{"id":5337,"date":"2026-06-24T09:18:24","date_gmt":"2026-06-24T08:18:24","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-3-bonding\/shapes-of-molecules-and-ions\/"},"modified":"2026-06-24T10:45:35","modified_gmt":"2026-06-24T09:45:35","slug":"shapes-of-molecules-and-ions","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-3-bonding\/shapes-of-molecules-and-ions\/","title":{"rendered":"Shapes of Molecules and Ions"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"ols-aqa313shapes-page\">\n\n  <aside class=\"ols-sidebar\">\r\n  <div class=\"ols-sidebar-header\">\r\n    <h3>Revision Notes<\/h3>\r\n    <p>AQA A Level Chemistry<\/p>\r\n  <\/div>\r\n\r\n  <div class=\"ols-topic-group\">\r\n    <h4>3.1.3 Bonding<\/h4>\r\n\r\n    <ul class=\"ols-topic-list\">\r\n      <li>\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-3-bonding\/ionic-bonding\/\">Ionic Bonding<\/a>\r\n\r\n        <ul class=\"ols-subtopic-list\">\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-3-bonding\/ionic-bonding\/nature-of-ionic-bonding\/\">Nature of Ionic Bonding<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-3-bonding\/ionic-bonding\/polarisation-of-ions\/\">Polarisation of Ions<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-3-bonding\/ionic-bonding\/physical-properties-of-ionic-compounds\/\">Physical Properties of Ionic Compounds<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\n          <li>\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-3-bonding\/ionic-bonding\/ions-and-ionic-formulae\/\">Ions and Ionic Formulae<\/a>\n          <\/li>\r\n        <\/ul>\r\n      <\/li>\r\n\r\n      <li>\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-3-bonding\/covalent-bonding\/\">Covalent Bonding<\/a>\r\n\r\n        <ul class=\"ols-subtopic-list\">\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-3-bonding\/covalent-bonding\/covalent-bonding\/\">Covalent Bonding<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-3-bonding\/covalent-bonding\/dative-covalent-bonding\/\">Dative Covalent Bonding<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-3-bonding\/covalent-bonding\/electronegativity\/\">Electronegativity<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n        <\/ul>\r\n      <\/li>\r\n\r\n      <li>\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-3-bonding\/shapes-of-molecules-and-ions\/\">Shapes of Molecules and Ions<\/a>\r\n\r\n        <ul class=\"ols-subtopic-list\">\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-3-bonding\/shapes-of-molecules-and-ions\/linear\/\">Linear<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-3-bonding\/shapes-of-molecules-and-ions\/trigonal-planar\/\">Trigonal Planar<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-3-bonding\/shapes-of-molecules-and-ions\/tetrahedral\/\">Tetrahedral<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-3-bonding\/shapes-of-molecules-and-ions\/trigonal-pyramidal\/\">Trigonal Pyramidal<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-3-bonding\/shapes-of-molecules-and-ions\/bent\/\">Bent<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-3-bonding\/shapes-of-molecules-and-ions\/trigonal-bipyramidal\/\">Trigonal Bipyramidal<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-3-bonding\/shapes-of-molecules-and-ions\/octahedral\/\">Octahedral<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-3-bonding\/shapes-of-molecules-and-ions\/square-planar\/\">Square Planar<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-3-bonding\/shapes-of-molecules-and-ions\/square-pyramidal\/\">Square Pyramidal<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-3-bonding\/shapes-of-molecules-and-ions\/distorted-t\/\">Distorted T<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-3-bonding\/shapes-of-molecules-and-ions\/seesaw\/\">SeeSaw<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n        <\/ul>\r\n      <\/li>\r\n\r\n      <li>\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-3-bonding\/bond-polarity\/\">Bond Polarity<\/a>\r\n      <\/li>\r\n\r\n      <li>\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-3-bonding\/metallic-bonding\/\">Metallic Bonding<\/a>\r\n\r\n        <ul class=\"ols-subtopic-list\">\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-3-bonding\/metallic-bonding\/metallic-bonding-and-structure\/\">Metallic Bonding and Structure<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-3-bonding\/metallic-bonding\/physical-properties-of-metals\/\">Physical Properties of Metals<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n        <\/ul>\r\n      <\/li>\r\n\r\n      <li>\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-3-bonding\/giant-covalent-structures\/\">Giant Covalent Structures<\/a>\r\n      <\/li>\r\n\r\n      <li>\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-3-bonding\/simple-molecular-structures\/\">Simple Molecular Structures<\/a>\r\n      <\/li>\n          <li>\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-3-bonding\/structure-types\/\">Structure Types<\/a>\n          <\/li>\r\n\r\n      <li>\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-3-bonding\/intermolecular-forces\/\">Intermolecular Forces<\/a>\r\n\r\n        <ul class=\"ols-subtopic-list\">\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-3-bonding\/intermolecular-forces\/london-forces\/\">London Forces<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-3-bonding\/intermolecular-forces\/permanent-dipole-dipole-forces\/\">Permanent Dipole-Dipole Forces<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-3-bonding\/intermolecular-forces\/hydrogen-bonding\/\">Hydrogen Bonding<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-3-bonding\/intermolecular-forces\/anomalous-properties-of-water\/\">Anomalous Properties of Water<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-3-bonding\/intermolecular-forces\/boiling-temperature-trends\/\">Boiling Point Trends<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-3-bonding\/intermolecular-forces\/choosing-solvents\/\">Choosing Solvents<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n        <\/ul>\r\n      <\/li>\r\n    <\/ul>\r\n  <\/div>\r\n\r\n  <div class=\"ols-topic-group\">\r\n    <h4>Adjacent Topics<\/h4>\r\n\r\n    <ul class=\"ols-topic-list\">\r\n      <li>\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-1-atomicstructure\/\">3.1.1 Atomic Structure<\/a>\r\n      <\/li>\r\n      <li>\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-2-amount-of-substance\/\">3.1.2 Amount of Substance<\/a>\r\n      <\/li>\r\n      <li>\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-4-energetics\/\">3.1.4 Energetics<\/a>\r\n      <\/li>\r\n      <li>\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-2-1-periodicity\/\">3.2.1 Periodicity<\/a>\r\n      <\/li>\r\n    <\/ul>\r\n  <\/div>\r\n<\/aside>\r\n\r\n<script>\r\n(function() {\r\n  function normalisePath(path) {\r\n    return String(path || '')\r\n      .split('?')[0]\r\n      .split('#')[0]\r\n      .replace(\/\\\/+$\/, '')\r\n      .toLowerCase();\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  function 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.ols-aqa313shapes-spec-section { padding: 52px 0 64px; }\n      .ols-aqa313shapes-spec-wrap { padding: 24px 18px; border-radius: 20px; }\n      .ols-aqa313shapes-info-grid { grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr; }\n      .ols-aqa313shapes-spec-row { display: block; }\n      .ols-aqa313shapes-spec-code { min-height: 36px; padding: 10px; }\n      .ols-aqa313shapes-spec-sub-row { display: block; }\n      .ols-aqa313shapes-spec-sub-code { min-height: 30px; padding: 8px; }\n    }\n  <\/style>\n\n  <!-- BREADCRUMB BAR -->\n  <div class=\"ols-aqa313shapes-breadcrumb-bar\">\n    <div class=\"ols-aqa313shapes-container\">\n      <nav class=\"ols-aqa313shapes-breadcrumb\" aria-label=\"Breadcrumb\">\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/\">Revision Notes<\/a> \/\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/\">A Level Chemistry<\/a> \/\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/\">AQA<\/a> \/\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-3-bonding\/\">3.1.3 Bonding<\/a> \/\n        <span>Shapes of Molecules and Ions<\/span>\n      <\/nav>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n\n  <!-- INTRO -->\n  <section class=\"ols-aqa313shapes-intro\">\n    <div class=\"ols-aqa313shapes-container\">\n      <div class=\"ols-aqa313shapes-intro-inner\">\n        <div>\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa313shapes-eyebrow\">AQA A Level Chemistry<\/div>\n          <h1>Shapes of<br>Molecules and<br>Ions<\/h1>\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa313shapes-accent-bar\"><\/div>\n          <p class=\"ols-aqa313shapes-intro-lead\">\n            This section covers electron pair repulsion theory and the shapes of simple molecules and ions. It focuses on bonding pairs and lone pairs as charge clouds, how electron pairs arrange themselves to minimise repulsion, and how lone pairs affect bond angles.\n          <\/p>\n        <\/div>\n\n        <div class=\"ols-aqa313shapes-info-grid\">\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa313shapes-info-card\"><div class=\"ols-aqa313shapes-info-card-label\">Exam Papers<\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa313shapes-info-card-value\">Paper 1 &amp; 2<\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa313shapes-info-card-sub\">7405\/1 and 7405\/2<\/div><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa313shapes-info-card\"><div class=\"ols-aqa313shapes-info-card-label\">Specification Point<\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa313shapes-info-card-value\">3.1.3.5<\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa313shapes-info-card-sub\">Shapes of simple molecules and ions<\/div><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa313shapes-info-card\"><div class=\"ols-aqa313shapes-info-card-label\">Topic Parts<\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa313shapes-info-card-value\">11 parts<\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa313shapes-info-card-sub\">Revision notes available<\/div><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa313shapes-info-card\"><div class=\"ols-aqa313shapes-info-card-label\">Exam Board<\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa313shapes-info-card-value\">AQA<\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa313shapes-info-card-sub\">AQA 7405<\/div><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/section>\n\n  <!-- TOPIC CARDS -->\n  <section class=\"ols-aqa313shapes-topics\">\n    <div class=\"ols-aqa313shapes-container\">\n      <div class=\"ols-aqa313shapes-section-header\">\n        <h2 class=\"ols-aqa313shapes-section-title\">Revision Notes<\/h2>\n        <p class=\"ols-aqa313shapes-section-sub\">Work through each molecular shape and ion shape in a structured sequence.<\/p>\n      <\/div>\n\n      <div class=\"ols-aqa313shapes-cards-grid\">\n        <!-- Card 1: Linear -->\n        <a class=\"ols-aqa313shapes-card ols-aqa313shapes-card--available\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-3-bonding\/shapes-of-molecules-and-ions\/linear\/\">\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa313shapes-card-img-wrap\">\n            <div class=\"ols-aqa313shapes-visual ols-aqa313shapes-visual--1\">\n              <div class=\"ols-aqa313shapes-visual-panel\">\n                <div class=\"ols-aqa313shapes-visual-kicker\">Molecular shape<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-aqa313shapes-visual-main\">Linear<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-aqa313shapes-config-line\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span>AX\u2082<\/span><span>180\u00b0<\/span><\/div>\n              <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-aqa313shapes-card-num\">1<\/div>\n            <span class=\"ols-aqa313shapes-card-status ols-aqa313shapes-card-status--available\">Available<\/span>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa313shapes-card-body\">\n            <p class=\"ols-aqa313shapes-card-title\">Linear<\/p>\n            <p class=\"ols-aqa313shapes-card-desc\">Two electron pairs arranged in a straight line around the central atom.<\/p>\n            <span class=\"ols-aqa313shapes-card-cta\">\n              Start revising\n              <svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"><\/path><\/svg>\n            <\/span>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n\n        <!-- Card 2: Trigonal Planar -->\n        <a class=\"ols-aqa313shapes-card ols-aqa313shapes-card--available\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-3-bonding\/shapes-of-molecules-and-ions\/trigonal-planar\/\">\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa313shapes-card-img-wrap\">\n            <div class=\"ols-aqa313shapes-visual ols-aqa313shapes-visual--2\">\n              <div class=\"ols-aqa313shapes-visual-panel\">\n                <div class=\"ols-aqa313shapes-visual-kicker\">Molecular shape<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-aqa313shapes-visual-main\">Trigonal Planar<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-aqa313shapes-config-line\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span>AX\u2083<\/span><span>120\u00b0<\/span><\/div>\n              <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-aqa313shapes-card-num\">2<\/div>\n            <span class=\"ols-aqa313shapes-card-status ols-aqa313shapes-card-status--available\">Available<\/span>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa313shapes-card-body\">\n            <p class=\"ols-aqa313shapes-card-title\">Trigonal Planar<\/p>\n            <p class=\"ols-aqa313shapes-card-desc\">Three bonding regions arranged in one plane with equal repulsion.<\/p>\n            <span class=\"ols-aqa313shapes-card-cta\">\n              Start revising\n              <svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"><\/path><\/svg>\n            <\/span>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n\n        <!-- Card 3: Tetrahedral -->\n        <a class=\"ols-aqa313shapes-card ols-aqa313shapes-card--available\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-3-bonding\/shapes-of-molecules-and-ions\/tetrahedral\/\">\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa313shapes-card-img-wrap\">\n            <div class=\"ols-aqa313shapes-visual ols-aqa313shapes-visual--3\">\n              <div class=\"ols-aqa313shapes-visual-panel\">\n                <div class=\"ols-aqa313shapes-visual-kicker\">Molecular shape<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-aqa313shapes-visual-main\">Tetrahedral<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-aqa313shapes-config-line\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span>AX\u2084<\/span><span>109.5\u00b0<\/span><\/div>\n              <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-aqa313shapes-card-num\">3<\/div>\n            <span class=\"ols-aqa313shapes-card-status ols-aqa313shapes-card-status--available\">Available<\/span>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa313shapes-card-body\">\n            <p class=\"ols-aqa313shapes-card-title\">Tetrahedral<\/p>\n            <p class=\"ols-aqa313shapes-card-desc\">Four bonding pairs arranged as far apart as possible in three dimensions.<\/p>\n            <span class=\"ols-aqa313shapes-card-cta\">\n              Start revising\n              <svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"><\/path><\/svg>\n            <\/span>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n\n        <!-- Card 4: Trigonal Pyramidal -->\n        <a class=\"ols-aqa313shapes-card ols-aqa313shapes-card--available\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-3-bonding\/shapes-of-molecules-and-ions\/trigonal-pyramidal\/\">\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa313shapes-card-img-wrap\">\n            <div class=\"ols-aqa313shapes-visual ols-aqa313shapes-visual--4\">\n              <div class=\"ols-aqa313shapes-visual-panel\">\n                <div class=\"ols-aqa313shapes-visual-kicker\">Molecular shape<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-aqa313shapes-visual-main\">Trigonal Pyramidal<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-aqa313shapes-config-line\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span>AX\u2083E<\/span><span>107\u00b0<\/span><\/div>\n              <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-aqa313shapes-card-num\">4<\/div>\n            <span class=\"ols-aqa313shapes-card-status ols-aqa313shapes-card-status--available\">Available<\/span>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa313shapes-card-body\">\n            <p class=\"ols-aqa313shapes-card-title\">Trigonal Pyramidal<\/p>\n            <p class=\"ols-aqa313shapes-card-desc\">Three bonding pairs and one lone pair give a pyramidal molecular shape.<\/p>\n            <span class=\"ols-aqa313shapes-card-cta\">\n              Start revising\n              <svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"><\/path><\/svg>\n            <\/span>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n\n        <!-- Card 5: Bent -->\n        <a class=\"ols-aqa313shapes-card ols-aqa313shapes-card--available\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-3-bonding\/shapes-of-molecules-and-ions\/bent\/\">\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa313shapes-card-img-wrap\">\n            <div class=\"ols-aqa313shapes-visual ols-aqa313shapes-visual--5\">\n              <div class=\"ols-aqa313shapes-visual-panel\">\n                <div class=\"ols-aqa313shapes-visual-kicker\">Molecular shape<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-aqa313shapes-visual-main\">Bent<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-aqa313shapes-config-line\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span>AX\u2082E\u2082<\/span><span>104.5\u00b0<\/span><\/div>\n              <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-aqa313shapes-card-num\">5<\/div>\n            <span class=\"ols-aqa313shapes-card-status ols-aqa313shapes-card-status--available\">Available<\/span>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa313shapes-card-body\">\n            <p class=\"ols-aqa313shapes-card-title\">Bent<\/p>\n            <p class=\"ols-aqa313shapes-card-desc\">Two bonding pairs and two lone pairs give a non-linear shape.<\/p>\n            <span class=\"ols-aqa313shapes-card-cta\">\n              Start revising\n              <svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"><\/path><\/svg>\n            <\/span>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n\n        <!-- Card 6: Trigonal Bipyramidal -->\n        <a class=\"ols-aqa313shapes-card ols-aqa313shapes-card--available\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-3-bonding\/shapes-of-molecules-and-ions\/trigonal-bipyramidal\/\">\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa313shapes-card-img-wrap\">\n            <div class=\"ols-aqa313shapes-visual ols-aqa313shapes-visual--6\">\n              <div class=\"ols-aqa313shapes-visual-panel\">\n                <div class=\"ols-aqa313shapes-visual-kicker\">Molecular shape<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-aqa313shapes-visual-main\">Trigonal Bipyramidal<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-aqa313shapes-config-line\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span>AX\u2085<\/span><span>90\u00b0\/120\u00b0<\/span><\/div>\n              <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-aqa313shapes-card-num\">6<\/div>\n            <span class=\"ols-aqa313shapes-card-status ols-aqa313shapes-card-status--available\">Available<\/span>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa313shapes-card-body\">\n            <p class=\"ols-aqa313shapes-card-title\">Trigonal Bipyramidal<\/p>\n            <p class=\"ols-aqa313shapes-card-desc\">Five electron pairs arranged with axial and equatorial positions.<\/p>\n            <span class=\"ols-aqa313shapes-card-cta\">\n              Start revising\n              <svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"><\/path><\/svg>\n            <\/span>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n\n        <!-- Card 7: Octahedral -->\n        <a class=\"ols-aqa313shapes-card ols-aqa313shapes-card--available\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-3-bonding\/shapes-of-molecules-and-ions\/octahedral\/\">\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa313shapes-card-img-wrap\">\n            <div class=\"ols-aqa313shapes-visual ols-aqa313shapes-visual--7\">\n              <div class=\"ols-aqa313shapes-visual-panel\">\n                <div class=\"ols-aqa313shapes-visual-kicker\">Molecular shape<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-aqa313shapes-visual-main\">Octahedral<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-aqa313shapes-config-line\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span>AX\u2086<\/span><span>90\u00b0<\/span><\/div>\n              <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-aqa313shapes-card-num\">7<\/div>\n            <span class=\"ols-aqa313shapes-card-status ols-aqa313shapes-card-status--available\">Available<\/span>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa313shapes-card-body\">\n            <p class=\"ols-aqa313shapes-card-title\">Octahedral<\/p>\n            <p class=\"ols-aqa313shapes-card-desc\">Six bonding pairs arranged symmetrically around the central atom.<\/p>\n            <span class=\"ols-aqa313shapes-card-cta\">\n              Start revising\n              <svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"><\/path><\/svg>\n            <\/span>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n\n        <!-- Card 8: Square Planar -->\n        <a class=\"ols-aqa313shapes-card ols-aqa313shapes-card--available\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-3-bonding\/shapes-of-molecules-and-ions\/square-planar\/\">\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa313shapes-card-img-wrap\">\n            <div class=\"ols-aqa313shapes-visual ols-aqa313shapes-visual--8\">\n              <div class=\"ols-aqa313shapes-visual-panel\">\n                <div class=\"ols-aqa313shapes-visual-kicker\">Molecular shape<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-aqa313shapes-visual-main\">Square Planar<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-aqa313shapes-config-line\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span>AX\u2084E\u2082<\/span><span>90\u00b0<\/span><\/div>\n              <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-aqa313shapes-card-num\">8<\/div>\n            <span class=\"ols-aqa313shapes-card-status ols-aqa313shapes-card-status--available\">Available<\/span>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa313shapes-card-body\">\n            <p class=\"ols-aqa313shapes-card-title\">Square Planar<\/p>\n            <p class=\"ols-aqa313shapes-card-desc\">Four bonding pairs arranged in one plane with two lone pairs opposite each other.<\/p>\n            <span class=\"ols-aqa313shapes-card-cta\">\n              Start revising\n              <svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"><\/path><\/svg>\n            <\/span>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n\n        <!-- Card 9: Square Pyramidal -->\n        <a class=\"ols-aqa313shapes-card ols-aqa313shapes-card--available\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-3-bonding\/shapes-of-molecules-and-ions\/square-pyramidal\/\">\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa313shapes-card-img-wrap\">\n            <div class=\"ols-aqa313shapes-visual ols-aqa313shapes-visual--9\">\n              <div class=\"ols-aqa313shapes-visual-panel\">\n                <div class=\"ols-aqa313shapes-visual-kicker\">Molecular shape<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-aqa313shapes-visual-main\">Square Pyramidal<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-aqa313shapes-config-line\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span>AX\u2085E<\/span><span>\u224890\u00b0<\/span><\/div>\n              <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-aqa313shapes-card-num\">9<\/div>\n            <span class=\"ols-aqa313shapes-card-status ols-aqa313shapes-card-status--available\">Available<\/span>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa313shapes-card-body\">\n            <p class=\"ols-aqa313shapes-card-title\">Square Pyramidal<\/p>\n            <p class=\"ols-aqa313shapes-card-desc\">Five bonding pairs and one lone pair give a square-based pyramid.<\/p>\n            <span class=\"ols-aqa313shapes-card-cta\">\n              Start revising\n              <svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"><\/path><\/svg>\n            <\/span>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n\n        <!-- Card 10: Distorted T -->\n        <a class=\"ols-aqa313shapes-card ols-aqa313shapes-card--available\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-3-bonding\/shapes-of-molecules-and-ions\/distorted-t\/\">\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa313shapes-card-img-wrap\">\n            <div class=\"ols-aqa313shapes-visual ols-aqa313shapes-visual--10\">\n              <div class=\"ols-aqa313shapes-visual-panel\">\n                <div class=\"ols-aqa313shapes-visual-kicker\">Molecular shape<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-aqa313shapes-visual-main\">Distorted T<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-aqa313shapes-config-line\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span>AX\u2083E\u2082<\/span><span>\u224890\u00b0<\/span><\/div>\n              <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-aqa313shapes-card-num\">10<\/div>\n            <span class=\"ols-aqa313shapes-card-status ols-aqa313shapes-card-status--available\">Available<\/span>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa313shapes-card-body\">\n            <p class=\"ols-aqa313shapes-card-title\">Distorted T<\/p>\n            <p class=\"ols-aqa313shapes-card-desc\">Three bonding pairs and two lone pairs give a T-shaped arrangement.<\/p>\n            <span class=\"ols-aqa313shapes-card-cta\">\n              Start revising\n              <svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"><\/path><\/svg>\n            <\/span>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n\n        <!-- Card 11: SeeSaw -->\n        <a class=\"ols-aqa313shapes-card ols-aqa313shapes-card--available\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-3-bonding\/shapes-of-molecules-and-ions\/seesaw\/\">\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa313shapes-card-img-wrap\">\n            <div class=\"ols-aqa313shapes-visual ols-aqa313shapes-visual--11\">\n              <div class=\"ols-aqa313shapes-visual-panel\">\n                <div class=\"ols-aqa313shapes-visual-kicker\">Molecular shape<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-aqa313shapes-visual-main\">SeeSaw<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-aqa313shapes-config-line\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span>AX\u2084E<\/span><span><90\u00b0\/<120\u00b0<\/span><\/div>\n              <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-aqa313shapes-card-num\">11<\/div>\n            <span class=\"ols-aqa313shapes-card-status ols-aqa313shapes-card-status--available\">Available<\/span>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa313shapes-card-body\">\n            <p class=\"ols-aqa313shapes-card-title\">SeeSaw<\/p>\n            <p class=\"ols-aqa313shapes-card-desc\">Four bonding pairs and one lone pair give a seesaw shape.<\/p>\n            <span class=\"ols-aqa313shapes-card-cta\">\n              Start revising\n              <svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"><\/path><\/svg>\n            <\/span>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/section>\n\n  <!-- SPECIFICATION -->\n  <section class=\"ols-aqa313shapes-spec-section\">\n    <div class=\"ols-aqa313shapes-container\">\n      <div class=\"ols-aqa313shapes-spec-wrap\">\n        <div class=\"ols-aqa313shapes-spec-pill\">Specification Coverage<\/div>\n        <h2 class=\"ols-aqa313shapes-spec-heading\">3.1.3.5 Shapes of Simple Molecules and Ions &#8211; AQA A Level Chemistry<\/h2>\n        <p class=\"ols-aqa313shapes-spec-intro-text\">The following AQA specification point outlines the knowledge and skills students are expected to demonstrate for molecular and ionic shapes.<\/p>\n\n        <div class=\"ols-aqa313shapes-spec-row\">\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa313shapes-spec-code\">3.1.3.5<\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa313shapes-spec-text\">\n            <strong>Shapes of simple molecules and ions<\/strong><br>\n            Bonding pairs and lone (non-bonding) pairs of electrons as charge clouds that repel each other.<br>\n            Pairs of electrons in the outer shell of atoms arrange themselves as far apart as possible to minimise repulsion.<br>\n            Lone pair-lone pair repulsion is greater than lone pair-bond pair repulsion, which is greater than bond pair-bond pair repulsion.<br>\n            The effect of electron pair repulsion on bond angles.<br>\n            Students should be able to:\n            <div class=\"ols-aqa313shapes-spec-sub-list\">\n              <div class=\"ols-aqa313shapes-spec-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-aqa313shapes-spec-sub-code\">1<\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa313shapes-spec-sub-text\">explain the shapes of, and bond angles in, simple molecules and ions with up to six electron pairs (including lone pairs of electrons) surrounding the central atom.<\/div><\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n      <\/div>\n    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It focuses on bonding pairs and lone pairs as charge clouds, how electron pairs arrange themselves [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":12,"featured_media":0,"parent":5334,"menu_order":2,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-5337","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/5337","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/12"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5337"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/5337\/revisions"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/5334"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5337"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}