{"id":7151,"date":"2026-09-08T17:56:38","date_gmt":"2026-09-08T16:56:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/?page_id=7151"},"modified":"2026-09-14T20:12:02","modified_gmt":"2026-09-14T19:12:02","slug":"topic-13-an-introduction-to-as-level-organic-chemistry","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-13-an-introduction-to-as-level-organic-chemistry\/","title":{"rendered":"Topic 13 An Introduction to AS Level Organic Chemistry"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"ols-cie13-page\">\n\n  <aside class=\"ols-sidebar\">\n  <div class=\"ols-sidebar-header\">\n    <h3>Revision Notes<\/h3>\n    <p>Cambridge International AS Level Chemistry<\/p>\n  <\/div>\n  <div class=\"ols-topic-group\">\n    <h4>Topic 13 An Introduction to AS Level Organic Chemistry<\/h4>\n    <ul class=\"ols-topic-list\">\n      <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-13-an-introduction-to-as-level-organic-chemistry\/formulas-functional-groups-and-naming\/\">13.1 Formulas, Functional Groups and Naming<\/a><\/li>\n      <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-13-an-introduction-to-as-level-organic-chemistry\/characteristic-organic-reactions\/\">13.2 Characteristic Organic Reactions<\/a><\/li>\n      <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-13-an-introduction-to-as-level-organic-chemistry\/shapes-of-organic-molecules\/\">13.3 Shapes of Organic Molecules<\/a><\/li>\n      <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-13-an-introduction-to-as-level-organic-chemistry\/isomerism\/\">13.4 Isomerism<\/a><\/li>\n    <\/ul>\n  <\/div>\n  <div class=\"ols-topic-group\">\n    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#334155 0%, #64748b 55%, #cbd5e1 100%); }\n    .ols-cie13-visual--alkane { background: linear-gradient(135deg, #1f2937 0%, #4b5563 55%, #9ca3af 100%); }\n    .ols-cie13-visual--naming { background: linear-gradient(135deg, #0f766e 0%, #14b8a6 55%, #99f6e4 100%); }\n    .ols-cie13-card--soon { opacity: 0.62; cursor: default; }\n    .ols-cie13-card-status--soon { background: #e5e7eb; color: #374151; }\n<\/style>\n\n  <!-- BREADCRUMB BAR -->\n  <div class=\"ols-cie13-breadcrumb-bar\">\n    <div class=\"ols-cie13-container\">\n      <nav class=\"ols-cie13-breadcrumb\" aria-label=\"Breadcrumb\">\n          <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/\">Revision Notes<\/a> \/\n          <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/\">A Level Chemistry<\/a> \/\n          <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/\">Cambridge International (CIE)<\/a> \/\n          <span>Topic 13 An Introduction to AS Level Organic Chemistry<\/span>\n        <\/nav>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n\n  <!-- INTRO -->\n  <section class=\"ols-cie13-intro\">\n    <div class=\"ols-cie13-container\">\n      <div class=\"ols-cie13-intro-inner\">\n        <div>\n          <div class=\"ols-cie13-eyebrow\">Cambridge International AS Level Chemistry<\/div>\n          <h1>Topic 13<br>Introduction to Organic Chemistry<\/h1>\n          <div class=\"ols-cie13-accent-bar\"><\/div>\n          <p class=\"ols-cie13-intro-lead\">Topic 13 introduces the language of organic chemistry: formulas, functional groups and systematic naming, the terminology of reaction types and mechanisms, the shapes of organic molecules with sp, sp2 and sp3 hybridisation, and structural and stereoisomerism.<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"ols-cie13-info-grid\">\n          <div class=\"ols-cie13-info-card\"><div class=\"ols-cie13-info-card-label\">Exam Papers<\/div><div class=\"ols-cie13-info-card-value\">Papers 1 &amp; 2<\/div><div class=\"ols-cie13-info-card-sub\">9701\/1 and 9701\/2 (AS Level)<\/div><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-cie13-info-card\"><div class=\"ols-cie13-info-card-label\">Learning Outcomes<\/div><div class=\"ols-cie13-info-card-value\">13.1.1 &#8211; 13.4.6<\/div><div class=\"ols-cie13-info-card-sub\">18 outcomes with sub-points<\/div><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-cie13-info-card\"><div class=\"ols-cie13-info-card-label\">Topic Parts<\/div><div class=\"ols-cie13-info-card-value\">4 parts<\/div><div class=\"ols-cie13-info-card-sub\">13.1 to 13.4<\/div><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-cie13-info-card\"><div class=\"ols-cie13-info-card-label\">Exam Board<\/div><div class=\"ols-cie13-info-card-value\">Cambridge<\/div><div class=\"ols-cie13-info-card-sub\">CIE 9701 (2025-2027)<\/div><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/section>\n\n  <!-- TOPIC CARDS -->\n  <section class=\"ols-cie13-topics\">\n    <div class=\"ols-cie13-container\">\n      <div class=\"ols-cie13-section-header\">\n        <h2 class=\"ols-cie13-section-title\">Revision Notes<\/h2>\n        <p class=\"ols-cie13-section-sub\">Work through each part of Cambridge Topic 13 in a structured sequence.<\/p>\n      <\/div>\n      <div class=\"ols-cie13-cards-grid\">\n        <!-- Card 1: Formulas, Functional Groups and Naming -->\n        <a class=\"ols-cie13-card ols-cie13-card--available\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-13-an-introduction-to-as-level-organic-chemistry\/formulas-functional-groups-and-naming\/\">\n          <div class=\"ols-cie13-card-img-wrap\">\n            <div class=\"ols-cie13-visual ols-cie13-visual--naming\">\n              <div class=\"ols-cie13-visual-panel\">\n                <div class=\"ols-cie13-visual-kicker\">Nomenclature<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-cie13-visual-main\">Formulas and<br>Naming<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-cie13-config-line\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span>R\u2013OH<\/span><\/div>\n              <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-cie13-card-num\">1<\/div>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-cie13-card-body\">\n            <p class=\"ols-cie13-card-title\">Formulas, Functional Groups and Naming<\/p>\n            <p class=\"ols-cie13-card-desc\">Hydrocarbons, functional groups, general, structural, displayed and skeletal formulas and systematic nomenclature.<\/p>\n            <span class=\"ols-cie13-card-cta\">Start revising<svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n\n        <!-- Card 2: Characteristic Organic Reactions -->\n        <a class=\"ols-cie13-card ols-cie13-card--available\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-13-an-introduction-to-as-level-organic-chemistry\/characteristic-organic-reactions\/\">\n          <div class=\"ols-cie13-card-img-wrap\">\n            <div class=\"ols-cie13-visual ols-cie13-visual--mechanism\">\n              <div class=\"ols-cie13-visual-panel\">\n                <div class=\"ols-cie13-visual-kicker\">Terminology<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-cie13-visual-main\">Characteristic<br>Reactions<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-cie13-config-line\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span>Nu\u207b E\u207a<\/span><\/div>\n              <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-cie13-card-num\">2<\/div>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-cie13-card-body\">\n            <p class=\"ols-cie13-card-title\">Characteristic Organic Reactions<\/p>\n            <p class=\"ols-cie13-card-desc\">Homolytic and heterolytic fission, radicals, nucleophiles and electrophiles, and the names of reaction types and mechanisms.<\/p>\n            <span class=\"ols-cie13-card-cta\">Start revising<svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n\n        <!-- Card 3: Shapes of Organic Molecules -->\n        <a class=\"ols-cie13-card ols-cie13-card--available\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-13-an-introduction-to-as-level-organic-chemistry\/shapes-of-organic-molecules\/\">\n          <div class=\"ols-cie13-card-img-wrap\">\n            <div class=\"ols-cie13-visual ols-cie13-visual--bonding\">\n              <div class=\"ols-cie13-visual-panel\">\n                <div class=\"ols-cie13-visual-kicker\">Hybridisation<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-cie13-visual-main\">Shapes of<br>Molecules<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-cie13-config-line\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span>\u03c3 \u03c0<\/span><\/div>\n              <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-cie13-card-num\">3<\/div>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-cie13-card-body\">\n            <p class=\"ols-cie13-card-title\">Shapes of Organic Molecules<\/p>\n            <p class=\"ols-cie13-card-desc\">Straight-chain, branched and cyclic molecules, sp, sp2 and sp3 hybridisation, \u03c3 and \u03c0 bonds and planar alkenes.<\/p>\n            <span class=\"ols-cie13-card-cta\">Start revising<svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n\n        <!-- Card 4: Isomerism -->\n        <a class=\"ols-cie13-card ols-cie13-card--available\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-13-an-introduction-to-as-level-organic-chemistry\/isomerism\/\">\n          <div class=\"ols-cie13-card-img-wrap\">\n            <div class=\"ols-cie13-visual ols-cie13-visual--isomerism\">\n              <div class=\"ols-cie13-visual-panel\">\n                <div class=\"ols-cie13-visual-kicker\">Stereochemistry<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-cie13-visual-main\">Isomerism<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-cie13-config-line\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span>cis \/ trans<\/span><\/div>\n              <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-cie13-card-num\">4<\/div>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-cie13-card-body\">\n            <p class=\"ols-cie13-card-title\">Isomerism<\/p>\n            <p class=\"ols-cie13-card-desc\">Structural isomerism, geometrical (cis\/trans) isomerism, chiral centres and optical isomerism.<\/p>\n            <span class=\"ols-cie13-card-cta\">Start revising<svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n\n      \n\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/section>\n\n  <!-- SPECIFICATION -->\n  <section class=\"ols-cie13-spec-section\">\n    <div class=\"ols-cie13-container\">\n      <div class=\"ols-cie13-spec-wrap\">\n        <div class=\"ols-cie13-spec-pill\">Specification Coverage<\/div>\n        <h2 class=\"ols-cie13-spec-heading\">Topic 13 An Introduction to AS Level Organic Chemistry &#8211; Cambridge International<\/h2>\n        <p class=\"ols-cie13-spec-intro-text\">The following Cambridge learning outcomes state what candidates should be able to do for Topic 13. Wording is taken from the Cambridge International AS &amp; A Level Chemistry 9701 syllabus for 2025 to 2027.<\/p>\n\n        <h3 class=\"ols-cie13-spec-group-title\">13.1 Formulas, functional groups and the naming of organic compounds<\/h3>\n<div class=\"ols-cie13-spec-rows\">\n<div class=\"ols-cie13-spec-row ols-cie13-spec-row--light\"><div class=\"ols-cie13-spec-code\">13.1.1<\/div><div class=\"ols-cie13-spec-text\">define the term hydrocarbon as a compound made up of C and H atoms only<\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"ols-cie13-spec-row ols-cie13-spec-row--mid\"><div class=\"ols-cie13-spec-code ols-cie13-spec-code--mid\">13.1.2<\/div><div class=\"ols-cie13-spec-text\">understand that alkanes are simple hydrocarbons with no functional group<\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"ols-cie13-spec-row ols-cie13-spec-row--light\"><div class=\"ols-cie13-spec-code\">13.1.3<\/div><div class=\"ols-cie13-spec-text\">understand that the compounds in the table on pages 29 and 30 contain a functional group which dictates their physical and chemical properties<\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"ols-cie13-spec-row ols-cie13-spec-row--mid\"><div class=\"ols-cie13-spec-code ols-cie13-spec-code--mid\">13.1.4<\/div><div class=\"ols-cie13-spec-text\">interpret and use the general, structural, displayed and skeletal formulas of the classes of compound stated in the table on pages 29 and 30<\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"ols-cie13-spec-row ols-cie13-spec-row--light\"><div class=\"ols-cie13-spec-code\">13.1.5<\/div><div class=\"ols-cie13-spec-text\">understand and use systematic nomenclature of simple aliphatic organic molecules with functional groups detailed in the table on pages 29 and 30, up to six carbon atoms (six plus six for esters, straight chains only for esters and nitriles)<\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"ols-cie13-spec-row ols-cie13-spec-row--mid\"><div class=\"ols-cie13-spec-code ols-cie13-spec-code--mid\">13.1.6<\/div><div class=\"ols-cie13-spec-text\">deduce the molecular and\/or empirical formula of a compound, given its structural, displayed or skeletal formula<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h3 class=\"ols-cie13-spec-group-title\">13.2 Characteristic organic reactions<\/h3>\n<div class=\"ols-cie13-spec-rows\">\n<div class=\"ols-cie13-spec-row ols-cie13-spec-row--light\"><div class=\"ols-cie13-spec-code\">13.2.1<\/div><div class=\"ols-cie13-spec-text\">interpret and use the following terminology associated with types of organic compounds and reactions:<div class=\"ols-cie13-spec-sub-list\"><div class=\"ols-cie13-spec-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-cie13-spec-sub-code\">(a)<\/div><div class=\"ols-cie13-spec-sub-text\">homologous series<\/div><\/div><div class=\"ols-cie13-spec-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-cie13-spec-sub-code\">(b)<\/div><div class=\"ols-cie13-spec-sub-text\">saturated and unsaturated<\/div><\/div><div class=\"ols-cie13-spec-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-cie13-spec-sub-code\">(c)<\/div><div class=\"ols-cie13-spec-sub-text\">homolytic and heterolytic fission<\/div><\/div><div class=\"ols-cie13-spec-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-cie13-spec-sub-code\">(d)<\/div><div class=\"ols-cie13-spec-sub-text\">free radical, initiation, propagation, termination<\/div><\/div><div class=\"ols-cie13-spec-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-cie13-spec-sub-code\">(e)<\/div><div class=\"ols-cie13-spec-sub-text\">nucleophile, electrophile, nucleophilic, electrophilic<\/div><\/div><div class=\"ols-cie13-spec-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-cie13-spec-sub-code\">(f)<\/div><div class=\"ols-cie13-spec-sub-text\">addition, substitution, elimination, hydrolysis, condensation<\/div><\/div><div class=\"ols-cie13-spec-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-cie13-spec-sub-code\">(g)<\/div><div class=\"ols-cie13-spec-sub-text\">oxidation and reduction<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"ols-cie13-spec-row ols-cie13-spec-row--mid\"><div class=\"ols-cie13-spec-code ols-cie13-spec-code--mid\">13.2.2<\/div><div class=\"ols-cie13-spec-text\">understand and use the following terminology associated with types of organic mechanisms:<div class=\"ols-cie13-spec-sub-list\"><div class=\"ols-cie13-spec-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-cie13-spec-sub-code\">(a)<\/div><div class=\"ols-cie13-spec-sub-text\">free-radical substitution<\/div><\/div><div class=\"ols-cie13-spec-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-cie13-spec-sub-code\">(b)<\/div><div class=\"ols-cie13-spec-sub-text\">electrophilic addition<\/div><\/div><div class=\"ols-cie13-spec-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-cie13-spec-sub-code\">(c)<\/div><div class=\"ols-cie13-spec-sub-text\">nucleophilic substitution<\/div><\/div><div class=\"ols-cie13-spec-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-cie13-spec-sub-code\">(d)<\/div><div class=\"ols-cie13-spec-sub-text\">nucleophilic addition<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h3 class=\"ols-cie13-spec-group-title\">13.3 Shapes of organic molecules; \u03c3 and \u03c0 bonds<\/h3>\n<div class=\"ols-cie13-spec-rows\">\n<div class=\"ols-cie13-spec-row ols-cie13-spec-row--light\"><div class=\"ols-cie13-spec-code\">13.3.1<\/div><div class=\"ols-cie13-spec-text\">describe organic molecules as either straight-chained, branched or cyclic<\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"ols-cie13-spec-row ols-cie13-spec-row--mid\"><div class=\"ols-cie13-spec-code ols-cie13-spec-code--mid\">13.3.2<\/div><div class=\"ols-cie13-spec-text\">describe and explain the shape of, and bond angles in, molecules containing sp, sp2 and sp3 hybridised atoms<\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"ols-cie13-spec-row ols-cie13-spec-row--light\"><div class=\"ols-cie13-spec-code\">13.3.3<\/div><div class=\"ols-cie13-spec-text\">describe the arrangement of \u03c3 and \u03c0 bonds in molecules containing sp, sp2 and sp3 hybridised atoms<\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"ols-cie13-spec-row ols-cie13-spec-row--mid\"><div class=\"ols-cie13-spec-code ols-cie13-spec-code--mid\">13.3.4<\/div><div class=\"ols-cie13-spec-text\">understand and use the term planar when describing the arrangement of atoms in organic molecules, for example ethene<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h3 class=\"ols-cie13-spec-group-title\">13.4 Isomerism: structural isomerism and stereoisomerism<\/h3>\n<div class=\"ols-cie13-spec-rows\">\n<div class=\"ols-cie13-spec-row ols-cie13-spec-row--light\"><div class=\"ols-cie13-spec-code\">13.4.1<\/div><div class=\"ols-cie13-spec-text\">describe structural isomerism and its division into chain, positional and functional group isomerism<\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"ols-cie13-spec-row ols-cie13-spec-row--mid\"><div class=\"ols-cie13-spec-code ols-cie13-spec-code--mid\">13.4.2<\/div><div class=\"ols-cie13-spec-text\">describe stereoisomerism and its division into geometrical (cis\/trans) and optical isomerism (use of E\/Z nomenclature is acceptable but is not required)<\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"ols-cie13-spec-row ols-cie13-spec-row--light\"><div class=\"ols-cie13-spec-code\">13.4.3<\/div><div class=\"ols-cie13-spec-text\">describe geometrical (cis\/trans) isomerism in alkenes, and explain its origin in terms of restricted rotation due to the presence of \u03c0 bonds<\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"ols-cie13-spec-row ols-cie13-spec-row--mid\"><div class=\"ols-cie13-spec-code ols-cie13-spec-code--mid\">13.4.4<\/div><div class=\"ols-cie13-spec-text\">explain what is meant by a chiral centre and that such a centre gives rise to two optical isomers (enantiomers)<\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"ols-cie13-spec-row ols-cie13-spec-row--light\"><div class=\"ols-cie13-spec-code\">13.4.5<\/div><div class=\"ols-cie13-spec-text\">identify chiral centres and geometrical (cis\/trans) isomerism in a molecule of given structural formula including cyclic compounds<\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"ols-cie13-spec-row ols-cie13-spec-row--mid\"><div class=\"ols-cie13-spec-code ols-cie13-spec-code--mid\">13.4.6<\/div><div class=\"ols-cie13-spec-text\">deduce the possible isomers for an organic molecule of known molecular formula<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n        <\/div>\n      <\/div>\n    \n  <\/section>\n\n<script 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