{"id":7321,"date":"2026-09-09T09:01:58","date_gmt":"2026-09-09T08:01:58","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-14-hydrocarbons\/alkenes\/reactions-of-alkenes\/oxidative-cleavage\/"},"modified":"2026-09-22T13:32:13","modified_gmt":"2026-09-22T12:32:13","slug":"oxidative-cleavage","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-14-hydrocarbons\/alkenes\/reactions-of-alkenes\/oxidative-cleavage\/","title":{"rendered":"Oxidative Cleavage"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<section class=\"ols-revision-page ols-alkene-kmno4-page\">\n  <style>\n    .ols-revision-page {\n      --navy: #1C244B;\n      --blue: #2563eb;\n      --soft-blue: #eef4ff;\n      --soft-red: #fff7f7;\n      --soft-purple: #f7f0ff;\n      --soft-green: #f0f7f1;\n      --green: #3f8f46;\n      --red: #d94b2b;\n      --gold: #c9973a;\n      --grey-text: #667085;\n      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!important;\n      top: 18px !important;\n      right: 22px !important;\n      width: 46px !important;\n      height: 46px !important;\n      display: flex !important;\n      align-items: center !important;\n      justify-content: center !important;\n      border: 0 !important;\n      border-radius: 999px !important;\n      background: #ffffff !important;\n      color: #1C244B !important;\n      font-size: 30px !important;\n      line-height: 1 !important;\n      font-weight: 700 !important;\n      cursor: pointer !important;\n      box-shadow: 0 12px 30px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.25) !important;\n      padding: 0 !important;\n      margin: 0 !important;\n    }\n\n\n  \n    .ols-figure-placeholder .ols-placeholder-box { border: 2px dashed #c9973a; background: #fffaf0; border-radius: 16px; padding: 26px 22px; font-weight: 700; color: #7a4b12; text-align: center; line-height: 1.6; }\n    .ols-figure-placeholder { background: #ffffff; border: 1px solid rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.12); border-radius: 22px; padding: 14px; margin: 18px 0 6px; }\n    .ols-figure-placeholder .ols-figure-image { background: transparent; }\n    .ols-figure-placeholder .ols-figure-caption p { margin: 10px 0 0; font-size: 14px; color: #667085; text-align: center; }\n<\/style>\n\n    <aside class=\"ols-sidebar\">\n  <div class=\"ols-sidebar-header\">\n    <h3>Revision Notes<\/h3>\n    <p>Cambridge International AS Level Chemistry<\/p>\n  <\/div>\n  <div class=\"ols-topic-group\">\n    <h4>14.2 Alkenes<\/h4>\n    <ul class=\"ols-topic-list\">\n      <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-14-hydrocarbons\/alkenes\/\">Part overview<\/a><\/li>\n      <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-14-hydrocarbons\/alkenes\/producing-alkenes\/\">Producing Alkenes<\/a><\/li>\n      <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-14-hydrocarbons\/alkenes\/electrophilic-addition-mechanism\/\">Electrophilic Addition Mechanism<\/a><\/li>\n      <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-14-hydrocarbons\/alkenes\/markovnikov-addition\/\">Markovnikov Addition<\/a><\/li>\n      <li>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-14-hydrocarbons\/alkenes\/reactions-of-alkenes\/\">Reactions of Alkenes<\/a>\n        <ul class=\"ols-subtopic-list\">\n          <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-14-hydrocarbons\/alkenes\/reactions-of-alkenes\/hydrogen\/\">Hydrogen<\/a><\/li>\n          <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-14-hydrocarbons\/alkenes\/reactions-of-alkenes\/halogens\/\">Halogens<\/a><\/li>\n          <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-14-hydrocarbons\/alkenes\/reactions-of-alkenes\/bromine-water\/\">Bromine Water<\/a><\/li>\n          <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-14-hydrocarbons\/alkenes\/reactions-of-alkenes\/hydrogen-halide\/\">Hydrogen Halide<\/a><\/li>\n          <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-14-hydrocarbons\/alkenes\/reactions-of-alkenes\/steam\/\">Steam<\/a><\/li>\n          <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-14-hydrocarbons\/alkenes\/reactions-of-alkenes\/kmno4\/\">KMnO4<\/a><\/li>\n          <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-14-hydrocarbons\/alkenes\/reactions-of-alkenes\/oxidative-cleavage\/\">Oxidative Cleavage<\/a><\/li>\n        <\/ul>\n      <\/li>\n    <\/ul>\n  <\/div>\n  <div class=\"ols-topic-group\">\n    <h4>Other Topics<\/h4>\n    <ul class=\"ols-topic-list\">\n      <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-14-hydrocarbons\/\">Topic 14 overview<\/a><\/li>\n      <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-14-hydrocarbons\/alkanes\/\">14.1 Alkanes<\/a><\/li>\n      <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-13-an-introduction-to-as-level-organic-chemistry\/\">Topic 13 Introduction to AS Organic Chemistry<\/a><\/li>\n      <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-20-polymerisation\/\">Topic 20 Polymerisation<\/a><\/li>\n      <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-15-halogen-compounds\/\">Topic 15 Halogen Compounds<\/a><\/li>\n    <\/ul>\n  <\/div>\n<\/aside>\n<script>\r\n(function() {\r\n  function normalisePath(path) {\r\n    return String(path || '')\r\n      .split('?')[0]\r\n      .split('#')[0]\r\n      .replace(\/\\\/+$\/, '')\r\n      .toLowerCase();\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  function highlightActive() {\r\n    var sidebar = document.querySelector('.ols-sidebar');\r\n    if (!sidebar) return false;\r\n\r\n    var currentPath = normalisePath(window.location.pathname);\r\n    var links = sidebar.querySelectorAll('a[href]');\r\n    var matched = null;\r\n    var matchedLength = 0;\r\n\r\n    sidebar.querySelectorAll('.active, .active-main, .parent-active').forEach(function(item) {\r\n     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href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-14-hydrocarbons\/alkenes\/\">Alkenes<\/a> \/\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-14-hydrocarbons\/alkenes\/reactions-of-alkenes\/\">Reactions of Alkenes<\/a> \/\n<span>Oxidative Cleavage<\/span>\n<\/nav>\n\n      <header class=\"ols-title-card\">\n        <h1>Reactions of Alkenes with KMnO<sub>4<\/sub><\/h1>\n        <p class=\"ols-page-intro\">A concise Cambridge International AS Level Chemistry revision guide to the oxidation of alkenes by hot, concentrated, acidified potassium manganate(VII): how the C=C bond is broken, which products each type of carbon gives, and how the products are used to locate a double bond in a larger molecule.<\/p>\n\n        <div class=\"ols-badges\">\n          <div class=\"ols-badge\">AS Level<\/div>\n<div class=\"ols-badge\">Topic 14: Hydrocarbons<\/div>\n<div class=\"ols-badge\">9701 Papers 1 and 2<\/div>\n        <\/div>\n\n        <div class=\"ols-author\">\n\n    <img decoding=\"async\"\n      class=\"ols-author-avatar-img\"\n      src=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/Author-Profile.jpeg\"\n      alt=\"Dr. Mohammed Al-Fatah\"\n    >\n\n    <div class=\"ols-author-content\">\n\n      <h2 class=\"ols-author-title\">\n        Written by: Dr. Mohammed Al-Fatah\n      <\/h2>\n\n      <p class=\"ols-author-description\">\n        Chemistry specialist revision notes for A Level Chemistry.\n      <\/p>\n\n      <a class=\"ols-linkedin-pill\" href=\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/doctormohammedfatah\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\n        <svg class=\"ols-linkedin-icon\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"currentColor\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n          <path d=\"M4.98 3.5C4.98 4.88 3.86 6 2.48 6S0 4.88 0 3.5 1.12 1 2.48 1s2.5 1.12 2.5 2.5zM.5 8h4V24h-4V8zm7 0h3.8v2.2h.1c.5-.9 1.8-2.2 3.9-2.2 4.2 0 5 2.8 5 6.4V24h-4v-7.6c0-1.8 0-4.2-2.6-4.2s-3 2-3 4v7.8h-4V8z\"\/>\n        <\/svg>\n        View LinkedIn Profile\n      <\/a>\n\n    <\/div>\n\n  <\/div>\n      <\/header>\n\n      <article class=\"ols-note-card soft\">\n<div class=\"ols-note-title\">\n<div class=\"ols-note-icon\">1<\/div>\n<h2>Two Very Different Oxidations<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<p>Cambridge 14.2.2 lists two oxidations of alkenes by acidified potassium manganate(VII), and the conditions decide which one happens. With <strong>cold, dilute<\/strong> KMnO<sub>4<\/sub> the \u03c0 bond is oxidised gently and the product is a <strong>diol<\/strong>: both carbons keep their bond to each other and each gains an OH group. This is covered on the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-14-hydrocarbons\/alkenes\/reactions-of-alkenes\/kmno4\/\">KMnO<sub>4<\/sub><\/a> page.<\/p>\n<p>With <strong>hot, concentrated<\/strong> KMnO<sub>4<\/sub> the oxidation goes further. Both the \u03c0 bond <strong>and<\/strong> the \u03c3 bond of the C=C are broken, so the molecule is <strong>cleaved<\/strong> into two smaller fragments. Each fragment is then oxidised as far as its structure allows. Because the products depend on what was attached to each carbon of the double bond, this reaction can be worked backwards to find where the C=C bond was.<\/p>\n<div class=\"ols-table-wrap\">\n<table class=\"ols-table\">\n<thead>\n<tr><th>Conditions<\/th><th>What happens to the C=C bond<\/th><th>Product<\/th><th>Colour change<\/th><\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr><td><strong>Cold, dilute, acidified KMnO<sub>4<\/sub><\/strong><\/td><td>Only the \u03c0 bond breaks<\/td><td>A diol (two OH groups on adjacent carbons)<\/td><td>Purple to colourless<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td><strong>Hot, concentrated, acidified KMnO<sub>4<\/sub><\/strong><\/td><td>Both bonds break: the molecule is cleaved<\/td><td>Ketones, carboxylic acids or CO<sub>2<\/sub>, depending on the carbon<\/td><td>Purple to colourless<\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"ols-key-box\">\n<p><strong>Key idea:<\/strong> Cold and dilute gives a diol. Hot and concentrated cleaves the double bond and oxidises the fragments.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/article>\n<article class=\"ols-note-card\">\n<div class=\"ols-note-title\">\n<div class=\"ols-note-icon\">2<\/div>\n<h2>What Each Carbon Becomes<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<p>Look at each carbon of the C=C bond and count the hydrogen atoms on it. That number decides the product from that half of the molecule.<\/p>\n<div class=\"ols-table-wrap\">\n<table class=\"ols-table\">\n<thead>\n<tr><th>Carbon of the C=C bond<\/th><th>Number of H atoms<\/th><th>Fragment first formed<\/th><th>Final product with hot conc. KMnO<sub>4<\/sub><\/th><\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr><td><strong>=CR<sub>2<\/sub> (two alkyl groups)<\/strong><\/td><td>0<\/td><td>Ketone<\/td><td>Ketone, R<sub>2<\/sub>C=O (cannot be oxidised further)<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td><strong>=CHR (one alkyl group)<\/strong><\/td><td>1<\/td><td>Aldehyde<\/td><td>Carboxylic acid, RCOOH<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td><strong>=CH<sub>2<\/sub> (end of chain)<\/strong><\/td><td>2<\/td><td>Methanal<\/td><td>Carbon dioxide and water<\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p>The pattern follows the rules for oxidising alcohols and aldehydes. A carbon with no hydrogen gives a ketone, which resists further oxidation. A carbon with one hydrogen gives an aldehyde, which hot manganate(VII) oxidises straight on to a carboxylic acid. A terminal CH<sub>2<\/sub> gives methanal, which is oxidised all the way to carbon dioxide.<\/p>\n<div class=\"ols-figure-card\">\n<div class=\"ols-figure-image\">\n<button class=\"ols-image-fullscreen-button ols-lightbox-trigger\" type=\"button\" data-fullscreen-src=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/oxidative-cleavage-of-alkenes-with-kmno4.jpg\" data-fullscreen-alt=\"Oxidative cleavage rules: =CR2 gives a ketone, =CHR gives a carboxylic acid and =CH2 gives carbon dioxide with hot concentrated acidified KMnO4\" aria-label=\"Open image fullscreen\"><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Oxidative cleavage rules: =CR2 gives a ketone, =CHR gives a carboxylic acid and =CH2 gives carbon dioxide with hot concentrated acidified KMnO4\" class=\"ols-hover-zoom-img ols-lightbox-target\" src=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/oxidative-cleavage-of-alkenes-with-kmno4.jpg\"\/><\/button>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"ols-figure-caption\"><p>The number of hydrogen atoms on each alkene carbon decides its oxidation product.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"ols-key-box\">\n<p><strong>Exam sentence:<\/strong> Hot concentrated acidified KMnO<sub>4<\/sub> cleaves the C=C bond; a =CR<sub>2<\/sub> carbon gives a ketone, a =CHR carbon gives a carboxylic acid and a =CH<sub>2<\/sub> carbon gives carbon dioxide.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/article>\n<section class=\"ols-h5p-card ols-h5p-inline\">\n<span class=\"ols-h5p-kicker\">Check your understanding<\/span>\n<h2>Quick Check: Which Product from Each End<\/h2>\n<p>Decide what each carbon of the double bond turns into with the hot concentrated reagent.<\/p>\n<div class=\"ols-h5p-frame\"><div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-368\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"368\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Oxidative Cleavage Quick Fire: Which Product from Each End\"><\/iframe><\/div><\/div>\n<\/section>\n<article class=\"ols-note-card purple\">\n<div class=\"ols-note-title\">\n<div class=\"ols-note-icon\">3<\/div>\n<h2>Worked Examples<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<p><strong>But-2-ene<\/strong>, CH<sub>3<\/sub>CH=CHCH<sub>3<\/sub>. Both alkene carbons are =CHR, so each becomes a carboxylic acid. The only product is <strong>ethanoic acid<\/strong>, CH<sub>3<\/sub>COOH, formed twice.<\/p>\n<p><strong>2-Methylbut-2-ene<\/strong>, (CH<sub>3<\/sub>)<sub>2<\/sub>C=CHCH<sub>3<\/sub>. The left carbon is =CR<sub>2<\/sub> and gives <strong>propanone<\/strong>, CH<sub>3<\/sub>COCH<sub>3<\/sub>. The right carbon is =CHR and gives <strong>ethanoic acid<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Propene<\/strong>, CH<sub>3<\/sub>CH=CH<sub>2<\/sub>. The CH carbon gives ethanoic acid; the CH<sub>2<\/sub> carbon gives <strong>carbon dioxide and water<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<div class=\"ols-table-wrap\">\n<table class=\"ols-table\">\n<thead>\n<tr><th>Alkene<\/th><th>Left carbon<\/th><th>Right carbon<\/th><th>Products<\/th><\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr><td><strong>But-2-ene<\/strong><\/td><td>=CHR<\/td><td>=CHR<\/td><td>Ethanoic acid (x2)<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td><strong>2-Methylbut-2-ene<\/strong><\/td><td>=CR<sub>2<\/sub><\/td><td>=CHR<\/td><td>Propanone + ethanoic acid<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td><strong>Propene<\/strong><\/td><td>=CHR<\/td><td>=CH<sub>2<\/sub><\/td><td>Ethanoic acid + CO<sub>2<\/sub> + H<sub>2<\/sub>O<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td><strong>Cyclohexene<\/strong><\/td><td>=CHR<\/td><td>=CHR (same ring)<\/td><td>Hexanedioic acid, HOOC(CH<sub>2<\/sub>)<sub>4<\/sub>COOH<\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p>Notice the ring example. Cleaving a C=C bond inside a ring does not give two molecules; it opens the ring to give <strong>one<\/strong> molecule with a functional group at each end.<\/p>\n<div class=\"ols-figure-card\">\n<div class=\"ols-figure-image\">\n<button class=\"ols-image-fullscreen-button ols-lightbox-trigger\" type=\"button\" data-fullscreen-src=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/oxidative-cleavage-reaction-examples.jpg\" data-fullscreen-alt=\"Worked examples of oxidative cleavage: 2-methylbut-2-ene giving propanone and ethanoic acid, and cyclohexene giving hexanedioic acid\" aria-label=\"Open image fullscreen\"><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Worked examples of oxidative cleavage: 2-methylbut-2-ene giving propanone and ethanoic acid, and cyclohexene giving hexanedioic acid\" class=\"ols-hover-zoom-img ols-lightbox-target\" src=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/oxidative-cleavage-reaction-examples.jpg\"\/><\/button>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"ols-figure-caption\"><p>Cut the molecule at the double bond, then oxidise each end according to the number of hydrogens it carries.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/article>\n<section class=\"ols-h5p-card ols-h5p-inline\">\n<span class=\"ols-h5p-kicker\">Check your understanding<\/span>\n<h2>Quick Check: Predict Both Fragments<\/h2>\n<p>Work each alkene out on paper, then flip the card to check both products.<\/p>\n<div class=\"ols-h5p-frame\"><div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-369\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"369\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Oxidative Cleavage Flip Cards: Work Out Both Fragments\"><\/iframe><\/div><\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"ols-h5p-card ols-h5p-inline\">\n<span class=\"ols-h5p-kicker\">Check your understanding<\/span>\n<h2>Quick Check: Explain a Ring Cleavage<\/h2>\n<p>Write a short explanation, then compare it with the mark points and the model answer.<\/p>\n<div class=\"ols-h5p-frame\"><div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-371\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"371\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Oxidative Cleavage Explain: Why a Ring Alkene Gives a Single Product\"><\/iframe><\/div><\/div>\n<\/section>\n<article class=\"ols-note-card soft\">\n<div class=\"ols-note-title\">\n<div class=\"ols-note-icon\">4<\/div>\n<h2>Locating a Double Bond from the Products<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<p>Cambridge asks you to use the identities of the cleavage products to <strong>determine the position of the alkene linkage<\/strong> in a larger molecule. Work backwards: each carbonyl or carboxyl carbon in the products was one carbon of the original C=C bond.<\/p>\n<div class=\"ols-mechanism-steps\">\n<div class=\"ols-step-card\">\n<h3>Step 1: identify the products<\/h3>\n<p>Name each product and decide whether it is a ketone, a carboxylic acid or carbon dioxide.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"ols-step-card\">\n<h3>Step 2: find the alkene carbons<\/h3>\n<p>The C=O carbon of a ketone and the COOH carbon of an acid were the two carbons of the double bond. CO<sub>2<\/sub> came from a =CH<sub>2<\/sub> end.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"ols-step-card\">\n<h3>Step 3: rejoin the fragments<\/h3>\n<p>Remove the oxygen atoms from those two carbons and join them with a C=C bond to rebuild the alkene.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>For example, an alkene C<sub>5<\/sub>H<sub>10<\/sub> that gives <strong>propanone and ethanoic acid<\/strong> must have been (CH<sub>3<\/sub>)<sub>2<\/sub>C=CHCH<sub>3<\/sub>, 2-methylbut-2-ene. If instead it gave <strong>butanoic acid and carbon dioxide<\/strong>, the double bond was at the end of the chain: pent-1-ene.<\/p>\n<div class=\"ols-key-box\">\n<p><strong>Exam focus:<\/strong> If carbon dioxide is one of the products, the double bond was at the end of the chain. If a ketone forms, that carbon carried two alkyl groups.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/article>\n<section class=\"ols-h5p-card ols-h5p-inline\">\n<span class=\"ols-h5p-kicker\">Check your understanding<\/span>\n<h2>Quick Check: Name the Alkene<\/h2>\n<p>Rejoin the two product carbons to work out which alkene was used.<\/p>\n<div class=\"ols-h5p-frame\"><div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-370\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"370\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Oxidative Cleavage MCQ: Naming the Alkene from a Ketone and an Acid\"><\/iframe><\/div><\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"ols-h5p-card ols-h5p-inline\">\n<span class=\"ols-h5p-kicker\">Check your understanding<\/span>\n<h2>Quick Check: Spot the Accurate Prediction<\/h2>\n<p>In each round, choose the one statement that predicts the products correctly.<\/p>\n<div class=\"ols-h5p-frame\"><div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-840\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"840\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Oxidative Cleavage Summary: Which Prediction Is Right\"><\/iframe><\/div><\/div>\n<\/section>\n<article class=\"ols-note-card purple\">\n<div class=\"ols-note-title\">\n<div class=\"ols-note-icon\">5<\/div>\n<h2>Common Exam Mistakes<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<ul>\n<li>Giving a diol as the product of <strong>hot concentrated<\/strong> KMnO<sub>4<\/sub>. The diol forms only with cold dilute reagent.<\/li>\n<li>Stopping at the aldehyde. Under these conditions an aldehyde fragment is oxidised on to the <strong>carboxylic acid<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li>Forgetting that a terminal =CH<sub>2<\/sub> gives <strong>carbon dioxide<\/strong>, not methanoic acid.<\/li>\n<li>Splitting a ring alkene into two molecules. Cleaving a ring gives one chain with a group at each end.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"ols-key-box\">\n<p><strong>Exam sentence:<\/strong> The double bond is cleaved by hot, concentrated, acidified potassium manganate(VII) and the fragments are oxidised to ketones, carboxylic acids or carbon dioxide.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/article>\n\n<section class=\"ols-course-cta-alkenes\" id=\"olsCourseCtaAlkenes001\">\r\n  <style>\r\n    .ols-course-cta-alkenes,\r\n    .ols-course-cta-alkenes * {\r\n      box-sizing: border-box;\r\n    }\r\n\r\n    .ols-course-cta-alkenes {\r\n      --navy: #1C244B;\r\n      --blue: #2563eb;\r\n      --body-text: #1f2937;\r\n      --grey-text: #667085;\r\n      --border: rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.14);\r\n      --shadow: 0 18px 45px rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.12);\r\n      --inner-shadow: 0 10px 26px rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.08);\r\n\r\n      width: 100%;\r\n      margin: 30px 0 24px;\r\n      font-family: Poppins, Arial, sans-serif;\r\n    }\r\n\r\n    .ols-course-cta-alkenes 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class=\"ols-course-cta-image-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/product\/alkenes-topic-14-2-cambridge-international\/\" aria-label=\"Open the Cambridge International AS and A Level Chemistry Topic 14.2 Alkenes course page\">\r\n\r\n        <div class=\"ols-course-cta-image\">\r\n          <img decoding=\"async\"\r\n            src=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/cambridge-international-a-level-chemistry-topic-14-2-alkenes-interactive-course-banner-v2.jpg\"\r\n            alt=\"Cambridge International AS and A Level Chemistry Topic 14.2 Alkenes interactive course banner\"\r\n          >\r\n        <\/div>\r\n\r\n      <\/a>\r\n\r\n      <div class=\"ols-course-cta-content\">\r\n\r\n        <div class=\"ols-course-cta-header-row\">\r\n\r\n          <div class=\"ols-course-cta-kicker\">\r\n            Cambridge 9701 | Topic 14.2 Alkenes Course\r\n          <\/div>\r\n\r\n          <a class=\"ols-course-button ols-course-button-top\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/product\/alkenes-topic-14-2-cambridge-international\/\">\r\n            View Course\r\n          <\/a>\r\n\r\n        <\/div>\r\n\r\n        <h2>\r\n          Master Alkenes for Cambridge International AS &amp; A Level Chemistry\r\n        <\/h2>\r\n\r\n      <\/div>\r\n\r\n    <\/div>\r\n\r\n    <div class=\"ols-course-cta-intro-stats\">\r\n\r\n      <p class=\"ols-course-cta-intro\">\r\n        Continue from these free revision notes into the full Topic 14.2 Alkenes course. The guided video lessons are ready now; the Cambridge International MCQ bank, teacher-marked short-answer questions and KASP spec-point report are being written, and the course opens for enrolment as soon as they are complete.\r\n      <\/p>\r\n\r\n      <div class=\"ols-course-cta-stats\">\r\n\r\n        <div class=\"ols-course-stat\">\r\n          <span>Recorded lessons<\/span>\n          <strong>Coming soon<\/strong>\r\n        <\/div>\r\n\r\n        <div class=\"ols-course-stat\">\r\n          <span>Video lessons<\/span>\n          <strong>Coming soon<\/strong>\r\n        <\/div>\r\n\r\n        <div class=\"ols-course-stat\">\r\n          <span>MCQ practice<\/span>\n          <strong>Coming soon<\/strong>\r\n        <\/div>\r\n\r\n        <div class=\"ols-course-stat\">\r\n          <span>SAQ practice<\/span>\n          <strong>Coming soon<\/strong>\r\n        <\/div>\r\n\r\n      <\/div>\r\n\r\n    <\/div>\r\n\r\n    <div class=\"ols-course-cta-features\">\r\n\r\n      <div class=\"ols-course-feature\">\r\n        <h3>Guided video teaching<\/h3>\r\n        <p>\r\n          Learn the chemistry and exam technique through structured video lessons with worked examples and walkthroughs.\r\n        <\/p>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n\r\n      <div class=\"ols-course-feature\">\r\n        <h3>Instant MCQ feedback<\/h3>\r\n        <p>\r\n          Auto-marked MCQ quizzes provide immediate diagnostic feedback for every answer choice.\r\n        <\/p>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n\r\n      <div class=\"ols-course-feature\">\r\n        <h3>Teacher-marked SAQs<\/h3>\r\n        <p>\r\n          Submit written exam responses and receive chemistry specialist feedback with improvement guidance.\r\n        <\/p>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n\r\n      <div class=\"ols-course-feature\">\r\n        <h3>Progress tracking<\/h3>\r\n        <p>\r\n          Identify strengths and weaknesses across the full Topic 14.2 specification with targeted reporting.\r\n        <\/p>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n\r\n    <\/div>\r\n\r\n    <div class=\"ols-course-animation-wrap\">\r\n\r\n      <h3 class=\"ols-course-animation-title\">\r\n        See how the course works\r\n      <\/h3>\r\n\r\n      <div class=\"ols-animation-frame-shell\">\r\n        <iframe\r\n          id=\"olsCourseAnimationFrame001\"\r\n          title=\"OLS course preview animation\"\r\n          loading=\"lazy\"\r\n          referrerpolicy=\"no-referrer\">\r\n        <\/iframe>\r\n\r\n        <button\r\n          class=\"ols-animation-start-overlay\"\r\n          id=\"olsCourseAnimationStart001\"\r\n          type=\"button\"\r\n          aria-label=\"Play OLS course preview animation\">\r\n          <span class=\"ols-animation-start-content\">\r\n            <span class=\"ols-animation-play-circle\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\r\n              <span class=\"ols-animation-play-icon\"><\/span>\r\n            <\/span>\r\n            <span class=\"ols-animation-start-text\">\r\n              Play course preview animation\r\n            <\/span>\r\n          <\/span>\r\n        <\/button>\r\n\r\n        <button\r\n          class=\"ols-animation-pause-button\"\r\n          id=\"olsCourseAnimationPause001\"\r\n          type=\"button\"\r\n          aria-label=\"Pause course preview animation\">\r\n          Pause\r\n        <\/button>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n\r\n      <p class=\"ols-course-video-status\">\r\n        Click play to start the course preview animation.\r\n      <\/p>\r\n\r\n    <\/div>\r\n\r\n    <div class=\"ols-course-cta-bottom\">\r\n\r\n      <a class=\"ols-course-button\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/product\/alkenes-topic-14-2-cambridge-international\/\">\r\n        View Alkenes Topic 14.2 Course\r\n      <\/a>\r\n\r\n    <\/div>\r\n\r\n  <\/div>\r\n\r\n  <template id=\"olsCourseAnimationTemplate001\">\r\n<!DOCTYPE html>\r\n<html lang=\"en\">\r\n<head>\r\n<meta charset=\"UTF-8\">\r\n<meta name=\"viewport\" content=\"width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0\">\r\n<title>OLS Combined Promo Animation<\/title>\r\n\r\n<style>\r\n*{box-sizing:border-box;}\r\n\r\nhtml.ols-animation-paused *,\r\nhtml.ols-animation-paused *::before,\r\nhtml.ols-animation-paused *::after{\r\n  animation-play-state:paused!important;\r\n}\r\n\r\n:root{\r\n  --ols-video-screen-w:1180;\r\n  --ols-video-screen-h:664;\r\n  --ols-video-screen-scale:1;\r\n  --ols-mcq-screen-w:1360;\r\n  --ols-mcq-screen-h:1130;\r\n  --ols-mcq-screen-scale:1;\r\n  --ols-saq-screen-w:1360;\r\n  --ols-saq-screen-h:965;\r\n  --ols-saq-screen-scale:1;\r\n}\r\n\r\nhtml,\r\nbody{\r\n  width:100%;\r\n  height:100%;\r\n}\r\n\r\nbody{\r\n  margin:0;\r\n  overflow:hidden;\r\n  font-family:Poppins,Arial,sans-serif;\r\n  background:#e9efff;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.ols-combined-stage{\r\n  position:relative;\r\n  width:100vw;\r\n  height:100vh;\r\n  overflow:hidden;\r\n  background:\r\n    radial-gradient(circle at top left,rgba(70,127,247,0.14),transparent 34%),\r\n    linear-gradient(135deg,#f8fbff 0%,#e9efff 100%);\r\n}\r\n\r\n.ols-scene{\r\n  position:absolute;\r\n  inset:0;\r\n  width:100vw;\r\n  height:100vh;\r\n  opacity:0;\r\n  visibility:hidden;\r\n  pointer-events:none;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.ols-scene.active{\r\n  opacity:1;\r\n  visibility:visible;\r\n  pointer-events:auto;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.ols-scene.fade-out{\r\n  animation:olsSceneFadeOut 0.85s ease forwards;\r\n}\r\n\r\n@keyframes olsSceneFadeOut{\r\n  to{\r\n    opacity:0;\r\n    visibility:hidden;\r\n  }\r\n}\r\n\r\n.ols-title-cursor{\r\n  display:inline-block;\r\n  width:5px;\r\n  height:0.85em;\r\n  background:#1C244B;\r\n  margin-left:8px;\r\n  transform:translateY(8px);\r\n  animation:olsBlink 0.8s infinite;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cursor{\r\n  display:inline-block;\r\n  width:3px;\r\n  height:28px;\r\n  background:#1c244b;\r\n  margin-left:3px;\r\n  transform:translateY(5px);\r\n  animation:olsBlink 0.8s infinite;\r\n}\r\n\r\n@keyframes olsBlink{\r\n  0%,45%{opacity:1;}\r\n  46%,100%{opacity:0;}\r\n}\r\n\r\n.ols-video-stage,\r\n.ols-mcq-stage,\r\n.ols-saq-stage{\r\n  width:100vw;\r\n  height:100vh;\r\n  display:flex;\r\n  justify-content:center;\r\n  align-items:center;\r\n  padding:0;\r\n  overflow:hidden;\r\n  background:\r\n    radial-gradient(circle at top left,rgba(70,127,247,0.14),transparent 34%),\r\n    linear-gradient(135deg,#f8fbff 0%,#e9efff 100%);\r\n}\r\n\r\n.ols-video-title-screen,\r\n.ols-mcq-intro-screen,\r\n.ols-saq-intro{\r\n  position:absolute;\r\n  inset:0;\r\n  z-index:50;\r\n  display:flex;\r\n  justify-content:center;\r\n  align-items:center;\r\n  background:\r\n    radial-gradient(circle at top left,rgba(70,127,247,0.14),transparent 34%),\r\n    linear-gradient(135deg,#f8fbff 0%,#e9efff 100%);\r\n  opacity:1;\r\n  visibility:visible;\r\n  pointer-events:none;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.ols-video-title-screen.hide{animation:olsVideoTitleFadeOut 0.85s ease forwards;}\r\n.ols-mcq-intro-screen.hide{animation:olsMcqIntroFadeOut 0.85s ease forwards;}\r\n.ols-saq-intro.hide{animation:olsSaqIntroFadeOut 0.85s ease forwards;}\r\n\r\n@keyframes olsVideoTitleFadeOut{to{opacity:0;visibility:hidden;}}\r\n@keyframes olsMcqIntroFadeOut{to{opacity:0;visibility:hidden;}}\r\n@keyframes olsSaqIntroFadeOut{to{opacity:0;visibility:hidden;}}\r\n\r\n.ols-video-title-wrap,\r\n.ols-mcq-intro-title-wrap,\r\n.ols-saq-intro-title-wrap{\r\n  max-width:1250px;\r\n  padding:0 34px;\r\n  text-align:center;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.ols-video-title,\r\n.ols-mcq-intro-title,\r\n.ols-saq-intro-title{\r\n  margin:0;\r\n  font-family:Poppins,Arial,sans-serif;\r\n  font-size:clamp(52px,8vw,124px);\r\n  font-weight:600;\r\n  line-height:1.08;\r\n  color:#1C244B;\r\n  text-shadow:-9px 0 9px rgba(28,36,75,0.16);\r\n  letter-spacing:-0.045em;\r\n}\r\n\r\n#videoTitleText,\r\n#mcqIntroTitleText,\r\n#saqIntroTitleText{\r\n  white-space:pre-wrap;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.ols-video-scene{\r\n  width:100%;\r\n  height:100%;\r\n  display:flex;\r\n  justify-content:center;\r\n  align-items:center;\r\n  opacity:0;\r\n  visibility:hidden;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.ols-video-scene.show{\r\n  visibility:visible;\r\n  animation:olsVideoSceneIn 1s ease forwards;\r\n}\r\n\r\n@keyframes olsVideoSceneIn{to{opacity:1;}}\r\n\r\n.ols-video-scale-wrap{\r\n  width:calc(var(--ols-video-screen-w) * 1px);\r\n  height:calc(var(--ols-video-screen-h) * 1px);\r\n  transform:scale(var(--ols-video-screen-scale));\r\n  transform-origin:center center;\r\n  display:flex;\r\n  justify-content:center;\r\n  align-items:center;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.ols-video-card{\r\n  width:1180px;\r\n  height:664px;\r\n  border-radius:28px;\r\n  overflow:hidden;\r\n  background:#1C244B;\r\n  box-shadow:0 28px 80px rgba(28,36,75,0.28);\r\n  transform:translateY(24px) scale(0.96);\r\n  opacity:0;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.ols-video-scene.show .ols-video-card{\r\n  animation:olsVideoCardIn 1s cubic-bezier(.18,.89,.32,1.12) forwards;\r\n  animation-delay:0.2s;\r\n}\r\n\r\n@keyframes olsVideoCardIn{\r\n  to{\r\n    transform:translateY(0) scale(1);\r\n    opacity:1;\r\n  }\r\n}\r\n\r\n.ols-video-card video{\r\n  display:block;\r\n  width:100%;\r\n  height:100%;\r\n  aspect-ratio:16 \/ 9;\r\n  object-fit:cover;\r\n  border:0;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.ols-mcq-scale-wrap,\r\n.ols-saq-scale-wrap{\r\n  width:calc(var(--ols-mcq-screen-w) * 1px);\r\n  height:calc(var(--ols-mcq-screen-h) * 1px);\r\n  transform:scale(var(--ols-mcq-screen-scale));\r\n  transform-origin:center center;\r\n  display:flex;\r\n  justify-content:center;\r\n  align-items:flex-start;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.ols-saq-scale-wrap{\r\n  width:calc(var(--ols-saq-screen-w) * 1px);\r\n  height:calc(var(--ols-saq-screen-h) * 1px);\r\n  transform:scale(var(--ols-saq-screen-scale));\r\n}\r\n\r\n.ols-mcq-screen{\r\n  width:1360px;\r\n  height:1130px;\r\n  border-radius:22px;\r\n  overflow:hidden;\r\n  background:#eaf0ff;\r\n  box-shadow:0 26px 70px rgba(28,36,75,0.22);\r\n  opacity:0;\r\n  transform:translateY(24px) scale(0.96);\r\n}\r\n\r\n.ols-mcq-screen.show{\r\n  animation:olsMcqScreenEnter 1s ease forwards;\r\n}\r\n\r\n@keyframes olsMcqScreenEnter{\r\n  from{opacity:0;transform:translateY(24px) scale(0.96);}\r\n  to{opacity:1;transform:translateY(0) scale(1);}\r\n}\r\n\r\n.mcq-question-area{\r\n  background:#eaf0ff;\r\n  padding:28px 30px 30px;\r\n  position:relative;\r\n  height:610px;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.mcq-question-lead{\r\n  margin:0 0 14px;\r\n  font-size:24px;\r\n  line-height:1.35;\r\n  color:#111827;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.mcq-ionic-table{\r\n  border-collapse:collapse;\r\n  width:500px;\r\n  margin-bottom:8px;\r\n  font-size:21px;\r\n  color:#111827;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.mcq-ionic-table th,\r\n.mcq-ionic-table td{\r\n  border:1.5px solid #c9ced8;\r\n  padding:12px 18px;\r\n  text-align:center;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.mcq-ionic-table th{\r\n  background:#f2f2f2;\r\n  font-weight:700;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.mcq-ionic-table td{\r\n  background:#eaf0ff;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.mcq-question-main{\r\n  margin:6px 0 28px;\r\n  font-size:24px;\r\n  line-height:1.35;\r\n  color:#111827;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.mcq-options-wrap{\r\n  display:flex;\r\n  flex-direction:column;\r\n  gap:17px;\r\n  max-width:1200px;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.mcq-option-row{\r\n  display:flex;\r\n  align-items:center;\r\n  min-height:34px;\r\n  position:relative;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.mcq-radio{\r\n  width:28px;\r\n  height:28px;\r\n  border-radius:50%;\r\n  border:2px solid #6b7280;\r\n  margin-right:16px;\r\n  background:transparent;\r\n  position:relative;\r\n  flex:0 0 auto;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.mcq-radio::after{\r\n  content:\"\";\r\n  position:absolute;\r\n  inset:5px;\r\n  border-radius:50%;\r\n  background:#6b7280;\r\n  opacity:0;\r\n  transform:scale(0.4);\r\n  transition:opacity 0.25s ease,transform 0.25s ease;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.mcq-option-row.selected .mcq-radio::after{\r\n  opacity:1;\r\n  transform:scale(1);\r\n}\r\n\r\n.mcq-radio-ripple{\r\n  position:absolute;\r\n  left:14px;\r\n  top:50%;\r\n  width:28px;\r\n  height:28px;\r\n  border-radius:50%;\r\n  border:2px solid rgba(28,36,75,0.28);\r\n  transform:translate(-50%,-50%) scale(1);\r\n  opacity:0;\r\n  pointer-events:none;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.mcq-option-row.clicking .mcq-radio-ripple{\r\n  animation:mcqRipple 0.75s ease forwards;\r\n}\r\n\r\n@keyframes mcqRipple{\r\n  0%{opacity:0.65;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) scale(1);}\r\n  100%{opacity:0;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) scale(2.5);}\r\n}\r\n\r\n.mcq-option-label{\r\n  font-size:23px;\r\n  color:#111827;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.mcq-specific-feedback{\r\n  display:inline-flex;\r\n  align-items:center;\r\n  margin-left:18px;\r\n  min-height:38px;\r\n  opacity:0;\r\n  transform:translateX(-8px);\r\n}\r\n\r\n.mcq-specific-feedback.show{\r\n  opacity:1;\r\n  transform:translateX(0);\r\n  transition:opacity 0.35s ease,transform 0.35s ease;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.mcq-cross-icon{\r\n  width:26px;\r\n  height:26px;\r\n  border-radius:50%;\r\n  border:2px solid #d83255;\r\n  color:#d83255;\r\n  display:inline-flex;\r\n  justify-content:center;\r\n  align-items:center;\r\n  font-size:18px;\r\n  font-weight:700;\r\n  margin-right:12px;\r\n  opacity:0;\r\n  transform:scale(0.4);\r\n}\r\n\r\n.mcq-cross-icon.show{\r\n  animation:mcqCrossPop 0.35s ease forwards;\r\n}\r\n\r\n@keyframes mcqCrossPop{\r\n  70%{opacity:1;transform:scale(1.18);}\r\n  100%{opacity:1;transform:scale(1);}\r\n}\r\n\r\n.mcq-specific-feedback-text{\r\n  display:inline-block;\r\n  background:#fff4b8;\r\n  color:#111827;\r\n  padding:8px 16px;\r\n  font-size:22px;\r\n  line-height:1.35;\r\n  min-width:850px;\r\n  min-height:44px;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.mcq-submit-button{\r\n  position:absolute;\r\n  right:34px;\r\n  bottom:30px;\r\n  border:0;\r\n  border-radius:999px;\r\n  background:#1C244B;\r\n  color:#ffffff;\r\n  padding:14px 28px;\r\n  font-size:18px;\r\n  font-weight:600;\r\n  box-shadow:0 14px 32px rgba(28,36,75,0.25);\r\n  cursor:default;\r\n  transition:transform 0.2s ease,box-shadow 0.2s ease,background 0.2s ease;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.mcq-submit-button.clicked{\r\n  transform:translateY(2px) scale(0.97);\r\n  background:#26315f;\r\n  box-shadow:0 7px 18px rgba(28,36,75,0.22);\r\n}\r\n\r\n.mcq-general-feedback{\r\n  height:520px;\r\n  background:#fff3c9;\r\n  color:#8a6a00;\r\n  padding:26px 30px 28px;\r\n  font-size:23px;\r\n  line-height:1.34;\r\n  opacity:0;\r\n  transform:translateY(20px);\r\n  transition:opacity 0.7s ease,transform 0.7s ease;\r\n  overflow:hidden;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.mcq-general-feedback.show{\r\n  opacity:1;\r\n  transform:translateY(0);\r\n}\r\n\r\n#mcqGeneralText{\r\n  white-space:pre-wrap;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.mcq-specific-cursor{background:#111827;}\r\n.mcq-general-cursor{background:#8a6a00;}\r\n\r\n.ols-saq-screen{\r\n  width:1360px;\r\n  height:965px;\r\n  border-radius:22px;\r\n  overflow:hidden;\r\n  background:#eaf0ff;\r\n  box-shadow:0 26px 70px rgba(28,36,75,0.22);\r\n  opacity:0;\r\n  transform:translateY(24px) scale(0.96);\r\n}\r\n\r\n.ols-saq-screen.show{\r\n  animation:olsSaqScreenEnter 1s ease forwards;\r\n}\r\n\r\n@keyframes olsSaqScreenEnter{\r\n  from{opacity:0;transform:translateY(24px) scale(0.96);}\r\n  to{opacity:1;transform:translateY(0) scale(1);}\r\n}\r\n\r\n.saq-question-area{\r\n  height:335px;\r\n  background:#eaf0ff;\r\n  padding:30px 40px 32px;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.saq-question-text{\r\n  font-size:25px;\r\n  line-height:1.42;\r\n  color:#111827;\r\n  margin-bottom:22px;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.saq-student-box{\r\n  height:195px;\r\n  background:#f3f4f6;\r\n  border:2px solid #cfd6e3;\r\n  border-radius:8px;\r\n  padding:23px 26px;\r\n  font-size:24px;\r\n  line-height:1.55;\r\n  color:#4b5563;\r\n  position:relative;\r\n  overflow:hidden;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.saq-teacher-feedback{\r\n  height:630px;\r\n  background:#dff3e6;\r\n  color:#075f3b;\r\n  padding:28px 40px 30px;\r\n  font-size:23px;\r\n  line-height:1.47;\r\n  opacity:0;\r\n  transform:translateY(20px);\r\n  transition:opacity 0.7s ease,transform 0.7s ease;\r\n  overflow:hidden;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.saq-teacher-feedback.show{\r\n  opacity:1;\r\n  transform:translateY(0);\r\n}\r\n\r\n#saqTeacherText{\r\n  white-space:pre-wrap;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.saq-teacher-cursor{\r\n  background:#075f3b;\r\n}\r\n\r\n@media(max-width:900px){\r\n  .ols-video-title,\r\n  .ols-mcq-intro-title,\r\n  .ols-saq-intro-title{\r\n    font-size:clamp(42px,11vw,78px);\r\n    line-height:1.12;\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  .ols-title-cursor{\r\n    width:4px;\r\n    margin-left:6px;\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  .ols-video-card{\r\n    border-radius:20px;\r\n  }\r\n}\r\n<\/style>\r\n<\/head>\r\n\r\n<body>\r\n<div class=\"ols-combined-stage\">\r\n\r\n  <section id=\"sceneVideo\" class=\"ols-scene active\">\r\n    <div class=\"ols-video-stage\">\r\n      <div id=\"videoTitleScreen\" class=\"ols-video-title-screen\">\r\n        <div class=\"ols-video-title-wrap\">\r\n          <h1 class=\"ols-video-title\">\r\n            <span id=\"videoTitleText\"><\/span><span id=\"videoTitleCursor\" class=\"ols-title-cursor\"><\/span>\r\n          <\/h1>\r\n        <\/div>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n\r\n      <section id=\"videoScene\" class=\"ols-video-scene\">\r\n        <div class=\"ols-video-scale-wrap\">\r\n          <div class=\"ols-video-card\">\r\n            <video\r\n              id=\"lessonVideo\"\r\n              src=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/Virtual-Lesson.mp4\"\r\n              muted\r\n              playsinline\r\n              preload=\"auto\">\r\n            <\/video>\r\n          <\/div>\r\n        <\/div>\r\n      <\/section>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n  <\/section>\r\n\r\n  <section id=\"sceneMcq\" class=\"ols-scene\">\r\n    <div class=\"ols-mcq-stage\">\r\n      <div id=\"mcqIntroScreen\" class=\"ols-mcq-intro-screen\">\r\n        <div class=\"ols-mcq-intro-title-wrap\">\r\n          <h1 class=\"ols-mcq-intro-title\">\r\n            <span id=\"mcqIntroTitleText\"><\/span><span id=\"mcqIntroTitleCursor\" class=\"ols-title-cursor\"><\/span>\r\n          <\/h1>\r\n        <\/div>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n\r\n      <div class=\"ols-mcq-scale-wrap\">\r\n        <main id=\"mcqScreen\" class=\"ols-mcq-screen\">\r\n          <section class=\"mcq-question-area\">\r\n            <p class=\"mcq-question-lead\">Some ionic radii are shown.<\/p>\r\n\r\n            <table class=\"mcq-ionic-table\">\r\n              <thead>\r\n                <tr>\r\n                  <th>Ion<\/th>\r\n                  <th>Ionic radius \/ nm<\/th>\r\n                <\/tr>\r\n              <\/thead>\r\n              <tbody>\r\n                <tr><td>Na<sup>+<\/sup><\/td><td>0.102<\/td><\/tr>\r\n                <tr><td>K<sup>+<\/sup><\/td><td>0.138<\/td><\/tr>\r\n                <tr><td>F<sup>\u2212<\/sup><\/td><td>0.133<\/td><\/tr>\r\n                <tr><td>Cl<sup>\u2212<\/sup><\/td><td>0.180<\/td><\/tr>\r\n              <\/tbody>\r\n            <\/table>\r\n\r\n            <p class=\"mcq-question-main\">Which compound has the strongest ionic bonding?<\/p>\r\n\r\n            <div class=\"mcq-options-wrap\">\r\n              <div id=\"mcqWrongOption\" class=\"mcq-option-row\">\r\n                <span class=\"mcq-radio\"><\/span>\r\n                <span class=\"mcq-radio-ripple\"><\/span>\r\n                <span class=\"mcq-option-label\">sodium chloride<\/span>\r\n\r\n                <span id=\"mcqSpecificFeedback\" class=\"mcq-specific-feedback\">\r\n                  <span id=\"mcqCrossIcon\" class=\"mcq-cross-icon\">\u00d7<\/span>\r\n                  <span class=\"mcq-specific-feedback-text\">\r\n                    <span id=\"mcqSpecificText\"><\/span><span id=\"mcqSpecificCursor\" class=\"cursor mcq-specific-cursor\" style=\"display:none;\"><\/span>\r\n                  <\/span>\r\n                <\/span>\r\n              <\/div>\r\n\r\n              <div class=\"mcq-option-row\"><span class=\"mcq-radio\"><\/span><span class=\"mcq-radio-ripple\"><\/span><span class=\"mcq-option-label\">potassium chloride<\/span><\/div>\r\n              <div class=\"mcq-option-row\"><span class=\"mcq-radio\"><\/span><span class=\"mcq-radio-ripple\"><\/span><span class=\"mcq-option-label\">sodium fluoride<\/span><\/div>\r\n              <div class=\"mcq-option-row\"><span class=\"mcq-radio\"><\/span><span class=\"mcq-radio-ripple\"><\/span><span class=\"mcq-option-label\">potassium fluoride<\/span><\/div>\r\n            <\/div>\r\n\r\n            <button id=\"mcqSubmitButton\" class=\"mcq-submit-button\">Submit answer<\/button>\r\n          <\/section>\r\n\r\n          <section id=\"mcqGeneralFeedback\" class=\"mcq-general-feedback\">\r\n            <span id=\"mcqGeneralText\"><\/span><span id=\"mcqGeneralCursor\" class=\"cursor mcq-general-cursor\" style=\"display:none;\"><\/span>\r\n          <\/section>\r\n        <\/main>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n  <\/section>\r\n\r\n  <section id=\"sceneSaq\" class=\"ols-scene\">\r\n    <div class=\"ols-saq-stage\">\r\n      <div id=\"saqIntro\" class=\"ols-saq-intro\">\r\n        <div 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the ions can get closer together.\\n\"+\r\n\"\u2022 Smaller ions \u2192 stronger electrostatic attraction \u2192 stronger ionic lattice.\\n\"+\r\n\"\u2022 Na\u207a (0.102 nm) is smaller than K\u207a (0.138 nm).\\n\"+\r\n\"\u2022 F\u207b (0.133 nm) is smaller than Cl\u207b (0.180 nm).\\n\\n\"+\r\n\"Therefore, the strongest ionic bonding occurs in the compound formed by the smallest cation and the smallest anion \u2192 sodium fluoride (NaF).\\n\\n\"+\r\n\"The correct answer is: sodium fluoride\";\r\n\r\nconst mcqIntroScreen=document.getElementById(\"mcqIntroScreen\");\r\nconst mcqIntroTitleText=document.getElementById(\"mcqIntroTitleText\");\r\nconst mcqIntroTitleCursor=document.getElementById(\"mcqIntroTitleCursor\");\r\nconst mcqScreen=document.getElementById(\"mcqScreen\");\r\nconst mcqWrongOption=document.getElementById(\"mcqWrongOption\");\r\nconst mcqSubmitButton=document.getElementById(\"mcqSubmitButton\");\r\nconst 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Melting temperature is a result of bonding strength, not the cause of it.\\n\\n\"+\r\n\"In metallic bonding, positive metal ions are attracted to a sea of delocalised electrons. The strength of this attraction depends on the charge of the ions and the number of delocalised electrons.\\n\\n\"+\r\n\"Magnesium forms Mg\u00b2\u207a ions and contributes two delocalised electrons per atom, whereas sodium forms Na\u207a ions and contributes only one electron. This results in a stronger electrostatic attraction in magnesium. Additionally, Mg\u00b2\u207a ions have a higher charge density than Na\u207a ions, further strengthening the metallic bonding.\\n\\n\"+\r\n\"Next time, include:\\n\"+\r\n\"\u2022 Ion charge: magnesium forms Mg\u00b2\u207a, sodium forms Na\u207a \u2713\\n\"+\r\n\"\u2022 Delocalised electrons: magnesium provides more electrons to the sea \u2713\\n\"+\r\n\"\u2022 Charge density: smaller, more highly charged ions create stronger attraction \u2713\\n\\n\"+\r\n\"You were close. 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