{"id":5216,"date":"2026-06-18T07:46:28","date_gmt":"2026-06-18T06:46:28","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-1-atomicstructure\/massspectrometry\/"},"modified":"2026-09-11T17:20:13","modified_gmt":"2026-09-11T16:20:13","slug":"mass-spectrometry","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-1-atomicstructure\/mass-spectrometry\/","title":{"rendered":"Mass Spectrometry"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"ols-aqa311ms-page\">\n\n  <aside class=\"ols-sidebar\">\r\n  <div class=\"ols-sidebar-header\">\r\n    <h3>Revision Notes<\/h3>\r\n    <p>AQA A Level Chemistry<\/p>\r\n  <\/div>\r\n\r\n  <div class=\"ols-topic-group\">\r\n    <h4>3.1.1 Atomic Structure<\/h4>\r\n\r\n    <ul class=\"ols-topic-list\">\r\n      <li>\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-1-atomicstructure\/atomic-structure\/\">Atomic Structure<\/a>\r\n      <\/li>\r\n\r\n      <li>\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-1-atomicstructure\/mass-spectrometry\/\">Mass Spectrometry<\/a>\r\n\r\n        <ul class=\"ols-subtopic-list\">\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-1-atomicstructure\/mass-spectrometry\/the-mass-spectrometer\/\">The Mass Spectrometer<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-1-atomicstructure\/mass-spectrometry\/time-of-flight\/\">Time of Flight<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-1-atomicstructure\/mass-spectrometry\/ram-calculations\/\">RAM Calculations<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-1-atomicstructure\/mass-spectrometry\/predicting-diatomic-mass-spectra\/\">Predicting Diatomic Mass Spectra<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-1-atomicstructure\/mass-spectrometry\/identifying-compounds-from-mass-spectra\/\">Identifying Compounds from Mass Spectra<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n        <\/ul>\r\n      <\/li>\r\n\r\n      <li>\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-1-atomicstructure\/electron-configuration\/\">Electron Configuration<\/a>\r\n      <\/li>\r\n\r\n 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href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-2-1-periodicity\/\">3.2.1 Periodicity<\/a><\/li>\n<li>\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-2-amount-of-substance\/\">3.1.2 Amount of Substance<\/a>\r\n      <\/li>\r\n      <li>\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-3-bonding\/\">3.1.3 Bonding<\/a>\r\n      <\/li>\r\n      <li>\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-4-energetics\/\">3.1.4 Energetics<\/a>\r\n      <\/li>\r\n    <\/ul>\r\n  <\/div>\r\n<\/aside>\r\n\r\n<script>\r\n(function() {\r\n  function normalisePath(path) {\r\n    return String(path || '')\r\n      .split('?')[0]\r\n      .split('#')[0]\r\n      .replace(\/\\\/+$\/, '')\r\n      .toLowerCase();\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  function highlightActive() {\r\n    var sidebar = 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flex-direction: column;\n      gap: 9px;\n      margin-top: 10px;\n    }\n\n    .ols-aqa311ms-spec-mob-sub-row {\n      background: #ffffff;\n      border: 1px solid rgba(168, 85, 247, 0.15);\n      border-radius: 12px;\n      overflow: hidden;\n    }\n\n    .ols-aqa311ms-spec-mob-sub-code {\n      background: #c084fc;\n      color: #3b0764;\n      font-size: 13px;\n      font-weight: 800;\n      text-align: center;\n      height: 30px;\n      line-height: 30px;\n    }\n\n    .ols-aqa311ms-spec-mob-sub-text {\n      padding: 12px 16px;\n      font-size: 14px;\n      font-weight: 300;\n      line-height: 1.8;\n      color: #4b3b58;\n    }\n\n    \/* =========================================================\n       RESPONSIVE\n    ========================================================= *\/\n\n    @media (max-width: 1100px) {\n      .ols-aqa311ms-cards-grid {\n        grid-template-columns: repeat(2, minmax(0, 1fr));\n      }\n    }\n\n    @media (max-width: 860px) {\n      .ols-aqa311ms-intro-inner {\n        grid-template-columns: 1fr;\n        gap: 40px;\n      }\n    }\n\n    @media (max-width: 640px) {\n      .ols-aqa311ms-intro {\n        padding: 24px 0 52px;\n      }\n\n      .ols-aqa311ms-topics {\n        padding: 52px 0 58px;\n      }\n\n      .ols-aqa311ms-cards-grid {\n        grid-template-columns: 1fr;\n        gap: 14px;\n      }\n\n      .ols-aqa311ms-spec-section {\n        padding: 52px 0 64px;\n      }\n\n      .ols-aqa311ms-spec-wrap {\n        padding: 24px 18px;\n        border-radius: 20px;\n      }\n\n      .ols-aqa311ms-info-grid {\n        grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr;\n      }\n    }\n\n  <\/style>\n\n  <!-- BREADCRUMB BAR - sits above everything -->\n  <div class=\"ols-aqa311ms-breadcrumb-bar\">\n    <div class=\"ols-aqa311ms-container\">\n      <nav class=\"ols-aqa311ms-breadcrumb\" aria-label=\"Breadcrumb\">\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/\">Revision Notes<\/a> \/\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/\">A Level Chemistry<\/a> \/\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/\">AQA<\/a> \/\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-1-atomicstructure\/\">3.1.1 Atomic Structure<\/a> \/\n        <span>Mass Spectrometry<\/span>\n      <\/nav>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n\n  <!-- INTRO -->\n  <section class=\"ols-aqa311ms-intro\"><div class=\"ols-aqa311ms-container\"><div class=\"ols-aqa311ms-intro-inner\">\n    <div><div class=\"ols-aqa311ms-eyebrow\">AQA A Level Chemistry<\/div><h1>Mass<br>Spectrometry<\/h1><div class=\"ols-aqa311ms-accent-bar\"><\/div><p class=\"ols-aqa311ms-intro-lead\">Mass spectrometry in AQA 3.1.1 explains how atoms and molecules are converted into ions, accelerated, separated by time of flight and detected to produce useful mass spectrum data. These pages cover the simple TOF mass spectrometer, RAM calculations, isotope patterns and the use of mass spectra to identify elements and determine relative molecular mass.<\/p><\/div>\n    <div class=\"ols-aqa311ms-info-grid\"><div class=\"ols-aqa311ms-info-card\"><div class=\"ols-aqa311ms-info-card-label\">Exam Paper<\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa311ms-info-card-value\">Paper 1<\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa311ms-info-card-sub\">7405\/1<\/div><\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa311ms-info-card\"><div class=\"ols-aqa311ms-info-card-label\">Specification Point<\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa311ms-info-card-value\">3.1.1.2<\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa311ms-info-card-sub\">Mass number and isotopes<\/div><\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa311ms-info-card\"><div class=\"ols-aqa311ms-info-card-label\">Topic Parts<\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa311ms-info-card-value\">5 parts<\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa311ms-info-card-sub\">Revision notes available<\/div><\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa311ms-info-card\"><div class=\"ols-aqa311ms-info-card-label\">Exam Board<\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa311ms-info-card-value\">AQA<\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa311ms-info-card-sub\">AQA 7405<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n  <\/div><\/div><\/section>\n\n  <!-- TOPIC CARDS -->\n  <section class=\"ols-aqa311ms-topics\"><div class=\"ols-aqa311ms-container\"><div class=\"ols-aqa311ms-section-header\"><h2 class=\"ols-aqa311ms-section-title\">Revision Notes<\/h2><p class=\"ols-aqa311ms-section-sub\">Work through each Mass Spectrometry page in a structured AQA sequence.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa311ms-cards-grid\">\n\n        <!-- Card 1: The Mass Spectrometer -->\n        <a class=\"ols-aqa311ms-card ols-aqa311ms-card--available\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-1-atomicstructure\/mass-spectrometry\/the-mass-spectrometer\/\">\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa311ms-card-img-wrap\">\n            <div class=\"ols-aqa311ms-visual ols-aqa311ms-visual--mass\">\n              <div class=\"ols-aqa311ms-visual-panel\">\n                <div class=\"ols-aqa311ms-visual-kicker\">Inside the instrument<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-aqa311ms-visual-main\">Mass<br>Spectrometer<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-aqa311ms-symbol-row\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"ols-aqa311ms-dot\">+<\/span><span class=\"ols-aqa311ms-line\"><\/span><span class=\"ols-aqa311ms-dot\">D<\/span><\/div>\n              <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-aqa311ms-card-num\">1<\/div>\n            <span class=\"ols-aqa311ms-card-status ols-aqa311ms-card-status--available\">Available<\/span>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa311ms-card-body\">\n            <p class=\"ols-aqa311ms-card-title\">The Mass Spectrometer<\/p>\n            <p class=\"ols-aqa311ms-card-desc\">Ionisation, acceleration, ion drift, detection and how each stage produces mass spectrum data.<\/p>\n            <span class=\"ols-aqa311ms-card-cta\">\n              Start revising\n              <svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"><\/path><\/svg>\n            <\/span>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n        <!-- Card 2: Time of Flight -->\n        <a class=\"ols-aqa311ms-card ols-aqa311ms-card--available\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-1-atomicstructure\/mass-spectrometry\/time-of-flight\/\">\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa311ms-card-img-wrap\">\n            <div class=\"ols-aqa311ms-visual ols-aqa311ms-visual--ionisation\">\n              <div class=\"ols-aqa311ms-visual-panel\">\n                <div class=\"ols-aqa311ms-visual-kicker\">Ion flight time<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-aqa311ms-visual-main\">Time of<br>Flight<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-aqa311ms-symbol-row\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"ols-aqa311ms-dot\">ion<\/span><span class=\"ols-aqa311ms-line\"><\/span><span class=\"ols-aqa311ms-dot\">t<\/span><\/div>\n              <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-aqa311ms-card-num\">2<\/div>\n            <span class=\"ols-aqa311ms-card-status ols-aqa311ms-card-status--available\">Available<\/span>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa311ms-card-body\">\n            <p class=\"ols-aqa311ms-card-title\">Time of Flight<\/p>\n            <p class=\"ols-aqa311ms-card-desc\">How ion velocity, flight time and mass-to-charge ratio are linked in a TOF mass spectrometer.<\/p>\n            <span class=\"ols-aqa311ms-card-cta\">\n              Start revising\n              <svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"><\/path><\/svg>\n            <\/span>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n        <!-- Card 3: RAM Calculations -->\n        <a class=\"ols-aqa311ms-card ols-aqa311ms-card--available\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-1-atomicstructure\/mass-spectrometry\/ram-calculations\/\">\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa311ms-card-img-wrap\">\n            <div class=\"ols-aqa311ms-visual ols-aqa311ms-visual--config\">\n              <div class=\"ols-aqa311ms-visual-panel\">\n                <div class=\"ols-aqa311ms-visual-kicker\">Isotopic abundance<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-aqa311ms-visual-main\">RAM<br>Calculations<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-aqa311ms-config-line\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span>m\/z<\/span><span>%<\/span><span>A<sub>r<\/sub><\/span><\/div>\n              <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-aqa311ms-card-num\">3<\/div>\n            <span class=\"ols-aqa311ms-card-status ols-aqa311ms-card-status--available\">Available<\/span>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa311ms-card-body\">\n            <p class=\"ols-aqa311ms-card-title\">RAM Calculations<\/p>\n            <p class=\"ols-aqa311ms-card-desc\">Using relative isotopic masses and relative abundances to calculate relative atomic mass.<\/p>\n            <span class=\"ols-aqa311ms-card-cta\">\n              Start revising\n              <svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"><\/path><\/svg>\n            <\/span>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n        <!-- Card 4: Predicting Diatomic Mass Spectra -->\n        <a class=\"ols-aqa311ms-card ols-aqa311ms-card--available\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-1-atomicstructure\/mass-spectrometry\/predicting-diatomic-mass-spectra\/\">\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa311ms-card-img-wrap\">\n            <div class=\"ols-aqa311ms-visual ols-aqa311ms-visual--atom\">\n              <div class=\"ols-aqa311ms-visual-panel\">\n                <div class=\"ols-aqa311ms-visual-kicker\">Isotope patterns<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-aqa311ms-visual-main\">Diatomic<br>Spectra<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-aqa311ms-bars\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span><\/span><span><\/span><span><\/span><span><\/span><\/div>\n              <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-aqa311ms-card-num\">4<\/div>\n            <span class=\"ols-aqa311ms-card-status ols-aqa311ms-card-status--available\">Available<\/span>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa311ms-card-body\">\n            <p class=\"ols-aqa311ms-card-title\">Predicting Diatomic Mass Spectra<\/p>\n            <p class=\"ols-aqa311ms-card-desc\">Predicting molecular ion peaks and relative peak heights for diatomic molecules from isotope combinations.<\/p>\n            <span class=\"ols-aqa311ms-card-cta\">\n              Start revising\n              <svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"><\/path><\/svg>\n            <\/span>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n        <!-- Card 5: Identifying Compounds from Mass Spectra -->\n        <a class=\"ols-aqa311ms-card ols-aqa311ms-card--available\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-1-atomicstructure\/mass-spectrometry\/identifying-compounds-from-mass-spectra\/\">\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa311ms-card-img-wrap\">\n            <div class=\"ols-aqa311ms-visual ols-aqa311ms-visual--identify\">\n              <div class=\"ols-aqa311ms-visual-panel\">\n                <div class=\"ols-aqa311ms-visual-kicker\">Molecular mass<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-aqa311ms-visual-main\">Identify<br>Compounds<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-aqa311ms-symbol-row\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"ols-aqa311ms-dot\">M<sup>+<\/sup><\/span><span class=\"ols-aqa311ms-line\"><\/span><span class=\"ols-aqa311ms-dot\">?<\/span><\/div>\n              <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-aqa311ms-card-num\">5<\/div>\n            <span class=\"ols-aqa311ms-card-status ols-aqa311ms-card-status--available\">Available<\/span>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa311ms-card-body\">\n            <p class=\"ols-aqa311ms-card-title\">Identifying Compounds from Mass Spectra<\/p>\n            <p class=\"ols-aqa311ms-card-desc\">Using molecular ion peaks and accurate mass information to identify unknown elements or compounds.<\/p>\n            <span class=\"ols-aqa311ms-card-cta\">\n              Start revising\n              <svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"><\/path><\/svg>\n            <\/span>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n\n      <\/div><\/div><\/section>\n\n  <!-- SPECIFICATION -->\n  <section class=\"ols-aqa311ms-spec-section\"><div class=\"ols-aqa311ms-container\">\n\n      <!-- DESKTOP SPECIFICATION -->\n      <div class=\"ols-aqa311ms-spec-desktop\">\n        <div class=\"ols-aqa311ms-spec-wrap\">\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa311ms-spec-pill\">Specification Coverage<\/div>\n          <h2 class=\"ols-aqa311ms-spec-heading\">3.1.1.2 Mass Number and Isotopes &#8211; AQA A Level Chemistry<\/h2>\n          <p class=\"ols-aqa311ms-spec-intro-text\">The following specification points outline the AQA content covered across the Mass Spectrometry pages.<\/p>\n\n          <h3 class=\"ols-aqa311ms-spec-group-title\">3.1.1.2 Mass number and isotopes<\/h3>\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa311ms-spec-rows\">\n            <div class=\"ols-aqa311ms-spec-row ols-aqa311ms-spec-row--light\"><div class=\"ols-aqa311ms-spec-code ols-aqa311ms-spec-code--dark\">A, Z<\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa311ms-spec-text\">Mass number (A) and atomic (proton) number (Z).<\/div><\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-aqa311ms-spec-row ols-aqa311ms-spec-row--mid\"><div class=\"ols-aqa311ms-spec-code ols-aqa311ms-spec-code--mid\">Skills<\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa311ms-spec-text\">Students should be able to:<div class=\"ols-aqa311ms-spec-sub-list\"><div class=\"ols-aqa311ms-spec-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-aqa311ms-spec-sub-code\">1<\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa311ms-spec-sub-text\">determine the number of fundamental particles in atoms and ions using mass number, atomic number and charge<\/div><\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa311ms-spec-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-aqa311ms-spec-sub-code\">2<\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa311ms-spec-sub-text\">explain the existence of isotopes.<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-aqa311ms-spec-row ols-aqa311ms-spec-row--light\"><div class=\"ols-aqa311ms-spec-code ols-aqa311ms-spec-code--dark\">TOF<\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa311ms-spec-text\">The principles of a simple time of flight (TOF) mass spectrometer, limited to ionisation, acceleration to give all ions constant kinetic energy, ion drift, ion detection, data analysis.<\/div><\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-aqa311ms-spec-row ols-aqa311ms-spec-row--light\"><div class=\"ols-aqa311ms-spec-code ols-aqa311ms-spec-code--dark\">MS<\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa311ms-spec-text\">The mass spectrometer gives accurate information about relative isotopic mass and also about the relative abundance of isotopes.<\/div><\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-aqa311ms-spec-row ols-aqa311ms-spec-row--light\"><div class=\"ols-aqa311ms-spec-code ols-aqa311ms-spec-code--dark\">ID<\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa311ms-spec-text\">Mass spectrometry can be used to identify elements.<\/div><\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-aqa311ms-spec-row ols-aqa311ms-spec-row--light\"><div class=\"ols-aqa311ms-spec-code ols-aqa311ms-spec-code--dark\">M<sub>r<\/sub><\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa311ms-spec-text\">Mass spectrometry can be used to determine relative molecular mass.<\/div><\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-aqa311ms-spec-row ols-aqa311ms-spec-row--mid\"><div class=\"ols-aqa311ms-spec-code ols-aqa311ms-spec-code--mid\">Skills<\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa311ms-spec-text\">Students should be able to:<div class=\"ols-aqa311ms-spec-sub-list\"><div class=\"ols-aqa311ms-spec-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-aqa311ms-spec-sub-code\">1<\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa311ms-spec-sub-text\">interpret simple mass spectra of elements<\/div><\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa311ms-spec-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-aqa311ms-spec-sub-code\">2<\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa311ms-spec-sub-text\">calculate relative atomic mass from isotopic abundance, limited to mononuclear ions.<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n      <\/div>\n\n      <!-- MOBILE SPECIFICATION -->\n      <div class=\"ols-aqa311ms-spec-mobile\">\n        <div class=\"ols-aqa311ms-spec-wrap\">\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa311ms-spec-pill\">Specification Coverage<\/div>\n          <h2 class=\"ols-aqa311ms-spec-heading\">3.1.1.2 Mass Number and Isotopes &#8211; AQA A Level Chemistry<\/h2>\n          <p class=\"ols-aqa311ms-spec-intro-text\">The following specification points outline the AQA content covered across the Mass Spectrometry pages.<\/p>\n          <h3 class=\"ols-aqa311ms-spec-group-title\">3.1.1.2 Mass number and isotopes<\/h3>\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa311ms-spec-mob-rows\">\n            <div class=\"ols-aqa311ms-spec-mob-row ols-aqa311ms-spec-mob-row--light\"><div class=\"ols-aqa311ms-spec-mob-code\">A, Z<\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa311ms-spec-mob-text\">Mass number (A) and atomic (proton) number (Z).<\/div><\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-aqa311ms-spec-mob-row ols-aqa311ms-spec-mob-row--mid\"><div class=\"ols-aqa311ms-spec-mob-code ols-aqa311ms-spec-mob-code--mid\">Skills<\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa311ms-spec-mob-text\">Students should be able to:<div class=\"ols-aqa311ms-spec-mob-sub-list\"><div class=\"ols-aqa311ms-spec-mob-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-aqa311ms-spec-mob-sub-code\">1<\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa311ms-spec-mob-sub-text\">determine the number of fundamental particles in atoms and ions using mass number, atomic number and charge<\/div><\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa311ms-spec-mob-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-aqa311ms-spec-mob-sub-code\">2<\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa311ms-spec-mob-sub-text\">explain the existence of isotopes.<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-aqa311ms-spec-mob-row ols-aqa311ms-spec-mob-row--light\"><div class=\"ols-aqa311ms-spec-mob-code\">TOF<\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa311ms-spec-mob-text\">The principles of a simple time of flight (TOF) mass spectrometer, limited to ionisation, acceleration to give all ions constant kinetic energy, ion drift, ion detection, data analysis.<\/div><\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-aqa311ms-spec-mob-row ols-aqa311ms-spec-mob-row--light\"><div class=\"ols-aqa311ms-spec-mob-code\">MS<\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa311ms-spec-mob-text\">The mass spectrometer gives accurate information about relative isotopic mass and also about the relative abundance of isotopes.<\/div><\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-aqa311ms-spec-mob-row ols-aqa311ms-spec-mob-row--light\"><div class=\"ols-aqa311ms-spec-mob-code\">ID<\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa311ms-spec-mob-text\">Mass spectrometry can be used to identify elements.<\/div><\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-aqa311ms-spec-mob-row ols-aqa311ms-spec-mob-row--light\"><div class=\"ols-aqa311ms-spec-mob-code\">M<sub>r<\/sub><\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa311ms-spec-mob-text\">Mass spectrometry can be used to determine relative molecular mass.<\/div><\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-aqa311ms-spec-mob-row ols-aqa311ms-spec-mob-row--mid\"><div class=\"ols-aqa311ms-spec-mob-code ols-aqa311ms-spec-mob-code--mid\">Skills<\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa311ms-spec-mob-text\">Students should be able to:<div class=\"ols-aqa311ms-spec-mob-sub-list\"><div class=\"ols-aqa311ms-spec-mob-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-aqa311ms-spec-mob-sub-code\">1<\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa311ms-spec-mob-sub-text\">interpret simple mass spectra of elements<\/div><\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa311ms-spec-mob-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-aqa311ms-spec-mob-sub-code\">2<\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa311ms-spec-mob-sub-text\">calculate relative atomic mass from isotopic abundance, limited to mononuclear ions.<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n      <\/div>\n\n    <\/div><\/section>\n\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">\n{\n  \"@context\": \"https:\/\/schema.org\",\n  \"@graph\": [\n    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