{"id":5335,"date":"2026-06-24T09:18:18","date_gmt":"2026-06-24T08:18:18","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-3-bonding\/ionic-bonding\/"},"modified":"2026-09-13T19:12:20","modified_gmt":"2026-09-13T18:12:20","slug":"ionic-bonding","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-3-bonding\/ionic-bonding\/","title":{"rendered":"Ionic Bonding"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"ols-aqa313ionic-page\">\n\n  <aside class=\"ols-sidebar\">\r\n  <div class=\"ols-sidebar-header\">\r\n    <h3>Revision Notes<\/h3>\r\n    <p>AQA A Level Chemistry<\/p>\r\n  <\/div>\r\n\r\n  <div class=\"ols-topic-group\">\r\n    <h4>3.1.3 Bonding<\/h4>\r\n\r\n    <ul class=\"ols-topic-list\">\r\n      <li>\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-3-bonding\/ionic-bonding\/\">Ionic Bonding<\/a>\r\n\r\n        <ul class=\"ols-subtopic-list\">\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-3-bonding\/ionic-bonding\/nature-of-ionic-bonding\/\">Nature of Ionic Bonding<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-3-bonding\/ionic-bonding\/polarisation-of-ions\/\">Polarisation of Ions<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-3-bonding\/ionic-bonding\/physical-properties-of-ionic-compounds\/\">Physical Properties of Ionic Compounds<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\n          <li>\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-3-bonding\/ionic-bonding\/ions-and-ionic-formulae\/\">Ions and Ionic Formulae<\/a>\n          <\/li>\r\n        <\/ul>\r\n      <\/li>\r\n\r\n      <li>\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-3-bonding\/covalent-bonding\/\">Covalent Bonding<\/a>\r\n\r\n        <ul class=\"ols-subtopic-list\">\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-3-bonding\/covalent-bonding\/covalent-bonding\/\">Covalent Bonding<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-3-bonding\/covalent-bonding\/dative-covalent-bonding\/\">Dative Covalent Bonding<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-3-bonding\/covalent-bonding\/electronegativity\/\">Electronegativity<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n        <\/ul>\r\n      <\/li>\r\n\r\n      <li>\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-3-bonding\/shapes-of-molecules-and-ions\/\">Shapes of Molecules and Ions<\/a>\r\n\r\n        <ul class=\"ols-subtopic-list\">\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-3-bonding\/shapes-of-molecules-and-ions\/linear\/\">Linear<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-3-bonding\/shapes-of-molecules-and-ions\/trigonal-planar\/\">Trigonal Planar<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-3-bonding\/shapes-of-molecules-and-ions\/tetrahedral\/\">Tetrahedral<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-3-bonding\/shapes-of-molecules-and-ions\/trigonal-pyramidal\/\">Trigonal Pyramidal<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-3-bonding\/shapes-of-molecules-and-ions\/bent\/\">Bent<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-3-bonding\/shapes-of-molecules-and-ions\/trigonal-bipyramidal\/\">Trigonal Bipyramidal<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-3-bonding\/shapes-of-molecules-and-ions\/octahedral\/\">Octahedral<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-3-bonding\/shapes-of-molecules-and-ions\/square-planar\/\">Square Planar<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-3-bonding\/shapes-of-molecules-and-ions\/square-pyramidal\/\">Square Pyramidal<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-3-bonding\/shapes-of-molecules-and-ions\/distorted-t\/\">Distorted T<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-3-bonding\/shapes-of-molecules-and-ions\/seesaw\/\">SeeSaw<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n        <\/ul>\r\n      <\/li>\r\n\r\n      <li>\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-3-bonding\/bond-polarity\/\">Bond Polarity<\/a>\r\n      <\/li>\r\n\r\n      <li>\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-3-bonding\/metallic-bonding\/\">Metallic Bonding<\/a>\r\n\r\n        <ul class=\"ols-subtopic-list\">\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-3-bonding\/metallic-bonding\/metallic-bonding-and-structure\/\">Metallic Bonding and Structure<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-3-bonding\/metallic-bonding\/physical-properties-of-metals\/\">Physical Properties of Metals<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n        <\/ul>\r\n      <\/li>\r\n\r\n      <li>\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-3-bonding\/giant-covalent-structures\/\">Giant Covalent Structures<\/a>\r\n      <\/li>\r\n\r\n      <li>\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-3-bonding\/simple-molecular-structures\/\">Simple Molecular Structures<\/a>\r\n      <\/li>\n          <li>\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-3-bonding\/structure-types\/\">Structure Types<\/a>\n          <\/li>\r\n\r\n      <li>\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-3-bonding\/intermolecular-forces\/\">Intermolecular Forces<\/a>\r\n\r\n        <ul class=\"ols-subtopic-list\">\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-3-bonding\/intermolecular-forces\/london-forces\/\">London Forces<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-3-bonding\/intermolecular-forces\/permanent-dipole-dipole-forces\/\">Permanent Dipole-Dipole Forces<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-3-bonding\/intermolecular-forces\/hydrogen-bonding\/\">Hydrogen Bonding<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-3-bonding\/intermolecular-forces\/anomalous-properties-of-water\/\">Anomalous Properties of Water<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-3-bonding\/intermolecular-forces\/boiling-temperature-trends\/\">Boiling Point Trends<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-3-bonding\/intermolecular-forces\/choosing-solvents\/\">Choosing Solvents<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n        <\/ul>\r\n      <\/li>\r\n    <\/ul>\r\n  <\/div>\r\n\r\n  <div class=\"ols-topic-group\">\r\n    <h4>Adjacent Topics<\/h4>\r\n\r\n    <ul class=\"ols-topic-list\">\r\n      <li>\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-1-atomicstructure\/\">3.1.1 Atomic Structure<\/a>\r\n      <\/li>\r\n      <li>\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-2-amount-of-substance\/\">3.1.2 Amount of Substance<\/a>\r\n      <\/li>\r\n      <li>\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-4-energetics\/\">3.1.4 Energetics<\/a>\r\n      <\/li>\r\n      <li>\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-2-1-periodicity\/\">3.2.1 Periodicity<\/a>\r\n      <\/li>\r\n    <\/ul>\r\n  <\/div>\r\n<\/aside>\r\n\r\n<script>\r\n(function() {\r\n  function normalisePath(path) {\r\n    return String(path || '')\r\n      .split('?')[0]\r\n      .split('#')[0]\r\n      .replace(\/\\\/+$\/, '')\r\n      .toLowerCase();\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  function highlightActive() {\r\n    var sidebar = document.querySelector('.ols-sidebar');\r\n    if (!sidebar) return false;\r\n\r\n    var currentPath = normalisePath(window.location.pathname);\r\n    var links = sidebar.querySelectorAll('a[href]');\r\n    var matched = null;\r\n    var matchedLength = 0;\r\n\r\n    sidebar.querySelectorAll('.active, .active-main, 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line-height: 34px; }\n    .ols-aqa313ionic-spec-mob-code--mid { background: #581c87; }\n    .ols-aqa313ionic-spec-mob-text { padding: 16px 18px; font-size: 15px; font-weight: 300; line-height: 1.8; color: #3f314c; }\n    .ols-aqa313ionic-spec-mob-sub-list { display: flex; flex-direction: column; gap: 9px; margin-top: 10px; }\n    .ols-aqa313ionic-spec-mob-sub-row { background: #ffffff; border: 1px solid rgba(168, 85, 247, 0.15); border-radius: 12px; overflow: hidden; }\n    .ols-aqa313ionic-spec-mob-sub-code { background: #c084fc; color: #3b0764; font-size: 13px; font-weight: 800; text-align: center; height: 30px; line-height: 30px; }\n    .ols-aqa313ionic-spec-mob-sub-text { padding: 12px 16px; font-size: 14px; font-weight: 300; line-height: 1.8; color: #4b3b58; }\n\n    @media (max-width: 1100px) { .ols-aqa313ionic-cards-grid { grid-template-columns: repeat(2, minmax(0, 1fr)); } }\n    @media (max-width: 860px) { .ols-aqa313ionic-intro-inner { grid-template-columns: 1fr; gap: 40px; } }\n    @media (max-width: 640px) {\n      .ols-aqa313ionic-intro { padding: 24px 0 52px; }\n      .ols-aqa313ionic-topics { padding: 52px 0 58px; }\n      .ols-aqa313ionic-cards-grid { grid-template-columns: 1fr; gap: 14px; }\n      .ols-aqa313ionic-spec-section { padding: 52px 0 64px; }\n      .ols-aqa313ionic-spec-wrap { padding: 24px 18px; border-radius: 20px; }\n      .ols-aqa313ionic-info-grid { grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr; }\n    }\n  <\/style>\n\n  <!-- BREADCRUMB BAR - sits above everything -->\n  <div class=\"ols-aqa313ionic-breadcrumb-bar\">\n    <div class=\"ols-aqa313ionic-container\">\n      <nav class=\"ols-aqa313ionic-breadcrumb\" aria-label=\"Breadcrumb\">\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/\">Revision Notes<\/a> \/\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/\">A Level Chemistry<\/a> \/\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/\">AQA<\/a> \/\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-3-bonding\/\">3.1.3 Bonding<\/a> \/\n        <span>Ionic Bonding<\/span>\n      <\/nav>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n\n  <!-- INTRO -->\n  <section class=\"ols-aqa313ionic-intro\">\n    <div class=\"ols-aqa313ionic-container\">\n      <div class=\"ols-aqa313ionic-intro-inner\">\n        <div>\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa313ionic-eyebrow\">AQA A Level Chemistry<\/div>\n          <h1>Ionic<br>Bonding<\/h1>\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa313ionic-accent-bar\"><\/div>\n          <p class=\"ols-aqa313ionic-intro-lead\">\n            Ionic bonding in AQA 3.1.3 focuses on electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions in a lattice, the prediction of ion charges and the construction of formulae for ionic compounds. These pages also connect ionic bonding to lattice structure and the physical properties of ionic substances.\n          <\/p>\n        <\/div>\n\n        <div class=\"ols-aqa313ionic-info-grid\">\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa313ionic-info-card\"><div class=\"ols-aqa313ionic-info-card-label\">Exam Paper<\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa313ionic-info-card-value\">Paper 1<\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa313ionic-info-card-sub\">7405\/1<\/div><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa313ionic-info-card\"><div class=\"ols-aqa313ionic-info-card-label\">Specification Points<\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa313ionic-info-card-value\">3.1.3.1 &amp; 3.1.3.4<\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa313ionic-info-card-sub\">Ionic bonding and properties<\/div><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa313ionic-info-card\"><div class=\"ols-aqa313ionic-info-card-label\">Topic Parts<\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa313ionic-info-card-value\">3 parts<\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa313ionic-info-card-sub\">Revision notes available<\/div><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa313ionic-info-card\"><div class=\"ols-aqa313ionic-info-card-label\">Exam Board<\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa313ionic-info-card-value\">AQA<\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa313ionic-info-card-sub\">AQA 7405<\/div><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/section>\n\n  <!-- TOPIC CARDS -->\n  <section class=\"ols-aqa313ionic-topics\">\n    <div class=\"ols-aqa313ionic-container\">\n      <div class=\"ols-aqa313ionic-section-header\">\n        <h2 class=\"ols-aqa313ionic-section-title\">Revision Notes<\/h2>\n        <p class=\"ols-aqa313ionic-section-sub\">Work through each Ionic Bonding page in a structured AQA sequence.<\/p>\n      <\/div>\n\n      <div class=\"ols-aqa313ionic-cards-grid\">\n\n        <!-- Card 1: Nature of Ionic Bonding -->\n        <a class=\"ols-aqa313ionic-card ols-aqa313ionic-card--available\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-3-bonding\/ionic-bonding\/nature-of-ionic-bonding\/\">\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa313ionic-card-img-wrap\">\n            <div class=\"ols-aqa313ionic-visual ols-aqa313ionic-visual--one\">\n              <div class=\"ols-aqa313ionic-visual-panel\">\n                <div class=\"ols-aqa313ionic-visual-kicker\">Opposite charges<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-aqa313ionic-visual-main\">Ionic<br>Bonding<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-aqa313ionic-config-line\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span>Na<sup>+<\/sup><\/span><span>Cl<sup>&#8211;<\/sup><\/span><\/div>\n              <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-aqa313ionic-card-num\">1<\/div>\n            <span class=\"ols-aqa313ionic-card-status ols-aqa313ionic-card-status--available\">Available<\/span>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa313ionic-card-body\">\n            <p class=\"ols-aqa313ionic-card-title\">Nature of Ionic Bonding<\/p>\n            <p class=\"ols-aqa313ionic-card-desc\">Electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions in a lattice, ion charge prediction and ionic formulae.<\/p>\n            <span class=\"ols-aqa313ionic-card-cta\">\n              Start revising\n              <svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"><\/path><\/svg>\n            <\/span>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n\n        <!-- Card 2: Polarisation of Ions -->\n        <a class=\"ols-aqa313ionic-card ols-aqa313ionic-card--available\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-3-bonding\/ionic-bonding\/polarisation-of-ions\/\">\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa313ionic-card-img-wrap\">\n            <div class=\"ols-aqa313ionic-visual ols-aqa313ionic-visual--two\">\n              <div class=\"ols-aqa313ionic-visual-panel\">\n                <div class=\"ols-aqa313ionic-visual-kicker\">Charge distortion<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-aqa313ionic-visual-main\">Ion<br>Polarisation<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-aqa313ionic-config-line\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span>\u03b4+<\/span><span>\u03b4-<\/span><\/div>\n              <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-aqa313ionic-card-num\">2<\/div>\n            <span class=\"ols-aqa313ionic-card-status ols-aqa313ionic-card-status--available\">Available<\/span>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa313ionic-card-body\">\n            <p class=\"ols-aqa313ionic-card-title\">Polarisation of Ions<\/p>\n            <p class=\"ols-aqa313ionic-card-desc\">How ionic charge density can distort electron clouds and affect the bonding model used to describe ionic compounds.<\/p>\n            <span class=\"ols-aqa313ionic-card-cta\">\n              Start revising\n              <svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"><\/path><\/svg>\n            <\/span>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n\n        <!-- Card 3: Physical Properties of Ionic Compounds -->\n        <a class=\"ols-aqa313ionic-card ols-aqa313ionic-card--available\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-3-bonding\/ionic-bonding\/physical-properties-of-ionic-compounds\/\">\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa313ionic-card-img-wrap\">\n            <div class=\"ols-aqa313ionic-visual ols-aqa313ionic-visual--three\">\n              <div class=\"ols-aqa313ionic-visual-panel\">\n                <div class=\"ols-aqa313ionic-visual-kicker\">Ionic lattice<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-aqa313ionic-visual-main\">Ionic<br>Properties<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-aqa313ionic-config-line\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span>mp<\/span><span>conductivity<\/span><\/div>\n              <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-aqa313ionic-card-num\">3<\/div>\n            <span class=\"ols-aqa313ionic-card-status ols-aqa313ionic-card-status--available\">Available<\/span>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa313ionic-card-body\">\n            <p class=\"ols-aqa313ionic-card-title\">Physical Properties of Ionic Compounds<\/p>\n            <p class=\"ols-aqa313ionic-card-desc\">Melting point, electrical conductivity and how ionic lattice structure controls the physical properties of ionic compounds.<\/p>\n            <span class=\"ols-aqa313ionic-card-cta\">\n              Start revising\n              <svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"><\/path><\/svg>\n            <\/span>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n\n        <a class=\"ols-aqa313ionic-card ols-aqa313ionic-card--available\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-3-bonding\/ionic-bonding\/ions-and-ionic-formulae\/\">\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa313ionic-card-img-wrap\">\n            <div class=\"ols-aqa313ionic-visual ols-aqa313ionic-visual--three\">\n              <div class=\"ols-aqa313ionic-visual-panel\">\n                <div class=\"ols-aqa313ionic-visual-kicker\">Formulae<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-aqa313ionic-visual-main\">Ions and<br>Formulae<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-aqa313ionic-config-line\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span>Ca(NO\u2083)\u2082<\/span><\/div>\n              <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-aqa313ionic-card-num\">4<\/div>\n            <span class=\"ols-aqa313ionic-card-status ols-aqa313ionic-card-status--available\">Available<\/span>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa313ionic-card-body\">\n            <p class=\"ols-aqa313ionic-card-title\">Ions and Ionic Formulae<\/p>\n            <p class=\"ols-aqa313ionic-card-desc\">Predicting ion charges from the Periodic Table, the sulfate, hydroxide, nitrate, carbonate and ammonium ions, and constructing ionic formulae (3.1.3.1).<\/p>\n            <span class=\"ols-aqa313ionic-card-cta\">\n              Start revising\n              <svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"><\/path><\/svg>\n            <\/span>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/section>\n\n  <!-- SPECIFICATION -->\n  <section class=\"ols-aqa313ionic-spec-section\">\n    <div class=\"ols-aqa313ionic-container\">\n\n      <!-- DESKTOP SPECIFICATION -->\n      <div class=\"ols-aqa313ionic-spec-desktop\">\n        <div class=\"ols-aqa313ionic-spec-wrap\">\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa313ionic-spec-pill\">Specification Coverage<\/div>\n          <h2 class=\"ols-aqa313ionic-spec-heading\">Ionic Bonding &#8211; AQA A Level Chemistry<\/h2>\n          <p class=\"ols-aqa313ionic-spec-intro-text\">The following AQA specification points outline the ionic bonding content covered across these pages.<\/p>\n\n          <h3 class=\"ols-aqa313ionic-spec-group-title\">3.1.3.1 Ionic bonding<\/h3>\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa313ionic-spec-rows\">\n            <div class=\"ols-aqa313ionic-spec-row ols-aqa313ionic-spec-row--light\"><div class=\"ols-aqa313ionic-spec-code\">3.1.3.1<\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa313ionic-spec-text\">Ionic bonding involves electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions in a lattice.<\/div><\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-aqa313ionic-spec-row ols-aqa313ionic-spec-row--light\"><div class=\"ols-aqa313ionic-spec-code\">3.1.3.1<\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa313ionic-spec-text\">The formulas of compound ions, eg sulfate, hydroxide, nitrate, carbonate and ammonium.<\/div><\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-aqa313ionic-spec-row ols-aqa313ionic-spec-row--mid\"><div class=\"ols-aqa313ionic-spec-code ols-aqa313ionic-spec-code--mid\">Skills<\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa313ionic-spec-text\">Students should be able to:<div class=\"ols-aqa313ionic-spec-sub-list\"><div class=\"ols-aqa313ionic-spec-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-aqa313ionic-spec-sub-code\">1<\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa313ionic-spec-sub-text\">predict the charge on a simple ion using the position of the element in the Periodic Table<\/div><\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa313ionic-spec-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-aqa313ionic-spec-sub-code\">2<\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa313ionic-spec-sub-text\">construct formulas for ionic compounds.<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n          <\/div>\n\n          <h3 class=\"ols-aqa313ionic-spec-group-title\">3.1.3.4 Bonding and physical properties<\/h3>\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa313ionic-spec-rows\">\n            <div class=\"ols-aqa313ionic-spec-row ols-aqa313ionic-spec-row--light\"><div class=\"ols-aqa313ionic-spec-code\">3.1.3.4<\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa313ionic-spec-text\">The four types of crystal structure:<br>&#8211; ionic<br>&#8211; metallic<br>&#8211; macromolecular (giant covalent)<br>&#8211; molecular.<\/div><\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-aqa313ionic-spec-row ols-aqa313ionic-spec-row--light\"><div class=\"ols-aqa313ionic-spec-code\">3.1.3.4<\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa313ionic-spec-text\">The structures of the following crystals as examples of these four types of crystal structure:<br>&#8211; diamond<br>&#8211; graphite<br>&#8211; ice<br>&#8211; iodine<br>&#8211; magnesium<br>&#8211; sodium chloride.<\/div><\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-aqa313ionic-spec-row ols-aqa313ionic-spec-row--mid\"><div class=\"ols-aqa313ionic-spec-code ols-aqa313ionic-spec-code--mid\">Skills<\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa313ionic-spec-text\">Students should be able to:<div class=\"ols-aqa313ionic-spec-sub-list\"><div class=\"ols-aqa313ionic-spec-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-aqa313ionic-spec-sub-code\">1<\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa313ionic-spec-sub-text\">relate the melting point and conductivity of materials to the type of structure and the bonding present<\/div><\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa313ionic-spec-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-aqa313ionic-spec-sub-code\">2<\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa313ionic-spec-sub-text\">explain the energy changes associated with changes of state<\/div><\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa313ionic-spec-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-aqa313ionic-spec-sub-code\">3<\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa313ionic-spec-sub-text\">draw diagrams to represent these structures involving specified numbers of particles.<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n      <\/div>\n\n      <!-- MOBILE SPECIFICATION -->\n      <div class=\"ols-aqa313ionic-spec-mobile\">\n        <div class=\"ols-aqa313ionic-spec-wrap\">\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa313ionic-spec-pill\">Specification Coverage<\/div>\n          <h2 class=\"ols-aqa313ionic-spec-heading\">Ionic Bonding &#8211; AQA A Level Chemistry<\/h2>\n          <p class=\"ols-aqa313ionic-spec-intro-text\">The following AQA specification points outline the ionic bonding content covered across these pages.<\/p>\n\n          <h3 class=\"ols-aqa313ionic-spec-group-title\">3.1.3.1 Ionic bonding<\/h3>\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa313ionic-spec-mob-rows\">\n            <div class=\"ols-aqa313ionic-spec-mob-row ols-aqa313ionic-spec-mob-row--light\"><div class=\"ols-aqa313ionic-spec-mob-code\">3.1.3.1<\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa313ionic-spec-mob-text\">Ionic bonding involves electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions in a lattice.<\/div><\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-aqa313ionic-spec-mob-row ols-aqa313ionic-spec-mob-row--light\"><div class=\"ols-aqa313ionic-spec-mob-code\">3.1.3.1<\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa313ionic-spec-mob-text\">The formulas of compound ions, eg sulfate, hydroxide, nitrate, carbonate and ammonium.<\/div><\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-aqa313ionic-spec-mob-row ols-aqa313ionic-spec-mob-row--mid\"><div class=\"ols-aqa313ionic-spec-mob-code ols-aqa313ionic-spec-mob-code--mid\">Skills<\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa313ionic-spec-mob-text\">Students should be able to:<div class=\"ols-aqa313ionic-spec-mob-sub-list\"><div class=\"ols-aqa313ionic-spec-mob-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-aqa313ionic-spec-mob-sub-code\">1<\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa313ionic-spec-mob-sub-text\">predict the charge on a simple ion using the position of the element in the Periodic Table<\/div><\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa313ionic-spec-mob-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-aqa313ionic-spec-mob-sub-code\">2<\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa313ionic-spec-mob-sub-text\">construct formulas for ionic compounds.<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n          <\/div>\n\n          <h3 class=\"ols-aqa313ionic-spec-group-title\">3.1.3.4 Bonding and physical properties<\/h3>\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa313ionic-spec-mob-rows\">\n            <div class=\"ols-aqa313ionic-spec-mob-row ols-aqa313ionic-spec-mob-row--light\"><div class=\"ols-aqa313ionic-spec-mob-code\">3.1.3.4<\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa313ionic-spec-mob-text\">The four types of crystal structure:<br>&#8211; ionic<br>&#8211; metallic<br>&#8211; macromolecular (giant covalent)<br>&#8211; molecular.<\/div><\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-aqa313ionic-spec-mob-row ols-aqa313ionic-spec-mob-row--light\"><div class=\"ols-aqa313ionic-spec-mob-code\">3.1.3.4<\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa313ionic-spec-mob-text\">The structures of the following crystals as examples of these four types of crystal structure:<br>&#8211; diamond<br>&#8211; graphite<br>&#8211; ice<br>&#8211; iodine<br>&#8211; magnesium<br>&#8211; sodium chloride.<\/div><\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-aqa313ionic-spec-mob-row ols-aqa313ionic-spec-mob-row--mid\"><div class=\"ols-aqa313ionic-spec-mob-code ols-aqa313ionic-spec-mob-code--mid\">Skills<\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa313ionic-spec-mob-text\">Students should be able to:<div class=\"ols-aqa313ionic-spec-mob-sub-list\"><div class=\"ols-aqa313ionic-spec-mob-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-aqa313ionic-spec-mob-sub-code\">1<\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa313ionic-spec-mob-sub-text\">relate the melting point and conductivity of materials to the type of structure and the bonding present<\/div><\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa313ionic-spec-mob-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-aqa313ionic-spec-mob-sub-code\">2<\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa313ionic-spec-mob-sub-text\">explain the energy changes associated with changes of state<\/div><\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa313ionic-spec-mob-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-aqa313ionic-spec-mob-sub-code\">3<\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa313ionic-spec-mob-sub-text\">draw diagrams to represent these structures involving specified numbers of particles.<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n      <\/div>\n\n   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