{"id":4594,"date":"2026-05-30T06:13:07","date_gmt":"2026-05-30T05:13:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-2-bonding-and-structure\/shapes-of-molecules\/distorted-t\/"},"modified":"2026-06-28T05:51:45","modified_gmt":"2026-06-28T04:51:45","slug":"distorted-t","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-2-bonding-and-structure\/shapes-of-molecules\/distorted-t\/","title":{"rendered":"Distorted T"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<section class=\"ols-revision-page ols-distorted-t-9ch0-page\">\n  <style>\n    .ols-revision-page {\n      --navy: #1C244B;\n      --blue: #2563eb;\n      --soft-blue: #eef4ff;\n      --soft-red: #fff7f7;\n      --soft-purple: #f7f0ff;\n      --soft-green: #f0f7f1;\n      --soft-orange: #fff7ed;\n      --gold: #c9973a;\n      --grey-text: #667085;\n      --body-text: #1f2937;\n      --border: 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}\n      .ols-figure-caption { padding: 16px; }\n      .ols-table-wrap { border: none; background: transparent; }\n      .ols-table, .ols-table thead, .ols-table tbody, .ols-table th, .ols-table td, .ols-table tr { display: block; width: 100%; }\n      .ols-table { border-collapse: separate; border-spacing: 0; }\n      .ols-table thead { display: none; }\n      .ols-table tr { margin-bottom: 14px; border: 1px solid var(--border); border-radius: 18px; overflow: hidden; background: #ffffff; box-shadow: var(--inner-shadow); }\n      .ols-table td { border-bottom: 1px solid var(--border); padding: 14px 16px; overflow-wrap: anywhere; }\n      .ols-table td:last-child { border-bottom: none; }\n      .ols-table td::before { content: attr(data-label); display: block; margin-bottom: 6px; font-size: 13px; font-weight: 700; color: var(--blue); }\n      .ols-author { align-items: flex-start; padding: 22px 18px; border-radius: 22px; }\n      .ols-author-avatar-img { width: 72px; height: 72px; }\n      .ols-author-title { font-size: 24px; }\n      .ols-author-description { font-size: 15px; }\n    }\n  <\/style>\n\n  <aside class=\"ols-sidebar\">\r\n  <div class=\"ols-sidebar-header\">\r\n    <h3>Revision Notes<\/h3>\r\n    <p>A Level Chemistry<\/p>\r\n  <\/div>\r\n\r\n  <div class=\"ols-topic-group\">\r\n    <h4>Topic 2 Bonding and Structure<\/h4>\r\n\r\n    <ul class=\"ols-topic-list\">\r\n\r\n      <li>\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-2-bonding-and-structure\/ionic-bonding\/\">Ionic Bonding<\/a>\r\n\r\n        <ul class=\"ols-subtopic-list\">\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-2-bonding-and-structure\/ionic-bonding\/nature-of-ionic-bonding\/\">Nature of Ionic Bonding<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-2-bonding-and-structure\/ionic-bonding\/polarisation-of-ions\/\">Polarisation of Ions<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-2-bonding-and-structure\/ionic-bonding\/physical-properties-of-ionic-compounds\/\">Physical Properties of Ionic Compounds<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n        <\/ul>\r\n      <\/li>\r\n\r\n      <li>\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-2-bonding-and-structure\/covalent-bonding\/\">Covalent Bonding<\/a>\r\n\r\n        <ul class=\"ols-subtopic-list\">\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-2-bonding-and-structure\/covalent-bonding\/nature-of-covalent-bonding\/\">Nature of Covalent Bonding<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-2-bonding-and-structure\/covalent-bonding\/dative-covalent-bonding\/\">Dative Covalent Bonding<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-2-bonding-and-structure\/covalent-bonding\/electronegativity\/\">Electronegativity<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n        <\/ul>\r\n      <\/li>\r\n\r\n      <li>\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-2-bonding-and-structure\/shapes-of-molecules\/\">Shapes of Molecules<\/a>\r\n\r\n        <ul class=\"ols-subtopic-list\">\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-2-bonding-and-structure\/shapes-of-molecules\/linear\/\">Linear<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-2-bonding-and-structure\/shapes-of-molecules\/trigonal-planar\/\">Trigonal Planar<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-2-bonding-and-structure\/shapes-of-molecules\/tetrahedral\/\">Tetrahedral<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-2-bonding-and-structure\/shapes-of-molecules\/trigonal-pyramidal\/\">Trigonal Pyramidal<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-2-bonding-and-structure\/shapes-of-molecules\/bent\/\">Bent<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-2-bonding-and-structure\/shapes-of-molecules\/trigonal-bipyramidal\/\">Trigonal Bipyramidal<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-2-bonding-and-structure\/shapes-of-molecules\/octahedral\/\">Octahedral<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-2-bonding-and-structure\/shapes-of-molecules\/square-planar\/\">Square Planar<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-2-bonding-and-structure\/shapes-of-molecules\/square-pyramidal\/\">Square Pyramidal<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-2-bonding-and-structure\/shapes-of-molecules\/distorted-t\/\">Distorted T<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-2-bonding-and-structure\/shapes-of-molecules\/seesaw\/\">SeeSaw<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n        <\/ul>\r\n      <\/li>\r\n\r\n      <li>\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-2-bonding-and-structure\/polar-molecules\/\">Polar Molecules<\/a>\r\n      <\/li>\r\n\r\n      <li>\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-2-bonding-and-structure\/metallic-bonding\/\">Metallic Bonding<\/a>\r\n\r\n        <ul class=\"ols-subtopic-list\">\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-2-bonding-and-structure\/metallic-bonding\/metallic-bonding-and-structure\/\">Metallic Bonding and Structure<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-2-bonding-and-structure\/metallic-bonding\/physical-properties-of-metals\/\">Physical Properties of Metals<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n        <\/ul>\r\n      <\/li>\r\n\r\n      <li>\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-2-bonding-and-structure\/intermolecular-forces\/\">Intermolecular Forces<\/a>\r\n      <\/li>\r\n\r\n      <li>\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-2-bonding-and-structure\/structure-types\/\">Structure Types<\/a>\r\n      <\/li>\r\n\r\n    <\/ul>\r\n  <\/div>\r\n\r\n  <div class=\"ols-topic-group\">\r\n    <h4>Next Topics<\/h4>\r\n\r\n    <ul class=\"ols-topic-list\">\r\n      <li>\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-3-redox-i\/\">Redox I<\/a>\r\n      <\/li>\r\n      <li>\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-4-inorganic-chemistry-and-the-periodic-table\/\">Inorganic Chemistry &amp; The Periodic Table<\/a>\r\n      <\/li>\r\n      <li>\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-5-formulae-equations-and-amounts-of-substance\/\">Formulae, Equations &amp; Amounts<\/a>\r\n      <\/li>\r\n    <\/ul>\r\n  <\/div>\r\n<\/aside>\r\n\r\n<script>\r\n(function() {\r\n  function normalisePath(path) {\r\n    return String(path || '')\r\n      .split('?')[0]\r\n      .split('#')[0]\r\n      .replace(\/\\\/+$\/, '')\r\n      .toLowerCase();\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  function highlightActive() {\r\n    var sidebar = document.querySelector('.ols-sidebar');\r\n    if (!sidebar) return false;\r\n\r\n    var currentPath = normalisePath(window.location.pathname);\r\n    var links = sidebar.querySelectorAll('a[href]');\r\n    var matched = null;\r\n    var matchedLength = 0;\r\n\r\n    sidebar.querySelectorAll('.active, .active-main, .parent-active').forEach(function(item) {\r\n      item.classList.remove('active', 'active-main', 'parent-active');\r\n    });\r\n\r\n    sidebar.querySelectorAll('a[data-ols-disabled-parent=\"1\"], a[aria-current]').forEach(function(a) {\r\n      a.removeAttribute('aria-current');\r\n      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class=\"ols-breadcrumbs\" aria-label=\"Breadcrumb\">\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/\">Revision Notes<\/a> \/\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/\">A Level Chemistry<\/a> \/\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/\">Edexcel<\/a> \/\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-2-bonding-and-structure\/\">Topic 2 Bonding and Structure<\/a> \/\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-2-bonding-and-structure\/shapes-of-molecules\/\">Shapes of Molecules<\/a> \/\n        <span>Distorted T<\/span>\n      <\/nav>\n\n      <header class=\"ols-title-card\">\n        <h1>Distorted T Molecular Shape<\/h1>\n        <p class=\"ols-page-intro\">A focused revision guide to the distorted T molecular shape, using ClF<sub>3<\/sub> as the key example. This page explains why three bonding pairs and two lone pairs around a central atom give a T-shaped arrangement with bond angles close to 89&deg;.<\/p>\n\n        <div class=\"ols-badges\">\n          <div class=\"ols-badge\">Unit: Paper 1<\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-badge\">Topic 2: Bonding and Structure<\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-badge\">9CH0\/01<\/div>\n        <\/div>\n\n        <div class=\"ols-author\">\n          <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"ols-author-avatar-img\" src=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/Author-Profile.jpeg\" alt=\"Dr. Mohammed Al-Fatah\">\n          <div class=\"ols-author-content\">\n            <h2 class=\"ols-author-title\">Written by:<br><span>Dr. Mohammed Al-Fatah<\/span><\/h2>\n            <p class=\"ols-author-description\">Chemistry specialist revision notes for A Level Chemistry.<\/p>\n            <a class=\"ols-linkedin-pill\" href=\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/doctormohammedfatah\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\n              <svg class=\"ols-linkedin-icon\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"currentColor\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M4.98 3.5C4.98 4.88 3.86 6 2.48 6S0 4.88 0 3.5 1.12 1 2.48 1s2.5 1.12 2.5 2.5zM.5 8h4V24h-4V8zm7 0h3.8v2.2h.1c.5-.9 1.8-2.2 3.9-2.2 4.2 0 5 2.8 5 6.4V24h-4v-7.6c0-1.8 0-4.2-2.6-4.2s-3 2-3 4v7.8h-4V8z\"><\/path><\/svg>\n              View LinkedIn Profile\n            <\/a>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n      <\/header>\n\n<style>\n  .ols-distorted-t-9ch0-page .ols-spec-grid {\n    display: grid;\n    grid-template-columns: repeat(3, minmax(0, 1fr));\n    gap: 14px;\n    margin-top: 18px;\n  }\n  .ols-distorted-t-9ch0-page .ols-spec-box {\n    background: #ffffff;\n    border: 1px solid var(--border);\n    border-radius: 18px;\n    padding: 18px;\n    box-shadow: var(--inner-shadow);\n  }\n  .ols-distorted-t-9ch0-page .ols-spec-box strong {\n    display: block;\n    font-size: 15px;\n    color: var(--blue);\n    margin-bottom: 6px;\n  }\n  .ols-distorted-t-9ch0-page .ols-spec-box span {\n    display: block;\n    font-size: 17px;\n    line-height: 1.55;\n    color: var(--body-text);\n    font-weight: 300;\n    overflow-wrap: anywhere;\n  }\n  .ols-distorted-t-9ch0-page .ols-h5p-grid {\n    display: grid;\n    gap: 18px;\n    margin-top: 22px;\n  }\n  .ols-distorted-t-9ch0-page .ols-h5p-frame {\n    margin-top: 0;\n  }\n  .ols-distorted-t-9ch0-page .ols-formula {\n    white-space: nowrap;\n  }\n  @media (max-width: 760px) {\n    .ols-distorted-t-9ch0-page .ols-spec-grid {\n      grid-template-columns: 1fr;\n    }\n  }\n<\/style>\n      <article class=\"ols-note-card soft\">\n        <div class=\"ols-note-title\">\n          <div class=\"ols-note-icon\">1<\/div>\n          <h2>What Distorted T Means<\/h2>\n        <\/div>\n        <p>A <strong>distorted T<\/strong> molecule has three atoms bonded to a central atom in a T-shaped arrangement. It is called distorted because the bond angles are slightly compressed by lone pair repulsion.<\/p>\n        <p>The key example for this page is <strong>ClF<sub>3<\/sub><\/strong>. Chlorine is the central atom, three fluorine atoms are bonded to chlorine, and chlorine also has two lone pairs.<\/p>\n\n        <div class=\"ols-spec-grid\">\n          <div class=\"ols-spec-box\">\n            <strong>Bonding pairs<\/strong>\n            <span>3 bonding pairs around the central atom<\/span>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-spec-box\">\n            <strong>Lone pairs<\/strong>\n            <span>2 lone pairs on the central atom<\/span>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-spec-box\">\n            <strong>Bond angle<\/strong>\n            <span>Approximately 89&deg; in common exam tables<\/span>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n\n        <div class=\"ols-key-box\"><p><strong>Key idea:<\/strong> three bonding pairs and two lone pairs around a central atom give a distorted T shape when the two lone pairs occupy equatorial positions in a trigonal bipyramidal electron-pair arrangement.<\/p><\/div>\n      <\/article>\n\n      <article class=\"ols-note-card\">\n        <div class=\"ols-note-title\">\n          <div class=\"ols-note-icon\">2<\/div>\n          <h2>Why ClF<sub>3<\/sub> Is Distorted T-Shaped<\/h2>\n        <\/div>\n        <p>In ClF<sub>3<\/sub>, the central chlorine atom is surrounded by three Cl-F bonding pairs and two lone pairs. This gives five regions of negative charge around chlorine.<\/p>\n        <p>Five electron regions arrange themselves as a <strong>trigonal bipyramidal electron-pair arrangement<\/strong> to minimise repulsion. The two lone pairs occupy equatorial positions, where they are approximately 120&deg; apart from each other.<\/p>\n        <p>The <strong>molecular shape<\/strong> only describes the positions of the atoms. Therefore, ClF<sub>3<\/sub> is described as <strong>distorted T-shaped<\/strong>, even though its electron-pair arrangement is trigonal bipyramidal.<\/p>\n\n        <div class=\"ols-figure-card compact ols-zoom-figure\">\n          <button class=\"ols-figure-image ols-lightbox-trigger\" type=\"button\" data-ols-lightbox-src=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/Distorted-T.webp\" data-ols-lightbox-alt=\"Distorted T molecular shape table entry showing three bonding pairs, two lone pairs, approximately 89 degree bond angle and examples including ClF3, BrF3, IF3, ICl3 and XeF2Cl minus\" aria-label=\"Open distorted T diagram in full screen\">\n            <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/Distorted-T.webp\" alt=\"Distorted T molecular shape table entry showing three bonding pairs, two lone pairs, approximately 89 degree bond angle and examples including ClF3, BrF3, IF3, ICl3 and XeF2Cl minus\">\n          <\/button>\n          <div class=\"ols-figure-caption\">\n            <p>A distorted T species has three bonding regions and two lone pairs around the central atom. ClF<sub>3<\/sub> is the standard example, with bond angles close to 89&deg;.<\/p>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n      <\/article>\n\n<section id=\"ols-clf3-distorted-t-card\" class=\"ols-clf3-distorted-t-card\">\n  <style>\n    #ols-clf3-distorted-t-card {\n      --ols-navy: #1C244B;\n      --ols-gold: #c9973a;\n      --ols-red: #c81e1e;\n      --ols-green: #31a36a;\n      --ols-blue: #1f7ae0;\n      --ols-soft-blue: #EEF4FF;\n      --ols-border: rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.14);\n      --ols-shadow: 0 14px 34px rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.12);\n      font-family: Poppins, Arial, sans-serif;\n      color: var(--ols-navy);\n      width: 100%;\n      margin: 28px auto;\n    }\n\n    #ols-clf3-distorted-t-card * {\n      box-sizing: border-box;\n    }\n\n    #ols-clf3-distorted-t-card .ols-model-card {\n      width: 100%;\n      background: linear-gradient(180deg, #ffffff 0%, #f8fbff 100%);\n      border: 1px solid var(--ols-border);\n      border-radius: 28px;\n      box-shadow: var(--ols-shadow);\n 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-0.03em;\n    }\n\n    #ols-clf3-distorted-t-card .ols-model-subtitle {\n      margin: 12px 0 0;\n      font-size: clamp(16px, 1.4vw, 22px);\n      line-height: 1.55;\n      font-weight: 300;\n      color: rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.82);\n      max-width: 980px;\n    }\n\n    #ols-clf3-distorted-t-card .ols-viewer-wrap {\n      position: relative;\n      width: 100%;\n      height: 590px;\n      background:\n        radial-gradient(circle at center, rgba(31, 122, 224, 0.06), transparent 38%),\n        linear-gradient(180deg, #ffffff 0%, #f7f9fc 100%);\n      overflow: hidden;\n    }\n\n    #ols-clf3-distorted-t-card #olsClF3Viewer {\n      width: 100%;\n      height: 100%;\n      display: block;\n    }\n\n    #ols-clf3-distorted-t-card .ols-viewer-badge {\n      position: absolute;\n      top: 16px;\n      right: 16px;\n      background: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.92);\n      color: var(--ols-navy);\n      padding: 8px 12px;\n      border-radius: 12px;\n      font-size: 13px;\n      font-weight: 600;\n      box-shadow: 0 6px 18px rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.14);\n      border: 1px solid rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.08);\n      pointer-events: none;\n      z-index: 4;\n    }\n\n    #ols-clf3-distorted-t-card .ols-angle-badge {\n      position: absolute;\n      left: 16px;\n      bottom: 16px;\n      background: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.94);\n      color: var(--ols-navy);\n      padding: 8px 12px;\n      border-radius: 999px;\n      font-size: 13px;\n      font-weight: 700;\n      box-shadow: 0 6px 18px rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.14);\n      border: 1px solid rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.08);\n      pointer-events: none;\n      z-index: 4;\n    }\n\n    #ols-clf3-distorted-t-card .ols-controls {\n      display: flex;\n      flex-wrap: wrap;\n      gap: 10px;\n      padding: 16px 18px;\n      background: #ffffff;\n      border-top: 1px solid rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.08);\n    }\n\n    #ols-clf3-distorted-t-card .ols-btn {\n      appearance: none;\n      border: 1px solid rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.14);\n      background: #ffffff;\n      color: var(--ols-navy);\n      border-radius: 999px;\n      padding: 10px 15px;\n      font-family: Poppins, Arial, sans-serif;\n      font-size: 14px;\n      font-weight: 600;\n      cursor: pointer;\n      transition: transform 0.2s ease, box-shadow 0.2s ease, background 0.2s ease, color 0.2s ease;\n    }\n\n    #ols-clf3-distorted-t-card .ols-btn:hover {\n      transform: translateY(-2px);\n      box-shadow: 0 8px 20px rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.12);\n    }\n\n    #ols-clf3-distorted-t-card .ols-btn.is-active {\n      background: var(--ols-navy);\n      color: #ffffff;\n      border-color: var(--ols-navy);\n    }\n\n    #ols-clf3-distorted-t-card .ols-explanation {\n      padding: 22px 26px 26px;\n      background: #ffffff;\n      border-top: 1px solid rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.08);\n    }\n\n    #ols-clf3-distorted-t-card .ols-key-message {\n      margin: 0;\n      padding: 16px 18px;\n      border-radius: 18px;\n      background: var(--ols-soft-blue);\n      border: 1px solid rgba(31, 122, 224, 0.14);\n      font-size: 16px;\n      line-height: 1.65;\n      font-weight: 300;\n      color: rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.88);\n    }\n\n    #ols-clf3-distorted-t-card .ols-key-message strong {\n      font-weight: 700;\n      color: var(--ols-navy);\n    }\n\n    #ols-clf3-distorted-t-card .ols-explanation-grid {\n      display: grid;\n      grid-template-columns: repeat(3, minmax(0, 1fr));\n      gap: 14px;\n      margin-top: 16px;\n    }\n\n    #ols-clf3-distorted-t-card .ols-info-box {\n      border-radius: 18px;\n      padding: 16px;\n      background: #f8fbff;\n      border: 1px solid rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.1);\n    }\n\n    #ols-clf3-distorted-t-card .ols-info-box strong {\n      display: block;\n      font-size: 15px;\n      margin-bottom: 6px;\n      color: var(--ols-navy);\n    }\n\n    #ols-clf3-distorted-t-card .ols-info-box span {\n      display: block;\n      font-size: 14px;\n      line-height: 1.55;\n      font-weight: 300;\n      color: rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.8);\n    }\n\n    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class=\"ols-model-card\">\n    <div class=\"ols-model-header\">\n      <div class=\"ols-pill\">3D molecule shape model<\/div>\n      <h2 class=\"ols-model-title\">Distorted T Shape of ClF<sub>3<\/sub><\/h2>\n      <p class=\"ols-model-subtitle\">\n        In chlorine trifluoride, chlorine has three Cl-F bonding pairs and two lone pairs. The five electron regions arrange themselves as a trigonal bipyramidal electron-pair arrangement. The two lone pairs occupy equatorial positions, where they are approximately 120\u00b0 apart, leaving two axial bonds and one equatorial bond to form a distorted T-shaped molecule.\n      <\/p>\n    <\/div>\n\n    <div class=\"ols-viewer-wrap\">\n      <div id=\"olsClF3Viewer\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"ols-viewer-badge\">Drag to rotate \u2022 Scroll to zoom \u2022 Red clouds show the two equatorial lone pairs<\/div>\n      <div class=\"ols-angle-badge\" id=\"olsClF3AngleBadge\">Bond angles: \u224887\u00b0, \u2248175\u00b0<\/div>\n    <\/div>\n\n    <div class=\"ols-controls\">\n      <button type=\"button\" class=\"ols-btn is-active\" id=\"olsClF3RotateBtn\">Pause rotation<\/button>\n      <button type=\"button\" class=\"ols-btn\" id=\"olsClF3ResetBtn\">Reset view<\/button>\n    <\/div>\n\n    <div class=\"ols-explanation\">\n      <p class=\"ols-key-message\">\n        <strong>Key idea:<\/strong> ClF<sub>3<\/sub> has <strong>three bonding pairs<\/strong> and <strong>two lone pairs<\/strong> around chlorine. The electron-pair arrangement is <strong>trigonal bipyramidal<\/strong>. The two lone pairs occupy <strong>equatorial positions<\/strong>, approximately <strong>120\u00b0<\/strong> apart, because this reduces lone-pair repulsion. The remaining bonds form a <strong>distorted T shape<\/strong>, with bond angles of about <strong>87\u00b0<\/strong> and <strong>175\u00b0<\/strong>.\n      <\/p>\n\n      <div class=\"ols-explanation-grid\">\n        <div class=\"ols-info-box\">\n          <strong>Central atom<\/strong>\n          <span>Chlorine is the central atom and sits at the centre of the model.<\/span>\n        <\/div>\n\n        <div class=\"ols-info-box\">\n          <strong>Lone pairs<\/strong>\n          <span>The red electron clouds are in two equatorial positions, approximately 120\u00b0 apart.<\/span>\n        <\/div>\n\n        <div class=\"ols-info-box\">\n          <strong>Shape outcome<\/strong>\n          <span>Two axial bonds, one equatorial bond and two equatorial lone pairs produce a distorted T shape.<\/span>\n        <\/div>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n\n  <script src=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-content\/uploads\/JS\/distorted_t.js\"><\/script>\n<\/section>\n\n      <article class=\"ols-note-card purple\">\n        <div class=\"ols-note-title\">\n          <div class=\"ols-note-icon\">3<\/div>\n          <h2>Electron-Pair Arrangement vs Molecular Shape<\/h2>\n        <\/div>\n        <p>The electron-pair arrangement in ClF<sub>3<\/sub> is based on a <strong>trigonal bipyramidal arrangement<\/strong> because there are five electron regions around chlorine.<\/p>\n        <p>The molecular shape is different. Lone pairs are not counted as atoms when naming the shape, so the visible arrangement of the three fluorine atoms is <strong>distorted T-shaped<\/strong>.<\/p>\n        <div class=\"ols-rule-list\">\n          <div class=\"ols-rule-item\">\n            <h3>Five electron regions<\/h3>\n            <p>Three bonding pairs and two lone pairs arrange themselves as far apart as possible around chlorine.<\/p>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-rule-item\">\n            <h3>Equatorial lone pairs<\/h3>\n            <p>The two lone pairs occupy equatorial positions in the trigonal bipyramidal arrangement. This keeps the lone pairs approximately 120&deg; apart and reduces lone pair-lone pair repulsion.<\/p>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-rule-item\">\n            <h3>T-shaped bonded atoms<\/h3>\n            <p>The remaining three bonding pairs form two axial bonds and one equatorial bond, producing a distorted T shape.<\/p>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n      <\/article>\n\n      <article class=\"ols-note-card\">\n        <div class=\"ols-note-title\">\n          <div class=\"ols-note-icon\">4<\/div>\n          <h2>Distorted T Shape Examples<\/h2>\n        <\/div>\n        <p>The distorted T shape is found when the central atom has three bonding pairs and two lone pairs. The common exam examples are usually interhalogen species.<\/p>\n        <div class=\"ols-table-wrap\">\n          <table class=\"ols-table\">\n            <thead>\n              <tr>\n                <th>Species<\/th>\n                <th>Central atom<\/th>\n                <th>Electron regions<\/th>\n                <th>Shape<\/th>\n                <th>Typical exam angle<\/th>\n              <\/tr>\n            <\/thead>\n            <tbody>\n              <tr>\n                <td data-label=\"Species\">ClF<sub>3<\/sub><\/td>\n                <td data-label=\"Central atom\">Cl<\/td>\n                <td data-label=\"Electron regions\">3 bonding regions, 2 lone pairs<\/td>\n                <td data-label=\"Shape\">Distorted T<\/td>\n                <td data-label=\"Typical exam angle\">89&deg;<\/td>\n              <\/tr>\n              <tr>\n                <td data-label=\"Species\">BrF<sub>3<\/sub><\/td>\n                <td data-label=\"Central atom\">Br<\/td>\n                <td data-label=\"Electron regions\">3 bonding regions, 2 lone pairs<\/td>\n                <td data-label=\"Shape\">Distorted T<\/td>\n                <td data-label=\"Typical exam angle\">89&deg;<\/td>\n              <\/tr>\n              <tr>\n                <td data-label=\"Species\">IF<sub>3<\/sub><\/td>\n                <td data-label=\"Central atom\">I<\/td>\n                <td data-label=\"Electron regions\">3 bonding regions, 2 lone pairs<\/td>\n                <td data-label=\"Shape\">Distorted T<\/td>\n                <td data-label=\"Typical exam angle\">89&deg;<\/td>\n              <\/tr>\n              <tr>\n                <td data-label=\"Species\">ICl<sub>3<\/sub><\/td>\n                <td data-label=\"Central atom\">I<\/td>\n                <td data-label=\"Electron regions\">3 bonding regions, 2 lone pairs<\/td>\n                <td data-label=\"Shape\">Distorted T<\/td>\n                <td data-label=\"Typical exam angle\">89&deg;<\/td>\n              <\/tr>\n              <tr>\n                <td data-label=\"Species\">XeF<sub>2<\/sub>Cl<sup>&#8211;<\/sup><\/td>\n                <td data-label=\"Central atom\">Xe<\/td>\n                <td data-label=\"Electron regions\">3 bonding regions, 2 lone pairs<\/td>\n                <td data-label=\"Shape\">Distorted T<\/td>\n                <td data-label=\"Typical exam angle\">89&deg;<\/td>\n              <\/tr>\n            <\/tbody>\n          <\/table>\n        <\/div>\n      <\/article>\n\n      <article class=\"ols-note-card orange\">\n        <div class=\"ols-note-title\">\n          <div class=\"ols-note-icon\">5<\/div>\n          <h2>How to Explain Distorted T Shape in an Exam<\/h2>\n        <\/div>\n        <p>A full exam explanation should connect the number of electron regions to electron-pair repulsion, then explain why the two lone pairs are equatorial and why the bonded atoms form a T shape.<\/p>\n\n        <div class=\"ols-rule-list\">\n          <div class=\"ols-rule-item\">\n            <h3>1. Identify the central atom<\/h3>\n            <p>For ClF<sub>3<\/sub>, the central atom is chlorine.<\/p>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-rule-item\">\n            <h3>2. Count bonding pairs and lone pairs<\/h3>\n            <p>Chlorine has three bonding pairs and two lone pairs around it.<\/p>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-rule-item\">\n            <h3>3. Apply electron-pair repulsion<\/h3>\n            <p>The five electron regions arrange themselves as far apart as possible. The two lone pairs occupy equatorial positions to reduce repulsion.<\/p>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-rule-item\">\n            <h3>4. State the shape and angle<\/h3>\n            <p>The three bonded atoms form a distorted T shape. The bond angles are close to 89&deg; in the usual A Level exam table, with the straight angle close to 180&deg;.<\/p>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n\n        <div class=\"ols-definition-box\">\n          <p><strong>Exam answer model:<\/strong> ClF<sub>3<\/sub> has three bonding pairs and two lone pairs around the central chlorine atom. The five electron regions arrange themselves as a trigonal bipyramidal electron-pair arrangement. The two lone pairs occupy equatorial positions to minimise repulsion. Therefore, ClF<sub>3<\/sub> is distorted T-shaped, with bond angles close to 89&deg;.<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n      <\/article>\n\n      <article class=\"ols-note-card soft\">\n        <div class=\"ols-note-title\">\n          <div class=\"ols-note-icon\">6<\/div>\n          <h2>Common Exam Points<\/h2>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"ols-rule-list\">\n          <div class=\"ols-rule-item\">\n            <h3>Do not call ClF<sub>3<\/sub> trigonal bipyramidal<\/h3>\n            <p>The electron-pair arrangement is trigonal bipyramidal, but the molecular shape is distorted T because the two lone pairs are not counted as atoms.<\/p>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-rule-item\">\n            <h3>State the lone pairs are equatorial<\/h3>\n            <p>The two lone pairs occupy equatorial positions. This gives fewer 90&deg; lone pair interactions than placing a lone pair in an axial position.<\/p>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-rule-item\">\n            <h3>Use 89&deg; for the exam-table angle<\/h3>\n            <p>The common A Level table value is approximately 89&deg;. In more detailed explanations, the bp-bp angles are slightly less than 90&deg; and slightly less than 180&deg;.<\/p>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-rule-item\">\n            <h3>Count around the central atom only<\/h3>\n            <p>The shape is determined by the bonding pairs and lone pairs around the central atom, not by the total number of atoms in the species.<\/p>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n      <\/article>\n\n      <section class=\"ols-h5p-card\">\n        <h2>Check Your Understanding<\/h2>\n        <p>Use these short activities to check the distorted T shape, ClF<sub>3<\/sub>, three bonding pairs, two lone pairs and the approximately 89&deg; bond angle.<\/p>\n        <div class=\"ols-h5p-grid\">\n          <div class=\"ols-h5p-frame\"><div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-212\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"212\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"distortedt.1 Drag: Distorted T Key Concepts\"><\/iframe><\/div><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-h5p-frame\"><div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-213\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"213\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"distortedt.2 MCQ: Electron Pairs in ClF3\"><\/iframe><\/div><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-h5p-frame\"><div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-214\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"214\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"distortedt.3 MCQ: Bond Angles in ClF3\"><\/iframe><\/div><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-h5p-frame\"><div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-215\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"215\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"distortedt.4 MCQ: Exam Explanation for ClF3\"><\/iframe><\/div><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n      <\/section>\n\n      <article class=\"ols-note-card purple\">\n        <div class=\"ols-note-title\">\n          <div class=\"ols-note-icon\">\u2713<\/div>\n          <h2>QuickSnap<\/h2>\n        <\/div>\n        <p>The distorted T shape is produced when a central atom has <strong>three bonding pairs<\/strong> and <strong>two lone pairs<\/strong>. The lone pairs occupy equatorial positions in a trigonal bipyramidal electron-pair arrangement, leaving three bonded atoms in a T-shaped arrangement with bond angles close to <strong>89&deg;<\/strong>.<\/p>\n        <div class=\"ols-key-box\"><p><strong>Memory line:<\/strong> 3 bonding pairs + 2 lone pairs = distorted T = about 89&deg;.<\/p><\/div>\n      <\/article>\n<section class=\"ols-course-cta-covalent-shapes\" id=\"olsCourseCtaCovalentShapes001\">\r\n  <style>\r\n    .ols-course-cta-covalent-shapes,\r\n    .ols-course-cta-covalent-shapes * {\r\n      box-sizing: border-box;\r\n    }\r\n\r\n    .ols-course-cta-covalent-shapes {\r\n      --navy: #1C244B;\r\n      --blue: #2563eb;\r\n      --body-text: #1f2937;\r\n      --grey-text: #667085;\r\n      --border: rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.14);\r\n      --shadow: 0 18px 45px rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.12);\r\n      --inner-shadow: 0 10px 26px rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.08);\r\n\r\n      width: 100%;\r\n      margin: 30px 0 24px;\r\n      font-family: 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235, 0.24);\r\n    }\r\n\r\n    .ols-course-cta-covalent-shapes .ols-course-button-top {\r\n      flex-shrink: 0;\r\n      padding: 12px 22px;\r\n      font-size: 15px;\r\n    }\r\n\r\n    @media (max-width: 900px) {\r\n      .ols-course-cta-covalent-shapes .ols-course-cta-top {\r\n        grid-template-columns: 1fr;\r\n      }\r\n\r\n      .ols-course-cta-covalent-shapes .ols-course-cta-image-link {\r\n        max-width: 520px;\r\n        margin: 0 auto;\r\n      }\r\n\r\n      .ols-course-cta-covalent-shapes .ols-course-cta-intro-stats {\r\n        grid-template-columns: 1fr;\r\n      }\r\n\r\n      .ols-course-cta-covalent-shapes .ols-animation-frame-shell {\r\n        height: 520px;\r\n      }\r\n    }\r\n\r\n    @media (max-width: 760px) {\r\n      .ols-course-cta-covalent-shapes {\r\n        margin: 26px 0 22px;\r\n      }\r\n\r\n      .ols-course-cta-covalent-shapes .ols-course-cta-card {\r\n        padding: 20px;\r\n        border-radius: 24px;\r\n      }\r\n\r\n      .ols-course-cta-covalent-shapes .ols-course-cta-header-row {\r\n        align-items: stretch;\r\n      }\r\n\r\n      .ols-course-cta-covalent-shapes .ols-course-button-top {\r\n        width: 100%;\r\n      }\r\n\r\n      .ols-course-cta-covalent-shapes .ols-course-cta-stats,\r\n      .ols-course-cta-covalent-shapes .ols-course-cta-features {\r\n        grid-template-columns: 1fr;\r\n      }\r\n\r\n      .ols-course-cta-covalent-shapes .ols-course-animation-wrap {\r\n        padding: 0;\r\n        border-radius: 0;\r\n      }\r\n\r\n      .ols-course-cta-covalent-shapes .ols-animation-frame-shell {\r\n        height: 420px;\r\n        border-radius: 18px;\r\n      }\r\n\r\n      .ols-course-cta-covalent-shapes .ols-animation-play-circle {\r\n        width: 76px;\r\n        height: 76px;\r\n      }\r\n\r\n      .ols-course-cta-covalent-shapes .ols-animation-play-icon {\r\n        border-top-width: 14px;\r\n        border-bottom-width: 14px;\r\n        border-left-width: 22px;\r\n      }\r\n\r\n      .ols-course-cta-covalent-shapes .ols-animation-pause-button {\r\n        left: 12px;\r\n        bottom: 12px;\r\n        min-width: 84px;\r\n        padding: 9px 14px;\r\n        font-size: 13px;\r\n      }\r\n\r\n      .ols-course-cta-covalent-shapes .ols-course-button {\r\n        width: 100%;\r\n      }\r\n    }\r\n  <\/style>\r\n\r\n  <div class=\"ols-course-cta-card\">\r\n\r\n    <div class=\"ols-course-cta-top\">\r\n\r\n      <a class=\"ols-course-cta-image-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/product\/covalent-bonding-shapes-of-molecules-edexcel-t2ab\/\" aria-label=\"Open the Edexcel A Level Chemistry Topic 2A\/B Covalent Bonding, Structure and Shapes of Molecules course page\">\r\n\r\n        <div class=\"ols-course-cta-image\">\r\n          <img decoding=\"async\"\r\n            src=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/T2AB-Covalent-Bonding-Structure-Shapes-of-Molecules.jpg\"\r\n            alt=\"Edexcel A Level Chemistry Topic 2A\/B Covalent Bonding, Structure and Shapes of Molecules course banner\"\r\n          >\r\n        <\/div>\r\n\r\n      <\/a>\r\n\r\n      <div class=\"ols-course-cta-content\">\r\n\r\n        <div class=\"ols-course-cta-header-row\">\r\n\r\n          <div class=\"ols-course-cta-kicker\">\r\n            Complete Topic 2A\/B Covalent Bonding, Structure & Shapes of Molecules Course\r\n          <\/div>\r\n\r\n          <a class=\"ols-course-button ols-course-button-top\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/product\/covalent-bonding-shapes-of-molecules-edexcel-t2ab\/\">\r\n            View Course\r\n          <\/a>\r\n\r\n        <\/div>\r\n\r\n        <h2>\r\n          Master Covalent Bonding, Structure and Shapes of Molecules for Edexcel A Level Chemistry\r\n        <\/h2>\r\n\r\n      <\/div>\r\n\r\n    <\/div>\r\n\r\n    <div class=\"ols-course-cta-intro-stats\">\r\n\r\n      <p class=\"ols-course-cta-intro\">\r\n        Continue from these free revision notes into the full Topic 2A\/B Covalent Bonding, Structure and Shapes of Molecules course, with guided video teaching, diagnostic MCQ practice, teacher-marked short-answer questions and a specification assignment with a personalised progress report.\r\n      <\/p>\r\n\r\n      <div class=\"ols-course-cta-stats\">\r\n\r\n        <div class=\"ols-course-stat\">\r\n          <span>Guided learning<\/span>\r\n          <strong>13 hours<\/strong>\r\n        <\/div>\r\n\r\n        <div class=\"ols-course-stat\">\r\n          <span>Video lessons<\/span>\r\n          <strong>281 mins<\/strong>\r\n        <\/div>\r\n\r\n        <div class=\"ols-course-stat\">\r\n          <span>MCQ practice<\/span>\r\n          <strong>37 marks<\/strong>\r\n        <\/div>\r\n\r\n        <div class=\"ols-course-stat\">\r\n          <span>SAQ practice<\/span>\r\n          <strong>169 marks<\/strong>\r\n        <\/div>\r\n\r\n      <\/div>\r\n\r\n    <\/div>\r\n\r\n    <div class=\"ols-course-cta-features\">\r\n\r\n      <div class=\"ols-course-feature\">\r\n        <h3>Guided video teaching<\/h3>\r\n        <p>\r\n          Learn covalent bonding, dot-and-cross diagrams, giant covalent structures, electronegativity, polarity and molecular shapes through structured video lessons with worked examples and walkthroughs.\r\n        <\/p>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n\r\n      <div class=\"ols-course-feature\">\r\n        <h3>Instant MCQ feedback<\/h3>\r\n        <p>\r\n          Auto-marked MCQ quizzes provide immediate diagnostic feedback for every answer choice.\r\n        <\/p>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n\r\n      <div class=\"ols-course-feature\">\r\n        <h3>Teacher-marked SAQs<\/h3>\r\n        <p>\r\n          Submit written exam responses and receive chemistry specialist feedback with improvement guidance.\r\n        <\/p>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n\r\n      <div class=\"ols-course-feature\">\r\n        <h3>Progress tracking<\/h3>\r\n        <p>\r\n          Identify strengths and weaknesses across covalent bonding, giant covalent structures, polarity, VSEPR theory and molecular shapes with targeted reporting.\r\n        <\/p>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n\r\n    <\/div>\r\n\r\n    <div class=\"ols-course-animation-wrap\">\r\n\r\n      <h3 class=\"ols-course-animation-title\">\r\n        See how the course works\r\n      <\/h3>\r\n\r\n      <div class=\"ols-animation-frame-shell\">\r\n        <iframe\r\n          id=\"olsCourseAnimationFrame001\"\r\n          title=\"OLS course preview animation\"\r\n          loading=\"lazy\"\r\n          referrerpolicy=\"no-referrer\">\r\n        <\/iframe>\r\n\r\n        <button\r\n          class=\"ols-animation-start-overlay\"\r\n          id=\"olsCourseAnimationStart001\"\r\n          type=\"button\"\r\n          aria-label=\"Play OLS course preview animation\">\r\n          <span class=\"ols-animation-start-content\">\r\n            <span class=\"ols-animation-play-circle\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\r\n              <span class=\"ols-animation-play-icon\"><\/span>\r\n            <\/span>\r\n            <span class=\"ols-animation-start-text\">\r\n              Play course preview animation\r\n            <\/span>\r\n          <\/span>\r\n        <\/button>\r\n\r\n        <button\r\n          class=\"ols-animation-pause-button\"\r\n          id=\"olsCourseAnimationPause001\"\r\n          type=\"button\"\r\n          aria-label=\"Pause course preview animation\">\r\n          Pause\r\n        <\/button>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n\r\n      <p class=\"ols-course-video-status\">\r\n        Click play to start the course preview animation.\r\n      <\/p>\r\n\r\n    <\/div>\r\n\r\n    <div class=\"ols-course-cta-bottom\">\r\n\r\n      <a class=\"ols-course-button\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/product\/covalent-bonding-shapes-of-molecules-edexcel-t2ab\/\">\r\n        View Covalent Bonding & Shapes of Molecules Topic 2A\/B Course\r\n      <\/a>\r\n\r\n    <\/div>\r\n\r\n  <\/div>\r\n\r\n  <template id=\"olsCourseAnimationTemplate001\">\r\n<!DOCTYPE html>\r\n<html lang=\"en\">\r\n<head>\r\n<meta charset=\"UTF-8\">\r\n<meta name=\"viewport\" content=\"width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0\">\r\n<title>OLS Combined Promo Animation<\/title>\r\n\r\n<style>\r\n*{box-sizing:border-box;}\r\n\r\nhtml.ols-animation-paused *,\r\nhtml.ols-animation-paused *::before,\r\nhtml.ols-animation-paused *::after{\r\n  animation-play-state:paused!important;\r\n}\r\n\r\n:root{\r\n  --ols-video-screen-w:1180;\r\n  --ols-video-screen-h:664;\r\n  --ols-video-screen-scale:1;\r\n  --ols-mcq-screen-w:1360;\r\n  --ols-mcq-screen-h:1130;\r\n  --ols-mcq-screen-scale:1;\r\n  --ols-saq-screen-w:1360;\r\n  --ols-saq-screen-h:965;\r\n  --ols-saq-screen-scale:1;\r\n}\r\n\r\nhtml,\r\nbody{\r\n  width:100%;\r\n  height:100%;\r\n}\r\n\r\nbody{\r\n  margin:0;\r\n  overflow:hidden;\r\n  font-family:Poppins,Arial,sans-serif;\r\n  background:#e9efff;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.ols-combined-stage{\r\n  position:relative;\r\n  width:100vw;\r\n  height:100vh;\r\n  overflow:hidden;\r\n  background:\r\n    radial-gradient(circle at top left,rgba(70,127,247,0.14),transparent 34%),\r\n    linear-gradient(135deg,#f8fbff 0%,#e9efff 100%);\r\n}\r\n\r\n.ols-scene{\r\n  position:absolute;\r\n  inset:0;\r\n  width:100vw;\r\n  height:100vh;\r\n  opacity:0;\r\n  visibility:hidden;\r\n  pointer-events:none;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.ols-scene.active{\r\n  opacity:1;\r\n  visibility:visible;\r\n  pointer-events:auto;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.ols-scene.fade-out{\r\n  animation:olsSceneFadeOut 0.85s ease forwards;\r\n}\r\n\r\n@keyframes olsSceneFadeOut{\r\n  to{\r\n    opacity:0;\r\n    visibility:hidden;\r\n  }\r\n}\r\n\r\n.ols-title-cursor{\r\n  display:inline-block;\r\n  width:5px;\r\n  height:0.85em;\r\n  background:#1C244B;\r\n  margin-left:8px;\r\n  transform:translateY(8px);\r\n  animation:olsBlink 0.8s infinite;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cursor{\r\n  display:inline-block;\r\n  width:3px;\r\n  height:28px;\r\n  background:#1c244b;\r\n  margin-left:3px;\r\n  transform:translateY(5px);\r\n  animation:olsBlink 0.8s infinite;\r\n}\r\n\r\n@keyframes olsBlink{\r\n  0%,45%{opacity:1;}\r\n  46%,100%{opacity:0;}\r\n}\r\n\r\n.ols-video-stage,\r\n.ols-mcq-stage,\r\n.ols-saq-stage{\r\n  width:100vw;\r\n  height:100vh;\r\n  display:flex;\r\n  justify-content:center;\r\n  align-items:center;\r\n  padding:0;\r\n  overflow:hidden;\r\n  background:\r\n    radial-gradient(circle at top left,rgba(70,127,247,0.14),transparent 34%),\r\n    linear-gradient(135deg,#f8fbff 0%,#e9efff 100%);\r\n}\r\n\r\n.ols-video-title-screen,\r\n.ols-mcq-intro-screen,\r\n.ols-saq-intro{\r\n  position:absolute;\r\n  inset:0;\r\n  z-index:50;\r\n  display:flex;\r\n  justify-content:center;\r\n  align-items:center;\r\n  background:\r\n    radial-gradient(circle at top left,rgba(70,127,247,0.14),transparent 34%),\r\n    linear-gradient(135deg,#f8fbff 0%,#e9efff 100%);\r\n  opacity:1;\r\n  visibility:visible;\r\n  pointer-events:none;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.ols-video-title-screen.hide{animation:olsVideoTitleFadeOut 0.85s ease forwards;}\r\n.ols-mcq-intro-screen.hide{animation:olsMcqIntroFadeOut 0.85s ease forwards;}\r\n.ols-saq-intro.hide{animation:olsSaqIntroFadeOut 0.85s ease forwards;}\r\n\r\n@keyframes olsVideoTitleFadeOut{to{opacity:0;visibility:hidden;}}\r\n@keyframes olsMcqIntroFadeOut{to{opacity:0;visibility:hidden;}}\r\n@keyframes olsSaqIntroFadeOut{to{opacity:0;visibility:hidden;}}\r\n\r\n.ols-video-title-wrap,\r\n.ols-mcq-intro-title-wrap,\r\n.ols-saq-intro-title-wrap{\r\n  max-width:1250px;\r\n  padding:0 34px;\r\n  text-align:center;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.ols-video-title,\r\n.ols-mcq-intro-title,\r\n.ols-saq-intro-title{\r\n  margin:0;\r\n  font-family:Poppins,Arial,sans-serif;\r\n  font-size:clamp(52px,8vw,124px);\r\n  font-weight:600;\r\n  line-height:1.08;\r\n  color:#1C244B;\r\n  text-shadow:-9px 0 9px rgba(28,36,75,0.16);\r\n  letter-spacing:-0.045em;\r\n}\r\n\r\n#videoTitleText,\r\n#mcqIntroTitleText,\r\n#saqIntroTitleText{\r\n  white-space:pre-wrap;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.ols-video-scene{\r\n  width:100%;\r\n  height:100%;\r\n  display:flex;\r\n  justify-content:center;\r\n  align-items:center;\r\n  opacity:0;\r\n  visibility:hidden;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.ols-video-scene.show{\r\n  visibility:visible;\r\n  animation:olsVideoSceneIn 1s ease forwards;\r\n}\r\n\r\n@keyframes olsVideoSceneIn{to{opacity:1;}}\r\n\r\n.ols-video-scale-wrap{\r\n  width:calc(var(--ols-video-screen-w) * 1px);\r\n  height:calc(var(--ols-video-screen-h) * 1px);\r\n  transform:scale(var(--ols-video-screen-scale));\r\n  transform-origin:center center;\r\n  display:flex;\r\n  justify-content:center;\r\n  align-items:center;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.ols-video-card{\r\n  width:1180px;\r\n  height:664px;\r\n  border-radius:28px;\r\n  overflow:hidden;\r\n  background:#1C244B;\r\n  box-shadow:0 28px 80px rgba(28,36,75,0.28);\r\n  transform:translateY(24px) scale(0.96);\r\n  opacity:0;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.ols-video-scene.show .ols-video-card{\r\n  animation:olsVideoCardIn 1s cubic-bezier(.18,.89,.32,1.12) forwards;\r\n  animation-delay:0.2s;\r\n}\r\n\r\n@keyframes olsVideoCardIn{\r\n  to{\r\n    transform:translateY(0) scale(1);\r\n    opacity:1;\r\n  }\r\n}\r\n\r\n.ols-video-card video{\r\n  display:block;\r\n  width:100%;\r\n  height:100%;\r\n  aspect-ratio:16 \/ 9;\r\n  object-fit:cover;\r\n  border:0;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.ols-mcq-scale-wrap,\r\n.ols-saq-scale-wrap{\r\n  width:calc(var(--ols-mcq-screen-w) * 1px);\r\n  height:calc(var(--ols-mcq-screen-h) * 1px);\r\n  transform:scale(var(--ols-mcq-screen-scale));\r\n  transform-origin:center center;\r\n  display:flex;\r\n  justify-content:center;\r\n  align-items:flex-start;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.ols-saq-scale-wrap{\r\n  width:calc(var(--ols-saq-screen-w) * 1px);\r\n  height:calc(var(--ols-saq-screen-h) * 1px);\r\n  transform:scale(var(--ols-saq-screen-scale));\r\n}\r\n\r\n.ols-mcq-screen{\r\n  width:1360px;\r\n  height:1130px;\r\n  border-radius:22px;\r\n  overflow:hidden;\r\n  background:#eaf0ff;\r\n  box-shadow:0 26px 70px rgba(28,36,75,0.22);\r\n  opacity:0;\r\n  transform:translateY(24px) scale(0.96);\r\n}\r\n\r\n.ols-mcq-screen.show{\r\n  animation:olsMcqScreenEnter 1s ease forwards;\r\n}\r\n\r\n@keyframes olsMcqScreenEnter{\r\n  from{opacity:0;transform:translateY(24px) scale(0.96);}\r\n  to{opacity:1;transform:translateY(0) scale(1);}\r\n}\r\n\r\n.mcq-question-area{\r\n  background:#eaf0ff;\r\n  padding:28px 30px 30px;\r\n  position:relative;\r\n  height:610px;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.mcq-question-lead{\r\n  margin:0 0 14px;\r\n  font-size:24px;\r\n  line-height:1.35;\r\n  color:#111827;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.mcq-ionic-table{\r\n  border-collapse:collapse;\r\n  width:500px;\r\n  margin-bottom:8px;\r\n  font-size:21px;\r\n  color:#111827;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.mcq-ionic-table th,\r\n.mcq-ionic-table td{\r\n  border:1.5px solid #c9ced8;\r\n  padding:12px 18px;\r\n  text-align:center;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.mcq-ionic-table 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id=\"mcqIntroTitleText\"><\/span><span id=\"mcqIntroTitleCursor\" class=\"ols-title-cursor\"><\/span>\r\n          <\/h1>\r\n        <\/div>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n\r\n      <div class=\"ols-mcq-scale-wrap\">\r\n        <main id=\"mcqScreen\" class=\"ols-mcq-screen\">\r\n          <section class=\"mcq-question-area\">\r\n            <p class=\"mcq-question-lead\">The shapes of some species are being compared.<\/p>\r\n\r\n            <p class=\"mcq-question-main\">Which species is not tetrahedral?<\/p>\r\n\r\n            <div class=\"mcq-options-wrap\">\r\n              <div id=\"mcqWrongOption\" class=\"mcq-option-row\">\r\n                <span class=\"mcq-radio\"><\/span>\r\n                <span class=\"mcq-radio-ripple\"><\/span>\r\n                <span class=\"mcq-option-label\">methane, CH<sub>4<\/sub><\/span>\r\n\r\n                <span id=\"mcqSpecificFeedback\" class=\"mcq-specific-feedback\">\r\n                  <span id=\"mcqCrossIcon\" class=\"mcq-cross-icon\">\u00d7<\/span>\r\n                  <span class=\"mcq-specific-feedback-text\">\r\n                    <span id=\"mcqSpecificText\"><\/span><span id=\"mcqSpecificCursor\" class=\"cursor mcq-specific-cursor\" style=\"display:none;\"><\/span>\r\n                  <\/span>\r\n                <\/span>\r\n              <\/div>\r\n\r\n              <div class=\"mcq-option-row\"><span class=\"mcq-radio\"><\/span><span class=\"mcq-radio-ripple\"><\/span><span class=\"mcq-option-label\">ammonium ion, NH<sub>4<\/sub><sup>+<\/sup><\/span><\/div>\r\n              <div class=\"mcq-option-row\"><span class=\"mcq-radio\"><\/span><span class=\"mcq-radio-ripple\"><\/span><span class=\"mcq-option-label\">tetrachloroiodate(III) ion, ICl<sub>4<\/sub><sup>\u2212<\/sup><\/span><\/div>\r\n              <div class=\"mcq-option-row\"><span class=\"mcq-radio\"><\/span><span class=\"mcq-radio-ripple\"><\/span><span class=\"mcq-option-label\">tetrachloromethane, CCl<sub>4<\/sub><\/span><\/div>\r\n            <\/div>\r\n\r\n            <button id=\"mcqSubmitButton\" class=\"mcq-submit-button\">Submit answer<\/button>\r\n          <\/section>\r\n\r\n          <section id=\"mcqGeneralFeedback\" class=\"mcq-general-feedback\">\r\n            <span id=\"mcqGeneralText\"><\/span><span id=\"mcqGeneralCursor\" class=\"cursor mcq-general-cursor\" style=\"display:none;\"><\/span>\r\n          <\/section>\r\n        <\/main>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n  <\/section>\r\n\r\n  <section id=\"sceneSaq\" class=\"ols-scene\">\r\n    <div class=\"ols-saq-stage\">\r\n      <div id=\"saqIntro\" class=\"ols-saq-intro\">\r\n        <div class=\"ols-saq-intro-title-wrap\">\r\n          <h1 class=\"ols-saq-intro-title\">\r\n            <span id=\"saqIntroTitleText\"><\/span><span id=\"saqIntroTitleCursor\" class=\"ols-title-cursor\"><\/span>\r\n          <\/h1>\r\n        <\/div>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n\r\n      <div class=\"ols-saq-scale-wrap\">\r\n        <main id=\"saqScreen\" class=\"ols-saq-screen\">\r\n          <section class=\"saq-question-area\">\r\n            <div class=\"saq-question-text\">\r\n              <strong>(ii)<\/strong>&nbsp;&nbsp; Silicon has a much higher melting temperature than phosphorus.<br>\r\n              Explain this difference in terms of structure and bonding.\r\n            <\/div>\r\n\r\n            <div class=\"saq-student-box\">\r\n              <span id=\"saqStudentText\"><\/span><span id=\"saqStudentCursor\" class=\"cursor\"><\/span>\r\n            <\/div>\r\n          <\/section>\r\n\r\n          <section id=\"saqTeacherFeedback\" class=\"saq-teacher-feedback\">\r\n            <span id=\"saqTeacherText\"><\/span><span id=\"saqTeacherCursor\" class=\"cursor saq-teacher-cursor\" style=\"display:none;\"><\/span>\r\n          <\/section>\r\n        <\/main>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n  <\/section>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<script>\r\n(function(){\r\n  const 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The five electron regions arrange as trigonal bipyramidal, but the two lone pairs occupy equatorial positions, leaving two axial Cl-F bonds and one equatorial Cl-F bond.<\/p>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-faq-item\">\n            <h3>What is the bond angle in a distorted T molecule?<\/h3>\n            <p>The common A Level exam-table angle is about 89&deg;. More detailed descriptions may state that the bond-pair to bond-pair angles are slightly less than 90&deg; and close to 180&deg;.<\/p>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-faq-item\">\n            <h3>Is distorted T the same as trigonal bipyramidal?<\/h3>\n            <p>No. Trigonal bipyramidal is the electron-pair arrangement for five regions of negative charge. Distorted T is the molecular shape after the two lone pairs are ignored when naming the shape.<\/p>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-faq-item\">\n            <h3>Why do the lone pairs in ClF<sub>3<\/sub> occupy equatorial positions?<\/h3>\n            <p>The lone pairs occupy equatorial positions because this arrangement minimises repulsion. The two lone pairs are approximately 120&deg; apart and avoid unnecessary 90&deg; lone pair-lone pair interactions.<\/p>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n      <\/section>\n\n      <section class=\"ols-related-card\">\n        <h2>Related Topics<\/h2>\n        <p>Use these related revision notes to strengthen the surrounding bonding and molecular shape ideas.<\/p>\n        <div class=\"ols-related-grid\">\n          <a class=\"ols-related-item\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-2-bonding-and-structure\/shapes-of-molecules\/trigonal-bipyramidal\/\">Trigonal Bipyramidal<\/a>\n          <a class=\"ols-related-item\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-2-bonding-and-structure\/shapes-of-molecules\/seesaw\/\">SeeSaw<\/a>\n          <a class=\"ols-related-item\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-2-bonding-and-structure\/polar-molecules\/\">Polar &amp; Non-Polar Molecules<\/a>\n        <\/div>\n      <\/section>\n<section class=\"ols-attribution-card\">\n        <p><strong>&copy; Online Learning System.<\/strong> This revision page was written and produced for OLS by Dr. Mohammed Al-Fatah. All diagrams, explanations, interactive cards and revision resources on this page are protected by copyright and are provided for student revision and teaching use only.<\/p>\n      <\/section>\n\n<div class=\"ols-image-lightbox\" id=\"olsImageLightbox\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n        <button class=\"ols-image-lightbox-close\" type=\"button\" aria-label=\"Close image\">&times;<\/button>\n        <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"\" alt=\"\">\n      <\/div>\n\n      <script>\n        (function(){\n          var lightbox = document.getElementById(\"olsImageLightbox\");\n          if (!lightbox) { return; }\n\n          var lightboxImage = lightbox.querySelector(\"img\");\n          var closeButton = lightbox.querySelector(\".ols-image-lightbox-close\");\n          var triggers = document.querySelectorAll(\".ols-lightbox-trigger\");\n\n          function closeLightbox() {\n            lightbox.classList.remove(\"is-open\");\n            lightbox.setAttribute(\"aria-hidden\", \"true\");\n      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