{"id":5334,"date":"2026-06-24T09:18:15","date_gmt":"2026-06-24T08:18:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-3-bonding\/"},"modified":"2026-09-13T19:12:20","modified_gmt":"2026-09-13T18:12:20","slug":"3-1-3-bonding","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-3-bonding\/","title":{"rendered":"3.1.3 Bonding"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"ols-aqa313-page\">\n\n  <aside class=\"ols-sidebar\">\r\n  <div class=\"ols-sidebar-header\">\r\n    <h3>Revision Notes<\/h3>\r\n    <p>AQA A Level Chemistry<\/p>\r\n  <\/div>\r\n\r\n  <div class=\"ols-topic-group\">\r\n    <h4>3.1.3 Bonding<\/h4>\r\n\r\n    <ul class=\"ols-topic-list\">\r\n      <li>\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-3-bonding\/ionic-bonding\/\">Ionic Bonding<\/a>\r\n\r\n        <ul class=\"ols-subtopic-list\">\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-3-bonding\/ionic-bonding\/nature-of-ionic-bonding\/\">Nature of Ionic Bonding<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-3-bonding\/ionic-bonding\/polarisation-of-ions\/\">Polarisation of Ions<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-3-bonding\/ionic-bonding\/physical-properties-of-ionic-compounds\/\">Physical Properties of Ionic Compounds<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\n          <li>\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-3-bonding\/ionic-bonding\/ions-and-ionic-formulae\/\">Ions and Ionic Formulae<\/a>\n          <\/li>\r\n        <\/ul>\r\n      <\/li>\r\n\r\n      <li>\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-3-bonding\/covalent-bonding\/\">Covalent Bonding<\/a>\r\n\r\n        <ul class=\"ols-subtopic-list\">\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-3-bonding\/covalent-bonding\/covalent-bonding\/\">Covalent Bonding<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-3-bonding\/covalent-bonding\/dative-covalent-bonding\/\">Dative Covalent Bonding<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-3-bonding\/covalent-bonding\/electronegativity\/\">Electronegativity<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n        <\/ul>\r\n      <\/li>\r\n\r\n      <li>\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-3-bonding\/shapes-of-molecules-and-ions\/\">Shapes of Molecules and Ions<\/a>\r\n\r\n        <ul class=\"ols-subtopic-list\">\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-3-bonding\/shapes-of-molecules-and-ions\/linear\/\">Linear<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-3-bonding\/shapes-of-molecules-and-ions\/trigonal-planar\/\">Trigonal Planar<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-3-bonding\/shapes-of-molecules-and-ions\/tetrahedral\/\">Tetrahedral<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-3-bonding\/shapes-of-molecules-and-ions\/trigonal-pyramidal\/\">Trigonal Pyramidal<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-3-bonding\/shapes-of-molecules-and-ions\/bent\/\">Bent<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-3-bonding\/shapes-of-molecules-and-ions\/trigonal-bipyramidal\/\">Trigonal Bipyramidal<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-3-bonding\/shapes-of-molecules-and-ions\/octahedral\/\">Octahedral<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-3-bonding\/shapes-of-molecules-and-ions\/square-planar\/\">Square Planar<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-3-bonding\/shapes-of-molecules-and-ions\/square-pyramidal\/\">Square Pyramidal<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-3-bonding\/shapes-of-molecules-and-ions\/distorted-t\/\">Distorted T<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-3-bonding\/shapes-of-molecules-and-ions\/seesaw\/\">SeeSaw<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n        <\/ul>\r\n      <\/li>\r\n\r\n      <li>\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-3-bonding\/bond-polarity\/\">Bond Polarity<\/a>\r\n      <\/li>\r\n\r\n      <li>\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-3-bonding\/metallic-bonding\/\">Metallic Bonding<\/a>\r\n\r\n        <ul class=\"ols-subtopic-list\">\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-3-bonding\/metallic-bonding\/metallic-bonding-and-structure\/\">Metallic Bonding and Structure<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-3-bonding\/metallic-bonding\/physical-properties-of-metals\/\">Physical Properties of Metals<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n        <\/ul>\r\n      <\/li>\r\n\r\n      <li>\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-3-bonding\/giant-covalent-structures\/\">Giant Covalent Structures<\/a>\r\n      <\/li>\r\n\r\n      <li>\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-3-bonding\/simple-molecular-structures\/\">Simple Molecular Structures<\/a>\r\n      <\/li>\n          <li>\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-3-bonding\/structure-types\/\">Structure Types<\/a>\n          <\/li>\r\n\r\n      <li>\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-3-bonding\/intermolecular-forces\/\">Intermolecular Forces<\/a>\r\n\r\n        <ul class=\"ols-subtopic-list\">\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-3-bonding\/intermolecular-forces\/london-forces\/\">London Forces<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-3-bonding\/intermolecular-forces\/permanent-dipole-dipole-forces\/\">Permanent Dipole-Dipole Forces<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-3-bonding\/intermolecular-forces\/hydrogen-bonding\/\">Hydrogen Bonding<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-3-bonding\/intermolecular-forces\/anomalous-properties-of-water\/\">Anomalous Properties of Water<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-3-bonding\/intermolecular-forces\/boiling-temperature-trends\/\">Boiling Point Trends<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-3-bonding\/intermolecular-forces\/choosing-solvents\/\">Choosing Solvents<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n        <\/ul>\r\n      <\/li>\r\n    <\/ul>\r\n  <\/div>\r\n\r\n  <div class=\"ols-topic-group\">\r\n    <h4>Adjacent Topics<\/h4>\r\n\r\n    <ul class=\"ols-topic-list\">\r\n      <li>\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-1-atomicstructure\/\">3.1.1 Atomic Structure<\/a>\r\n      <\/li>\r\n      <li>\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-2-amount-of-substance\/\">3.1.2 Amount of Substance<\/a>\r\n      <\/li>\r\n      <li>\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-4-energetics\/\">3.1.4 Energetics<\/a>\r\n      <\/li>\r\n      <li>\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-2-1-periodicity\/\">3.2.1 Periodicity<\/a>\r\n      <\/li>\r\n    <\/ul>\r\n  <\/div>\r\n<\/aside>\r\n\r\n<script>\r\n(function() {\r\n  function normalisePath(path) {\r\n    return String(path || '')\r\n      .split('?')[0]\r\n      .split('#')[0]\r\n      .replace(\/\\\/+$\/, '')\r\n      .toLowerCase();\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  function highlightActive() {\r\n    var sidebar = document.querySelector('.ols-sidebar');\r\n    if (!sidebar) return false;\r\n\r\n    var currentPath = normalisePath(window.location.pathname);\r\n    var links = sidebar.querySelectorAll('a[href]');\r\n    var matched = null;\r\n    var matchedLength = 0;\r\n\r\n    sidebar.querySelectorAll('.active, .active-main, 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grid-template-columns: 1fr; gap: 14px; }\n      .ols-aqa313-spec-section { padding: 52px 0 64px; }\n      .ols-aqa313-spec-wrap { padding: 24px 18px; border-radius: 20px; }\n      .ols-aqa313-info-grid { grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr; }\n      .ols-aqa313-spec-row { flex-direction: column; }\n      .ols-aqa313-spec-code { flex: 0 0 auto; min-height: 34px; }\n    }\n  <\/style>\n\n  <!-- BREADCRUMB BAR -->\n  <div class=\"ols-aqa313-breadcrumb-bar\">\n    <div class=\"ols-aqa313-container\">\n      <nav class=\"ols-aqa313-breadcrumb\" aria-label=\"Breadcrumb\">\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/\">Revision Notes<\/a> \/\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/\">A Level Chemistry<\/a> \/\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/\">AQA<\/a> \/\n        <span>3.1.3 Bonding<\/span>\n      <\/nav>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n\n  <!-- INTRO -->\n  <section class=\"ols-aqa313-intro\">\n    <div class=\"ols-aqa313-container\">\n      <div class=\"ols-aqa313-intro-inner\">\n        <div>\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa313-eyebrow\">AQA A Level Chemistry<\/div>\n          <h1>3.1.3<br>Bonding<\/h1>\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa313-accent-bar\"><\/div>\n          <p class=\"ols-aqa313-intro-lead\">AQA 3.1.3 covers ionic, covalent and metallic bonding, bonding and physical properties, shapes of molecules and ions, bond polarity and intermolecular forces. This topic links structure, bonding and forces to melting point, conductivity, crystal structure and molecular shape.<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"ols-aqa313-info-grid\">\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa313-info-card\"><div class=\"ols-aqa313-info-card-label\">Exam Paper<\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa313-info-card-value\">Paper 1<\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa313-info-card-sub\">7405\/1<\/div><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa313-info-card\"><div class=\"ols-aqa313-info-card-label\">Specification Points<\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa313-info-card-value\">3.1.3.1 &#8211; 3.1.3.7<\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa313-info-card-sub\">7 AQA sections<\/div><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa313-info-card\"><div class=\"ols-aqa313-info-card-label\">Topic Parts<\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa313-info-card-value\">8 parts<\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa313-info-card-sub\">Revision notes available<\/div><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa313-info-card\"><div class=\"ols-aqa313-info-card-label\">Exam Board<\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa313-info-card-value\">AQA<\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa313-info-card-sub\">AQA 7405<\/div><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/section>\n\n  <!-- TOPIC CARDS -->\n  <section class=\"ols-aqa313-topics\">\n    <div class=\"ols-aqa313-container\">\n      <div class=\"ols-aqa313-section-header\">\n        <h2 class=\"ols-aqa313-section-title\">Revision Notes<\/h2>\n        <p class=\"ols-aqa313-section-sub\">Work through each part of AQA 3.1.3 in a structured sequence.<\/p>\n      <\/div>\n      <div class=\"ols-aqa313-cards-grid\">\n\n        <!-- Card 1: Ionic Bonding -->\n        <a class=\"ols-aqa313-card ols-aqa313-card--available\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-3-bonding\/ionic-bonding\/\">\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa313-card-img-wrap\">\n            <div class=\"ols-aqa313-visual ols-aqa313-visual--ionic\">\n              <div class=\"ols-aqa313-visual-panel\">\n                <div class=\"ols-aqa313-visual-kicker\">Ionic bonding<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-aqa313-visual-main\">Ionic<br>Bonding<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-aqa313-config-line\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span>Na+ Cl\u2212<\/span><\/div>\n              <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-aqa313-card-num\">1<\/div>\n            <span class=\"ols-aqa313-card-status ols-aqa313-card-status--available\">Available<\/span>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa313-card-body\">\n            <p class=\"ols-aqa313-card-title\">Ionic Bonding<\/p>\n            <p class=\"ols-aqa313-card-desc\">Electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions in a lattice, ionic formulae and properties.<\/p>\n            <span class=\"ols-aqa313-card-cta\">Start revising<svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n\n        <!-- Card 2: Covalent Bonding -->\n        <a class=\"ols-aqa313-card ols-aqa313-card--available\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-3-bonding\/covalent-bonding\/\">\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa313-card-img-wrap\">\n            <div class=\"ols-aqa313-visual ols-aqa313-visual--covalent\">\n              <div class=\"ols-aqa313-visual-panel\">\n                <div class=\"ols-aqa313-visual-kicker\">Shared pairs<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-aqa313-visual-main\">Covalent<br>Bonding<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-aqa313-config-line\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span>A\u2014B<\/span><\/div>\n              <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-aqa313-card-num\">2<\/div>\n            <span class=\"ols-aqa313-card-status ols-aqa313-card-status--available\">Available<\/span>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa313-card-body\">\n            <p class=\"ols-aqa313-card-title\">Covalent Bonding<\/p>\n            <p class=\"ols-aqa313-card-desc\">Single, multiple and dative covalent bonds, including line and arrow representations.<\/p>\n            <span class=\"ols-aqa313-card-cta\">Start revising<svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n\n        <!-- Card 3: Shapes of Molecules and Ions -->\n        <a class=\"ols-aqa313-card ols-aqa313-card--available\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-3-bonding\/shapes-of-molecules-and-ions\/\">\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa313-card-img-wrap\">\n            <div class=\"ols-aqa313-visual ols-aqa313-visual--shapes\">\n              <div class=\"ols-aqa313-visual-panel\">\n                <div class=\"ols-aqa313-visual-kicker\">Electron pairs<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-aqa313-visual-main\">Shapes of<br>Molecules<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-aqa313-config-line\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span>VSEPR<\/span><\/div>\n              <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-aqa313-card-num\">3<\/div>\n            <span class=\"ols-aqa313-card-status ols-aqa313-card-status--available\">Available<\/span>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa313-card-body\">\n            <p class=\"ols-aqa313-card-title\">Shapes of Molecules and Ions<\/p>\n            <p class=\"ols-aqa313-card-desc\">Electron-pair repulsion, lone pairs, bond angles and shapes of simple molecules and ions.<\/p>\n            <span class=\"ols-aqa313-card-cta\">Start revising<svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n\n        <!-- Card 4: Bond Polarity -->\n        <a class=\"ols-aqa313-card ols-aqa313-card--available\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-3-bonding\/bond-polarity\/\">\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa313-card-img-wrap\">\n            <div class=\"ols-aqa313-visual ols-aqa313-visual--polarity\">\n              <div class=\"ols-aqa313-visual-panel\">\n                <div class=\"ols-aqa313-visual-kicker\">Partial charges<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-aqa313-visual-main\">Bond<br>Polarity<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-aqa313-config-line\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span>\u03b4+ \u03b4\u2212<\/span><\/div>\n              <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-aqa313-card-num\">4<\/div>\n            <span class=\"ols-aqa313-card-status ols-aqa313-card-status--available\">Available<\/span>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa313-card-body\">\n            <p class=\"ols-aqa313-card-title\">Bond Polarity<\/p>\n            <p class=\"ols-aqa313-card-desc\">Electronegativity, polar covalent bonds and why some molecules have permanent dipoles.<\/p>\n            <span class=\"ols-aqa313-card-cta\">Start revising<svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n\n        <!-- Card 5: Metallic Bonding -->\n        <a class=\"ols-aqa313-card ols-aqa313-card--available\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-3-bonding\/metallic-bonding\/\">\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa313-card-img-wrap\">\n            <div class=\"ols-aqa313-visual ols-aqa313-visual--metallic\">\n              <div class=\"ols-aqa313-visual-panel\">\n                <div class=\"ols-aqa313-visual-kicker\">Delocalised electrons<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-aqa313-visual-main\">Metallic<br>Bonding<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-aqa313-config-line\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span>M+ e\u2212<\/span><\/div>\n              <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-aqa313-card-num\">5<\/div>\n            <span class=\"ols-aqa313-card-status ols-aqa313-card-status--available\">Available<\/span>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa313-card-body\">\n            <p class=\"ols-aqa313-card-title\">Metallic Bonding<\/p>\n            <p class=\"ols-aqa313-card-desc\">Attraction between delocalised electrons and positive ions arranged in a lattice.<\/p>\n            <span class=\"ols-aqa313-card-cta\">Start revising<svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n\n        <!-- Card 6: Giant Covalent Structures -->\n        <a class=\"ols-aqa313-card ols-aqa313-card--available\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-3-bonding\/giant-covalent-structures\/\">\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa313-card-img-wrap\">\n            <div class=\"ols-aqa313-visual ols-aqa313-visual--giant\">\n              <div class=\"ols-aqa313-visual-panel\">\n                <div class=\"ols-aqa313-visual-kicker\">Macromolecular<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-aqa313-visual-main\">Giant<br>Covalent<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-aqa313-config-line\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span>C\u2014C<\/span><\/div>\n              <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-aqa313-card-num\">6<\/div>\n            <span class=\"ols-aqa313-card-status ols-aqa313-card-status--available\">Available<\/span>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa313-card-body\">\n            <p class=\"ols-aqa313-card-title\">Giant Covalent Structures<\/p>\n            <p class=\"ols-aqa313-card-desc\">Macromolecular structures such as diamond and graphite, and their properties.<\/p>\n            <span class=\"ols-aqa313-card-cta\">Start revising<svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n\n        <!-- Card 7: Simple Molecular Structures -->\n        <a class=\"ols-aqa313-card ols-aqa313-card--available\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-3-bonding\/simple-molecular-structures\/\">\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa313-card-img-wrap\">\n            <div class=\"ols-aqa313-visual ols-aqa313-visual--molecular\">\n              <div class=\"ols-aqa313-visual-panel\">\n                <div class=\"ols-aqa313-visual-kicker\">Molecular crystals<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-aqa313-visual-main\">Simple<br>Molecular<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-aqa313-config-line\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span>I\u2082 ice<\/span><\/div>\n              <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-aqa313-card-num\">7<\/div>\n            <span class=\"ols-aqa313-card-status ols-aqa313-card-status--available\">Available<\/span>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa313-card-body\">\n            <p class=\"ols-aqa313-card-title\">Simple Molecular Structures<\/p>\n            <p class=\"ols-aqa313-card-desc\">Molecular substances such as iodine and ice, including melting point and conductivity.<\/p>\n            <span class=\"ols-aqa313-card-cta\">Start revising<svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n\n        <a class=\"ols-aqa313-card ols-aqa313-card--available\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-3-bonding\/structure-types\/\">\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa313-card-img-wrap\">\n            <div class=\"ols-aqa313-visual ols-aqa313-visual--giant\">\n              <div class=\"ols-aqa313-visual-panel\">\n                <div class=\"ols-aqa313-visual-kicker\">Lattices<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-aqa313-visual-main\">Structure<br>Types<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-aqa313-config-line\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span>NaCl Mg C I\u2082<\/span><\/div>\n              <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-aqa313-card-num\">8<\/div>\n            <span class=\"ols-aqa313-card-status ols-aqa313-card-status--available\">Available<\/span>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa313-card-body\">\n            <p class=\"ols-aqa313-card-title\">Structure Types<\/p>\n            <p class=\"ols-aqa313-card-desc\">Giant ionic, giant metallic, giant covalent and simple molecular lattices compared: melting point, conductivity, solubility and energy changes on changes of state (3.1.3.4).<\/p>\n            <span class=\"ols-aqa313-card-cta\">Start revising<svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n\n        <!-- Card 8: Intermolecular Forces -->\n        <a class=\"ols-aqa313-card ols-aqa313-card--available\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-3-bonding\/intermolecular-forces\/\">\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa313-card-img-wrap\">\n            <div class=\"ols-aqa313-visual ols-aqa313-visual--forces\">\n              <div class=\"ols-aqa313-visual-panel\">\n                <div class=\"ols-aqa313-visual-kicker\">Forces between molecules<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-aqa313-visual-main\">Intermolecular<br>Forces<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-aqa313-config-line\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span>IMF<\/span><\/div>\n              <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-aqa313-card-num\">9<\/div>\n            <span class=\"ols-aqa313-card-status ols-aqa313-card-status--available\">Available<\/span>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa313-card-body\">\n            <p class=\"ols-aqa313-card-title\">Intermolecular Forces<\/p>\n            <p class=\"ols-aqa313-card-desc\">London forces, permanent dipole-dipole forces and hydrogen bonding.<\/p>\n            <span class=\"ols-aqa313-card-cta\">Start revising<svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/section>\n\n  <!-- SPECIFICATION -->\n  <section class=\"ols-aqa313-spec-section\">\n    <div class=\"ols-aqa313-container\">\n      <div class=\"ols-aqa313-spec-wrap\">\n        <div class=\"ols-aqa313-spec-pill\">Specification Coverage<\/div>\n        <h2 class=\"ols-aqa313-spec-heading\">3.1.3 Bonding &#8211; AQA A Level Chemistry<\/h2>\n        <p class=\"ols-aqa313-spec-intro-text\">The following AQA specification points outline the knowledge and skills students are expected to demonstrate for Bonding.<\/p>\n\n        <h3 class=\"ols-aqa313-spec-group-title\">3.1.3 Bonding<\/h3>\n        <div class=\"ols-aqa313-spec-rows\">\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa313-spec-row ols-aqa313-spec-row--light\"><div class=\"ols-aqa313-spec-code\">3.1.3.1<\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa313-spec-text\"><strong>Ionic bonding<\/strong><br>Ionic bonding involves electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions in a lattice.<br>The formulas of compound ions, eg sulfate, hydroxide, nitrate, carbonate and ammonium.<br>Students should be able to:<div class=\"ols-aqa313-spec-sub-list\"><div class=\"ols-aqa313-spec-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-aqa313-spec-sub-code\">1<\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa313-spec-sub-text\">predict the charge on a simple ion using the position of the element in the Periodic Table<\/div><\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa313-spec-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-aqa313-spec-sub-code\">2<\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa313-spec-sub-text\">construct formulas for ionic compounds.<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa313-spec-row ols-aqa313-spec-row--mid\"><div class=\"ols-aqa313-spec-code ols-aqa313-spec-code--mid\">3.1.3.2<\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa313-spec-text\"><strong>Nature of covalent and dative covalent bonds<\/strong><br>A single covalent bond contains a shared pair of electrons.<br>Multiple bonds contain multiple pairs of electrons.<br>A co-ordinate (dative covalent) bond contains a shared pair of electrons with both electrons supplied by one atom.<br>Students should be able to represent:<div class=\"ols-aqa313-spec-sub-list\"><div class=\"ols-aqa313-spec-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-aqa313-spec-sub-code\">1<\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa313-spec-sub-text\">a covalent bond using a line<\/div><\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa313-spec-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-aqa313-spec-sub-code\">2<\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa313-spec-sub-text\">a co-ordinate bond using an arrow.<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa313-spec-row ols-aqa313-spec-row--light\"><div class=\"ols-aqa313-spec-code\">3.1.3.3<\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa313-spec-text\"><strong>Metallic bonding<\/strong><br>Metallic bonding involves attraction between delocalised electrons and positive ions arranged in a lattice.<\/div><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa313-spec-row ols-aqa313-spec-row--mid\"><div class=\"ols-aqa313-spec-code ols-aqa313-spec-code--mid\">3.1.3.4<\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa313-spec-text\"><strong>Bonding and physical properties<\/strong><br>The four types of crystal structure:<div class=\"ols-aqa313-spec-sub-list\"><div class=\"ols-aqa313-spec-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-aqa313-spec-sub-code\">1<\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa313-spec-sub-text\">ionic<\/div><\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa313-spec-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-aqa313-spec-sub-code\">2<\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa313-spec-sub-text\">metallic<\/div><\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa313-spec-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-aqa313-spec-sub-code\">3<\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa313-spec-sub-text\">macromolecular (giant covalent)<\/div><\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa313-spec-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-aqa313-spec-sub-code\">4<\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa313-spec-sub-text\">molecular.<\/div><\/div><\/div><br>The structures of the following crystals as examples of these four types of crystal structure:<div class=\"ols-aqa313-spec-sub-list\"><div class=\"ols-aqa313-spec-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-aqa313-spec-sub-code\">1<\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa313-spec-sub-text\">diamond<\/div><\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa313-spec-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-aqa313-spec-sub-code\">2<\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa313-spec-sub-text\">graphite<\/div><\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa313-spec-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-aqa313-spec-sub-code\">3<\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa313-spec-sub-text\">ice<\/div><\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa313-spec-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-aqa313-spec-sub-code\">4<\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa313-spec-sub-text\">iodine<\/div><\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa313-spec-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-aqa313-spec-sub-code\">5<\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa313-spec-sub-text\">magnesium<\/div><\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa313-spec-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-aqa313-spec-sub-code\">6<\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa313-spec-sub-text\">sodium chloride.<\/div><\/div><\/div><br>Students should be able to:<div class=\"ols-aqa313-spec-sub-list\"><div class=\"ols-aqa313-spec-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-aqa313-spec-sub-code\">1<\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa313-spec-sub-text\">relate the melting point and conductivity of materials to the type of structure and the bonding present<\/div><\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa313-spec-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-aqa313-spec-sub-code\">2<\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa313-spec-sub-text\">explain the energy changes associated with changes of state<\/div><\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa313-spec-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-aqa313-spec-sub-code\">3<\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa313-spec-sub-text\">draw diagrams to represent these structures involving specified numbers of particles.<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa313-spec-row ols-aqa313-spec-row--light\"><div class=\"ols-aqa313-spec-code\">3.1.3.5<\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa313-spec-text\"><strong>Shapes of simple molecules and ions<\/strong><br>Bonding pairs and lone (non-bonding) pairs of electrons as charge clouds that repel each other.<br>Pairs of electrons in the outer shell of atoms arrange themselves as far apart as possible to minimise repulsion.<br>Lone pair-lone pair repulsion is greater than lone pair-bond pair repulsion, which is greater than bond pair-bond pair repulsion.<br>The effect of electron pair repulsion on bond angles.<br>Students should be able to:<div class=\"ols-aqa313-spec-sub-list\"><div class=\"ols-aqa313-spec-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-aqa313-spec-sub-code\">1<\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa313-spec-sub-text\">explain the shapes of, and bond angles in, simple molecules and ions with up to six electron pairs (including lone pairs of electrons) surrounding the central atom.<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa313-spec-row ols-aqa313-spec-row--mid\"><div class=\"ols-aqa313-spec-code ols-aqa313-spec-code--mid\">3.1.3.6<\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa313-spec-text\"><strong>Bond polarity<\/strong><br>Electronegativity as the power of an atom to attract the pair of electrons in a covalent bond.<br>The electron distribution in a covalent bond between elements with different electronegativities will be unsymmetrical. This produces a polar covalent bond, and may cause a molecule to have a permanent dipole.<br>Students should be able to:<div class=\"ols-aqa313-spec-sub-list\"><div class=\"ols-aqa313-spec-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-aqa313-spec-sub-code\">1<\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa313-spec-sub-text\">use partial charges to show that a bond is polar<\/div><\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa313-spec-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-aqa313-spec-sub-code\">2<\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa313-spec-sub-text\">explain why some molecules with polar bonds do not have a permanent dipole.<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa313-spec-row ols-aqa313-spec-row--light\"><div class=\"ols-aqa313-spec-code\">3.1.3.7<\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa313-spec-text\"><strong>Forces between molecules<\/strong><br>Forces between molecules:<div class=\"ols-aqa313-spec-sub-list\"><div class=\"ols-aqa313-spec-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-aqa313-spec-sub-code\">1<\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa313-spec-sub-text\">permanent dipole-dipole forces<\/div><\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa313-spec-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-aqa313-spec-sub-code\">2<\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa313-spec-sub-text\">induced dipole-dipole (van der Waals, dispersion, London) forces<\/div><\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa313-spec-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-aqa313-spec-sub-code\">3<\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa313-spec-sub-text\">hydrogen bonding.<\/div><\/div><\/div><br>The melting and boiling points of molecular substances are influenced by the strength of these intermolecular forces.<br>The importance of hydrogen bonding in the low density of ice and the anomalous boiling points of compounds.<br>Students should be able to:<div class=\"ols-aqa313-spec-sub-list\"><div class=\"ols-aqa313-spec-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-aqa313-spec-sub-code\">1<\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa313-spec-sub-text\">explain the existence of these forces between familiar and unfamiliar molecules<\/div><\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa313-spec-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-aqa313-spec-sub-code\">2<\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa313-spec-sub-text\">explain how melting and boiling points are influenced by these intermolecular forces.<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/section>\n\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">\n{\n  \"@context\": \"https:\/\/schema.org\",\n  \"@graph\": [\n    {\n      \"@type\": \"WebPage\",\n      \"@id\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-3-bonding\/#webpage\",\n      \"url\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-3-bonding\/\",\n      \"name\": \"3.1.3 Bonding - AQA A Level Chemistry Revision Notes\",\n      \"description\": \"AQA A Level Chemistry 3.1.3 Bonding revision notes covering ionic, covalent and metallic bonding, shapes of molecules and ions, bond polarity, structures and intermolecular forces.\",\n      \"isPartOf\": { \"@type\": \"WebSite\", \"@id\": 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This topic links structure, bonding and forces to melting point, conductivity, crystal structure and molecular shape. Exam [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":12,"featured_media":0,"parent":5210,"menu_order":2,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-5334","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/5334","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/12"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5334"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/5334\/revisions"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/5210"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5334"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}