{"id":5339,"date":"2026-06-24T09:18:30","date_gmt":"2026-06-24T08:18:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-3-bonding\/metallic-bonding\/"},"modified":"2026-06-24T10:49:40","modified_gmt":"2026-06-24T09:49:40","slug":"metallic-bonding","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-3-bonding\/metallic-bonding\/","title":{"rendered":"Metallic Bonding"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"ols-aqa313metal-page\">\n\n  <aside class=\"ols-sidebar\">\r\n  <div class=\"ols-sidebar-header\">\r\n    <h3>Revision Notes<\/h3>\r\n    <p>AQA A Level Chemistry<\/p>\r\n  <\/div>\r\n\r\n  <div class=\"ols-topic-group\">\r\n    <h4>3.1.3 Bonding<\/h4>\r\n\r\n    <ul class=\"ols-topic-list\">\r\n      <li>\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-3-bonding\/ionic-bonding\/\">Ionic Bonding<\/a>\r\n\r\n        <ul class=\"ols-subtopic-list\">\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-3-bonding\/ionic-bonding\/nature-of-ionic-bonding\/\">Nature of Ionic Bonding<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-3-bonding\/ionic-bonding\/polarisation-of-ions\/\">Polarisation of Ions<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-3-bonding\/ionic-bonding\/physical-properties-of-ionic-compounds\/\">Physical Properties of Ionic Compounds<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\n          <li>\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-3-bonding\/ionic-bonding\/ions-and-ionic-formulae\/\">Ions and Ionic Formulae<\/a>\n          <\/li>\r\n        <\/ul>\r\n      <\/li>\r\n\r\n      <li>\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-3-bonding\/covalent-bonding\/\">Covalent Bonding<\/a>\r\n\r\n        <ul class=\"ols-subtopic-list\">\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-3-bonding\/covalent-bonding\/covalent-bonding\/\">Covalent Bonding<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-3-bonding\/covalent-bonding\/dative-covalent-bonding\/\">Dative Covalent Bonding<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-3-bonding\/covalent-bonding\/electronegativity\/\">Electronegativity<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n        <\/ul>\r\n      <\/li>\r\n\r\n      <li>\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-3-bonding\/shapes-of-molecules-and-ions\/\">Shapes of Molecules and Ions<\/a>\r\n\r\n        <ul class=\"ols-subtopic-list\">\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-3-bonding\/shapes-of-molecules-and-ions\/linear\/\">Linear<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-3-bonding\/shapes-of-molecules-and-ions\/trigonal-planar\/\">Trigonal Planar<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-3-bonding\/shapes-of-molecules-and-ions\/tetrahedral\/\">Tetrahedral<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-3-bonding\/shapes-of-molecules-and-ions\/trigonal-pyramidal\/\">Trigonal Pyramidal<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-3-bonding\/shapes-of-molecules-and-ions\/bent\/\">Bent<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-3-bonding\/shapes-of-molecules-and-ions\/trigonal-bipyramidal\/\">Trigonal Bipyramidal<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-3-bonding\/shapes-of-molecules-and-ions\/octahedral\/\">Octahedral<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-3-bonding\/shapes-of-molecules-and-ions\/square-planar\/\">Square Planar<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-3-bonding\/shapes-of-molecules-and-ions\/square-pyramidal\/\">Square Pyramidal<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-3-bonding\/shapes-of-molecules-and-ions\/distorted-t\/\">Distorted T<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-3-bonding\/shapes-of-molecules-and-ions\/seesaw\/\">SeeSaw<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n        <\/ul>\r\n      <\/li>\r\n\r\n      <li>\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-3-bonding\/bond-polarity\/\">Bond Polarity<\/a>\r\n      <\/li>\r\n\r\n      <li>\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-3-bonding\/metallic-bonding\/\">Metallic Bonding<\/a>\r\n\r\n        <ul class=\"ols-subtopic-list\">\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-3-bonding\/metallic-bonding\/metallic-bonding-and-structure\/\">Metallic Bonding and Structure<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-3-bonding\/metallic-bonding\/physical-properties-of-metals\/\">Physical Properties of Metals<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n        <\/ul>\r\n      <\/li>\r\n\r\n      <li>\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-3-bonding\/giant-covalent-structures\/\">Giant Covalent Structures<\/a>\r\n      <\/li>\r\n\r\n      <li>\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-3-bonding\/simple-molecular-structures\/\">Simple Molecular Structures<\/a>\r\n      <\/li>\n          <li>\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-3-bonding\/structure-types\/\">Structure Types<\/a>\n          <\/li>\r\n\r\n      <li>\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-3-bonding\/intermolecular-forces\/\">Intermolecular Forces<\/a>\r\n\r\n        <ul class=\"ols-subtopic-list\">\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-3-bonding\/intermolecular-forces\/london-forces\/\">London Forces<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-3-bonding\/intermolecular-forces\/permanent-dipole-dipole-forces\/\">Permanent Dipole-Dipole Forces<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-3-bonding\/intermolecular-forces\/hydrogen-bonding\/\">Hydrogen Bonding<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-3-bonding\/intermolecular-forces\/anomalous-properties-of-water\/\">Anomalous Properties of Water<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-3-bonding\/intermolecular-forces\/boiling-temperature-trends\/\">Boiling Point Trends<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-3-bonding\/intermolecular-forces\/choosing-solvents\/\">Choosing Solvents<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n        <\/ul>\r\n      <\/li>\r\n    <\/ul>\r\n  <\/div>\r\n\r\n  <div class=\"ols-topic-group\">\r\n    <h4>Adjacent Topics<\/h4>\r\n\r\n    <ul class=\"ols-topic-list\">\r\n      <li>\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-1-atomicstructure\/\">3.1.1 Atomic Structure<\/a>\r\n      <\/li>\r\n      <li>\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-2-amount-of-substance\/\">3.1.2 Amount of Substance<\/a>\r\n      <\/li>\r\n      <li>\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-4-energetics\/\">3.1.4 Energetics<\/a>\r\n      <\/li>\r\n      <li>\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-2-1-periodicity\/\">3.2.1 Periodicity<\/a>\r\n      <\/li>\r\n    <\/ul>\r\n  <\/div>\r\n<\/aside>\r\n\r\n<script>\r\n(function() {\r\n  function normalisePath(path) {\r\n    return String(path || '')\r\n      .split('?')[0]\r\n      .split('#')[0]\r\n      .replace(\/\\\/+$\/, '')\r\n      .toLowerCase();\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  function highlightActive() {\r\n    var sidebar = document.querySelector('.ols-sidebar');\r\n    if (!sidebar) return false;\r\n\r\n    var currentPath = normalisePath(window.location.pathname);\r\n    var links = sidebar.querySelectorAll('a[href]');\r\n    var matched = null;\r\n    var matchedLength = 0;\r\n\r\n    sidebar.querySelectorAll('.active, .active-main, .parent-active').forEach(function(item) {\r\n      item.classList.remove('active', 'active-main', 'parent-active');\r\n    });\r\n\r\n    sidebar.querySelectorAll('a[data-ols-disabled-parent=\"1\"], a[aria-current]').forEach(function(a) {\r\n      a.removeAttribute('aria-current');\r\n      a.removeAttribute('tabindex');\r\n      a.removeAttribute('data-ols-disabled-parent');\r\n    });\r\n\r\n    links.forEach(function(a) {\r\n      try {\r\n        var href = a.getAttribute('href');\r\n\r\n        if (!href || href === '#' || href.charAt(0) === '#') {\r\n          return;\r\n        }\r\n\r\n        var linkPath = normalisePath(new URL(href, window.location.origin).pathname);\r\n\r\n        if (!linkPath) {\r\n          return;\r\n        }\r\n\r\n        if (currentPath === linkPath || currentPath.indexOf(linkPath + '\/') === 0) {\r\n          if (linkPath.length > matchedLength) {\r\n            matched = a;\r\n            matchedLength = linkPath.length;\r\n          }\r\n        }\r\n      } catch(e) {}\r\n    });\r\n\r\n    if (matched) {\r\n      var matchedLi = matched.closest('li');\r\n      var parentSub = matched.closest('.ols-subtopic-list');\r\n\r\n      if (parentSub) {\r\n        if (matchedLi) {\r\n          matchedLi.classList.add('active');\r\n          matched.setAttribute('aria-current', 'page');\r\n        }\r\n\r\n        var parentLi = parentSub.closest('li');\r\n\r\n        if (parentLi) {\r\n          parentLi.classList.add('parent-active', 'active-main');\r\n\r\n          var parentLink = parentLi.querySelector(':scope > a');\r\n\r\n          if (parentLink) {\r\n            parentLink.setAttribute('aria-current', 'true');\r\n            parentLink.setAttribute('tabindex', '-1');\r\n            parentLink.setAttribute('data-ols-disabled-parent', '1');\r\n          }\r\n        }\r\n      } else {\r\n        if (matchedLi) {\r\n          matchedLi.classList.add('parent-active', 'active-main');\r\n          matched.setAttribute('aria-current', 'page');\r\n          matched.setAttribute('tabindex', '-1');\r\n          matched.setAttribute('data-ols-disabled-parent', '1');\r\n        }\r\n      }\r\n    }\r\n\r\n    return true;\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  if (!highlightActive()) {\r\n    document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', highlightActive);\r\n  }\r\n})();\r\n<\/script>\n\n  <style>\n    @import url('https:\/\/fonts.googleapis.com\/css2?family=Poppins:wght@300;400;500;600;700;800&display=swap');\n\n    .ols-aqa313metal-page,\n    .ols-aqa313metal-page * { box-sizing: border-box; }\n\n    .ols-aqa313metal-page {\n      --ols-purple: #3b0764;\n      --ols-purple-2: #581c87;\n      --ols-accent: #a855f7;\n      --ols-soft-purple: #f5f0ff;\n      --ols-soft-cream: #fbf7f2;\n      --ols-border: rgba(59, 7, 100, 0.13);\n      --ols-shadow-soft: 0 10px 28px rgba(59, 7, 100, 0.09);\n      --ols-muted: #5c5268;\n      font-family: \"Poppins\", Arial, sans-serif;\n      color: var(--ols-purple);\n      background: #ffffff;\n    }\n\n    .ols-aqa313metal-page a { color: inherit; text-decoration: none; }\n    .ols-aqa313metal-container { width: min(1180px, calc(100% - 40px)); margin: 0 auto; }\n\n    .ols-aqa313metal-breadcrumb-bar { padding: 16px 0 0; }\n    .ols-aqa313metal-breadcrumb { display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; gap: 6px; font-size: 13px; color: var(--ols-muted); font-weight: 500; }\n    .ols-aqa313metal-breadcrumb a { color: var(--ols-muted); transition: color 0.2s ease; }\n    .ols-aqa313metal-breadcrumb a:hover { color: var(--ols-accent); }\n    .ols-aqa313metal-breadcrumb span { color: var(--ols-purple); font-weight: 700; }\n\n    .ols-aqa313metal-intro {\n      padding: 36px 0 72px;\n      background:\n        radial-gradient(circle at top center, rgba(168, 85, 247, 0.08), transparent 40%),\n        linear-gradient(180deg, #fbf7f2 0%, #ffffff 100%);\n    }\n    .ols-aqa313metal-intro-inner { display: grid; grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr; gap: 64px; align-items: center; }\n    .ols-aqa313metal-eyebrow {\n      display: inline-flex; align-items: center; gap: 9px; padding: 8px 16px; border-radius: 999px;\n      background: #ffffff; border: 1px solid rgba(168, 85, 247, 0.22); color: var(--ols-accent);\n      font-size: 13px; font-weight: 600; box-shadow: 0 6px 18px rgba(59, 7, 100, 0.06); margin-bottom: 20px;\n    }\n    .ols-aqa313metal-eyebrow::before { content: \"\"; width: 7px; height: 7px; border-radius: 50%; background: var(--ols-accent); box-shadow: 0 0 0 4px rgba(168, 85, 247, 0.14); }\n    .ols-aqa313metal-intro h1 {\n      font-size: clamp(34px, 4.5vw, 64px); font-weight: 800; color: var(--ols-purple);\n      letter-spacing: -0.045em; line-height: 1.08; margin: 0 0 10px;\n      text-shadow: -9px 0 9px rgba(59, 7, 100, 0.08);\n    }\n    .ols-aqa313metal-accent-bar { width: 72px; height: 4px; background: var(--ols-accent); border-radius: 999px; margin: 0 0 22px; }\n    .ols-aqa313metal-intro-lead { font-size: clamp(16px, 1.6vw, 19px); font-weight: 300; color: #32104f; line-height: 1.72; margin: 0; }\n\n    .ols-aqa313metal-info-grid { display: grid; grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr; gap: 14px; }\n    .ols-aqa313metal-info-card { background: #ffffff; border: 1px solid var(--ols-border); border-radius: 20px; padding: 20px 22px; box-shadow: var(--ols-shadow-soft); }\n    .ols-aqa313metal-info-card-label { font-size: 11px; font-weight: 700; text-transform: uppercase; letter-spacing: 0.06em; color: var(--ols-muted); margin-bottom: 6px; }\n    .ols-aqa313metal-info-card-value { font-size: 22px; font-weight: 800; color: var(--ols-purple); letter-spacing: -0.03em; line-height: 1.1; }\n    .ols-aqa313metal-info-card-sub { font-size: 12px; font-weight: 400; color: var(--ols-muted); margin-top: 3px; }\n\n    .ols-aqa313metal-topics { padding: 72px 0 80px; background: #ffffff; }\n    .ols-aqa313metal-section-header { margin-bottom: 40px; }\n    .ols-aqa313metal-section-title { font-size: clamp(28px, 3vw, 44px); font-weight: 800; color: var(--ols-purple); letter-spacing: -0.04em; line-height: 1.1; margin: 0 0 10px; text-shadow: -9px 0 9px rgba(59, 7, 100, 0.08); }\n    .ols-aqa313metal-section-sub { font-size: 16px; font-weight: 300; color: var(--ols-muted); margin: 0; }\n    .ols-aqa313metal-cards-grid { display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(2, minmax(0, 1fr)); gap: 20px; }\n\n    .ols-aqa313metal-card {\n      display: flex; flex-direction: column; background: #ffffff; border: 1px solid var(--ols-border);\n      border-radius: 22px; overflow: hidden; box-shadow: var(--ols-shadow-soft); text-decoration: none;\n      color: var(--ols-purple); transition: transform 0.28s cubic-bezier(0.34, 1.56, 0.64, 1), box-shadow 0.28s ease, border-color 0.28s ease; position: relative;\n    }\n    .ols-aqa313metal-card.ols-aqa313metal-card--available:hover { transform: translateY(-10px) scale(1.02); box-shadow: 0 28px 56px rgba(59, 7, 100, 0.16); border-color: rgba(168, 85, 247, 0.35); }\n    .ols-aqa313metal-card.ols-aqa313metal-card--available:hover .ols-aqa313metal-card-img-wrap::after { opacity: 1; }\n    .ols-aqa313metal-card-img-wrap { position: relative; width: 100%; aspect-ratio: 4 \/ 3; background: var(--ols-soft-purple); overflow: hidden; }\n    .ols-aqa313metal-card-img-wrap::after { content: \"\"; position: absolute; inset: 0; background: linear-gradient(180deg, transparent 40%, rgba(59, 7, 100, 0.18) 100%); opacity: 0; transition: opacity 0.28s ease; z-index: 1; }\n    .ols-aqa313metal-card-num { position: absolute; top: 12px; left: 12px; width: 32px; height: 32px; border-radius: 50%; background: var(--ols-purple); color: #ffffff; font-size: 13px; font-weight: 800; display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center; z-index: 3; box-shadow: 0 4px 12px rgba(59, 7, 100, 0.28); }\n    .ols-aqa313metal-card-status { position: absolute; top: 12px; right: 12px; padding: 4px 10px; border-radius: 999px; font-size: 10px; font-weight: 700; z-index: 3; }\n    .ols-aqa313metal-card-status--available { background: #eaf3de; color: #3B6D11; }\n    .ols-aqa313metal-card-body { padding: 18px 18px 22px; flex: 1; display: flex; flex-direction: column; gap: 6px; }\n    .ols-aqa313metal-card-title { font-size: 15px; font-weight: 700; color: var(--ols-purple); line-height: 1.35; margin: 0; }\n    .ols-aqa313metal-card-desc { font-size: 12px; font-weight: 300; color: var(--ols-muted); line-height: 1.6; margin: 0; }\n    .ols-aqa313metal-card-cta { display: inline-flex; align-items: center; gap: 5px; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 12px; font-weight: 700; color: var(--ols-accent); }\n    .ols-aqa313metal-card-cta svg { width: 14px; height: 14px; transition: transform 0.2s ease; }\n    .ols-aqa313metal-card--available:hover .ols-aqa313metal-card-cta svg { transform: translateX(3px); }\n\n    .ols-aqa313metal-visual { position: absolute; inset: 0; display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center; padding: 32px 24px 24px; overflow: hidden; }\n    .ols-aqa313metal-visual::before, .ols-aqa313metal-visual::after { content: \"\"; position: absolute; border-radius: 999px; opacity: 0.75; filter: blur(1px); }\n    .ols-aqa313metal-visual::before { width: 170px; height: 170px; left: -58px; bottom: -66px; background: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.35); }\n    .ols-aqa313metal-visual::after { width: 118px; height: 118px; right: -42px; top: -34px; background: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.28); }\n    .ols-aqa313metal-visual-panel { position: relative; z-index: 2; width: min(84%, 260px); min-height: 122px; border-radius: 24px; border: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.45); background: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.78); box-shadow: 0 18px 38px rgba(59, 7, 100, 0.18); backdrop-filter: blur(10px); display: flex; flex-direction: column; align-items: center; justify-content: center; text-align: center; padding: 18px; }\n    .ols-aqa313metal-visual-kicker { display: inline-flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center; min-height: 25px; padding: 4px 10px; border-radius: 999px; background: rgba(59, 7, 100, 0.08); color: var(--ols-purple); font-size: 10px; font-weight: 800; text-transform: uppercase; letter-spacing: 0.08em; margin-bottom: 10px; }\n    .ols-aqa313metal-visual-main { font-size: clamp(23px, 3vw, 32px); font-weight: 800; color: var(--ols-purple); line-height: 1.05; letter-spacing: -0.05em; }\n    .ols-aqa313metal-config-line { display: inline-flex; gap: 7px; margin-top: 12px; flex-wrap: wrap; justify-content: center; }\n    .ols-aqa313metal-config-line span { display: inline-flex; justify-content: center; padding: 5px 8px; border-radius: 999px; background: #ffffff; border: 1px solid rgba(59, 7, 100, 0.16); font-size: 11px; font-weight: 800; color: var(--ols-purple); }\n    .ols-aqa313metal-visual--1 { background: radial-gradient(circle at 24% 18%, rgba(255,255,255,0.50), transparent 24%), linear-gradient(135deg, #fef3c7 0%, #f59e0b 47%, #92400e 100%); }\n    .ols-aqa313metal-visual--2 { background: radial-gradient(circle at 24% 18%, rgba(255,255,255,0.50), transparent 24%), linear-gradient(135deg, #e0f2fe 0%, #38bdf8 47%, #075985 100%); }\n\n    .ols-aqa313metal-spec-section { padding: 72px 0 88px; background: radial-gradient(circle at top center, rgba(168, 85, 247, 0.07), transparent 38%), linear-gradient(180deg, #fbf7f2 0%, #ffffff 100%); }\n    .ols-aqa313metal-spec-wrap { background: #ffffff; border: 1px solid var(--ols-border); border-radius: 26px; padding: 36px; box-shadow: var(--ols-shadow-soft); }\n    .ols-aqa313metal-spec-pill { display: inline-flex; align-items: center; padding: 7px 14px; border-radius: 999px; background: var(--ols-soft-purple); border: 1px solid rgba(168, 85, 247, 0.22); color: var(--ols-accent); font-size: 12px; font-weight: 700; margin-bottom: 16px; }\n    .ols-aqa313metal-spec-heading { font-size: clamp(24px, 2.8vw, 36px); font-weight: 800; color: var(--ols-purple); letter-spacing: -0.035em; line-height: 1.12; margin: 0 0 6px; border-left: 5px solid var(--ols-accent); padding-left: 16px; }\n    .ols-aqa313metal-spec-intro-text { font-size: 16px; font-weight: 300; color: #3f314c; line-height: 1.8; margin: 14px 0 26px; }\n    .ols-aqa313metal-spec-rows { display: flex; flex-direction: column; gap: 12px; }\n    .ols-aqa313metal-spec-row { display: flex; flex-wrap: nowrap; align-items: stretch; border-radius: 16px; overflow: hidden; background: #ffffff; border: 1px solid rgba(168, 85, 247, 0.18); box-shadow: 0 4px 12px rgba(0,0,0,0.05); }\n    .ols-aqa313metal-spec-row--mid { background: #f5f0ff; border: 1px solid rgba(168, 85, 247, 0.22); }\n    .ols-aqa313metal-spec-code { flex: 0 0 104px; color: #ffffff; font-size: 15px; font-weight: 800; display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center; padding: 18px 12px; background: #3b0764; }\n    .ols-aqa313metal-spec-code--mid { background: #581c87; }\n    .ols-aqa313metal-spec-text { flex: 1; padding: 16px 20px; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 300; line-height: 1.8; color: #3f314c; }\n    .ols-aqa313metal-spec-sub-list { display: flex; flex-direction: column; gap: 10px; margin-top: 12px; }\n    .ols-aqa313metal-spec-sub-row { display: flex; align-items: stretch; background: #ffffff; border: 1px solid rgba(168, 85, 247, 0.15); border-radius: 12px; overflow: hidden; }\n    .ols-aqa313metal-spec-sub-code { flex: 0 0 74px; background: #c084fc; color: #3b0764; font-size: 13px; font-weight: 800; display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center; padding: 12px 10px; }\n    .ols-aqa313metal-spec-sub-text { flex: 1; padding: 12px 16px; font-size: 15px; font-weight: 300; line-height: 1.8; color: #4b3b58; }\n\n    @media (max-width: 860px) { .ols-aqa313metal-intro-inner { grid-template-columns: 1fr; gap: 40px; } }\n    @media (max-width: 640px) {\n      .ols-aqa313metal-intro { padding: 24px 0 52px; }\n      .ols-aqa313metal-topics { padding: 52px 0 58px; }\n      .ols-aqa313metal-cards-grid { grid-template-columns: 1fr; gap: 14px; }\n      .ols-aqa313metal-spec-section { padding: 52px 0 64px; }\n      .ols-aqa313metal-spec-wrap { padding: 24px 18px; border-radius: 20px; }\n      .ols-aqa313metal-info-grid { grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr; }\n      .ols-aqa313metal-spec-row { display: block; }\n      .ols-aqa313metal-spec-code { min-height: 36px; padding: 10px; }\n      .ols-aqa313metal-spec-sub-row { display: block; }\n      .ols-aqa313metal-spec-sub-code { min-height: 30px; padding: 8px; }\n    }\n  <\/style>\n\n  <!-- BREADCRUMB BAR -->\n  <div class=\"ols-aqa313metal-breadcrumb-bar\">\n    <div class=\"ols-aqa313metal-container\">\n      <nav class=\"ols-aqa313metal-breadcrumb\" aria-label=\"Breadcrumb\">\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/\">Revision Notes<\/a> \/\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/\">A Level Chemistry<\/a> \/\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/\">AQA<\/a> \/\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-3-bonding\/\">3.1.3 Bonding<\/a> \/\n        <span>Metallic Bonding<\/span>\n      <\/nav>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n\n  <!-- INTRO -->\n  <section class=\"ols-aqa313metal-intro\">\n    <div class=\"ols-aqa313metal-container\">\n      <div class=\"ols-aqa313metal-intro-inner\">\n        <div>\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa313metal-eyebrow\">AQA A Level Chemistry<\/div>\n          <h1>Metallic<br>Bonding<\/h1>\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa313metal-accent-bar\"><\/div>\n          <p class=\"ols-aqa313metal-intro-lead\">\n            This section covers metallic bonding as attraction between delocalised electrons and positive ions arranged in a lattice. It also links metallic bonding and structure to physical properties such as melting point and electrical conductivity.\n          <\/p>\n        <\/div>\n\n        <div class=\"ols-aqa313metal-info-grid\">\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa313metal-info-card\"><div class=\"ols-aqa313metal-info-card-label\">Exam Papers<\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa313metal-info-card-value\">Paper 1 &amp; 2<\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa313metal-info-card-sub\">7405\/1 and 7405\/2<\/div><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa313metal-info-card\"><div class=\"ols-aqa313metal-info-card-label\">Specification Points<\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa313metal-info-card-value\">3.1.3.3 &amp; 3.1.3.4<\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa313metal-info-card-sub\">Metallic bonding and properties<\/div><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa313metal-info-card\"><div class=\"ols-aqa313metal-info-card-label\">Topic Parts<\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa313metal-info-card-value\">2 parts<\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa313metal-info-card-sub\">Revision notes available<\/div><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa313metal-info-card\"><div class=\"ols-aqa313metal-info-card-label\">Exam Board<\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa313metal-info-card-value\">AQA<\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa313metal-info-card-sub\">AQA 7405<\/div><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/section>\n\n  <!-- TOPIC CARDS -->\n  <section class=\"ols-aqa313metal-topics\">\n    <div class=\"ols-aqa313metal-container\">\n      <div class=\"ols-aqa313metal-section-header\">\n        <h2 class=\"ols-aqa313metal-section-title\">Revision Notes<\/h2>\n        <p class=\"ols-aqa313metal-section-sub\">Work through metallic bonding and the physical properties of metals in sequence.<\/p>\n      <\/div>\n\n      <div class=\"ols-aqa313metal-cards-grid\">\n\n        <!-- Card 1 -->\n        <a class=\"ols-aqa313metal-card ols-aqa313metal-card--available\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-3-bonding\/metallic-bonding\/metallic-bonding-and-structure\/\">\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa313metal-card-img-wrap\">\n            <div class=\"ols-aqa313metal-visual ols-aqa313metal-visual--1\">\n              <div class=\"ols-aqa313metal-visual-panel\">\n                <div class=\"ols-aqa313metal-visual-kicker\">Metal lattice<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-aqa313metal-visual-main\">Metallic<br>Bonding<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-aqa313metal-config-line\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span>M\u207a + e\u207b<\/span><\/div>\n              <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-aqa313metal-card-num\">1<\/div>\n            <span class=\"ols-aqa313metal-card-status ols-aqa313metal-card-status--available\">Available<\/span>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa313metal-card-body\">\n            <p class=\"ols-aqa313metal-card-title\">Metallic Bonding and Structure<\/p>\n            <p class=\"ols-aqa313metal-card-desc\">Metallic bonding, delocalised electrons and positive ions arranged in a lattice.<\/p>\n            <span class=\"ols-aqa313metal-card-cta\">Start revising <svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n\n        <!-- Card 2 -->\n        <a class=\"ols-aqa313metal-card ols-aqa313metal-card--available\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-3-bonding\/metallic-bonding\/physical-properties-of-metals\/\">\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa313metal-card-img-wrap\">\n            <div class=\"ols-aqa313metal-visual ols-aqa313metal-visual--2\">\n              <div class=\"ols-aqa313metal-visual-panel\">\n                <div class=\"ols-aqa313metal-visual-kicker\">Properties<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-aqa313metal-visual-main\">Physical<br>Properties<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-aqa313metal-config-line\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span>mp \/ conductivity<\/span><\/div>\n              <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-aqa313metal-card-num\">2<\/div>\n            <span class=\"ols-aqa313metal-card-status ols-aqa313metal-card-status--available\">Available<\/span>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa313metal-card-body\">\n            <p class=\"ols-aqa313metal-card-title\">Physical Properties of Metals<\/p>\n            <p class=\"ols-aqa313metal-card-desc\">Melting point and conductivity explained using metallic structure and bonding.<\/p>\n            <span class=\"ols-aqa313metal-card-cta\">Start revising <svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/section>\n\n  <!-- SPECIFICATION -->\n  <section class=\"ols-aqa313metal-spec-section\">\n    <div class=\"ols-aqa313metal-container\">\n      <div class=\"ols-aqa313metal-spec-wrap\">\n        <div class=\"ols-aqa313metal-spec-pill\">Specification Coverage<\/div>\n        <h2 class=\"ols-aqa313metal-spec-heading\">Metallic Bonding &#8211; AQA A Level Chemistry<\/h2>\n        <p class=\"ols-aqa313metal-spec-intro-text\">The following AQA specification points outline the knowledge and skills students are expected to demonstrate for metallic bonding and related physical properties.<\/p>\n\n        <div class=\"ols-aqa313metal-spec-rows\">\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa313metal-spec-row\">\n            <div class=\"ols-aqa313metal-spec-code\">3.1.3.3<\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-aqa313metal-spec-text\"><strong>Metallic bonding<\/strong><br>Metallic bonding involves attraction between delocalised electrons and positive ions arranged in a lattice.<\/div>\n          <\/div>\n\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa313metal-spec-row ols-aqa313metal-spec-row--mid\">\n            <div class=\"ols-aqa313metal-spec-code ols-aqa313metal-spec-code--mid\">3.1.3.4<\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-aqa313metal-spec-text\"><strong>Bonding and physical properties<\/strong><br>The four types of crystal structure:<br>&#8211; ionic<br>&#8211; metallic<br>&#8211; macromolecular (giant covalent)<br>&#8211; molecular.<br>The structures of the following crystals as examples of these four types of crystal structure:<br>&#8211; diamond<br>&#8211; graphite<br>&#8211; ice<br>&#8211; iodine<br>&#8211; magnesium<br>&#8211; sodium chloride.<br>Students should be able to:<div class=\"ols-aqa313metal-spec-sub-list\"><div class=\"ols-aqa313metal-spec-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-aqa313metal-spec-sub-code\">1<\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa313metal-spec-sub-text\">relate the melting point and conductivity of materials to the type of structure and the bonding present<\/div><\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa313metal-spec-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-aqa313metal-spec-sub-code\">2<\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa313metal-spec-sub-text\">explain the energy changes associated with changes of state<\/div><\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa313metal-spec-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-aqa313metal-spec-sub-code\">3<\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa313metal-spec-sub-text\">draw diagrams to represent these structures involving specified numbers of particles.<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/section>\n\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">\n{\n  \"@context\": \"https:\/\/schema.org\",\n  \"@graph\": [\n    {\n      \"@type\": \"WebPage\",\n      \"@id\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-3-bonding\/metallic-bonding\/#webpage\",\n      \"url\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-3-bonding\/metallic-bonding\/\",\n      \"name\": \"Metallic Bonding - AQA A Level Chemistry Revision Notes\",\n      \"description\": \"AQA A Level Chemistry metallic bonding revision notes covering delocalised electrons, positive ions, metallic lattice structure, melting point and conductivity.\",\n      \"isPartOf\": { \"@type\": \"WebSite\", \"@id\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/#website\", \"name\": \"Online Learning System\", \"url\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/\" },\n      \"about\": [\n        { \"@type\": \"Thing\", \"name\": \"Metallic bonding\" },\n        { \"@type\": \"Thing\", \"name\": \"Delocalised electrons\" },\n        { \"@type\": \"Thing\", \"name\": \"Metallic lattice\" },\n        { \"@type\": \"Thing\", \"name\": \"Physical properties of metals\" }\n      ],\n      \"inLanguage\": \"en-GB\"\n    },\n    {\n      \"@type\": \"BreadcrumbList\",\n      \"@id\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-3-bonding\/metallic-bonding\/#breadcrumb\",\n      \"itemListElement\": [\n        { \"@type\": \"ListItem\", \"position\": 1, \"name\": \"Revision Notes\", \"item\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/\" },\n        { \"@type\": \"ListItem\", \"position\": 2, \"name\": \"A Level Chemistry\", \"item\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/\" },\n        { \"@type\": \"ListItem\", \"position\": 3, \"name\": \"AQA\", \"item\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/\" },\n        { \"@type\": \"ListItem\", \"position\": 4, \"name\": \"3.1.3 Bonding\", \"item\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-3-bonding\/\" },\n        { \"@type\": \"ListItem\", \"position\": 5, \"name\": \"Metallic Bonding\", \"item\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-3-bonding\/metallic-bonding\/\" }\n      ]\n    },\n    {\n      \"@type\": \"ItemList\",\n      \"@id\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-3-bonding\/metallic-bonding\/#revision-list\",\n      \"name\": \"AQA Metallic Bonding Revision Notes\",\n      \"itemListElement\": [\n        {\n          \"@type\": \"ListItem\",\n          \"position\": 1,\n          \"item\": {\n            \"@type\": \"Course\",\n            \"name\": \"Metallic Bonding and Structure\",\n            \"description\": \"Metallic bonding, delocalised electrons and positive ions arranged in a lattice.\",\n            \"url\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-3-bonding\/metallic-bonding\/metallic-bonding-and-structure\/\",\n            \"provider\": { \"@type\": \"Organization\", \"name\": \"Online Learning System\", \"sameAs\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/\" }\n          }\n        },\n        {\n          \"@type\": \"ListItem\",\n          \"position\": 2,\n          \"item\": {\n            \"@type\": \"Course\",\n            \"name\": \"Physical Properties of Metals\",\n            \"description\": \"Melting point and conductivity explained using metallic structure and bonding.\",\n            \"url\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-3-bonding\/metallic-bonding\/physical-properties-of-metals\/\",\n            \"provider\": { \"@type\": \"Organization\", \"name\": \"Online Learning System\", \"sameAs\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/\" }\n          }\n        }\n      ]\n    }\n  ]\n}\n<\/script>\n\n<\/div>\n\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Revision Notes \/ A Level Chemistry \/ AQA \/ 3.1.3 Bonding \/ Metallic Bonding AQA A Level Chemistry MetallicBonding This section covers metallic bonding as attraction between delocalised electrons and positive ions arranged in a lattice. It also links metallic bonding and structure to physical properties such as melting point and electrical conductivity. Exam Papers [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":12,"featured_media":0,"parent":5334,"menu_order":4,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-5339","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/5339","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/12"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5339"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/5339\/revisions"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/5334"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5339"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}