{"id":7154,"date":"2026-09-08T17:56:41","date_gmt":"2026-09-08T16:56:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/?page_id=7154"},"modified":"2026-09-14T20:12:04","modified_gmt":"2026-09-14T19:12:04","slug":"topic-14-hydrocarbons","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-14-hydrocarbons\/","title":{"rendered":"Topic 14 Hydrocarbons"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"ols-cie14-page\">\n\n  <aside class=\"ols-sidebar\">\n  <div class=\"ols-sidebar-header\">\n    <h3>Revision Notes<\/h3>\n    <p>Cambridge International AS Level Chemistry<\/p>\n  <\/div>\n  <div class=\"ols-topic-group\">\n    <h4>Topic 14 Hydrocarbons<\/h4>\n    <ul class=\"ols-topic-list\">\n      <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-14-hydrocarbons\/alkanes\/\">14.1 Alkanes<\/a><\/li>\n      <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-14-hydrocarbons\/alkenes\/\">14.2 Alkenes<\/a><\/li>\n    <\/ul>\n  <\/div>\n  <div class=\"ols-topic-group\">\n    <h4>Next Topics<\/h4>\n    <ul class=\"ols-topic-list\">\n      <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-15-halogen-compounds\/\">Topic 15 Halogen Compounds<\/a><\/li>\n      <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-16-hydroxy-compounds\/\">Topic 16 Hydroxy Compounds<\/a><\/li>\n      <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-13-an-introduction-to-as-level-organic-chemistry\/\">Topic 13 Introduction to AS Organic Chemistry<\/a><\/li>\n    <\/ul>\n  <\/div>\n<\/aside>\n<script>\r\n(function() {\r\n  function normalisePath(path) {\r\n    return String(path || '')\r\n      .split('?')[0]\r\n 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class=\"ols-cie14-breadcrumb-bar\">\n    <div class=\"ols-cie14-container\">\n      <nav class=\"ols-cie14-breadcrumb\" aria-label=\"Breadcrumb\">\n          <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/\">Revision Notes<\/a> \/\n          <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/\">A Level Chemistry<\/a> \/\n          <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/\">Cambridge International (CIE)<\/a> \/\n          <span>Topic 14 Hydrocarbons<\/span>\n        <\/nav>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n\n  <!-- INTRO -->\n  <section class=\"ols-cie14-intro\">\n    <div class=\"ols-cie14-container\">\n      <div class=\"ols-cie14-intro-inner\">\n        <div>\n          <div class=\"ols-cie14-eyebrow\">Cambridge International AS Level Chemistry<\/div>\n          <h1>Topic 14<br>Hydrocarbons<\/h1>\n          <div class=\"ols-cie14-accent-bar\"><\/div>\n          <p class=\"ols-cie14-intro-lead\">Topic 14 covers the alkanes and the alkenes: how alkanes are obtained and why they are unreactive, free-radical substitution, and then the production, electrophilic addition reactions, oxidation and polymerisation of alkenes. Alkene bonding and geometrical isomerism sit in Topic 13 and polymers in Topic 20, and are linked from these pages.<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"ols-cie14-info-grid\">\n          <div class=\"ols-cie14-info-card\"><div class=\"ols-cie14-info-card-label\">Exam Papers<\/div><div class=\"ols-cie14-info-card-value\">Papers 1 &amp; 2<\/div><div class=\"ols-cie14-info-card-sub\">9701\/1 and 9701\/2 (AS Level)<\/div><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-cie14-info-card\"><div class=\"ols-cie14-info-card-label\">Learning Outcomes<\/div><div class=\"ols-cie14-info-card-value\">14.1.1 &#8211; 14.2.5<\/div><div class=\"ols-cie14-info-card-sub\">11 outcomes with sub-points<\/div><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-cie14-info-card\"><div class=\"ols-cie14-info-card-label\">Topic Parts<\/div><div class=\"ols-cie14-info-card-value\">2 parts<\/div><div class=\"ols-cie14-info-card-sub\">Alkanes and Alkenes<\/div><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-cie14-info-card\"><div class=\"ols-cie14-info-card-label\">Exam Board<\/div><div class=\"ols-cie14-info-card-value\">Cambridge<\/div><div class=\"ols-cie14-info-card-sub\">CIE 9701 (2025-2027)<\/div><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/section>\n\n  <!-- TOPIC CARDS -->\n  <section class=\"ols-cie14-topics\">\n    <div class=\"ols-cie14-container\">\n      <div class=\"ols-cie14-section-header\">\n        <h2 class=\"ols-cie14-section-title\">Revision Notes<\/h2>\n        <p class=\"ols-cie14-section-sub\">Work through each part of Cambridge Topic 14 in a structured sequence.<\/p>\n      <\/div>\n      <div class=\"ols-cie14-cards-grid\">\n        <!-- Card 1: Alkanes -->\n        <a class=\"ols-cie14-card ols-cie14-card--available\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-14-hydrocarbons\/alkanes\/\">\n          <div class=\"ols-cie14-card-img-wrap\">\n            <div class=\"ols-cie14-visual ols-cie14-visual--alkane\">\n              <div class=\"ols-cie14-visual-panel\">\n                <div class=\"ols-cie14-visual-kicker\">Saturated<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-cie14-visual-main\">Alkanes<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-cie14-config-line\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span>C\u2013C<\/span><\/div>\n              <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-cie14-card-num\">1<\/div>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-cie14-card-body\">\n            <p class=\"ols-cie14-card-title\">Alkanes<\/p>\n            <p class=\"ols-cie14-card-desc\">Production of alkanes, combustion, free-radical substitution and its mechanism, cracking, and the environmental consequences of burning alkanes.<\/p>\n            <span class=\"ols-cie14-card-cta\">Start revising<svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n\n        <!-- Card 2: Alkenes -->\n        <a class=\"ols-cie14-card ols-cie14-card--available\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-14-hydrocarbons\/alkenes\/\">\n          <div class=\"ols-cie14-card-img-wrap\">\n            <div class=\"ols-cie14-visual ols-cie14-visual--reactions\">\n              <div class=\"ols-cie14-visual-panel\">\n                <div class=\"ols-cie14-visual-kicker\">Unsaturated<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-cie14-visual-main\">Alkenes<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-cie14-config-line\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span>C=C<\/span><\/div>\n              <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-cie14-card-num\">2<\/div>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-cie14-card-body\">\n            <p class=\"ols-cie14-card-title\">Alkenes<\/p>\n            <p class=\"ols-cie14-card-desc\">Producing alkenes, electrophilic addition, addition reactions with hydrogen, halogens, hydrogen halides, steam and KMnO4, and addition polymerisation.<\/p>\n            <span class=\"ols-cie14-card-cta\">Start revising<svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n\n      \n\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/section>\n\n  <!-- SPECIFICATION -->\n  <section class=\"ols-cie14-spec-section\">\n    <div class=\"ols-cie14-container\">\n      <div class=\"ols-cie14-spec-wrap\">\n        <div class=\"ols-cie14-spec-pill\">Specification Coverage<\/div>\n        <h2 class=\"ols-cie14-spec-heading\">Topic 14 Hydrocarbons &#8211; Cambridge International AS Level Chemistry<\/h2>\n        <p class=\"ols-cie14-spec-intro-text\">The following Cambridge learning outcomes state what candidates should be able to do for Topic 14. Wording is taken from the Cambridge International AS &amp; A Level Chemistry 9701 syllabus for 2025 to 2027.<\/p>\n\n        <h3 class=\"ols-cie14-spec-group-title\">14.1 Alkanes<\/h3>\n<div class=\"ols-cie14-spec-rows\">\n<div class=\"ols-cie14-spec-row ols-cie14-spec-row--light\"><div class=\"ols-cie14-spec-code\">14.1.1<\/div><div class=\"ols-cie14-spec-text\">recall the reactions (reagents and conditions) by which alkanes can be produced:<div class=\"ols-cie14-spec-sub-list\"><div class=\"ols-cie14-spec-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-cie14-spec-sub-code\">(a)<\/div><div class=\"ols-cie14-spec-sub-text\">addition of hydrogen to an alkene in a hydrogenation reaction, H2(g) and Pt\/Ni catalyst and heat<\/div><\/div><div class=\"ols-cie14-spec-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-cie14-spec-sub-code\">(b)<\/div><div class=\"ols-cie14-spec-sub-text\">cracking of a longer chain alkane, heat with Al2O3<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"ols-cie14-spec-row ols-cie14-spec-row--mid\"><div class=\"ols-cie14-spec-code ols-cie14-spec-code--mid\">14.1.2<\/div><div class=\"ols-cie14-spec-text\">describe:<div class=\"ols-cie14-spec-sub-list\"><div class=\"ols-cie14-spec-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-cie14-spec-sub-code\">(a)<\/div><div class=\"ols-cie14-spec-sub-text\">the complete and incomplete combustion of alkanes<\/div><\/div><div class=\"ols-cie14-spec-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-cie14-spec-sub-code\">(b)<\/div><div class=\"ols-cie14-spec-sub-text\">the free-radical substitution of alkanes by Cl2 or Br2 in the presence of ultraviolet light, as exemplified by the reactions of ethane<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"ols-cie14-spec-row ols-cie14-spec-row--light\"><div class=\"ols-cie14-spec-code\">14.1.3<\/div><div class=\"ols-cie14-spec-text\">describe the mechanism of free-radical substitution with reference to the initiation, propagation and termination steps<\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"ols-cie14-spec-row ols-cie14-spec-row--mid\"><div class=\"ols-cie14-spec-code ols-cie14-spec-code--mid\">14.1.4<\/div><div class=\"ols-cie14-spec-text\">suggest how cracking can be used to obtain more useful alkanes and alkenes of lower Mr from heavier crude oil fractions<\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"ols-cie14-spec-row ols-cie14-spec-row--light\"><div class=\"ols-cie14-spec-code\">14.1.5<\/div><div class=\"ols-cie14-spec-text\">understand the general unreactivity of alkanes, including towards polar reagents in terms of the strength of the C\u2013H bonds and their relative lack of polarity<\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"ols-cie14-spec-row ols-cie14-spec-row--mid\"><div class=\"ols-cie14-spec-code ols-cie14-spec-code--mid\">14.1.6<\/div><div class=\"ols-cie14-spec-text\">recognise the environmental consequences of carbon monoxide, oxides of nitrogen and unburnt hydrocarbons arising from the combustion of alkanes in the internal combustion engine and of their catalytic removal<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h3 class=\"ols-cie14-spec-group-title\">14.2 Alkenes<\/h3>\n<div class=\"ols-cie14-spec-rows\">\n<div class=\"ols-cie14-spec-row ols-cie14-spec-row--light\"><div class=\"ols-cie14-spec-code\">14.2.1<\/div><div class=\"ols-cie14-spec-text\">recall the reactions (including reagents and conditions) by which alkenes can be produced:<div class=\"ols-cie14-spec-sub-list\"><div class=\"ols-cie14-spec-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-cie14-spec-sub-code\">(a)<\/div><div class=\"ols-cie14-spec-sub-text\">elimination of HX from a halogenoalkane by ethanolic NaOH and heat<\/div><\/div><div class=\"ols-cie14-spec-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-cie14-spec-sub-code\">(b)<\/div><div class=\"ols-cie14-spec-sub-text\">dehydration of an alcohol, by using a heated catalyst (e.g. Al2O3) or a concentrated acid (e.g. concentrated H2SO4)<\/div><\/div><div class=\"ols-cie14-spec-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-cie14-spec-sub-code\">(c)<\/div><div class=\"ols-cie14-spec-sub-text\">cracking of a longer chain alkane<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"ols-cie14-spec-row ols-cie14-spec-row--mid\"><div class=\"ols-cie14-spec-code ols-cie14-spec-code--mid\">14.2.2<\/div><div class=\"ols-cie14-spec-text\">describe the following reactions of alkenes:<div class=\"ols-cie14-spec-sub-list\"><div class=\"ols-cie14-spec-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-cie14-spec-sub-code\">(a)<\/div><div class=\"ols-cie14-spec-sub-text\">the electrophilic addition of (i) hydrogen in a hydrogenation reaction, H2(g) and Pt\/Ni catalyst and heat; (ii) steam, H2O(g) and H3PO4 catalyst; (iii) a hydrogen halide, HX(g), at room temperature; (iv) a halogen, X2<\/div><\/div><div class=\"ols-cie14-spec-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-cie14-spec-sub-code\">(b)<\/div><div class=\"ols-cie14-spec-sub-text\">the oxidation by cold dilute acidified KMnO4 to form the diol<\/div><\/div><div class=\"ols-cie14-spec-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-cie14-spec-sub-code\">(c)<\/div><div class=\"ols-cie14-spec-sub-text\">the oxidation by hot concentrated acidified KMnO4 leading to the rupture of the carbon\u2013carbon double bond and the identities of the subsequent products to determine the position of alkene linkages in larger molecules<\/div><\/div><div class=\"ols-cie14-spec-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-cie14-spec-sub-code\">(d)<\/div><div class=\"ols-cie14-spec-sub-text\">addition polymerisation exemplified by the reactions of ethene and propene<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"ols-cie14-spec-row ols-cie14-spec-row--light\"><div class=\"ols-cie14-spec-code\">14.2.3<\/div><div class=\"ols-cie14-spec-text\">describe the use of aqueous bromine to show the presence of a C=C bond<\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"ols-cie14-spec-row ols-cie14-spec-row--mid\"><div class=\"ols-cie14-spec-code ols-cie14-spec-code--mid\">14.2.4<\/div><div class=\"ols-cie14-spec-text\">describe the mechanism of electrophilic addition in alkenes, using bromine\/ethene and hydrogen bromide\/propene as examples<\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"ols-cie14-spec-row ols-cie14-spec-row--light\"><div class=\"ols-cie14-spec-code\">14.2.5<\/div><div class=\"ols-cie14-spec-text\">describe and explain the inductive effects of alkyl groups on the stability of primary, secondary and tertiary cations formed during electrophilic addition (this should be used to explain Markovnikov addition)<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n        <\/div>\n      <\/div>\n    \n  <\/section>\n\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\n  \"@context\": \"https:\/\/schema.org\",\n  \"@graph\": [\n    {\n      \"@type\": \"WebPage\",\n      \"@id\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-14-hydrocarbons\/#webpage\",\n      \"url\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-14-hydrocarbons\/\",\n      \"name\": \"Topic 14 Hydrocarbons - Cambridge International AS Level Chemistry Revision Notes\",\n      \"description\": \"Free CIE 9701 Topic 14 Hydrocarbons revision notes: alkanes and alkenes, free-radical substitution, electrophilic addition, oxidation by KMnO4 and addition polymerisation.\",\n      \"isPartOf\": {\n        \"@type\": \"WebSite\",\n        \"@id\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/#website\",\n        \"name\": \"Online Learning System\",\n        \"url\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/\"\n      },\n      \"inLanguage\": \"en-GB\"\n    },\n    {\n      \"@type\": \"BreadcrumbList\",\n      \"@id\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-14-hydrocarbons\/#breadcrumb\",\n      \"itemListElement\": [\n        {\n          \"@type\": \"ListItem\",\n          \"position\": 1,\n          \"name\": \"Revision Notes\",\n          \"item\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/\"\n        },\n        {\n          \"@type\": \"ListItem\",\n          \"position\": 2,\n          \"name\": \"A Level Chemistry\",\n          \"item\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/\"\n        },\n        {\n          \"@type\": \"ListItem\",\n          \"position\": 3,\n          \"name\": \"Cambridge International (CIE)\",\n          \"item\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/\"\n        },\n        {\n          \"@type\": \"ListItem\",\n          \"position\": 4,\n          \"name\": \"Topic 14 Hydrocarbons\",\n          \"item\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-14-hydrocarbons\/\"\n        }\n      ]\n    }\n  ]\n}<\/script>\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Revision Notes \/ A Level Chemistry \/ Cambridge International (CIE) \/ Topic 14 Hydrocarbons Cambridge International AS Level Chemistry Topic 14Hydrocarbons Topic 14 covers the alkanes and the alkenes: how alkanes are obtained and why they are unreactive, free-radical substitution, and then the production, electrophilic addition reactions, oxidation and polymerisation of alkenes. Alkene bonding and [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":12,"featured_media":0,"parent":7150,"menu_order":13,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-7154","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/7154","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/12"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=7154"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/7154\/revisions"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/7150"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=7154"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}