{"id":7119,"date":"2026-09-08T17:56:22","date_gmt":"2026-09-08T16:56:22","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/?page_id=7119"},"modified":"2026-09-14T20:12:00","modified_gmt":"2026-09-14T19:12:00","slug":"4-1-3-alkenes","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/ocr-a\/4-1-3-alkenes\/","title":{"rendered":"4.1.3 Alkenes"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"ols-ocr413-page\">\n\n  <aside class=\"ols-sidebar\">\n  <div class=\"ols-sidebar-header\">\n    <h3>Revision Notes<\/h3>\n    <p>OCR A Level Chemistry A<\/p>\n  <\/div>\n\n  <div class=\"ols-topic-group\">\n    <h4>4.1.3 Alkenes<\/h4>\n\n    <ul class=\"ols-topic-list\">\n      <li>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/ocr-a\/4-1-3-alkenes\/alkene-bonding\/\">Alkene Bonding<\/a>\n      <\/li>\n      <li>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/ocr-a\/4-1-3-alkenes\/geometric-isomerism\/\">Geometric Isomerism<\/a>\n      <\/li>\n      <li>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/ocr-a\/4-1-3-alkenes\/electrophilic-addition-mechanism\/\">Electrophilic Addition Mechanism<\/a>\n      <\/li>\n      <li>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/ocr-a\/4-1-3-alkenes\/reactions-of-alkenes\/\">Reactions of Alkenes<\/a>\n\n        <ul class=\"ols-subtopic-list\">\n          <li>\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/ocr-a\/4-1-3-alkenes\/reactions-of-alkenes\/hydrogen\/\">Hydrogen<\/a>\n          <\/li>\n          <li>\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/ocr-a\/4-1-3-alkenes\/reactions-of-alkenes\/halogens\/\">Halogens<\/a>\n          <\/li>\n          <li>\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/ocr-a\/4-1-3-alkenes\/reactions-of-alkenes\/bromine-water\/\">Bromine Water<\/a>\n          <\/li>\n          <li>\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/ocr-a\/4-1-3-alkenes\/reactions-of-alkenes\/hydrogen-halide\/\">Hydrogen Halide<\/a>\n          <\/li>\n          <li>\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/ocr-a\/4-1-3-alkenes\/reactions-of-alkenes\/steam\/\">Steam<\/a>\n          <\/li>\n        <\/ul>\n      <\/li>\n      <li>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/ocr-a\/4-1-3-alkenes\/polymerisation-reactions\/\">Polymerisation Reactions<\/a>\n      <\/li>\n      <li>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/ocr-a\/4-1-3-alkenes\/polymer-waste\/\">Polymer Waste<\/a>\n      <\/li>\n      <li>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/ocr-a\/4-1-3-alkenes\/processing-waste-polymers\/\">Processing Waste Polymers<\/a>\n      <\/li>\n    <\/ul>\n  <\/div>\n\n  <div class=\"ols-topic-group\">\n    <h4>Next Sections<\/h4>\n\n    <ul class=\"ols-topic-list\">\n      <li>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/ocr-a\/4-1-1-basic-concepts-of-organic-chemistry\/\">4.1.1 Basic Concepts of Organic Chemistry<\/a>\n      <\/li>\n      <li>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/ocr-a\/4-2-1-alcohols\/\">4.2.1 Alcohols<\/a>\n      <\/li>\n      <li>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/ocr-a\/4-2-2-haloalkanes\/\">4.2.2 Haloalkanes<\/a>\n      <\/li>\n      <li>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/ocr-a\/4-1-2-alkanes\/\">4.1.2 Alkanes<\/a>\n      <\/li>\n    <\/ul>\n  <\/div>\n<\/aside>\n\n<script>\r\n(function() {\r\n  function normalisePath(path) {\r\n    return String(path || '')\r\n      .split('?')[0]\r\n      .split('#')[0]\r\n      .replace(\/\\\/+$\/, '')\r\n      .toLowerCase();\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  function highlightActive() {\r\n    var sidebar = document.querySelector('.ols-sidebar');\r\n    if (!sidebar) return false;\r\n\r\n    var currentPath = normalisePath(window.location.pathname);\r\n    var links = 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background: linear-gradient(135deg, #064e3b 0%, #059669 55%, #6ee7b7 100%); }\n    .ols-ocr413-visual--waste { background: linear-gradient(135deg, #334155 0%, #64748b 55%, #cbd5e1 100%); }\n<\/style>\n\n  <!-- BREADCRUMB BAR -->\n  <div class=\"ols-ocr413-breadcrumb-bar\">\n    <div class=\"ols-ocr413-container\">\n      <nav class=\"ols-ocr413-breadcrumb\" aria-label=\"Breadcrumb\">\n          <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/\">Revision Notes<\/a> \/\n          <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/\">A Level Chemistry<\/a> \/\n          <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/ocr-a\/\">OCR A<\/a> \/\n          <span>4.1.3 Alkenes<\/span>\n        <\/nav>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n\n  <!-- INTRO -->\n  <section class=\"ols-ocr413-intro\">\n    <div class=\"ols-ocr413-container\">\n      <div class=\"ols-ocr413-intro-inner\">\n        <div>\n          <div class=\"ols-ocr413-eyebrow\">OCR A Level Chemistry A<\/div>\n          <h1>4.1.3<br>Alkenes<\/h1>\n          <div class=\"ols-ocr413-accent-bar\"><\/div>\n          <p class=\"ols-ocr413-intro-lead\">OCR 4.1.3 covers the bonding in alkenes, E\/Z and cis\u2013trans stereoisomerism with the Cahn\u2013Ingold\u2013Prelog priority rules, electrophilic addition and Markownikoff&#8217;s rule, the addition reactions of alkenes with hydrogen, halogens, hydrogen halides and steam, addition polymerisation, and the processing of waste polymers.<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"ols-ocr413-info-grid\">\n          <div class=\"ols-ocr413-info-card\"><div class=\"ols-ocr413-info-card-label\">Exam Paper<\/div><div class=\"ols-ocr413-info-card-value\">Paper 2<\/div><div class=\"ols-ocr413-info-card-sub\">H432\/02, also Paper 3<\/div><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-ocr413-info-card\"><div class=\"ols-ocr413-info-card-label\">Specification Points<\/div><div class=\"ols-ocr413-info-card-value\">4.1.3(a) &#8211; 4.1.3(l)<\/div><div class=\"ols-ocr413-info-card-sub\">12 learning outcomes<\/div><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-ocr413-info-card\"><div class=\"ols-ocr413-info-card-label\">Topic Parts<\/div><div class=\"ols-ocr413-info-card-value\">7 parts<\/div><div class=\"ols-ocr413-info-card-sub\">Revision notes available<\/div><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-ocr413-info-card\"><div class=\"ols-ocr413-info-card-label\">Exam Board<\/div><div class=\"ols-ocr413-info-card-value\">OCR A<\/div><div class=\"ols-ocr413-info-card-sub\">OCR H432<\/div><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/section>\n\n  <!-- TOPIC CARDS -->\n  <section class=\"ols-ocr413-topics\">\n    <div class=\"ols-ocr413-container\">\n      <div class=\"ols-ocr413-section-header\">\n        <h2 class=\"ols-ocr413-section-title\">Revision Notes<\/h2>\n        <p class=\"ols-ocr413-section-sub\">Work through each part of OCR 4.1.3 in a structured sequence.<\/p>\n      <\/div>\n      <div class=\"ols-ocr413-cards-grid\">\n        <!-- Card 1: Alkene Bonding -->\n        <a class=\"ols-ocr413-card ols-ocr413-card--available\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/ocr-a\/4-1-3-alkenes\/alkene-bonding\/\">\n          <div class=\"ols-ocr413-card-img-wrap\">\n            <div class=\"ols-ocr413-visual ols-ocr413-visual--bonding\">\n              <div class=\"ols-ocr413-visual-panel\">\n                <div class=\"ols-ocr413-visual-kicker\">C=C bond<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-ocr413-visual-main\">Alkene<br>Bonding<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-ocr413-config-line\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span>\u03c3 + \u03c0<\/span><\/div>\n              <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-ocr413-card-num\">1<\/div>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-ocr413-card-body\">\n            <p class=\"ols-ocr413-card-title\">Alkene Bonding<\/p>\n            <p class=\"ols-ocr413-card-desc\">The carbon-carbon double bond as a \u03c3 bond and a \u03c0 bond, the trigonal planar shape and why the \u03c0 bond makes alkenes reactive.<\/p>\n            <span class=\"ols-ocr413-card-cta\">Start revising<svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n\n        <!-- Card 2: Geometric Isomerism -->\n        <a class=\"ols-ocr413-card ols-ocr413-card--available\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/ocr-a\/4-1-3-alkenes\/geometric-isomerism\/\">\n          <div class=\"ols-ocr413-card-img-wrap\">\n            <div class=\"ols-ocr413-visual ols-ocr413-visual--isomerism\">\n              <div class=\"ols-ocr413-visual-panel\">\n                <div class=\"ols-ocr413-visual-kicker\">Stereoisomers<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-ocr413-visual-main\">Geometric<br>Isomerism<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-ocr413-config-line\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span>E \/ Z<\/span><\/div>\n              <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-ocr413-card-num\">2<\/div>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-ocr413-card-body\">\n            <p class=\"ols-ocr413-card-title\">Geometric Isomerism<\/p>\n            <p class=\"ols-ocr413-card-desc\">Restricted rotation, E\/Z and cis\u2013trans stereoisomerism, and the Cahn\u2013Ingold\u2013Prelog priority rules.<\/p>\n            <span class=\"ols-ocr413-card-cta\">Start revising<svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n\n        <!-- Card 3: Electrophilic Addition Mechanism -->\n        <a class=\"ols-ocr413-card ols-ocr413-card--available\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/ocr-a\/4-1-3-alkenes\/electrophilic-addition-mechanism\/\">\n          <div class=\"ols-ocr413-card-img-wrap\">\n            <div class=\"ols-ocr413-visual ols-ocr413-visual--mechanism\">\n              <div class=\"ols-ocr413-visual-panel\">\n                <div class=\"ols-ocr413-visual-kicker\">Curly arrows<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-ocr413-visual-main\">Electrophilic<br>Addition<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-ocr413-config-line\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span>E\u207a<\/span><\/div>\n              <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-ocr413-card-num\">3<\/div>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-ocr413-card-body\">\n            <p class=\"ols-ocr413-card-title\">Electrophilic Addition Mechanism<\/p>\n            <p class=\"ols-ocr413-card-desc\">Electrophiles, heterolytic fission, carbocation intermediates and how to draw the mechanism.<\/p>\n            <span class=\"ols-ocr413-card-cta\">Start revising<svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n\n        <!-- Card 4: Reactions of Alkenes -->\n        <a class=\"ols-ocr413-card ols-ocr413-card--available\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/ocr-a\/4-1-3-alkenes\/reactions-of-alkenes\/\">\n          <div class=\"ols-ocr413-card-img-wrap\">\n            <div class=\"ols-ocr413-visual ols-ocr413-visual--reactions\">\n              <div class=\"ols-ocr413-visual-panel\">\n                <div class=\"ols-ocr413-visual-kicker\">Addition reactions<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-ocr413-visual-main\">Reactions of<br>Alkenes<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-ocr413-config-line\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span>Br\u2082 HBr H\u2082<\/span><\/div>\n              <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-ocr413-card-num\">4<\/div>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-ocr413-card-body\">\n            <p class=\"ols-ocr413-card-title\">Reactions of Alkenes<\/p>\n            <p class=\"ols-ocr413-card-desc\">Addition of hydrogen, halogens, hydrogen halides and steam, the bromine test and Markownikoff&#8217;s rule.<\/p>\n            <span class=\"ols-ocr413-card-cta\">Start revising<svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n\n        <!-- Card 5: Polymerisation Reactions -->\n        <a class=\"ols-ocr413-card ols-ocr413-card--available\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/ocr-a\/4-1-3-alkenes\/polymerisation-reactions\/\">\n          <div class=\"ols-ocr413-card-img-wrap\">\n            <div class=\"ols-ocr413-visual ols-ocr413-visual--polymer\">\n              <div class=\"ols-ocr413-visual-panel\">\n                <div class=\"ols-ocr413-visual-kicker\">Addition polymers<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-ocr413-visual-main\">Polymerisation<br>Reactions<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-ocr413-config-line\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span>n<\/span><\/div>\n              <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-ocr413-card-num\">5<\/div>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-ocr413-card-body\">\n            <p class=\"ols-ocr413-card-title\">Polymerisation Reactions<\/p>\n            <p class=\"ols-ocr413-card-desc\">Addition polymerisation of alkenes and substituted alkenes, repeat units and monomers.<\/p>\n            <span class=\"ols-ocr413-card-cta\">Start revising<svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n\n        <!-- Card 6: Polymer Waste -->\n        <a class=\"ols-ocr413-card ols-ocr413-card--available\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/ocr-a\/4-1-3-alkenes\/polymer-waste\/\">\n          <div class=\"ols-ocr413-card-img-wrap\">\n            <div class=\"ols-ocr413-visual ols-ocr413-visual--waste\">\n              <div class=\"ols-ocr413-visual-panel\">\n                <div class=\"ols-ocr413-visual-kicker\">Sustainability<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-ocr413-visual-main\">Polymer<br>Waste<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-ocr413-config-line\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span>\u267b<\/span><\/div>\n              <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-ocr413-card-num\">6<\/div>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-ocr413-card-body\">\n            <p class=\"ols-ocr413-card-title\">Polymer Waste<\/p>\n            <p class=\"ols-ocr413-card-desc\">Combustion for energy, use as a feedstock, removal of toxic waste products, and biodegradable and photodegradable polymers.<\/p>\n            <span class=\"ols-ocr413-card-cta\">Start revising<svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n<!-- Card 7: Processing Waste Polymers -->\n        <a class=\"ols-ocr413-card ols-ocr413-card--available\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/ocr-a\/4-1-3-alkenes\/processing-waste-polymers\/\">\n          <div class=\"ols-ocr413-card-img-wrap\">\n            <div class=\"ols-ocr413-visual ols-ocr413-visual--giant\">\n              <div class=\"ols-ocr413-visual-panel\">\n                <div class=\"ols-ocr413-visual-kicker\">Sustainability<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-ocr413-visual-main\">Waste<br>Polymers<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-ocr413-config-line\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span>CO\u2082 \/ C\u2083H\u2086<\/span><\/div>\n              <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-ocr413-card-num\">7<\/div>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-ocr413-card-body\">\n            <p class=\"ols-ocr413-card-title\">Processing Waste Polymers<\/p>\n            <p class=\"ols-ocr413-card-desc\">Combustion for energy production and use as an organic feedstock: the sustainability benefits of processing waste polymers.<\/p>\n            <span class=\"ols-ocr413-card-cta\">Start revising<svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n\n      \n\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/section>\n\n  <!-- SPECIFICATION -->\n  <section class=\"ols-ocr413-spec-section\">\n    <div class=\"ols-ocr413-container\">\n      <div class=\"ols-ocr413-spec-wrap\">\n        <div class=\"ols-ocr413-spec-pill\">Specification Coverage<\/div>\n        <h2 class=\"ols-ocr413-spec-heading\">4.1.3 Alkenes &#8211; OCR A Level Chemistry A<\/h2>\n        <p class=\"ols-ocr413-spec-intro-text\">The following OCR learning outcomes state what learners should be able to demonstrate and apply their knowledge and understanding of for 4.1.3 Alkenes. Wording is taken from the OCR A Level Chemistry A (H432) specification, version 2.8.<\/p>\n\n        <h3 class=\"ols-ocr413-spec-group-title\">4.1.3 Alkenes<\/h3>\n        <div class=\"ols-ocr413-spec-rows\">\n<div class=\"ols-ocr413-spec-row ols-ocr413-spec-row--light\"><div class=\"ols-ocr413-spec-code\">4.1.3(a)<\/div><div class=\"ols-ocr413-spec-text\">alkenes as unsaturated hydrocarbons containing a C=C bond comprising a \u03c0-bond (sideways overlap of adjacent p-orbitals above and below the bonding C atoms) and a \u03c3-bond (overlap of orbitals directly between the bonding atoms) (see also 4.1.2 a); restricted rotation of the \u03c0-bond<\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"ols-ocr413-spec-row ols-ocr413-spec-row--mid\"><div class=\"ols-ocr413-spec-code ols-ocr413-spec-code--mid\">4.1.3(b)<\/div><div class=\"ols-ocr413-spec-text\">explanation of the trigonal planar shape and bond angle around each carbon in the C=C of alkenes in terms of electron pair repulsion (see also 2.2.2 g\u2013h, 4.1.2 b)<\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"ols-ocr413-spec-row ols-ocr413-spec-row--light\"><div class=\"ols-ocr413-spec-code\">4.1.3(c)<\/div><div class=\"ols-ocr413-spec-text\">(i) and (ii) below:<div class=\"ols-ocr413-spec-sub-list\"><div class=\"ols-ocr413-spec-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-ocr413-spec-sub-code\">(i)<\/div><div class=\"ols-ocr413-spec-sub-text\">explanation of the terms: stereoisomers (compounds with the same structural formula but with a different arrangement in space); E\/Z isomerism (an example of stereoisomerism, in terms of restricted rotation about a double bond and the requirement for two different groups to be attached to each carbon atom of the C=C group); cis\u2013trans isomerism (a special case of E\/Z isomerism in which two of the substituent groups attached to each carbon atom of the C=C group are the same)<\/div><\/div><div class=\"ols-ocr413-spec-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-ocr413-spec-sub-code\">(ii)<\/div><div class=\"ols-ocr413-spec-sub-text\">use of Cahn\u2013Ingold\u2013Prelog (CIP) priority rules to identify the E and Z stereoisomers<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"ols-ocr413-spec-row ols-ocr413-spec-row--mid\"><div class=\"ols-ocr413-spec-code ols-ocr413-spec-code--mid\">4.1.3(d)<\/div><div class=\"ols-ocr413-spec-text\">determination of possible E\/Z or cis\u2013trans stereoisomers of an organic molecule, given its structural formula<\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"ols-ocr413-spec-row ols-ocr413-spec-row--light\"><div class=\"ols-ocr413-spec-code\">4.1.3(e)<\/div><div class=\"ols-ocr413-spec-text\">the reactivity of alkenes in terms of the relatively low bond enthalpy of the \u03c0-bond<\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"ols-ocr413-spec-row ols-ocr413-spec-row--mid\"><div class=\"ols-ocr413-spec-code ols-ocr413-spec-code--mid\">4.1.3(f)<\/div><div class=\"ols-ocr413-spec-text\">addition reactions of alkenes with:<div class=\"ols-ocr413-spec-sub-list\"><div class=\"ols-ocr413-spec-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-ocr413-spec-sub-code\">(i)<\/div><div class=\"ols-ocr413-spec-sub-text\">hydrogen in the presence of a suitable catalyst, e.g. Ni, to form alkanes<\/div><\/div><div class=\"ols-ocr413-spec-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-ocr413-spec-sub-code\">(ii)<\/div><div class=\"ols-ocr413-spec-sub-text\">halogens to form dihaloalkanes, including the use of bromine to detect the presence of a double C=C bond as a test for unsaturation in a carbon chain<\/div><\/div><div class=\"ols-ocr413-spec-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-ocr413-spec-sub-code\">(iii)<\/div><div class=\"ols-ocr413-spec-sub-text\">hydrogen halides to form haloalkanes<\/div><\/div><div class=\"ols-ocr413-spec-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-ocr413-spec-sub-code\">(iv)<\/div><div class=\"ols-ocr413-spec-sub-text\">steam in the presence of an acid catalyst, e.g. H3PO4, to form alcohols<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"ols-ocr413-spec-row ols-ocr413-spec-row--light\"><div class=\"ols-ocr413-spec-code\">4.1.3(g)<\/div><div class=\"ols-ocr413-spec-text\">definition and use of the term electrophile (an electron pair acceptor)<\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"ols-ocr413-spec-row ols-ocr413-spec-row--mid\"><div class=\"ols-ocr413-spec-code ols-ocr413-spec-code--mid\">4.1.3(h)<\/div><div class=\"ols-ocr413-spec-text\">the mechanism of electrophilic addition in alkenes by heterolytic fission (see also 4.1.1 h\u2013i)<\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"ols-ocr413-spec-row ols-ocr413-spec-row--light\"><div class=\"ols-ocr413-spec-code\">4.1.3(i)<\/div><div class=\"ols-ocr413-spec-text\">use of Markownikoff&#8217;s rule to predict formation of a major organic product in addition reactions of H\u2013X to unsymmetrical alkenes, e.g. H\u2013Br to propene, in terms of the relative stabilities of carbocation intermediates in the mechanism<\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"ols-ocr413-spec-row ols-ocr413-spec-row--mid\"><div class=\"ols-ocr413-spec-code ols-ocr413-spec-code--mid\">4.1.3(j)<\/div><div class=\"ols-ocr413-spec-text\">addition polymerisation of alkenes and substituted alkenes, including:<div class=\"ols-ocr413-spec-sub-list\"><div class=\"ols-ocr413-spec-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-ocr413-spec-sub-code\">(i)<\/div><div class=\"ols-ocr413-spec-sub-text\">the repeat unit of an addition polymer deduced from a given monomer<\/div><\/div><div class=\"ols-ocr413-spec-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-ocr413-spec-sub-code\">(ii)<\/div><div class=\"ols-ocr413-spec-sub-text\">identification of the monomer that would produce a given section of an addition polymer<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"ols-ocr413-spec-row ols-ocr413-spec-row--light\"><div class=\"ols-ocr413-spec-code\">4.1.3(k)<\/div><div class=\"ols-ocr413-spec-text\">the benefits for sustainability of processing waste polymers by:<div class=\"ols-ocr413-spec-sub-list\"><div class=\"ols-ocr413-spec-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-ocr413-spec-sub-code\">(i)<\/div><div class=\"ols-ocr413-spec-sub-text\">combustion for energy production<\/div><\/div><div class=\"ols-ocr413-spec-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-ocr413-spec-sub-code\">(ii)<\/div><div class=\"ols-ocr413-spec-sub-text\">use as an organic feedstock for the production of plastics and other organic chemicals<\/div><\/div><div class=\"ols-ocr413-spec-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-ocr413-spec-sub-code\">(iii)<\/div><div class=\"ols-ocr413-spec-sub-text\">removal of toxic waste products, e.g. removal of HCl formed during disposal by combustion of halogenated plastics (e.g. PVC)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"ols-ocr413-spec-row ols-ocr413-spec-row--mid\"><div class=\"ols-ocr413-spec-code ols-ocr413-spec-code--mid\">4.1.3(l)<\/div><div class=\"ols-ocr413-spec-text\">the benefits to the environment of development of biodegradable and photodegradable polymers<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n        <\/div>\n      <\/div>\n    \n  <\/section>\n\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">\n{\n  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