{"id":4825,"date":"2026-06-03T06:24:31","date_gmt":"2026-06-03T05:24:31","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-6-organic-chemistry-i\/alkanes\/crude-oil\/reforming\/"},"modified":"2026-10-25T12:16:59","modified_gmt":"2026-10-25T12:16:59","slug":"reforming","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-6-organic-chemistry-i\/alkanes\/crude-oil\/reforming\/","title":{"rendered":"Reforming"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<section class=\"ols-revision-page ols-reforming-page\">\n  <style>\n    .ols-revision-page {\n      --navy: #1C244B;\n      --blue: #2563eb;\n      --soft-blue: #eef4ff;\n      --soft-red: #fff7f7;\n      --soft-purple: #f7f0ff;\n      --soft-green: #f0f7f1;\n      --soft-yellow: #fff8e6;\n      --red: #c81e1e;\n      --gold: #c9973a;\n      --green: #3f8f46;\n      --grey-text: #667085;\n      --body-text: #1f2937;\n      --border: rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.14);\n      --shadow: 0 18px 45px rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.10);\n      --inner-shadow: 0 10px 26px rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.08);\n      font-family: Poppins, Arial, sans-serif;\n      color: var(--navy);\n      background: #ffffff;\n    }\n\n    .ols-revision-page * {\n      box-sizing: border-box;\n    }\n\n    .ols-main {\n      min-width: 0;\n      max-width: 970px;\n    }\n\n    .ols-breadcrumbs {\n      display: flex;\n      flex-wrap: wrap;\n      gap: 8px;\n      margin: 10px 0 22px;\n      font-size: 15px;\n      color: var(--grey-text);\n    }\n\n    .ols-breadcrumbs a,\n    .ols-breadcrumbs span {\n      color: var(--grey-text);\n      text-decoration: none;\n      font-weight: 600;\n    }\n\n    .ols-breadcrumbs a {\n      transition: color 0.2s ease, text-decoration-color 0.2s ease;\n    }\n\n    .ols-breadcrumbs a:hover {\n      color: var(--blue);\n      text-decoration: underline;\n      text-underline-offset: 3px;\n    }\n\n    .ols-title-card,\n    .ols-note-card,\n    .ols-h5p-card,\n    .ols-related-card,\n    .ols-faq-card {\n      background: #ffffff;\n      border: 1px solid var(--border);\n      border-radius: 28px;\n      box-shadow: var(--shadow);\n      padding: 34px;\n      margin-bottom: 24px;\n      overflow: hidden;\n    }\n\n    .ols-title-card {\n      background: linear-gradient(135deg, #ffffff 0%, #f8fbff 100%);\n    }\n\n    .ols-title-card h1 {\n      margin: 0 0 18px;\n      font-size: clamp(36px, 5vw, 58px);\n      line-height: 1.08;\n      font-weight: 800;\n      letter-spacing: -0.04em;\n      color: #111827;\n    }\n\n    .ols-page-intro {\n      font-size: 19px;\n      line-height: 1.7;\n      font-weight: 300;\n      color: var(--body-text);\n      margin: 0 0 22px;\n    }\n\n    .ols-badges {\n      display: flex;\n      flex-wrap: wrap;\n      gap: 12px;\n      margin-bottom: 22px;\n    }\n\n    .ols-badge {\n      display: inline-flex;\n      align-items: center;\n      padding: 9px 14px;\n      border-radius: 999px;\n      background: #ffffff;\n      border: 1px solid var(--border);\n      font-size: 15px;\n      font-weight: 600;\n      color: var(--navy);\n    }\n\n    .ols-note-card.soft {\n      background: linear-gradient(135deg, #ffffff 0%, var(--soft-red) 100%);\n    }\n\n    .ols-note-card.purple {\n      background: linear-gradient(135deg, #ffffff 0%, var(--soft-purple) 100%);\n    }\n\n    .ols-note-card.green {\n      background: linear-gradient(135deg, #ffffff 0%, var(--soft-green) 100%);\n    }\n\n    .ols-note-card.yellow {\n      background: linear-gradient(135deg, #ffffff 0%, var(--soft-yellow) 100%);\n    }\n\n    .ols-note-title {\n      display: flex;\n      align-items: center;\n      gap: 14px;\n      margin-bottom: 20px;\n    }\n\n    .ols-note-icon {\n      width: 52px;\n      height: 52px;\n      border-radius: 16px;\n      background: var(--navy);\n      color: #ffffff;\n      display: grid;\n      place-items: center;\n      font-size: 24px;\n      font-weight: 800;\n      flex-shrink: 0;\n    }\n\n    .ols-note-title h2,\n    .ols-h5p-card h2,\n    .ols-related-card h2,\n    .ols-faq-card h2 {\n      margin: 0;\n      font-size: clamp(28px, 3.5vw, 42px);\n      line-height: 1.15;\n      font-weight: 800;\n      color: #111827;\n      letter-spacing: -0.03em;\n    }\n\n    .ols-note-card p,\n    .ols-note-card li {\n      font-size: clamp(15px, 1.25vw, 17px);\n      line-height: 1.65;\n      font-weight: 300;\n      color: var(--body-text);\n    }\n\n    .ols-h5p-card p,\n    .ols-related-card p,\n    .ols-faq-card p {\n      font-size: clamp(15px, 1.3vw, 18px);\n      line-height: 1.65;\n      font-weight: 300;\n      color: var(--body-text);\n    }\n\n    .ols-note-card strong,\n    .ols-h5p-card strong,\n    .ols-related-card strong,\n    .ols-faq-card strong {\n      font-weight: 700;\n      color: var(--navy);\n    }\n\n    .ols-note-card ul,\n    .ols-note-card ol {\n      margin: 0;\n      padding-left: 22px;\n    }\n\n    .ols-key-box {\n      margin-top: 20px;\n      background: var(--soft-green);\n      border: 1px solid rgba(63, 143, 70, 0.25);\n      border-radius: 20px;\n      padding: 18px 20px;\n    }\n\n    .ols-key-box p {\n      margin: 0;\n      font-weight: 400;\n      color: var(--navy);\n    }\n\n    .ols-purple-box {\n      margin-top: 20px;\n      background: var(--soft-purple);\n      border: 1px solid rgba(122, 62, 157, 0.25);\n      border-radius: 20px;\n      padding: 18px 20px;\n    }\n\n    .ols-purple-box p {\n      margin: 0;\n      font-weight: 400;\n      color: var(--navy);\n    }\n\n    .ols-equation-box {\n      text-align: center;\n      padding: 28px 20px;\n    }\n\n    .ols-equation-box .ols-equation-text {\n      font-size: clamp(28px, 5vw, 54px);\n      line-height: 1.25;\n      font-weight: 800;\n      color: #111827;\n      overflow-wrap: anywhere;\n    }\n\n    .ols-warning-box {\n      margin-top: 20px;\n      background: #fff7f7;\n      border: 1px solid rgba(200, 30, 30, 0.22);\n      border-left: 5px solid var(--red);\n      border-radius: 20px;\n      padding: 18px 20px;\n    }\n\n    .ols-warning-box p {\n      margin: 0;\n      font-weight: 400;\n      color: var(--navy);\n    }\n\n\n    .ols-figure-card {\n      margin: 26px 0 4px;\n      border: 1px solid var(--border);\n      border-radius: 26px;\n      overflow: hidden;\n      background: #ffffff;\n      box-shadow: var(--inner-shadow);\n    }\n\n    .ols-figure-image {\n      width: 100%;\n      min-height: 330px;\n      display: flex;\n      align-items: center;\n      justify-content: center;\n      background: #ffffff;\n      padding: 20px;\n    }\n\n    .ols-figure-image img {\n      max-width: 100%;\n      height: auto;\n      display: block;\n      border-radius: 18px;\n    }\n\n    .ols-figure-caption {\n      padding: 20px 24px 22px;\n      background: linear-gradient(135deg, #ffffff, #f8fbff);\n      border-top: 1px solid var(--border);\n    }\n\n    .ols-figure-caption p {\n      margin: 0;\n      color: #5f6b85;\n      font-size: clamp(15px, 1.25vw, 17px);\n      line-height: 1.6;\n      font-weight: 300;\n      font-style: italic;\n    }\n\n    .ols-table-wrap {\n      overflow: hidden;\n      border-radius: 22px;\n      border: 1px solid var(--border);\n      background: #ffffff;\n      margin-top: 18px;\n    }\n\n    .ols-table {\n      width: 100%;\n      border-collapse: collapse;\n      table-layout: fixed;\n    }\n\n    .ols-table th {\n      background: var(--navy);\n      color: #ffffff;\n      padding: 16px;\n      text-align: left;\n      font-size: clamp(14px, 1.2vw, 17px);\n      font-weight: 600;\n      overflow-wrap: anywhere;\n      word-break: normal;\n    }\n\n    .ols-table td {\n      padding: 16px;\n      border-bottom: 1px solid var(--border);\n      font-size: clamp(14px, 1.15vw, 16px);\n      line-height: 1.45;\n      color: var(--body-text);\n      vertical-align: top;\n      overflow-wrap: anywhere;\n      word-break: normal;\n    }\n\n    .ols-table tr:last-child td {\n      border-bottom: none;\n    }\n\n    .ols-h5p-card {\n      background: linear-gradient(135deg, #ffffff 0%, #f7f0ff 100%);\n    }\n\n    .ols-h5p-frame {\n      margin-top: 22px;\n      padding: 18px;\n      border-radius: 24px;\n      background: #ffffff;\n      border: 1px solid var(--border);\n      box-shadow: inset 0 0 0 1px rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.03);\n    }\n\n    .ols-fraction-grid {\n      display: grid;\n      grid-template-columns: repeat(2, minmax(0, 1fr));\n      gap: 16px;\n      margin-top: 20px;\n    }\n\n    .ols-fraction-pill {\n      background: #ffffff;\n      border: 1px solid var(--border);\n      border-radius: 18px;\n      padding: 16px 18px;\n      box-shadow: var(--inner-shadow);\n    }\n\n    .ols-fraction-pill strong {\n      display: block;\n      margin-bottom: 4px;\n      font-size: 17px;\n      color: var(--navy);\n    }\n\n    .ols-fraction-pill span {\n      display: block;\n      font-size: 15px;\n      line-height: 1.55;\n      color: var(--body-text);\n      font-weight: 300;\n    }\n\n    .ols-faq-card {\n      background: linear-gradient(135deg, #ffffff 0%, #f8fbff 100%);\n    }\n\n    .ols-faq-list {\n      display: grid;\n      gap: 14px;\n      margin-top: 20px;\n    }\n\n    .ols-faq-item {\n      background: #ffffff;\n      border: 1px solid var(--border);\n      border-radius: 18px;\n      padding: 18px 20px;\n      box-shadow: var(--inner-shadow);\n    }\n\n    .ols-faq-item h3 {\n      margin: 0 0 8px;\n      font-size: 18px;\n      line-height: 1.35;\n      color: var(--navy);\n    }\n\n    .ols-faq-item p {\n      margin: 0;\n    }\n\n    .ols-related-grid {\n      display: grid;\n      grid-template-columns: repeat(3, minmax(0, 1fr));\n      gap: 16px;\n      margin-top: 18px;\n    }\n\n    .ols-related-item {\n      border: 1px solid var(--border);\n      border-radius: 18px;\n      padding: 18px;\n      background: #ffffff;\n      color: var(--navy);\n      text-decoration: none;\n      font-weight: 600;\n      line-height: 1.5;\n      transition: transform 0.2s ease, box-shadow 0.2s ease;\n    }\n\n    .ols-related-item:hover {\n      transform: translateY(-2px);\n      box-shadow: 0 10px 22px rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.08);\n    }\n\n    @media (max-width: 1050px) {\n\n      .ols-main {\n        max-width: none;\n      }\n\n      .ols-related-grid {\n        grid-template-columns: repeat(2, minmax(0, 1fr));\n      }\n    }\n\n    @media (max-width: 760px) {\n\n      .ols-title-card,\n      .ols-note-card,\n      .ols-h5p-card,\n      .ols-related-card,\n      .ols-faq-card {\n        padding: 24px 18px;\n        border-radius: 22px;\n      }\n\n      .ols-note-title {\n        align-items: flex-start;\n      }\n\n      .ols-figure-card {\n        border-radius: 22px;\n      }\n\n      .ols-figure-image {\n        min-height: 230px;\n        padding: 14px;\n      }\n\n      .ols-figure-caption {\n        padding: 18px;\n      }\n\n      .ols-table-wrap {\n        border-radius: 20px;\n        overflow: hidden;\n      }\n\n      .ols-table,\n      .ols-table thead,\n      .ols-table tbody,\n      .ols-table th,\n      .ols-table td,\n      .ols-table tr {\n        display: block;\n        width: 100%;\n      }\n\n      .ols-table thead {\n        display: none;\n      }\n\n      .ols-table tr {\n        border-bottom: 1px solid var(--border);\n        background: #ffffff;\n      }\n\n      .ols-table tr:last-child {\n        border-bottom: none;\n      }\n\n      .ols-table td {\n        display: grid;\n        grid-template-columns: minmax(120px, 38%) minmax(0, 1fr);\n        gap: 12px;\n        align-items: start;\n        border-bottom: 1px solid rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.08);\n        padding: 14px;\n        overflow-wrap: anywhere;\n      }\n\n      .ols-table td:last-child {\n        border-bottom: none;\n      }\n\n      .ols-table td::before {\n        content: attr(data-label);\n        font-weight: 700;\n        color: var(--navy);\n        overflow-wrap: anywhere;\n      }\n    }\n\n    \/* OLS saved author profile block *\/\n.ols-author{\n    display:flex;\n    align-items:center;\n    gap:20px;\n    padding:28px;\n    border-radius:28px;\n    background:linear-gradient(135deg,#ffffff 0%,#f8fbff 100%);\n    border:1px solid rgba(28,36,75,0.12);\n    box-shadow:0 18px 45px rgba(28,36,75,0.10);\n  }\n\n  .ols-author-avatar-img{\n    width:92px;\n    height:92px;\n    border-radius:50%;\n    object-fit:cover;\n    object-position:center;\n    flex-shrink:0;\n    border:4px solid #ffffff;\n    box-shadow:\n      0 14px 32px rgba(28,36,75,0.18),\n      0 0 0 1px rgba(28,36,75,0.10);\n    transition:\n      transform 0.25s ease,\n      box-shadow 0.25s ease;\n  }\n\n  .ols-author:hover .ols-author-avatar-img{\n    transform:scale(1.04);\n    box-shadow:\n      0 20px 42px rgba(28,36,75,0.22),\n      0 0 0 1px rgba(28,36,75,0.10);\n  }\n\n  .ols-author-content{\n    min-width:0;\n  }\n\n  .ols-author-title{\n    margin:0 0 4px;\n    font-size:clamp(24px,3vw,34px);\n    line-height:1.15;\n    font-weight:700;\n    color:#1C244B;\n    letter-spacing:-0.03em;\n  }\n\n  .ols-author-description{\n    margin:0;\n    font-size:17px;\n    line-height:1.7;\n    font-weight:300;\n    color:#667085;\n  }\n\n  .ols-linkedin-pill{\n    display:inline-flex;\n    align-items:center;\n    justify-content:center;\n    gap:10px;\n    margin-top:16px;\n    padding:11px 18px;\n    border-radius:999px;\n    background:linear-gradient(135deg,#0A66C2,#004182);\n    color:#ffffff !important;\n    text-decoration:none;\n    font-size:14px;\n    line-height:1;\n    font-weight:700;\n    letter-spacing:0.01em;\n    box-shadow:0 10px 22px rgba(10,102,194,0.24);\n    position:relative;\n    overflow:hidden;\n    transition:\n      transform 0.22s ease,\n      box-shadow 0.22s ease;\n  }\n\n  .ols-linkedin-pill::before{\n    content:\"\";\n    position:absolute;\n    top:0;\n    left:-120%;\n    width:100%;\n    height:100%;\n    background:linear-gradient(\n      120deg,\n      rgba(255,255,255,0) 0%,\n      rgba(255,255,255,0.28) 50%,\n      rgba(255,255,255,0) 100%\n    );\n    transition:left 0.7s ease;\n  }\n\n  .ols-linkedin-pill:hover{\n    color:#ffffff !important;\n    transform:translateY(-3px) scale(1.03);\n    box-shadow:\n      0 16px 34px rgba(10,102,194,0.34),\n      0 0 0 6px rgba(10,102,194,0.10);\n  }\n\n  .ols-linkedin-pill:hover::before{\n    left:120%;\n  }\n\n  .ols-linkedin-icon{\n    width:18px;\n    height:18px;\n    display:block;\n    flex-shrink:0;\n  }\n\n  @media (max-width:640px){\n\n    .ols-author{\n      align-items:flex-start;\n      padding:22px 18px;\n      border-radius:22px;\n    }\n\n    .ols-author-avatar-img{\n      width:72px;\n      height:72px;\n    }\n\n    .ols-author-title{\n      font-size:24px;\n    }\n\n    .ols-author-description{\n      font-size:15px;\n    }\n  }\n\n  .ols-linkedin-pill:hover, .ols-linkedin-pill:focus { color:#ffffff !important; }\n\n\n    \/* OLS Safe Viewport Hover Zoom + CSS Fullscreen Lightbox V1 *\/\n    .ols-revision-page,\n    .ols-revision-page .ols-main,\n    .ols-revision-page .ols-title-card,\n    .ols-revision-page .ols-note-card,\n    .ols-revision-page .ols-h5p-card,\n    .ols-revision-page .ols-related-card,\n    .ols-revision-page .ols-faq-card,\n    .ols-revision-page .ols-figure-card,\n    .ols-revision-page .ols-figure-image,\n    .ols-revision-page .ols-zoom-card,\n    .ols-revision-page .ols-zoom-card-image {\n      overflow: visible !important;\n    }\n\n    body:has(.ols-revision-page) .wp-site-blocks,\n    body:has(.ols-revision-page) .site,\n    body:has(.ols-revision-page) .site-main,\n    body:has(.ols-revision-page) .content-area,\n    body:has(.ols-revision-page) .entry-content,\n    body:has(.ols-revision-page) .wp-block-post-content,\n    body:has(.ols-revision-page) .elementor,\n    body:has(.ols-revision-page) .elementor-section,\n    body:has(.ols-revision-page) .elementor-container,\n    body:has(.ols-revision-page) .elementor-widget-container {\n      overflow: visible !important;\n    }\n\n    .ols-revision-page .ols-figure-card,\n    .ols-revision-page .ols-zoom-card {\n      position: relative;\n      z-index: 20;\n    }\n\n    .ols-revision-page .ols-figure-image,\n    .ols-revision-page .ols-zoom-card-image {\n      position: relative;\n      z-index: 30;\n    }\n\n    .ols-revision-page .ols-safe-image-link {\n      display: inline-block;\n      max-width: 100%;\n      line-height: 0;\n      cursor: zoom-in;\n      position: relative;\n      z-index: 40;\n      overflow: visible !important;\n      text-decoration: none;\n    }\n\n    .ols-revision-page img.ols-safe-hover-img {\n      cursor: zoom-in !important;\n      transform-origin: center center;\n      transition:\n        transform 0.28s ease,\n        box-shadow 0.28s ease,\n        filter 0.28s ease,\n        z-index 0s linear;\n      position: relative;\n      z-index: 45;\n      will-change: transform;\n    }\n\n    .ols-revision-page img.ols-safe-hover-img.is-hover-zoomed {\n      z-index: 9999;\n      box-shadow: 0 24px 70px rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.28);\n      filter: saturate(1.03) contrast(1.02);\n    }\n\n    .ols-revision-page .ols-lightbox-overlay {\n      position: fixed !important;\n      inset: 0 !important;\n      z-index: 999999 !important;\n      display: none;\n      align-items: center;\n      justify-content: center;\n      padding: 32px;\n      background: rgba(12, 18, 38, 0.88);\n      backdrop-filter: blur(6px);\n      text-decoration: none;\n      cursor: zoom-out;\n    }\n\n    .ols-revision-page .ols-lightbox-overlay:target,\n    .ols-revision-page .ols-lightbox-overlay.is-open {\n      display: flex !important;\n    }\n\n    .ols-revision-page .ols-lightbox-img {\n      max-width: min(96vw, 1280px);\n      max-height: 90vh;\n      width: auto;\n      height: auto;\n      object-fit: contain;\n      border-radius: 22px;\n      background: #ffffff;\n      box-shadow: 0 30px 90px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.35);\n      cursor: default;\n    }\n\n    .ols-revision-page .ols-lightbox-close {\n      position: fixed;\n      top: 22px;\n      right: 24px;\n      width: 48px;\n      height: 48px;\n      border: 0;\n      border-radius: 999px;\n      background: #ffffff;\n      color: #1C244B;\n      font-size: 34px;\n      line-height: 48px;\n      font-weight: 300;\n      cursor: pointer;\n      box-shadow: 0 14px 34px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.22);\n      text-align: center;\n      text-decoration: none;\n      transition:\n        transform 0.2s ease,\n        box-shadow 0.2s ease;\n    }\n\n    .ols-revision-page .ols-lightbox-close:hover {\n      transform: scale(1.06);\n      box-shadow: 0 18px 44px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.28);\n    }\n\n    @media (max-width: 760px) {\n      .ols-revision-page img.ols-safe-hover-img,\n      .ols-revision-page img.ols-safe-hover-img.is-hover-zoomed {\n        transform: none !important;\n        box-shadow: none;\n        filter: none;\n      }\n\n      .ols-revision-page .ols-lightbox-overlay {\n        padding: 18px;\n      }\n\n      .ols-revision-page .ols-lightbox-close {\n        top: 14px;\n        right: 14px;\n      }\n    }\n\n<\/style>\n\n  <aside class=\"ols-sidebar\">\r\n  <div class=\"ols-sidebar-header\">\r\n    <h3>Revision Notes<\/h3>\r\n    <p>A Level Chemistry<\/p>\r\n  <\/div>\r\n\r\n  <div class=\"ols-topic-group\">\r\n    <h4>Topic 6 Organic Chemistry I<\/h4>\r\n\r\n    <ul class=\"ols-topic-list\">\r\n\r\n      <li>\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-6-organic-chemistry-i\/introduction-to-organic-chemistry\/\">Introduction to Organic Chemistry<\/a>\r\n\r\n        <ul class=\"ols-subtopic-list\">\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-6-organic-chemistry-i\/introduction-to-organic-chemistry\/iupac-rules\/\">IUPAC Rules<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-6-organic-chemistry-i\/introduction-to-organic-chemistry\/alkene\/\">Alkene<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-6-organic-chemistry-i\/introduction-to-organic-chemistry\/alcohol\/\">Alcohol<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-6-organic-chemistry-i\/introduction-to-organic-chemistry\/halogenoalkanes\/\">Halogenoalkanes<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-6-organic-chemistry-i\/introduction-to-organic-chemistry\/aldehyde\/\">Aldehyde<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-6-organic-chemistry-i\/introduction-to-organic-chemistry\/ketone\/\">Ketone<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-6-organic-chemistry-i\/introduction-to-organic-chemistry\/carboxylic-acid\/\">Carboxylic Acid<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-6-organic-chemistry-i\/introduction-to-organic-chemistry\/ester\/\">Ester<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-6-organic-chemistry-i\/introduction-to-organic-chemistry\/isomerism\/\">Isomerism<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n        <\/ul>\r\n      <\/li>\r\n\r\n      <li>\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-6-organic-chemistry-i\/alkanes\/\">Alkanes<\/a>\r\n\r\n        <ul class=\"ols-subtopic-list\">\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-6-organic-chemistry-i\/alkanes\/crude-oil\/\">Alkanes from Crude Oil<\/a>\r\n\r\n            <ul class=\"ols-subtopic-list\">\r\n              <li>\r\n                <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-6-organic-chemistry-i\/alkanes\/crude-oil\/fractional-distillation\/\">Fractional Distillation<\/a>\r\n              <\/li>\r\n              <li>\r\n                <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-6-organic-chemistry-i\/alkanes\/crude-oil\/cracking\/\">Cracking<\/a>\r\n              <\/li>\r\n              <li>\r\n                <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-6-organic-chemistry-i\/alkanes\/crude-oil\/reforming\/\">Reforming<\/a>\r\n              <\/li>\r\n            <\/ul>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-6-organic-chemistry-i\/alkanes\/fuel\/\">Alkanes as Fuel<\/a>\r\n\r\n            <ul class=\"ols-subtopic-list\">\r\n              <li>\r\n                <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-6-organic-chemistry-i\/alkanes\/fuel\/combustion\/\">Combustion<\/a>\r\n              <\/li>\r\n              <li>\r\n                <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-6-organic-chemistry-i\/alkanes\/fuel\/oxides-of-sulfur\/\">Oxides of Sulfur<\/a>\r\n              <\/li>\r\n              <li>\r\n                <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-6-organic-chemistry-i\/alkanes\/fuel\/oxides-of-nitrogen\/\">Oxides of Nitrogen<\/a>\r\n              <\/li>\r\n              <li>\r\n                <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-6-organic-chemistry-i\/alkanes\/fuel\/catalytic-converter\/\">Catalytic Converter<\/a>\r\n              <\/li>\r\n            <\/ul>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-6-organic-chemistry-i\/alkanes\/alternative-fuel\/\">Alternative Fuel<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-6-organic-chemistry-i\/alkanes\/reactions\/\">Reactions of Alkanes<\/a>\r\n\r\n            <ul class=\"ols-subtopic-list\">\r\n              <li>\r\n                <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-6-organic-chemistry-i\/alkanes\/reactions\/free-radical-substitution\/\">Free Radical Substitution<\/a>\r\n              <\/li>\r\n              <li>\r\n                <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-6-organic-chemistry-i\/alkanes\/reactions\/initiation\/\">Initiation<\/a>\r\n              <\/li>\r\n              <li>\r\n                <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-6-organic-chemistry-i\/alkanes\/reactions\/propagation\/\">Propagation<\/a>\r\n              <\/li>\r\n              <li>\r\n                <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-6-organic-chemistry-i\/alkanes\/reactions\/termination\/\">Termination<\/a>\r\n              <\/li>\r\n              <li>\r\n                <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-6-organic-chemistry-i\/alkanes\/reactions\/further-substitution\/\">Further Substitution<\/a>\r\n              <\/li>\r\n            <\/ul>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n        <\/ul>\r\n      <\/li>\r\n\r\n      <li>\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-6-organic-chemistry-i\/alkenes\/\">Alkenes<\/a>\r\n\r\n        <ul class=\"ols-subtopic-list\">\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-6-organic-chemistry-i\/alkenes\/alkene-bonding\/\">Alkene Bonding<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-6-organic-chemistry-i\/alkenes\/geometric-isomerism\/\">Geometric Isomerism<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-6-organic-chemistry-i\/alkenes\/electrophilic-addition-mechanism\/\">Electrophilic Addition Mechanism<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-6-organic-chemistry-i\/alkenes\/reactions-of-alkenes\/\">Reactions of Alkenes<\/a>\r\n\r\n            <ul class=\"ols-subtopic-list\">\r\n              <li>\r\n                <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-6-organic-chemistry-i\/alkenes\/reactions-of-alkenes\/halogens\/\">Halogens<\/a>\r\n              <\/li>\r\n              <li>\r\n                <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-6-organic-chemistry-i\/alkenes\/reactions-of-alkenes\/hydrogen-halide\/\">Hydrogen Halide<\/a>\r\n              <\/li>\r\n              <li>\r\n                <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-6-organic-chemistry-i\/alkenes\/reactions-of-alkenes\/bromine-water\/\">Bromine Water<\/a>\r\n              <\/li>\r\n              <li>\r\n                <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-6-organic-chemistry-i\/alkenes\/reactions-of-alkenes\/hydrogen\/\">Hydrogen<\/a>\r\n              <\/li>\r\n              <li>\r\n                <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-6-organic-chemistry-i\/alkenes\/reactions-of-alkenes\/steam\/\">Steam<\/a>\r\n              <\/li>\r\n              <li>\r\n                <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-6-organic-chemistry-i\/alkenes\/reactions-of-alkenes\/kmno4\/\">KMnO4<\/a>\r\n              <\/li>\r\n            <\/ul>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-6-organic-chemistry-i\/alkenes\/polymerisation-reactions\/\">Polymerisation Reactions<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-6-organic-chemistry-i\/alkenes\/polymer-waste\/\">Polymer Waste<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n        <\/ul>\r\n      <\/li>\r\n\r\n      <li>\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-6-organic-chemistry-i\/halogenoalkanes\/\">Halogenoalkanes<\/a>\r\n      <\/li>\r\n\r\n      <li>\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-6-organic-chemistry-i\/alcohols\/\">Alcohols<\/a>\r\n      <\/li>\r\n\r\n    <\/ul>\r\n  <\/div>\r\n\r\n  <div class=\"ols-topic-group\">\r\n    <h4>Next Topics<\/h4>\r\n\r\n    <ul class=\"ols-topic-list\">\r\n      <li>\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-7-modern-analytical-techniques-i\/\">Topic 7 Modern Analytical Techniques I<\/a>\r\n      <\/li>\r\n      <li>\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-5-formulae-equations-and-amounts-of-substance\/\">Topic 5 Formulae, Equations &amp; Amounts<\/a>\r\n      <\/li>\r\n      <li>\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-4-inorganic-chemistry-and-the-periodic-table\/\">Topic 4 Inorganic Chemistry &amp; The Periodic Table<\/a>\r\n      <\/li>\r\n    <\/ul>\r\n  <\/div>\r\n<\/aside>\r\n\r\n<script>\r\n(function() {\r\n  function normalisePath(path) {\r\n    return String(path || '')\r\n      .split('?')[0]\r\n      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href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/\">Revision Notes<\/a> \/\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/\">A Level Chemistry<\/a> \/\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/\">Edexcel<\/a> \/\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-6-organic-chemistry-i\/\">Topic 6 Organic Chemistry I<\/a> \/\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-6-organic-chemistry-i\/alkanes\/\">Alkanes<\/a> \/\n        <span>Reforming<\/span>\n      <\/nav>\n\n      <header class=\"ols-title-card\">\n        <h1>Reforming<\/h1>\n        <p class=\"ols-page-intro\">A concise revision guide to how reforming changes straight-chain alkanes into branched, cyclic and aromatic hydrocarbons to improve the quality of motor fuels.<\/p>\n\n        <div class=\"ols-badges\">\n          <div class=\"ols-badge\">Paper 2<\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-badge\">Topic 6: Organic Chemistry I<\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-badge\">9CH0\/02<\/div>\n        <\/div>\n      <\/header>\n<!-- 3D card: reforming-hexane (22 Oct 2026) -->\n<!-- Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Mohammed Al-Fatah, onlinelearningsystem.net. 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text-align:center; font-size:11px; font-style:italic; color:#aab0c0;\r\n}\r\n.ols-cc-rfm-001 a{color:#aab0c0; text-decoration:none;}\r\n.ols-cc-rfm-001 a:hover{text-decoration:underline;}\r\n.ols-rfm-001 .rfm-seg button{display:inline-flex; align-items:center;}\r\n.ols-rfm-001 .rfm-seg button .rfm-n{display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; width:20px; height:20px; margin-right:9px; border-radius:50%; font-size:11px; font-weight:600; background:rgba(37,99,235,0.10); color:#2563eb; flex:0 0 auto;}\r\n.ols-rfm-001 .rfm-seg button[aria-pressed=\"true\"] .rfm-n{background:#ffffff; color:#2563eb;}\r\n<\/style>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"rfm-head\">\r\n  <h2 class=\"rfm-title\">Reforming: Branches, Rings and Benzene<\/h2>\r\n  <p class=\"rfm-sub\">Choose a step to watch hexane rearranged on a platinum catalyst: into a branched alkane, a ring, then benzene, with hydrogen as a by-product.<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"rfm-stage\" id=\"rfmStage\">\r\n  <canvas class=\"rfm-canvas\" id=\"rfmCanvas\"><\/canvas>\r\n  <div class=\"rfm-overlay\" id=\"rfmOverlay\"><\/div>\r\n  <div class=\"rfm-caption\" id=\"rfmCaption\"><\/div>\r\n  <div class=\"rfm-hint\" id=\"rfmHint\">Drag to rotate<\/div>\r\n  <div class=\"rfm-badges\" id=\"rfmBadges\"><\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"rfm-controls\">\r\n  <div class=\"rfm-row\">\r\n    <span class=\"rfm-rowlab\">Step<\/span>\r\n    <div class=\"rfm-seg\" role=\"group\" aria-label=\"Step\">\r\n      <button type=\"button\" data-step=\"1\" aria-pressed=\"true\"><span class=\"rfm-n\">1<\/span>Hexane<\/button>\r\n      <button type=\"button\" data-step=\"2\" aria-pressed=\"false\"><span class=\"rfm-n\">2<\/span>Isomerisation<\/button>\r\n      <button type=\"button\" data-step=\"3\" aria-pressed=\"false\"><span class=\"rfm-n\">3<\/span>Cyclisation<\/button>\r\n      <button type=\"button\" data-step=\"4\" aria-pressed=\"false\"><span class=\"rfm-n\">4<\/span>Aromatisation<\/button>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n  <\/div>\r\n\r\n  <div class=\"rfm-row\">\r\n    <span class=\"rfm-rowlab\">View<\/span>\r\n    <button type=\"button\" class=\"rfm-pill\" id=\"rfmResetV\">Reset view<\/button>\r\n  <\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"rfm-info\">\r\n  <h3 id=\"rfmInfoTitle\"><\/h3>\r\n  <p id=\"rfmInfoText\"><\/p>\r\n  <div class=\"rfm-facts\" id=\"rfmFacts\"><\/div>\r\n  <div class=\"rfm-key\">\r\n    <span><i class=\"k-ball\" style=\"background:#464a54\"><\/i>Carbon<\/span>\r\n    <span><i class=\"k-ball\" style=\"background:#ececf0\"><\/i>Hydrogen<\/span>\r\n    <span><i class=\"k-ball\" style=\"background:#cdd0d6\"><\/i>Platinum catalyst<\/span>\r\n    <span><i class=\"k-ball\" style=\"background:#2f5f9a\"><\/i>Delocalised ring<\/span>\r\n  <\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<script src=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-content\/uploads\/JS\/reforming-hexane.js?v=20261025p\"><\/script>\r\n<\/section>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"ols-cc-rfm-001\">&copy; Dr. Mohammed Al-Fatah &#8211; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">onlinelearningsystem.net<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n      <article class=\"ols-note-card\">\n<div class=\"ols-note-title\">\n<div class=\"ols-note-icon\">1<\/div>\n<h2>Before You Start<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<p>This page builds on crude oil, fractional distillation and cracking.<\/p>\n<ul class=\"ols-list\">\n<li>Crude oil is a mixture of hydrocarbons, mostly alkanes.<\/li>\n<li>Fractional distillation separates crude oil into fractions; it does not make new molecules.<\/li>\n<li>Cracking breaks long chains into shorter alkanes and alkenes.<\/li>\n<li>Petrol is a mixture of short-chain hydrocarbons used as a motor fuel.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/article>\n<section class=\"ols-h5p-card ols-h5p-inline ols-h5p-recap\">\n<span class=\"ols-h5p-kicker\">Before you start<\/span>\n<h2>GCSE Recap: Burning Alkanes as Fuels<\/h2>\n<p>Check the GCSE ideas about burning alkane fuels before learning how reforming improves them.<\/p>\n<div class=\"ols-h5p-frame\"><div class=\"h5p-content\" data-content-id=\"1284\"><\/div><\/div>\n<\/section>\n<article class=\"ols-note-card soft\">\n        <div class=\"ols-note-title\">\n          <div class=\"ols-note-icon\">2<\/div>\n          <h2>What Is Reforming?<\/h2>\n        <\/div>\n\n        <p><strong>Reforming<\/strong> is a chemical process that converts <strong>straight-chain alkanes<\/strong> into hydrocarbons with different structures.<\/p>\n        <p>The products of reforming can include <strong>branched alkanes<\/strong>, <strong>cyclic alkanes<\/strong> and <strong>aromatic hydrocarbons<\/strong>.<\/p>\n        <p>This is important because the new structures burn <strong>more smoothly<\/strong> than straight-chain alkanes, which is what a petrol engine needs. They do not burn more cleanly: aromatic products tend to give more soot.<\/p>\n\n        <div class=\"ols-purple-box\">\n          <p><strong>Reforming:<\/strong> the conversion of straight-chain alkanes into branched, cyclic or aromatic hydrocarbons to improve the quality of fuels.<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n\n        <div class=\"ols-key-box\">\n          <p><strong>Key idea:<\/strong> Reforming changes the structure of hydrocarbon molecules. It is not just a physical separation process.<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n      <\/article>\n\n      <article class=\"ols-note-card\">\n        <div class=\"ols-note-title\">\n          <div class=\"ols-note-icon\">3<\/div>\n          <h2>Why Reforming Is Used<\/h2>\n        <\/div>\n\n        <p>Reforming is used to <strong>increase the octane number<\/strong> of fuels. Fuels with a higher octane number are more resistant to <strong>engine knocking<\/strong>.<\/p>\n        <p>Engine knocking happens when the fuel-air mixture ignites unevenly in the engine. This makes the engine run less smoothly and can reduce efficiency.<\/p>\n        <p>The products of reforming are therefore valuable in the manufacture of <strong>motor fuels<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n        <div class=\"ols-table-wrap\">\n          <table class=\"ols-table\">\n            <thead>\n              <tr>\n                <th>Fuel property<\/th>\n                <th>Meaning<\/th>\n                <th>Why reforming helps<\/th>\n              <\/tr>\n            <\/thead>\n            <tbody>\n              <tr>\n                <td data-label=\"Fuel property\"><strong>Higher octane number<\/strong><\/td>\n                <td data-label=\"Meaning\">The fuel is more resistant to engine knocking.<\/td>\n                <td data-label=\"Why reforming helps\">Branched, cyclic and aromatic hydrocarbons tend to burn more smoothly than straight-chain alkanes.<\/td>\n              <\/tr>\n              <tr>\n                <td data-label=\"Fuel property\"><strong>Smoother combustion<\/strong><\/td>\n                <td data-label=\"Meaning\">The fuel burns in a more controlled way in the engine, without knocking.<\/td>\n                <td data-label=\"Why reforming helps\">The molecular structure of the fuel is changed to produce more useful motor-fuel components.<\/td>\n              <\/tr>\n            <\/tbody>\n          <\/table>\n        <\/div>\n\n        <div class=\"ols-key-box\">\n          <p><strong>Exam focus:<\/strong> Link reforming to increased octane number and improved resistance to engine knocking.<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n      <div class=\"ols-figure-card ols-zoom-pop\">\n<div class=\"ols-figure-image\">\n<a class=\"ols-image-fullscreen-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/t4-img-21-reformingoctane.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" aria-label=\"Open image fullscreen\">\n<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/t4-img-21-reformingoctane.jpg\" alt=\"Reforming panel: straight-chain alkanes knock, platinum catalyst at about 500 \u00b0C, branched, cyclic and aromatic products burn smoothly\" data-fullscreen-src=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/t4-img-21-reformingoctane.jpg\">\n<\/a>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"ols-figure-caption\"><p>Branched, cyclic and aromatic hydrocarbons have higher octane numbers, so they resist knocking.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/article>\n<section class=\"ols-h5p-card ols-h5p-inline\">\n<span class=\"ols-h5p-kicker\">Check your understanding<\/span>\n<h2>Quick Check: What the Octane Numbers Show<\/h2>\n<p>Use octane-number data for three isomers to draw a conclusion.<\/p>\n<div class=\"ols-h5p-frame\"><div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-110\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"110\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Reforming MCQ: Octane Numbers of Three Hexane Isomers\"><\/iframe><\/div><\/div>\n<\/section>\n\n      <article class=\"ols-note-card purple\">\n        <div class=\"ols-note-title\">\n          <div class=\"ols-note-icon\">4<\/div>\n          <h2>What Types of Hydrocarbons Are Made?<\/h2>\n        <\/div>\n\n        <p>During reforming, the carbon skeleton of the hydrocarbon is rearranged or changed. This can produce several types of hydrocarbon structure.<\/p>\n\n        <div class=\"ols-table-wrap\">\n          <table class=\"ols-table\">\n            <thead>\n              <tr>\n                <th>Product type<\/th>\n                <th>Structural feature<\/th>\n                <th>Why it matters for fuel<\/th>\n              <\/tr>\n            <\/thead>\n            <tbody>\n              <tr>\n                <td data-label=\"Product type\"><strong>Branched alkanes<\/strong><\/td>\n                <td data-label=\"Structural feature\">The carbon chain contains side branches.<\/td>\n                <td data-label=\"Why it matters for fuel\">These are useful in petrol because they are associated with smoother burning.<\/td>\n              <\/tr>\n              <tr>\n                <td data-label=\"Product type\"><strong>Cyclic alkanes<\/strong><\/td>\n                <td data-label=\"Structural feature\">The carbon atoms form a ring.<\/td>\n                <td data-label=\"Why it matters for fuel\">Ring structures can be converted into more valuable fuel components.<\/td>\n              <\/tr>\n              <tr>\n                <td data-label=\"Product type\"><strong>Aromatic hydrocarbons<\/strong><\/td>\n                <td data-label=\"Structural feature\">The molecule contains a benzene ring.<\/td>\n                <td data-label=\"Why it matters for fuel\">Aromatic hydrocarbons can increase the octane number of motor fuels.<\/td>\n              <\/tr>\n            <\/tbody>\n          <\/table>\n        <\/div>\n\n        <div class=\"ols-figure-card\">\n          <div class=\"ols-figure-image\">\n            <a class=\"ols-safe-image-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/t4-cd-04-reforming.svg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" aria-label=\"Open reforming diagram fullscreen\">\n              <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"ols-safe-hover-img\" src=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/t4-cd-04-reforming.svg\" alt=\"Reforming scheme: hexane to cyclohexane and hydrogen, then cyclohexane to benzene and three hydrogen molecules, platinum catalyst\" width=\"1529\" height=\"1165\">\n            <\/a>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-figure-caption\">\n            <p>A cyclic alkane can be converted into an aromatic hydrocarbon, producing hydrogen as a by-product.<\/p>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n      <\/article>\n<section class=\"ols-h5p-card ols-h5p-inline\">\n<span class=\"ols-h5p-kicker\">Check your understanding<\/span>\n<h2>Quick Check: Branched, Cyclic or Aromatic?<\/h2>\n<p>Classify each molecule that leaves the reformer.<\/p>\n<div class=\"ols-h5p-frame\"><div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-109\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"109\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Reforming Quick Fire: Classify the Molecules Leaving a Reformer\"><\/iframe><\/div><\/div>\n<\/section>\n\n      <article class=\"ols-note-card green\">\n        <div class=\"ols-note-title\">\n          <div class=\"ols-note-icon\">5<\/div>\n          <h2>Example Reforming Equation<\/h2>\n        <\/div>\n\n        <p>An example of reforming is the conversion of a straight-chain alkane into an aromatic hydrocarbon and hydrogen.<\/p>\n\n        <div class=\"ols-purple-box ols-equation-box\">\n          <p class=\"ols-equation-text\">\n            C<sub>7<\/sub>H<sub>16<\/sub> &rarr; C<sub>7<\/sub>H<sub>8<\/sub> + 4H<sub>2<\/sub>\n          <\/p>\n        <\/div>\n\n        <p>In this example <strong>heptane<\/strong>, C<sub>7<\/sub>H<sub>16<\/sub>, becomes <strong>methylbenzene<\/strong>, C<sub>7<\/sub>H<sub>8<\/sub>, which is a benzene ring carrying a CH<sub>3<\/sub> group, so the product is aromatic. The hydrogen atoms removed from the hydrocarbon leave as <strong>H<sub>2<\/sub><\/strong>.<\/p>\n        <p>Reforming is carried out over a <strong>platinum<\/strong> catalyst at about 500 \u00b0C and a moderate pressure.<\/p>\n\n        <div class=\"ols-warning-box\">\n          <p><strong>Important:<\/strong> Reforming changes chemical structures and produces new molecules. This makes it a chemical process, unlike fractional distillation.<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n      <\/article>\n<section class=\"ols-h5p-card ols-h5p-inline\">\n<span class=\"ols-h5p-kicker\">Check your understanding<\/span>\n<h2>Quick Check: How Much Hydrogen?<\/h2>\n<p>Balance each reforming equation by working out the hydrogen formed.<\/p>\n<div class=\"ols-h5p-frame\"><div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-108\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"108\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Reforming Fill in the Blanks: Balancing the Hydrogen\"><\/iframe><\/div><\/div>\n<\/section>\n\n      <article class=\"ols-note-card yellow\">\n        <div class=\"ols-note-title\">\n          <div class=\"ols-note-icon\">6<\/div>\n          <h2>Reforming Compared with Fractional Distillation and Cracking<\/h2>\n        <\/div>\n\n        <p>Reforming is part of the wider processing of crude oil fractions, but it must not be confused with fractional distillation or cracking.<\/p>\n\n        <div class=\"ols-table-wrap\">\n          <table class=\"ols-table\">\n            <thead>\n              <tr>\n                <th>Process<\/th>\n                <th>What happens?<\/th>\n                <th>Physical or chemical?<\/th>\n              <\/tr>\n            <\/thead>\n            <tbody>\n              <tr>\n                <td data-label=\"Process\"><strong>Fractional distillation<\/strong><\/td>\n                <td data-label=\"What happens?\">Crude oil is separated into fractions by differences in boiling temperature.<\/td>\n                <td data-label=\"Physical or chemical?\">Physical process.<\/td>\n              <\/tr>\n              <tr>\n                <td data-label=\"Process\"><strong>Cracking<\/strong><\/td>\n                <td data-label=\"What happens?\">Large hydrocarbons are broken into smaller alkanes and alkenes.<\/td>\n                <td data-label=\"Physical or chemical?\">Chemical process.<\/td>\n              <\/tr>\n              <tr>\n                <td data-label=\"Process\"><strong>Reforming<\/strong><\/td>\n                <td data-label=\"What happens?\">Straight-chain alkanes are changed into branched, cyclic or aromatic hydrocarbons.<\/td>\n                <td data-label=\"Physical or chemical?\">Chemical process.<\/td>\n              <\/tr>\n            <\/tbody>\n          <\/table>\n        <\/div>\n\n        <div class=\"ols-key-box\">\n          <p><strong>Remember:<\/strong> Fractional distillation separates molecules. Cracking breaks molecules. Reforming changes molecular structure to improve fuel quality.<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n      <div class=\"ols-figure-card ols-zoom-pop\">\n<div class=\"ols-figure-image\">\n<a class=\"ols-image-fullscreen-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/t4-img-22-threeprocesses.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" aria-label=\"Open image fullscreen\">\n<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/t4-img-22-threeprocesses.jpg\" alt=\"Three-lane comparison of fractional distillation, cracking and reforming: input, what happens, physical or chemical, and purpose\" data-fullscreen-src=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/t4-img-22-threeprocesses.jpg\">\n<\/a>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/article>\n<section class=\"ols-h5p-card ols-h5p-inline\">\n<span class=\"ols-h5p-kicker\">Check your understanding<\/span>\n<h2>Quick Check: Which Refinery Process?<\/h2>\n<p>Finish by choosing the accurate statement about each refinery process.<\/p>\n<div class=\"ols-h5p-frame\"><div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-697\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"697\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Reforming Summary: Distillation, Cracking or Reforming?\"><\/iframe><\/div><\/div>\n<\/section>\n\n      <article class=\"ols-note-card soft\">\n        <div class=\"ols-note-title\">\n          <div class=\"ols-note-icon\">7<\/div>\n          <h2>Common Exam Mistakes<\/h2>\n        <\/div>\n\n        <ul>\n          <li>Do not describe reforming as a separation process. Reforming is a <strong>chemical process<\/strong>.<\/li>\n          <li>Do not say reforming only makes smaller molecules. That describes <strong>cracking<\/strong> more closely.<\/li>\n          <li>Do not forget the purpose of reforming. It is used to <strong>increase the octane number<\/strong> of fuels.<\/li>\n          <li>Do not confuse aromatic hydrocarbons with ordinary cyclic alkanes. Aromatic hydrocarbons contain a <strong>benzene ring<\/strong>.<\/li>\n          <li>Do not write hydrogen as H when it is produced as a molecule. Use <strong>H<sub>2<\/sub><\/strong>.<\/li>\n        <\/ul>\n      <\/article>\n\n      \n\n<section class=\"ols-faq-card\">\n        <h2>Reforming FAQs<\/h2>\n        <p>Use these quick answers to check the key exam points for reforming in crude oil processing.<\/p>\n\n        <div class=\"ols-faq-list\">\n          <div class=\"ols-faq-item\">\n            <h3>What is reforming in crude oil processing?<\/h3>\n            <p>Reforming is a chemical process that converts straight-chain alkanes into branched alkanes, cyclic alkanes and aromatic hydrocarbons.<\/p>\n          <\/div>\n\n          <div class=\"ols-faq-item\">\n            <h3>Why is reforming used?<\/h3>\n            <p>Reforming is used to increase the octane number of fuels, making them more resistant to engine knocking and more suitable for motor fuels.<\/p>\n          <\/div>\n\n          <div class=\"ols-faq-item\">\n            <h3>Is reforming a chemical or physical process?<\/h3>\n            <p>Reforming is a chemical process because hydrocarbon structures are changed and new molecules are formed.<\/p>\n          <\/div>\n\n          <div class=\"ols-faq-item\">\n            <h3>What types of hydrocarbons can reforming produce?<\/h3>\n            <p>Reforming can produce branched alkanes, cyclic alkanes and aromatic hydrocarbons.<\/p>\n          <\/div>\n\n          <div class=\"ols-faq-item\">\n            <h3>How is reforming different from cracking?<\/h3>\n            <p>Cracking breaks large hydrocarbons into smaller molecules. Reforming changes the structure of hydrocarbons to produce higher-octane fuel components.<\/p>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n      <\/section>\n\n      <!-- author card (moved to the end, 10 Oct 2026) -->\n      <div class=\"ols-author\">\n        \n            <img decoding=\"async\"\n              class=\"ols-author-avatar-img\"\n              src=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/Author-Profile.jpeg\"\n              alt=\"Dr. Mohammed Al-Fatah\"\n            >\n        \n            <div class=\"ols-author-content\">\n        \n              <h2 class=\"ols-author-title\">\n                Written by: Dr. Mohammed Al-Fatah\n              <\/h2>\n        \n              <p class=\"ols-author-description\">\n                Chemistry specialist revision notes for A Level Chemistry.\n              <\/p>\n        \n              <a\n                class=\"ols-linkedin-pill\"\n                href=\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/doctormohammedfatah\/\"\n                target=\"_blank\"\n                rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"\n              >\n        \n                <svg class=\"ols-linkedin-icon\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"currentColor\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n                  <path d=\"M4.98 3.5C4.98 4.88 3.86 6 2.48 6S0 4.88 0 3.5 1.12 1 2.48 1s2.5 1.12 2.5 2.5zM.5 8h4V24h-4V8zm7 0h3.8v2.2h.1c.5-.9 1.8-2.2 3.9-2.2 4.2 0 5 2.8 5 6.4V24h-4v-7.6c0-1.8 0-4.2-2.6-4.2s-3 2-3 4v7.8h-4V8z\"\/>\n                <\/svg>\n        \n                View LinkedIn Profile\n        \n              <\/a>\n        \n            <\/div>\n        \n          <\/div>\n\n\n      <section class=\"ols-related-card\">\n        <h2>Related Topic 6 Organic Chemistry I Revision Notes<\/h2>\n        <p>Continue building the Topic 6 Organic Chemistry I sequence with the next connected pages.<\/p>\n\n        <div class=\"ols-related-grid\">\n          <a class=\"ols-related-item\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-6-organic-chemistry-i\/alkanes\/crude-oil\/fractional-distillation\/\">Fractional Distillation<\/a>\n          <a class=\"ols-related-item\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-6-organic-chemistry-i\/alkanes\/crude-oil\/cracking\/\">Cracking<\/a>\n          <a class=\"ols-related-item\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-6-organic-chemistry-i\/alkanes\/fuel\/combustion\/\">Alkanes as Fuel<\/a>\n        <\/div>\n      <\/section>\n      <!-- OLS Author Copyright Footprint \/ Attribution Card -->\n      <section class=\"ols-attribution-card ols-attr-std\" aria-label=\"Copyright notice\">\n<style id=\"ols-attribution-card-css\">.ols-attribution-card.ols-attr-std{background:linear-gradient(135deg,#ffffff,#f8fbff);border:1px solid rgba(28,36,75,0.14);border-radius:28px;box-shadow:0 18px 45px rgba(28,36,75,0.10);padding:34px;margin:24px 0;overflow:hidden;font-family:Poppins,Arial,sans-serif;box-sizing:border-box}.ols-attribution-card.ols-attr-std *{box-sizing:border-box}.ols-attribution-card.ols-attr-std p{margin:0;font-size:14px;line-height:1.65;font-weight:300;color:#667085}.ols-attribution-card.ols-attr-std strong{font-weight:700;color:#1C244B}@media (max-width:760px){.ols-attribution-card.ols-attr-std{padding:24px 18px;border-radius:22px}}<\/style>\n<p><strong>Copyright notice:<\/strong> This OLS revision content, including the explanations, layout, diagrams, tables and embedded learning structure, is authored for Online Learning System by Dr. Mohammed Al-Fatah. It may not be copied, reproduced, redistributed or adapted without written permission.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n    <\/main>\n\n<script>\n(function(){\n  var page = document.querySelector('.ols-revision-page');\n  if (!page) return;\n\n  var images = page.querySelectorAll('.ols-safe-hover-img');\n\n  function applySafeHoverZoom(img) {\n    var rect = img.getBoundingClientRect();\n    var viewportW = window.innerWidth;\n    var viewportH = window.innerHeight;\n    var marginX = viewportW * 0.03;\n    var marginY = viewportH * 0.03;\n    var availableW = viewportW - (marginX * 2);\n    var availableH = viewportH - (marginY * 2);\n    var naturalScaleLimitW = availableW \/ rect.width;\n    var naturalScaleLimitH = availableH \/ rect.height;\n    var targetScale = 1.5;\n    var safeScale = Math.min(targetScale, naturalScaleLimitW, naturalScaleLimitH);\n    safeScale = Math.max(1, safeScale);\n\n    var scaledW = rect.width * safeScale;\n    var scaledH = rect.height * safeScale;\n    var 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