{"id":4962,"date":"2026-03-10T10:12:32","date_gmt":"2026-06-04T04:41:58","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/cp-7-oxidation-of-propan-1-ol\/"},"modified":"2026-06-10T10:42:05","modified_gmt":"2026-06-10T09:42:05","slug":"cp-7-oxidation-of-propan-1-ol","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/core-practicals\/cp-7-oxidation-of-propan-1-ol\/","title":{"rendered":"CP 7 Oxidation of Propan-1-ol"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><!-- OLS Edexcel International IAL Unit 3 Core Practical page. Full HTML content to be added. --><\/p>\n\n\n<aside class=\"ols-sidebar\">\r\n  <div class=\"ols-sidebar-header\">\r\n    <h3>Revision Notes<\/h3>\r\n    <p>Edexcel International A Level Chemistry<\/p>\r\n  <\/div>\r\n\r\n  <div class=\"ols-topic-group\">\r\n    <h4>Core Practicals<\/h4>\r\n    <ul class=\"ols-topic-list\">\r\n      <li><a href=\"\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/core-practicals\/cp-1-molar-volume-of-a-gas\/\">CP1: Molar Volume of a Gas<\/a><\/li>\r\n      <li><a href=\"\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/core-practicals\/cp-2-enthalpy-change-via-hess-law\/\">CP2: Hess's Law Enthalpy Change<\/a><\/li>\r\n      <li><a href=\"\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/core-practicals\/cp-3-concentration-of-hcl-by-titration\/\">CP3: Concentration of HCl<\/a><\/li>\r\n      <li><a href=\"\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/core-practicals\/cp-4-preparation-of-a-standard-solution\/\">CP4: Standard Solution Preparation<\/a><\/li>\r\n      <li><a href=\"\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/core-practicals\/cp-5-hydrolysis-of-halogenoalkanes\/\">CP5: Halogenoalkane Hydrolysis<\/a><\/li>\r\n      <li><a href=\"\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/core-practicals\/cp-6-chlorination-of-2-methylpropan-2-ol\/\">CP6: Chlorination of 2-methylpropan-2-ol<\/a><\/li>\r\n      <li><a href=\"\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/core-practicals\/cp-7-oxidation-of-propan-1-ol\/\">CP7: Oxidation of Propan-1-ol<\/a><\/li>\r\n      <li><a href=\"\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/core-practicals\/cp-8-analysis-of-inorganic-and-organic-unknowns\/\">CP8: Inorganic & Organic Unknowns<\/a><\/li>\r\n      <li><a href=\"\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/core-practicals\/cp-9a-9b-iodine-propanone-and-clock-reaction-kinetics\/\">CP9: Iodine-Propanone & Clock Reaction<\/a><\/li>\r\n      <li><a href=\"\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/core-practicals\/cp-10-activation-energy-of-a-reaction\/\">CP10: Activation Energy<\/a><\/li>\r\n      <li><a href=\"\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/core-practicals\/cp-11-ka-value-for-a-weak-acid\/\">CP11: Ka Value for Weak Acid<\/a><\/li>\r\n      <li><a href=\"\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/core-practicals\/cp-12-electrochemical-cells\/\">CP12: Electrochemical Cells<\/a><\/li>\r\n      <li><a href=\"\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/core-practicals\/cp-13a-13b-redox-titrations\/\">CP13: Redox Titrations<\/a><\/li>\r\n      <li><a href=\"\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/core-practicals\/cp-14-preparation-of-a-transition-metal-complex\/\">CP14: Transition Metal Complex Prep<\/a><\/li>\r\n      <li><a href=\"\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/core-practicals\/cp-15-analysis-of-inorganic-and-organic-unknowns\/\">CP15: Inorganic & Organic Unknowns<\/a><\/li>\r\n      <li><a href=\"\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/core-practicals\/cp-16-preparation-of-aspirin\/\">CP16: Preparation of Aspirin<\/a><\/li>\r\n    <\/ul>\r\n  <\/div>\r\n\r\n  <div class=\"ols-topic-group\">\r\n    <h4>Useful Links<\/h4>\r\n    <ul class=\"ols-topic-list\">\r\n      <li><a href=\"\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/\">Edexcel International Chemistry<\/a><\/li>\r\n      <li><a href=\"\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/topic-6-energetics\/\">Energetics<\/a><\/li>\r\n      <li><a href=\"\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel-international\/core-practicals\/\">Practical Skills<\/a><\/li>\r\n    <\/ul>\r\n  <\/div>\r\n<\/aside>\r\n\r\n<script>\r\ndocument.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function () {\r\n  var currentPath = window.location.pathname.replace(\/\\\/$\/, '');\r\n  var sidebarLinks = document.querySelectorAll('.ols-sidebar .ols-topic-list a');\r\n\r\n  sidebarLinks.forEach(function (link) {\r\n    var linkPath = new URL(link.href, window.location.origin).pathname.replace(\/\\\/$\/, '');\r\n\r\n    if (linkPath === currentPath) {\r\n      link.closest('li').classList.add('active');\r\n    } else {\r\n      link.closest('li').classList.remove('active');\r\n    }\r\n  });\r\n});\r\n<\/script>\n\n<section class=\"ols-cp7-page\" aria-label=\"Core Practical 7 revision notes\">\n  <style>\n    .ols-cp7-page {\n      --navy: #1C244B;\n      --blue: #2563eb;\n      --sky: #eef4ff;\n      --purple: #6f3d96;\n      --soft-purple: #f7f0ff;\n      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<header class=\"ols-cp7-title-card\">\n      <div class=\"ols-cp7-kicker\">Core Practical 7<\/div>\n      <h1>Oxidation of Propan-1-ol to Produce Propanal and Propanoic Acid<\/h1>\n      <p class=\"ols-cp7-intro\">This practical shows how the oxidation of a primary alcohol can be controlled. The same alcohol and oxidising agent can produce two different products: <strong>propanal<\/strong> if the aldehyde is distilled off as it forms, or <strong>propanoic acid<\/strong> if the reaction mixture is heated under reflux before distillation.<\/p>\n      <div class=\"ols-cp7-badges\">\n        <div class=\"ols-cp7-badge\">Exam board: Edexcel International<\/div>\n        <div class=\"ols-cp7-badge\">Unit 3: Practical Skills in Chemistry I<\/div>\n        <div class=\"ols-cp7-badge\">Core Practical: 7<\/div>\n      <\/div>\n      <div class=\"ols-cp7-author\">\n        <div class=\"ols-cp7-avatar\">MA<\/div>\n        <div>\n          <p><strong>Written by: Dr Mohammed Al-Fatah<\/strong><\/p>\n          <p>Chemistry specialist revision notes for A Level Chemistry practical skills.<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/header>\n\n    <article class=\"ols-cp7-card soft-blue\">\n      <div class=\"ols-cp7-section-title\">\n        <div class=\"ols-cp7-icon\">1<\/div>\n        <h2>The decision point: distillation or reflux?<\/h2>\n      <\/div>\n      <p>The most important idea in this practical is that <strong>conditions control the product<\/strong>. Propan-1-ol is a primary alcohol, so it can be oxidised first to an aldehyde and then further to a carboxylic acid.<\/p>\n      <p>To make the aldehyde, the product must be removed from the oxidising mixture quickly. To make the acid, the reaction mixture must be heated for longer under reflux so that the aldehyde remains in the flask and is oxidised further.<\/p>\n\n      <div class=\"ols-cp7-table-wrap\">\n        <table class=\"ols-cp7-table\">\n          <thead>\n            <tr>\n              <th>Target product<\/th>\n              <th>Apparatus<\/th>\n              <th>Key condition<\/th>\n              <th>Reason<\/th>\n            <\/tr>\n          <\/thead>\n          <tbody>\n            <tr>\n              <td><strong>Propanal<\/strong><\/td>\n              <td>Distillation<\/td>\n              <td>Gently heat and distil the aldehyde as it forms<\/td>\n              <td>Prevents further oxidation to propanoic acid<\/td>\n            <\/tr>\n            <tr>\n              <td><strong>Propanoic acid<\/strong><\/td>\n              <td>Reflux, then distillation<\/td>\n              <td>Heat under reflux for about 30 minutes<\/td>\n              <td>Keeps volatile material in the flask so oxidation can continue<\/td>\n            <\/tr>\n          <\/tbody>\n        <\/table>\n      <\/div>\n\n      <div class=\"ols-cp7-callout\">\n        <p><strong>Core practical logic:<\/strong> the product is not decided by the starting alcohol. It is decided by whether the aldehyde is removed or returned to the reaction flask.<\/p>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/article>\n\n    <article class=\"ols-cp7-card soft-green\">\n      <div class=\"ols-cp7-section-title\">\n        <div class=\"ols-cp7-icon green\">2<\/div>\n        <h2>Partial oxidation: making propanal<\/h2>\n      <\/div>\n      <p><strong>Propanal<\/strong> is made by partial oxidation of propan-1-ol. The reaction mixture contains acidified potassium dichromate(VI), but the aldehyde is distilled off as soon as it forms.<\/p>\n      <p>This prevents the propanal from remaining in contact with the oxidising agent long enough to be converted into propanoic acid.<\/p>\n\n      <div class=\"ols-cp7-equation\">CH<sub>3<\/sub>CH<sub>2<\/sub>CH<sub>2<\/sub>OH + [O] \u2192 CH<sub>3<\/sub>CH<sub>2<\/sub>CHO + H<sub>2<\/sub>O<\/div>\n\n      <div class=\"ols-cp7-flow\" aria-label=\"Method for making propanal\">\n        <div class=\"ols-cp7-step\"><div class=\"ols-cp7-step-number\">1<\/div><p>Add acidified potassium dichromate(VI) to a pear-shaped flask and cool it in an ice-water bath.<\/p><\/div>\n        <div class=\"ols-cp7-step\"><div class=\"ols-cp7-step-number\">2<\/div><p>Set up the flask for distillation and add a few anti-bumping granules.<\/p><\/div>\n        <div class=\"ols-cp7-step\"><div class=\"ols-cp7-step-number\">3<\/div><p>Prepare a diluted sample of propan-1-ol and add it slowly, a few drops at a time, allowing the reaction to subside after each addition.<\/p><\/div>\n        <div class=\"ols-cp7-step\"><div class=\"ols-cp7-step-number\">4<\/div><p>Remove the ice-water bath and allow the flask to warm to room temperature.<\/p><\/div>\n        <div class=\"ols-cp7-step\"><div class=\"ols-cp7-step-number\">5<\/div><p>Heat very gently and collect 3-4 cm<sup>3<\/sup> of clear, colourless distillate in a test tube surrounded by cold water.<\/p><\/div>\n      <\/div>\n\n      <figure class=\"ols-cp7-figure\">\n        <button type=\"button\" class=\"ols-cp7-lightbox-trigger\" aria-label=\"Open partial oxidation infographic fullscreen\">\n          <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Partial-oxidation-of-primary-alcohols-infographic.webp\" alt=\"Partial oxidation of propan-1-ol to propanal using acidified potassium dichromate and distillation.\">\n        <\/button>\n        <figcaption class=\"ols-cp7-caption\">Partial oxidation uses a limited oxidation pathway: primary alcohol \u2192 aldehyde. The aldehyde is distilled away to reduce further oxidation.<\/figcaption>\n      <\/figure>\n    <\/article>\n\n    <article class=\"ols-cp7-card soft-purple\">\n      <div class=\"ols-cp7-section-title\">\n        <div class=\"ols-cp7-icon purple\">3<\/div>\n        <h2>Full oxidation: making propanoic acid<\/h2>\n      <\/div>\n      <p><strong>Propanoic acid<\/strong> is made when propan-1-ol is oxidised more fully. The mixture is heated under reflux so that vapours condense and return to the flask instead of escaping.<\/p>\n      <p>During reflux, any propanal formed remains in the oxidising mixture and is further oxidised to propanoic acid. After reflux, the product is collected by distillation.<\/p>\n\n      <div class=\"ols-cp7-equation\">CH<sub>3<\/sub>CH<sub>2<\/sub>CH<sub>2<\/sub>OH + 2[O] \u2192 CH<sub>3<\/sub>CH<sub>2<\/sub>COOH + H<sub>2<\/sub>O<\/div>\n\n      <div class=\"ols-cp7-flow\" aria-label=\"Method for making propanoic acid\">\n        <div class=\"ols-cp7-step\"><div class=\"ols-cp7-step-number\">1<\/div><p>Add acidified potassium dichromate(VI) to the flask and cool the flask in an ice-water bath.<\/p><\/div>\n        <div class=\"ols-cp7-step\"><div class=\"ols-cp7-step-number\">2<\/div><p>Set up the apparatus for reflux and add anti-bumping granules.<\/p><\/div>\n        <div class=\"ols-cp7-step\"><div class=\"ols-cp7-step-number\">3<\/div><p>Add diluted propan-1-ol slowly down the reflux condenser, allowing the reaction to subside after each addition.<\/p><\/div>\n        <div class=\"ols-cp7-step\"><div class=\"ols-cp7-step-number\">4<\/div><p>Remove the ice-water bath and allow the flask to warm to room temperature.<\/p><\/div>\n        <div class=\"ols-cp7-step\"><div class=\"ols-cp7-step-number\">5<\/div><p>Heat gently under reflux for about 30 minutes, then rearrange the apparatus for distillation.<\/p><\/div>\n        <div class=\"ols-cp7-step\"><div class=\"ols-cp7-step-number\">6<\/div><p>Distil 3-4 cm<sup>3<\/sup> of clear, colourless liquid into a test tube surrounded by cold water.<\/p><\/div>\n      <\/div>\n\n      <figure class=\"ols-cp7-figure\">\n        <button type=\"button\" class=\"ols-cp7-lightbox-trigger\" aria-label=\"Open reflux apparatus infographic fullscreen\">\n          <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Reflux-apparatus-and-safety-guidelines.webp\" alt=\"Reflux apparatus showing condenser water flow, open top and safety points for organic heating.\">\n        <\/button>\n        <figcaption class=\"ols-cp7-caption\">Reflux allows prolonged heating without loss of volatile material. The top of the condenser must remain open and water enters at the bottom.<\/figcaption>\n      <\/figure>\n    <\/article>\n\n    <article class=\"ols-cp7-card soft-orange\">\n      <div class=\"ols-cp7-section-title\">\n        <div class=\"ols-cp7-icon orange\">4<\/div>\n        <h2>Apparatus focus: what examiners look for<\/h2>\n      <\/div>\n      <p>CP7 often tests apparatus understanding. Students must know why the condenser is positioned differently in distillation and reflux, and why the water supply enters at the bottom.<\/p>\n\n      <div class=\"ols-cp7-mini-grid\">\n        <div class=\"ols-cp7-mini\">\n          <h3>Distillation setup<\/h3>\n          <ul>\n            <li>Condenser slopes downwards from the flask to the receiver.<\/li>\n            <li>The thermometer bulb should sit at the T-junction.<\/li>\n            <li>Water enters the condenser at the bottom and leaves at the top.<\/li>\n            <li>The receiving test tube is cooled in cold water because propanal is volatile.<\/li>\n            <li>For Quickfit apparatus, do not draw extra lines between the flask, adaptor and condenser.<\/li>\n          <\/ul>\n        <\/div>\n\n        <div class=\"ols-cp7-mini\">\n          <h3>Reflux setup<\/h3>\n          <ul>\n            <li>The condenser is vertical above the flask.<\/li>\n            <li>The top of the condenser must be open, not sealed.<\/li>\n            <li>Water enters at the bottom and leaves at the top.<\/li>\n            <li>Vapours condense and return to the reaction flask.<\/li>\n            <li>Anti-bumping granules promote smooth, even boiling.<\/li>\n          <\/ul>\n        <\/div>\n      <\/div>\n\n\n\n      <figure class=\"ols-cp7-figure\">\n        <button type=\"button\" class=\"ols-cp7-lightbox-trigger\" aria-label=\"Open simple distillation apparatus overview fullscreen\">\n          <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Simple-distillation-apparatus-overview.webp\" alt=\"Simple distillation apparatus overview showing the flask, condenser, thermometer, receiver and water flow.\">\n        <\/button>\n        <figcaption class=\"ols-cp7-caption\">Simple distillation apparatus: the condenser slopes downwards towards the receiver, and the thermometer bulb sits near the side arm so the vapour temperature is measured.<\/figcaption>\n      <\/figure>\n\n      <figure class=\"ols-cp7-figure\">\n        <button type=\"button\" class=\"ols-cp7-lightbox-trigger\" aria-label=\"Open reflux setup chemistry apparatus explained fullscreen\">\n          <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Reflux-setup-chemistry-apparatus-explained.webp\" alt=\"Reflux setup chemistry apparatus explained showing the vertical condenser, open top, flask and water flow direction.\">\n        <\/button>\n        <figcaption class=\"ols-cp7-caption\">Reflux setup: the condenser is vertical, the top remains open, and condensed vapours return to the reaction flask for prolonged heating.<\/figcaption>\n      <\/figure>\n\n      <div class=\"ols-cp7-callout\">\n        <p><strong>Why water enters at the bottom:<\/strong> this fills the condenser jacket completely, giving efficient cooling and preventing air gaps.<\/p>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/article>\n\n    <section class=\"ols-cp7-interactive\" aria-label=\"Interactive practical decision tool\">\n      <h2>Interactive: choose the product<\/h2>\n      <p>You are oxidising propan-1-ol using acidified potassium dichromate(VI). Select the product you want, then check the apparatus, equation and test results.<\/p>\n\n      <div class=\"ols-cp7-choice-buttons\">\n        <button type=\"button\" class=\"ols-cp7-choice\" data-target=\"propanal\">\n          <span>I want the aldehyde<\/span>\n          <strong>Make propanal<\/strong>\n        <\/button>\n        <button type=\"button\" class=\"ols-cp7-choice\" data-target=\"propanoic\">\n          <span>I want the carboxylic acid<\/span>\n          <strong>Make propanoic acid<\/strong>\n        <\/button>\n      <\/div>\n\n      <div id=\"olsCp7Propanal\" class=\"ols-cp7-result-panel\">\n        <h3>Product selected: propanal<\/h3>\n        <p>Use <strong>distillation<\/strong>. Heat gently and distil off the aldehyde as it forms so that it does not remain in the oxidising mixture.<\/p>\n        <div class=\"ols-cp7-equation\">CH<sub>3<\/sub>CH<sub>2<\/sub>CH<sub>2<\/sub>OH + [O] \u2192 CH<sub>3<\/sub>CH<sub>2<\/sub>CHO + H<sub>2<\/sub>O<\/div>\n        <div class=\"ols-cp7-result-grid\">\n          <div class=\"ols-cp7-result-box\"><h4>Tollens&#8217; reagent<\/h4><p>Silver mirror forms.<\/p><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-cp7-result-box\"><h4>Fehling&#8217;s solution<\/h4><p>Blue solution changes to reddish-brown.<\/p><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-cp7-result-box\"><h4>Magnesium ribbon<\/h4><p>No visible reaction.<\/p><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-cp7-result-box\"><h4>Sodium hydrogencarbonate<\/h4><p>No effervescence.<\/p><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n      <\/div>\n\n      <div id=\"olsCp7Propanoic\" class=\"ols-cp7-result-panel\">\n        <h3>Product selected: propanoic acid<\/h3>\n        <p>Use <strong>reflux, then distillation<\/strong>. Reflux keeps volatile material in the flask, allowing the aldehyde intermediate to oxidise further to the carboxylic acid.<\/p>\n        <div class=\"ols-cp7-equation\">CH<sub>3<\/sub>CH<sub>2<\/sub>CH<sub>2<\/sub>OH + 2[O] \u2192 CH<sub>3<\/sub>CH<sub>2<\/sub>COOH + H<sub>2<\/sub>O<\/div>\n        <div class=\"ols-cp7-result-grid\">\n          <div class=\"ols-cp7-result-box\"><h4>Tollens&#8217; reagent<\/h4><p>No silver mirror.<\/p><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-cp7-result-box\"><h4>Fehling&#8217;s solution<\/h4><p>No colour change.<\/p><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-cp7-result-box\"><h4>Magnesium ribbon<\/h4><p>Effervescence occurs.<\/p><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-cp7-result-box\"><h4>Sodium hydrogencarbonate<\/h4><p>Effervescence occurs.<\/p><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n      <\/div>\n\n      <div class=\"ols-cp7-challenge\">\n        <h3>Mini challenge<\/h3>\n        <p>A student obtains no colour change with Fehling&#8217;s solution and clear effervescence with sodium hydrogencarbonate. What product did they probably make, and what was the likely practical error?<\/p>\n        <button type=\"button\" class=\"ols-cp7-reveal\" id=\"olsCp7Reveal\">Reveal answer<\/button>\n        <div class=\"ols-cp7-challenge-answer\" id=\"olsCp7ChallengeAnswer\">\n          <p><strong>They probably made propanoic acid.<\/strong> Effervescence with sodium hydrogencarbonate indicates a carboxylic acid, and no Fehling&#8217;s colour change means the product is not an aldehyde. The likely error was using reflux or failing to distil propanal away as it formed.<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n      <\/div>\n\n      <script>\n        (function(){\n          var root = document.currentScript.closest('.ols-cp7-interactive');\n          if (!root) return;\n          var buttons = root.querySelectorAll('.ols-cp7-choice');\n          var propanal = root.querySelector('#olsCp7Propanal');\n          var propanoic = root.querySelector('#olsCp7Propanoic');\n          var reveal = root.querySelector('#olsCp7Reveal');\n          var answer = root.querySelector('#olsCp7ChallengeAnswer');\n\n          function showPanel(target) {\n            buttons.forEach(function(btn){\n              btn.classList.toggle('is-active', btn.getAttribute('data-target') === target);\n            });\n            if (propanal) propanal.classList.toggle('is-visible', target === 'propanal');\n            if (propanoic) propanoic.classList.toggle('is-visible', target === 'propanoic');\n          }\n\n          buttons.forEach(function(btn){\n            btn.addEventListener('click', function(){\n              showPanel(btn.getAttribute('data-target'));\n            });\n          });\n\n          if (reveal && answer) {\n            reveal.addEventListener('click', function(){\n              answer.classList.toggle('is-visible');\n              reveal.textContent = answer.classList.contains('is-visible') ? 'Hide answer' : 'Reveal answer';\n            });\n          }\n\n          showPanel('propanal');\n        })();\n      <\/script>\n    <\/section>\n\n    <article class=\"ols-cp7-card\">\n      <div class=\"ols-cp7-section-title\">\n        <div class=\"ols-cp7-icon\">5<\/div>\n        <h2>Product testing: use the pattern of results<\/h2>\n      <\/div>\n      <p>The practical does not rely on one test alone. Students should use the full pattern of test results to decide whether the product is an aldehyde or a carboxylic acid.<\/p>\n\n      <div class=\"ols-cp7-table-wrap\">\n        <table class=\"ols-cp7-table\">\n          <thead>\n            <tr>\n              <th>Test<\/th>\n              <th>Propanal result<\/th>\n              <th>Propanoic acid result<\/th>\n              <th>Interpretation<\/th>\n            <\/tr>\n          <\/thead>\n          <tbody>\n            <tr>\n              <td><strong>Tollens&#8217; reagent<\/strong><\/td>\n              <td>Silver mirror forms on the inside of the test tube<\/td>\n              <td>No silver mirror<\/td>\n              <td>Positive result supports the presence of an aldehyde<\/td>\n            <\/tr>\n            <tr>\n              <td><strong>Fehling&#8217;s solution<\/strong><\/td>\n              <td>Blue solution changes to reddish-brown when warmed<\/td>\n              <td>No colour change<\/td>\n              <td>Positive result supports the presence of an aldehyde<\/td>\n            <\/tr>\n            <tr>\n              <td><strong>Magnesium ribbon<\/strong><\/td>\n              <td>No visible reaction<\/td>\n              <td>Effervescence<\/td>\n              <td>Effervescence supports the presence of an acid<\/td>\n            <\/tr>\n            <tr>\n              <td><strong>Sodium hydrogencarbonate<\/strong><\/td>\n              <td>No effervescence<\/td>\n              <td>Effervescence<\/td>\n              <td>Carbon dioxide forms when a carboxylic acid reacts with hydrogencarbonate<\/td>\n            <\/tr>\n          <\/tbody>\n        <\/table>\n      <\/div>\n\n      <div class=\"ols-cp7-callout\">\n        <p><strong>Exam focus:<\/strong> sodium hydrogencarbonate effervescence points towards propanoic acid, not propanal.<\/p>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/article>\n\n    <article class=\"ols-cp7-card soft-red\">\n      <div class=\"ols-cp7-section-title\">\n        <div class=\"ols-cp7-icon red\">6<\/div>\n        <h2>Safety and observations<\/h2>\n      <\/div>\n      <div class=\"ols-cp7-mini-grid\">\n        <div class=\"ols-cp7-mini\">\n          <h3>Safety<\/h3>\n          <ul>\n            <li>Wear goggles and chemical-resistant gloves.<\/li>\n            <li>Propan-1-ol and propanal are flammable.<\/li>\n            <li>Avoid skin contact with reactants and products.<\/li>\n            <li>Heat very gently to reduce bumping.<\/li>\n            <li>Use anti-bumping granules for smoother boiling.<\/li>\n            <li>Never seal the top of a condenser.<\/li>\n          <\/ul>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"ols-cp7-mini\">\n          <h3>Observation<\/h3>\n          <p>Acidified potassium dichromate(VI) changes from <strong>orange<\/strong> to <strong>green<\/strong> because dichromate(VI) ions, Cr<sub>2<\/sub>O<sub>7<\/sub><sup>2\u2212<\/sup>, are reduced to Cr<sup>3+<\/sup> ions.<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/article>\n\n    <article class=\"ols-cp7-card soft-blue\">\n      <div class=\"ols-cp7-section-title\">\n        <div class=\"ols-cp7-icon\">7<\/div>\n        <h2>Core practical questions and answers<\/h2>\n      <\/div>\n      <p>Use these as revision prompts after studying the method. They target the reasoning behind the apparatus, conditions and product tests.<\/p>\n\n      <div class=\"ols-cp7-faq\">\n        <details>\n          <summary>1. What is meant by refluxing?<\/summary>\n          <div class=\"ols-cp7-faq-answer\"><p>Refluxing means heating a reaction mixture while vapours are condensed and returned to the flask. It allows prolonged heating at a steady reaction temperature without the flask boiling dry.<\/p><\/div>\n        <\/details>\n\n        <details>\n          <summary>2. Why do some experiments require refluxing?<\/summary>\n          <div class=\"ols-cp7-faq-answer\"><p>Some organic reactions are slow and need prolonged heating. Reflux allows the mixture to be heated for longer without losing volatile reactants or products.<\/p><\/div>\n        <\/details>\n\n        <details>\n          <summary>3. Why must the propan-1-ol solution be added slowly?<\/summary>\n          <div class=\"ols-cp7-faq-answer\"><p>The oxidation reaction is exothermic. Slow addition reduces the risk of dangerous splashing and helps keep the reaction controlled.<\/p><\/div>\n        <\/details>\n\n        <details>\n          <summary>4. Why are anti-bumping granules added?<\/summary>\n          <div class=\"ols-cp7-faq-answer\"><p>Anti-bumping granules provide nucleation sites so many small bubbles form. This promotes smooth boiling and reduces sudden vigorous bumping.<\/p><\/div>\n        <\/details>\n\n        <details>\n          <summary>5. Why should water enter the condenser at the bottom?<\/summary>\n          <div class=\"ols-cp7-faq-answer\"><p>Water entering at the bottom fills the condenser jacket fully. This gives efficient cooling because the condenser remains surrounded by cold water.<\/p><\/div>\n        <\/details>\n\n        <details>\n          <summary>6. Why is the distillate collected in a test tube surrounded by cold water?<\/summary>\n          <div class=\"ols-cp7-faq-answer\"><p>Propanal has a low boiling point and is volatile. Cooling the receiver reduces evaporation of the distillate after it has condensed.<\/p><\/div>\n        <\/details>\n\n        <details>\n          <summary>7. Write the equation for oxidation of propan-1-ol to propanal.<\/summary>\n          <div class=\"ols-cp7-faq-answer\"><p><strong>CH<sub>3<\/sub>CH<sub>2<\/sub>CH<sub>2<\/sub>OH + [O] \u2192 CH<sub>3<\/sub>CH<sub>2<\/sub>CHO + H<sub>2<\/sub>O<\/strong><\/p><\/div>\n        <\/details>\n\n        <details>\n          <summary>8. Write the equation for oxidation of propan-1-ol to propanoic acid.<\/summary>\n          <div class=\"ols-cp7-faq-answer\"><p><strong>CH<sub>3<\/sub>CH<sub>2<\/sub>CH<sub>2<\/sub>OH + 2[O] \u2192 CH<sub>3<\/sub>CH<sub>2<\/sub>COOH + H<sub>2<\/sub>O<\/strong><\/p><\/div>\n        <\/details>\n\n        <details>\n          <summary>9. Which of propan-1-ol, propanal and propanoic acid can form hydrogen bonds?<\/summary>\n          <div class=\"ols-cp7-faq-answer\"><p>Propan-1-ol and propanoic acid can form hydrogen bonds because each contains hydrogen directly bonded to oxygen. Propanal contains a polar C=O bond but does not have hydrogen directly bonded to oxygen, nitrogen or fluorine, so it cannot hydrogen bond to itself in the same way.<\/p><\/div>\n        <\/details>\n\n        <details>\n          <summary>10. Why can propanal only be obtained without the reflux step?<\/summary>\n          <div class=\"ols-cp7-faq-answer\"><p>During reflux, propanal is returned to the reaction flask and remains in contact with acidified potassium dichromate(VI). It is then further oxidised to propanoic acid.<\/p><\/div>\n        <\/details>\n\n        <details>\n          <summary>11. What happens when secondary and tertiary alcohols are oxidised?<\/summary>\n          <div class=\"ols-cp7-faq-answer\"><p>Secondary alcohols are oxidised to ketones. Ketones are not easily oxidised further under these conditions because they do not have a hydrogen atom attached to the carbonyl carbon. Tertiary alcohols are not easily oxidised because they do not have a hydrogen atom attached to the carbon bearing the OH group.<\/p><\/div>\n        <\/details>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/article>\n\n    <article class=\"ols-cp7-card soft-purple\">\n      <div class=\"ols-cp7-section-title\">\n        <div class=\"ols-cp7-icon purple\">8<\/div>\n        <h2>Exam-style reasoning<\/h2>\n      <\/div>\n      <p><strong>Scenario:<\/strong> A student was told to make propanal but produced a solution that gave no Fehling&#8217;s colour change and effervescence with sodium hydrogencarbonate.<\/p>\n      <div class=\"ols-cp7-callout\">\n        <p><strong>Conclusion:<\/strong> the student produced propanoic acid, not propanal. The likely error was that the apparatus was set up for reflux, or the aldehyde was not distilled off quickly enough. Propanal must be removed as soon as it forms to prevent further oxidation.<\/p>\n      <\/div>\n      <p style=\"margin-top:18px;\">If propan-2-ol was used instead of propan-1-ol, the oxidation product would be <strong>propanone<\/strong>. Propanone is a ketone, so prolonged reflux would not produce a carboxylic acid under these conditions.<\/p>\n    <\/article>\n  <\/div>\n  <div class=\"ols-cp7-lightbox\" id=\"olsCp7Lightbox\" aria-hidden=\"true\" role=\"dialog\" aria-label=\"Fullscreen image viewer\">\n    <div class=\"ols-cp7-lightbox-inner\">\n      <button type=\"button\" class=\"ols-cp7-lightbox-close\" aria-label=\"Close fullscreen image\">\u00d7<\/button>\n      <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"ols-cp7-lightbox-img\" src=\"\" alt=\"\">\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n\n  <script>\n    (function(){\n      var page = document.currentScript.closest('.ols-cp7-page');\n      if (!page) return;\n\n      var lightbox = page.querySelector('#olsCp7Lightbox');\n      var lightboxImg = page.querySelector('.ols-cp7-lightbox-img');\n      var closeBtn = page.querySelector('.ols-cp7-lightbox-close');\n      var triggers = page.querySelectorAll('.ols-cp7-lightbox-trigger');\n\n      if (!lightbox || !lightboxImg || !closeBtn || !triggers.length) return;\n\n      function openLightbox(img) {\n        lightboxImg.src = img.currentSrc || img.src;\n        lightboxImg.alt = img.alt || '';\n        lightbox.classList.add('is-open');\n        lightbox.setAttribute('aria-hidden', 'false');\n        document.documentElement.style.overflow = 'hidden';\n      }\n\n      function closeLightbox() {\n        lightbox.classList.remove('is-open');\n        lightbox.setAttribute('aria-hidden', 'true');\n        document.documentElement.style.overflow = '';\n        lightboxImg.src = '';\n        lightboxImg.alt = '';\n      }\n\n      triggers.forEach(function(trigger){\n        trigger.addEventListener('click', function(){\n          var img = trigger.querySelector('img');\n          if (img) openLightbox(img);\n        });\n      });\n\n      closeBtn.addEventListener('click', closeLightbox);\n\n      lightbox.addEventListener('click', function(event){\n        if (event.target === lightbox) closeLightbox();\n      });\n\n      document.addEventListener('keydown', function(event){\n        if (event.key === 'Escape' && lightbox.classList.contains('is-open')) {\n          closeLightbox();\n        }\n      });\n    })();\n  <\/script>\n\n<\/section>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Revision Notes \/ A Level Chemistry \/ Edexcel International \/ Core Practicals \/ Core Practical 7 Core Practical 7 Oxidation of Propan-1-ol to Produce Propanal and Propanoic Acid This practical shows how the oxidation of a primary alcohol can be controlled. The same alcohol and oxidising agent can produce two different products: propanal if the [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":12,"featured_media":0,"parent":5028,"menu_order":6,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-4962","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/4962","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/12"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4962"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/4962\/revisions"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/5028"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4962"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}