sub\">ice density and high boiling temperature<\/div>\n                <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-t2-card-num\">4<\/div>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-t2-card-body\">\n            <p class=\"ols-t2-card-title\">Anomalous Properties of Water<\/p>\n            <p class=\"ols-t2-card-desc\">Revise why water has such a high boiling temperature, why ice floats and why water has a high surface tension.<\/p>\n            <span class=\"ols-t2-card-cta\">\n              Start revising\n              <svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"><\/path><\/svg>\n            <\/span>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n\n        <!-- Card 5: Boiling Temperature Trends -->\n        <a class=\"ols-t2-card ols-t2-card--available\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-2-bonding-and-structure\/intermolecular-forces\/boiling-temperature-trends\/\">\n          <div class=\"ols-t2-card-img-wrap\">\n            <div class=\"ols-t2-visual ols-t2-visual--metallic\">\n              <div class=\"ols-t2-visual-panel\">\n                  <div class=\"ols-t2-visual-kicker\">Trends<\/div>\n                  <div class=\"ols-t2-visual-main\">Boiling Temperature Trends<\/div>\n                  <div class=\"ols-t2-visual-sub\">chain length, branching, HF to HI<\/div>\n                <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-t2-card-num\">5<\/div>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-t2-card-body\">\n            <p class=\"ols-t2-card-title\">Boiling Temperature Trends<\/p>\n            <p class=\"ols-t2-card-desc\">Revise boiling temperature trends for alkanes, branched isomers, alcohols and the hydrogen halides.<\/p>\n            <span class=\"ols-t2-card-cta\">\n              Start revising\n              <svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"><\/path><\/svg>\n            <\/span>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n\n        <!-- Card 6: Choosing Solvents -->\n        <a class=\"ols-t2-card ols-t2-card--available\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-2-bonding-and-structure\/intermolecular-forces\/choosing-solvents\/\">\n          <div class=\"ols-t2-card-img-wrap\">\n            <div class=\"ols-t2-visual ols-t2-visual--intermolecular\">\n              <div class=\"ols-t2-visual-panel\">\n                  <div class=\"ols-t2-visual-kicker\">Solubility<\/div>\n                  <div class=\"ols-t2-visual-main\">Choosing Solvents<\/div>\n                  <div class=\"ols-t2-visual-sub\">hydration and hydrogen bonding<\/div>\n                <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-t2-card-num\">6<\/div>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-t2-card-body\">\n            <p class=\"ols-t2-card-title\">Choosing Solvents<\/p>\n            <p class=\"ols-t2-card-desc\">Revise hydration of ions, alcohols in water, why some polar molecules do not dissolve, and non-aqueous solvents.<\/p>\n            <span class=\"ols-t2-card-cta\">\n              Start revising\n              <svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"><\/path><\/svg>\n            <\/span>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/section>\n\n  <!-- SPECIFICATION -->\n  <!-- OLS-SMAP -->\n<style>\r\n.ols-smap{--sm-navy:#1C244B;--sm-blue:#467FF7;--sm-teal:#0f8b8d;--sm-muted:#5f6b84;--sm-border:#e3e8f2;margin:44px auto 8px;max-width:1140px;padding:0 20px;font-family:inherit}\r\n.ols-smap-head{display:flex;align-items:baseline;justify-content:space-between;gap:12px;flex-wrap:wrap;margin:0 0 18px}\r\n.ols-smap-head h2{font-size:clamp(22px,2.6vw,28px);font-weight:800;color:var(--sm-navy);margin:0;letter-spacing:-.01em}\r\n.ols-smap-head p{margin:0;color:var(--sm-muted);font-size:14px}\r\n.ols-smap-grid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(auto-fit,minmax(min(100%,460px),1fr));gap:20px}\r\n.ols-smap-card{display:grid;grid-template-columns:150px 1fr;background:#fff;border:1px solid var(--sm-border);border-radius:22px;overflow:hidden;box-shadow:0 10px 28px rgba(28,36,75,.08);transition:transform .28s cubic-bezier(.34,1.56,.64,1),box-shadow .28s ease,border-color .28s ease}\r\n.ols-smap-card:hover{transform:translateY(-6px);box-shadow:0 24px 48px rgba(28,36,75,.14);border-color:rgba(70,127,247,.35)}\r\n.ols-smap-vis{background:linear-gradient(160deg,#1C244B 0%,#2d3c7a 100%);display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;padding:14px}\r\n.ols-smap-vis svg{width:100%;max-width:118px;height:auto;display:block}\r\n.ols-smap-body{padding:18px 20px 20px;display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:6px;min-width:0}\r\n.ols-smap-kicker{font-size:11px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.08em;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--sm-teal)}\r\n.ols-smap-title{font-size:17px;font-weight:800;color:var(--sm-navy);margin:0;line-height:1.25}\r\n.ols-smap-board{font-size:12.5px;color:var(--sm-muted);margin:0}\r\n.ols-smap-desc{font-size:14px;color:#33405e;margin:4px 0 0;line-height:1.5}\r\n.ols-smap-row{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:12px;flex-wrap:wrap;margin-top:10px}\r\n.ols-smap-btn{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;gap:8px;background:var(--sm-navy);color:#fff !important;text-decoration:none !important;font-weight:700;font-size:14px;padding:10px 18px;border-radius:999px;transition:background .2s ease,transform .2s ease}\r\n.ols-smap-btn:hover{background:var(--sm-blue);transform:translateY(-1px)}\r\n.ols-smap-btn svg{width:16px;height:16px}\r\n.ols-smap-meta{font-size:12px;color:var(--sm-muted)}\r\n.ols-smap-note{font-size:11.5px;color:var(--sm-muted);margin:14px 0 0;text-align:center}\r\n@media (max-width:560px){.ols-smap{padding:0 16px;margin-top:32px}.ols-smap-card{grid-template-columns:76px 1fr}.ols-smap-vis{padding:8px}.ols-smap-vis svg{max-width:60px}.ols-smap-body{padding:14px 14px 16px}.ols-smap-title{font-size:16px}.ols-smap-desc{font-size:13.5px}.ols-smap-btn{padding:9px 15px;font-size:13.5px}}\r\n<\/style><section class=\"ols-smap\" aria-label=\"Summary maps\"><div class=\"ols-smap-head\"><h2>Summary maps<\/h2><p>Download, print and revise the key facts of this topic at a glance.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"ols-smap-grid\"><article class=\"ols-smap-card\"><div class=\"ols-smap-vis\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 120 120\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><g fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#ffffff\" stroke-width=\"2.4\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"><circle cx=\"60\" cy=\"60\" r=\"17\"\/><path d=\"M60 43V20M60 77v23M43 60H20M77 60h23M48 48 32 32M72 48l16-16M48 72 32 88M72 72l16 16\"\/><\/g><g fill=\"#ffffff\"><path d=\"M60 16l-4 7h8zM60 104l-4-7h8zM16 60l7-4v8zM104 60l-7-4v8zM29 29l2.5 7.5 5-5zM91 29l-7.5 2.5 5 5zM29 91l7.5-2.5-5-5zM91 91l-2.5-7.5-5 5z\"\/><\/g><g fill=\"#5fd0c9\"><circle cx=\"60\" cy=\"11\" r=\"3\"\/><circle cx=\"109\" cy=\"60\" r=\"3\"\/><\/g><g fill=\"#f2c14e\"><circle cx=\"11\" cy=\"60\" r=\"3\"\/><circle cx=\"96\" cy=\"96\" r=\"3\"\/><\/g><g fill=\"#9db8ff\"><circle cx=\"24\" cy=\"24\" r=\"3\"\/><circle cx=\"60\" cy=\"109\" r=\"3\"\/><\/g><\/svg><\/div><div class=\"ols-smap-body\"><span class=\"ols-smap-kicker\">Summary map \u00b7 PDF<\/span><p class=\"ols-smap-title\">Intermolecular Forces Map<\/p><p class=\"ols-smap-board\">Edexcel A Level Chemistry \u00b7 Topic 2 Intermolecular Forces<\/p><p class=\"ols-smap-desc\">The whole section on one A4 page: bonds or forces, London forces, permanent dipoles, hydrogen bonds, H\u2082O, NH\u2083 and HF, and why water is odd.<\/p><div class=\"ols-smap-row\"><a class=\"ols-smap-btn\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-content\/uploads\/ols-maps\/map-dom-2-imf-forces.pdf\" download rel=\"nofollow\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M8 2v8M4.5 6.5 8 10l3.5-3.5M3 13h10\"\/><\/svg>Download the map<\/a><span class=\"ols-smap-meta\">6 key ideas + a data table \u00b7 A4 portrait \u00b7 print ready<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/article><article class=\"ols-smap-card\"><div class=\"ols-smap-vis\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 120 120\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><g fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#ffffff\" stroke-width=\"2.4\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"><circle cx=\"60\" cy=\"60\" r=\"17\"\/><path d=\"M60 43V20M60 77v23M43 60H20M77 60h23M48 48 32 32M72 48l16-16M48 72 32 88M72 72l16 16\"\/><\/g><g fill=\"#ffffff\"><path d=\"M60 16l-4 7h8zM60 104l-4-7h8zM16 60l7-4v8zM104 60l-7-4v8zM29 29l2.5 7.5 5-5zM91 29l-7.5 2.5 5 5zM29 91l7.5-2.5-5-5zM91 91l-2.5-7.5-5 5z\"\/><\/g><g fill=\"#5fd0c9\"><circle cx=\"60\" cy=\"11\" r=\"3\"\/><circle cx=\"109\" cy=\"60\" r=\"3\"\/><\/g><g fill=\"#f2c14e\"><circle cx=\"11\" cy=\"60\" r=\"3\"\/><circle cx=\"96\" cy=\"96\" r=\"3\"\/><\/g><g fill=\"#9db8ff\"><circle cx=\"24\" cy=\"24\" r=\"3\"\/><circle cx=\"60\" cy=\"109\" r=\"3\"\/><\/g><\/svg><\/div><div class=\"ols-smap-body\"><span class=\"ols-smap-kicker\">Summary map \u00b7 PDF<\/span><p class=\"ols-smap-title\">Boiling Temperatures and Solvents Map<\/p><p class=\"ols-smap-board\">Edexcel A Level Chemistry \u00b7 Topic 2 Boiling Temperatures and Solvents<\/p><p class=\"ols-smap-desc\">The whole section on one A4 page: chain length, branching, alcohols against alkanes, the hydrogen halides, water as a solvent and other solvents.<\/p><div class=\"ols-smap-row\"><a class=\"ols-smap-btn\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-content\/uploads\/ols-maps\/map-dom-2-imf-properties.pdf\" download rel=\"nofollow\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M8 2v8M4.5 6.5 8 10l3.5-3.5M3 13h10\"\/><\/svg>Download the map<\/a><span class=\"ols-smap-meta\">6 key ideas + a data table \u00b7 A4 portrait \u00b7 print ready<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/article><\/div><p class=\"ols-smap-note\">\u00a9 2026 Online Learning System. For personal study: printing is allowed; editing, copying and redistribution are not.<\/p><\/section>\n<!-- \/OLS-SMAP -->\n<section class=\"ols-t2-spec-section\">\n    <div class=\"ols-t2-container\">\n\n      <!-- DESKTOP SPECIFICATION -->\n      <div class=\"ols-t2-spec-desktop\">\n        <div class=\"ols-t2-spec-wrap\">\n          <div class=\"ols-t2-spec-pill\">Specification Coverage<\/div>\n          <h2 class=\"ols-t2-spec-heading\">Intermolecular Forces &#8211; Edexcel A Level Chemistry<\/h2>\n          <p class=\"ols-t2-spec-intro-text\">The following specification points outline the knowledge and skills students are expected to demonstrate for Topic 2.<\/p>\n\n          <h3 class=\"ols-t2-spec-group-title\">2A: Bonding<\/h3>\n          <div class=\"ols-t2-spec-rows\">\n\n            \n\n            \n\n            \n\n            \n\n            \n\n            \n\n            \n\n            \n\n            \n\n            \n\n            \n\n            \n\n            \n\n            \n\n            <div class=\"ols-t2-spec-row ols-t2-spec-row--light\">\n              <div class=\"ols-t2-spec-code ols-t2-spec-code--dark\">2.15<\/div>\n              <div class=\"ols-t2-spec-text\">understand that molecules with polar bonds may not be polar molecules and be able to predict whether or not a given molecule is likely to be polar<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n\n            <div class=\"ols-t2-spec-row ols-t2-spec-row--mid\">\n              <div class=\"ols-t2-spec-code ols-t2-spec-code--mid\">2.16<\/div>\n              <div class=\"ols-t2-spec-text\">understand the nature of intermolecular forces resulting from the following interactions:<div class=\"ols-t2-spec-sub-list\"><div class=\"ols-t2-spec-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-t2-spec-sub-code\">i<\/div><div class=\"ols-t2-spec-sub-text\">London forces, instantaneous dipole-induced dipole<\/div><\/div><div class=\"ols-t2-spec-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-t2-spec-sub-code\">ii<\/div><div class=\"ols-t2-spec-sub-text\">permanent dipoles<\/div><\/div><div class=\"ols-t2-spec-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-t2-spec-sub-code\">iii<\/div><div class=\"ols-t2-spec-sub-text\">hydrogen bonds<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n            <\/div>\n\n            <div class=\"ols-t2-spec-row ols-t2-spec-row--light\">\n              <div class=\"ols-t2-spec-code ols-t2-spec-code--dark\">2.17<\/div>\n              <div class=\"ols-t2-spec-text\">understand the interactions in molecules, such as H<sub>2<\/sub>O, liquid NH<sub>3<\/sub> and liquid HF, which give rise to hydrogen bonding<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n\n            <div class=\"ols-t2-spec-row ols-t2-spec-row--mid\">\n              <div class=\"ols-t2-spec-code ols-t2-spec-code--mid\">2.18<\/div>\n              <div class=\"ols-t2-spec-text\">understand the following anomalous properties of water resulting from hydrogen bonding:<div class=\"ols-t2-spec-sub-list\"><div class=\"ols-t2-spec-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-t2-spec-sub-code\">i<\/div><div class=\"ols-t2-spec-sub-text\">its relatively high melting temperature and boiling temperature<\/div><\/div><div class=\"ols-t2-spec-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-t2-spec-sub-code\">ii<\/div><div class=\"ols-t2-spec-sub-text\">the density of ice compared to that of water<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n            <\/div>\n\n            <div class=\"ols-t2-spec-row ols-t2-spec-row--light\">\n              <div class=\"ols-t2-spec-code ols-t2-spec-code--dark\">2.19<\/div>\n              <div class=\"ols-t2-spec-text\">be able to predict the presence of hydrogen bonding in molecules analogous to those mentioned above<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n\n            <div class=\"ols-t2-spec-row ols-t2-spec-row--mid\">\n              <div class=\"ols-t2-spec-code ols-t2-spec-code--mid\">2.20<\/div>\n              <div class=\"ols-t2-spec-text\">understand, in terms of intermolecular forces, physical properties shown by materials, including:<div class=\"ols-t2-spec-sub-list\"><div class=\"ols-t2-spec-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-t2-spec-sub-code\">i<\/div><div class=\"ols-t2-spec-sub-text\">the trends in boiling temperatures of alkanes with increasing chain length<\/div><\/div><div class=\"ols-t2-spec-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-t2-spec-sub-code\">ii<\/div><div class=\"ols-t2-spec-sub-text\">the effect of branching in the carbon chain on the boiling temperatures of alkanes<\/div><\/div><div class=\"ols-t2-spec-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-t2-spec-sub-code\">iii<\/div><div class=\"ols-t2-spec-sub-text\">the relatively low volatility, higher boiling temperatures, of alcohols compared to alkanes with a similar number of electrons<\/div><\/div><div class=\"ols-t2-spec-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-t2-spec-sub-code\">iv<\/div><div class=\"ols-t2-spec-sub-text\">the trends in boiling temperatures of the hydrogen halides, HF to HI<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n            <\/div>\n\n            <div class=\"ols-t2-spec-row ols-t2-spec-row--mid\">\n              <div class=\"ols-t2-spec-code ols-t2-spec-code--mid\">2.21<\/div>\n              <div class=\"ols-t2-spec-text\">understand factors that influence the choice of solvents, including:<div class=\"ols-t2-spec-sub-list\"><div class=\"ols-t2-spec-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-t2-spec-sub-code\">i<\/div><div class=\"ols-t2-spec-sub-text\">water, to dissolve some ionic compounds, in terms of the hydration of the ions<\/div><\/div><div class=\"ols-t2-spec-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-t2-spec-sub-code\">ii<\/div><div class=\"ols-t2-spec-sub-text\">water, to dissolve simple alcohols, in terms of hydrogen bonding<\/div><\/div><div class=\"ols-t2-spec-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-t2-spec-sub-code\">iii<\/div><div class=\"ols-t2-spec-sub-text\">water, as a poor solvent for compounds, to include polar molecules such as halogenoalkanes, in terms of inability to form hydrogen bonds<\/div><\/div><div class=\"ols-t2-spec-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-t2-spec-sub-code\">iv<\/div><div class=\"ols-t2-spec-sub-text\">non-aqueous solvents, for compounds that have similar intermolecular forces to those in the solvent<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n            <\/div>\n\n            \n\n            \n\n          <\/div>\n          <h3 class=\"ols-t2-spec-group-title\">2B: Structure<\/h3>\n          <div class=\"ols-t2-spec-rows\">\n\n            \n\n            <div class=\"ols-t2-spec-row ols-t2-spec-row--light\">\n              <div class=\"ols-t2-spec-code ols-t2-spec-code--dark\">2.24<\/div>\n              <div class=\"ols-t2-spec-text\">know that the structure of covalently bonded substances such as iodine, I<sub>2<\/sub>, and ice, H<sub>2<\/sub>O, is simple molecular<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n\n            \n\n            \n\n            \n\n          <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n      <\/div>\n\n      <!-- MOBILE SPECIFICATION -->\n      <div class=\"ols-t2-spec-mobile\">\n        <div class=\"ols-t2-spec-wrap\">\n          <div class=\"ols-t2-spec-pill\">Specification Coverage<\/div>\n          <h2 class=\"ols-t2-spec-heading\">Intermolecular Forces &#8211; Edexcel A Level Chemistry<\/h2>\n          <p class=\"ols-t2-spec-intro-text\">The following specification points outline the knowledge and skills students are expected to demonstrate for Topic 2.<\/p>\n\n          <h3 class=\"ols-t2-spec-group-title\">2A: Bonding<\/h3>\n          <div class=\"ols-t2-spec-mob-rows\">\n\n            \n\n            \n\n            \n\n            \n\n            \n\n            \n\n            \n\n            \n\n            \n\n            \n\n            \n\n            \n\n            \n\n            \n\n            <div class=\"ols-t2-spec-mob-row ols-t2-spec-mob-row--light\">\n              <div class=\"ols-t2-spec-mob-code\">2.15<\/div>\n              <div class=\"ols-t2-spec-mob-text\">understand that molecules with polar bonds may not be polar molecules and be able to predict whether or not a given molecule is likely to be polar<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n\n            <div class=\"ols-t2-spec-mob-row ols-t2-spec-mob-row--mid\">\n              <div class=\"ols-t2-spec-mob-code ols-t2-spec-mob-code--mid\">2.16<\/div>\n              <div class=\"ols-t2-spec-mob-text\">understand the nature of intermolecular forces resulting from the following interactions:<div class=\"ols-t2-spec-mob-sub-list\"><div class=\"ols-t2-spec-mob-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-t2-spec-mob-sub-code\">i<\/div><div class=\"ols-t2-spec-mob-sub-text\">London forces, instantaneous dipole-induced dipole<\/div><\/div><div class=\"ols-t2-spec-mob-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-t2-spec-mob-sub-code\">ii<\/div><div class=\"ols-t2-spec-mob-sub-text\">permanent dipoles<\/div><\/div><div class=\"ols-t2-spec-mob-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-t2-spec-mob-sub-code\">iii<\/div><div class=\"ols-t2-spec-mob-sub-text\">hydrogen bonds<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n            <\/div>\n\n            <div class=\"ols-t2-spec-mob-row ols-t2-spec-mob-row--light\">\n              <div class=\"ols-t2-spec-mob-code\">2.17<\/div>\n              <div class=\"ols-t2-spec-mob-text\">understand the interactions in molecules, such as H<sub>2<\/sub>O, liquid NH<sub>3<\/sub> and liquid HF, which give rise to hydrogen bonding<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n\n            <div class=\"ols-t2-spec-mob-row ols-t2-spec-mob-row--mid\">\n              <div class=\"ols-t2-spec-mob-code ols-t2-spec-mob-code--mid\">2.18<\/div>\n              <div class=\"ols-t2-spec-mob-text\">understand the following anomalous properties of water resulting from hydrogen bonding:<div class=\"ols-t2-spec-mob-sub-list\"><div class=\"ols-t2-spec-mob-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-t2-spec-mob-sub-code\">i<\/div><div class=\"ols-t2-spec-mob-sub-text\">its relatively high melting temperature and boiling temperature<\/div><\/div><div class=\"ols-t2-spec-mob-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-t2-spec-mob-sub-code\">ii<\/div><div class=\"ols-t2-spec-mob-sub-text\">the density of ice compared to that of water<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n            <\/div>\n\n            <div class=\"ols-t2-spec-mob-row ols-t2-spec-mob-row--light\">\n              <div class=\"ols-t2-spec-mob-code\">2.19<\/div>\n              <div class=\"ols-t2-spec-mob-text\">be able to predict the presence of hydrogen bonding in molecules analogous to those mentioned above<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n\n            <div class=\"ols-t2-spec-mob-row ols-t2-spec-mob-row--mid\">\n              <div class=\"ols-t2-spec-mob-code ols-t2-spec-mob-code--mid\">2.20<\/div>\n              <div class=\"ols-t2-spec-mob-text\">understand, in terms of intermolecular forces, physical properties shown by materials, including:<div class=\"ols-t2-spec-mob-sub-list\"><div class=\"ols-t2-spec-mob-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-t2-spec-mob-sub-code\">i<\/div><div class=\"ols-t2-spec-mob-sub-text\">the trends in boiling temperatures of alkanes with increasing chain length<\/div><\/div><div class=\"ols-t2-spec-mob-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-t2-spec-mob-sub-code\">ii<\/div><div class=\"ols-t2-spec-mob-sub-text\">the effect of branching in the carbon chain on the boiling temperatures of alkanes<\/div><\/div><div class=\"ols-t2-spec-mob-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-t2-spec-mob-sub-code\">iii<\/div><div class=\"ols-t2-spec-mob-sub-text\">the relatively low volatility, higher boiling temperatures, of alcohols compared to alkanes with a similar number of electrons<\/div><\/div><div class=\"ols-t2-spec-mob-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-t2-spec-mob-sub-code\">iv<\/div><div class=\"ols-t2-spec-mob-sub-text\">the trends in boiling temperatures of the hydrogen halides, HF to HI<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n            <\/div>\n\n            <div class=\"ols-t2-spec-mob-row ols-t2-spec-mob-row--mid\">\n              <div class=\"ols-t2-spec-mob-code ols-t2-spec-mob-code--mid\">2.21<\/div>\n              <div class=\"ols-t2-spec-mob-text\">understand factors that influence the choice of solvents, including:<div class=\"ols-t2-spec-mob-sub-list\"><div class=\"ols-t2-spec-mob-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-t2-spec-mob-sub-code\">i<\/div><div class=\"ols-t2-spec-mob-sub-text\">water, to dissolve some ionic compounds, in terms of the hydration of the ions<\/div><\/div><div class=\"ols-t2-spec-mob-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-t2-spec-mob-sub-code\">ii<\/div><div class=\"ols-t2-spec-mob-sub-text\">water, to dissolve simple alcohols, in terms of hydrogen bonding<\/div><\/div><div class=\"ols-t2-spec-mob-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-t2-spec-mob-sub-code\">iii<\/div><div class=\"ols-t2-spec-mob-sub-text\">water, as a poor solvent for compounds, to include polar molecules such as halogenoalkanes, in terms of inability to form hydrogen bonds<\/div><\/div><div class=\"ols-t2-spec-mob-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-t2-spec-mob-sub-code\">iv<\/div><div class=\"ols-t2-spec-mob-sub-text\">non-aqueous solvents, for compounds that have similar intermolecular forces to those in the solvent<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n            <\/div>\n\n            \n\n            \n\n          <\/div>\n          <h3 class=\"ols-t2-spec-group-title\">2B: Structure<\/h3>\n          <div class=\"ols-t2-spec-mob-rows\">\n\n            \n\n            <div class=\"ols-t2-spec-mob-row ols-t2-spec-mob-row--light\">\n              <div class=\"ols-t2-spec-mob-code\">2.24<\/div>\n              <div class=\"ols-t2-spec-mob-text\">know that the structure of covalently bonded substances such as iodine, I<sub>2<\/sub>, and ice, H<sub>2<\/sub>O, is simple molecular<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n\n            \n\n            \n\n            \n\n          <\/div>\n\n        <\/div>\n      <\/div>\n\n    <\/div>\n  <\/section>\n\n\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">\n{\n  \"@context\": \"https:\/\/schema.org\",\n  \"@graph\": [\n    {\n      \"@type\": \"WebPage\",\n      \"@id\": 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