{"id":7365,"date":"2026-09-10T20:56:18","date_gmt":"2026-09-10T19:56:18","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-3-1-introduction-to-organic-chemistry\/"},"modified":"2026-09-10T21:35:24","modified_gmt":"2026-09-10T20:35:24","slug":"3-3-1-introduction-to-organic-chemistry","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-3-1-introduction-to-organic-chemistry\/","title":{"rendered":"3.3.1 Introduction to Organic Chemistry"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"ols-aqa331-page\">\n\n  <aside class=\"ols-sidebar\">\n  <div class=\"ols-sidebar-header\">\n    <h3>Revision Notes<\/h3>\n    <p>AQA A Level Chemistry<\/p>\n  <\/div>\n  <div class=\"ols-topic-group\">\n    <h4>3.3.1 Introduction to Organic Chemistry<\/h4>\n    <ul class=\"ols-topic-list\">\n      <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-3-1-introduction-to-organic-chemistry\/\">Section overview<\/a><\/li>\n      <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-3-1-introduction-to-organic-chemistry\/iupac-rules\/\">IUPAC Rules<\/a><\/li>\n      <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-3-1-introduction-to-organic-chemistry\/alkene\/\">Alkene<\/a><\/li>\n      <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-3-1-introduction-to-organic-chemistry\/alcohol\/\">Alcohol<\/a><\/li>\n      <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-3-1-introduction-to-organic-chemistry\/halogenoalkanes\/\">Halogenoalkanes<\/a><\/li>\n      <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-3-1-introduction-to-organic-chemistry\/aldehyde\/\">Aldehyde<\/a><\/li>\n      <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-3-1-introduction-to-organic-chemistry\/ketone\/\">Ketone<\/a><\/li>\n      <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-3-1-introduction-to-organic-chemistry\/carboxylic-acid\/\">Carboxylic Acid<\/a><\/li>\n      <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-3-1-introduction-to-organic-chemistry\/ester\/\">Ester<\/a><\/li>\n      <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-3-1-introduction-to-organic-chemistry\/isomerism\/\">Isomerism<\/a><\/li>\n      <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-3-1-introduction-to-organic-chemistry\/curly-arrows-and-mechanisms\/\">Curly Arrows and Mechanisms<\/a><\/li>\n    <\/ul>\n  <\/div>\n  <div class=\"ols-topic-group\">\n    <h4>Other AQA Sections<\/h4>\n    <ul class=\"ols-topic-list\">\n      <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-3-2-alkanes\/\">3.3.2 Alkanes<\/a><\/li>\n      <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-3-4-alkenes\/\">3.3.4 Alkenes<\/a><\/li>\n      <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-1-atomicstructure\/\">3.1.1 Atomic Structure<\/a><\/li>\n      <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-2-amount-of-substance\/\">3.1.2 Amount of Substance<\/a><\/li>\n      <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-1-3-bonding\/\">3.1.3 Bonding<\/a><\/li>\n      <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-2-1-periodicity\/\">3.2.1 Periodicity<\/a><\/li>\n    <\/ul>\n  <\/div>\n<\/aside>\n<script>\r\n(function() {\r\n  function normalisePath(path) {\r\n    return String(path || '')\r\n      .split('?')[0]\r\n      .split('#')[0]\r\n      .replace(\/\\\/+$\/, '')\r\n      .toLowerCase();\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  function highlightActive() {\r\n    var sidebar = document.querySelector('.ols-sidebar');\r\n    if (!sidebar) return false;\r\n\r\n    var currentPath = normalisePath(window.location.pathname);\r\n    var links = sidebar.querySelectorAll('a[href]');\r\n    var matched = null;\r\n    var matchedLength = 0;\r\n\r\n    sidebar.querySelectorAll('.active, .active-main, .parent-active').forEach(function(item) {\r\n      item.classList.remove('active', 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grid-template-columns: 1fr; gap: 14px; }\n      .ols-aqa331-spec-section { padding: 52px 0 64px; }\n      .ols-aqa331-spec-wrap { padding: 24px 18px; border-radius: 20px; }\n      .ols-aqa331-info-grid { grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr; }\n      .ols-aqa331-spec-row { flex-direction: column; }\n      .ols-aqa331-spec-code { flex: 0 0 auto; min-height: 34px; }\n    }\n  <\/style>\n\n  <!-- BREADCRUMB BAR -->\n  <div class=\"ols-aqa331-breadcrumb-bar\">\n    <div class=\"ols-aqa331-container\">\n      <nav class=\"ols-aqa331-breadcrumb\" aria-label=\"Breadcrumb\">\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/\">Revision Notes<\/a> \/\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/\">A Level Chemistry<\/a> \/\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/\">AQA<\/a> \/\n        <span>3.3.1 Introduction to Organic Chemistry<\/span>\n      <\/nav>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n\n  <!-- INTRO -->\n  <section class=\"ols-aqa331-intro\">\n    <div class=\"ols-aqa331-container\">\n      <div class=\"ols-aqa331-intro-inner\">\n        <div>\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa331-eyebrow\">AQA A Level Chemistry<\/div>\n          <h1>3.3.1<br>Introduction to Organic Chemistry<\/h1>\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa331-accent-bar\"><\/div>\n          <p class=\"ols-aqa331-intro-lead\">AQA 3.3.1 covers the formulas used to represent organic compounds, homologous series and functional groups, the IUPAC rules for naming chains and rings of up to six carbon atoms, the curly-arrow and free-radical conventions used in mechanisms, and structural isomerism. E-Z stereoisomerism is revised with the alkenes in 3.3.4.<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"ols-aqa331-info-grid\">\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa331-info-card\"><div class=\"ols-aqa331-info-card-label\">Exam Paper<\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa331-info-card-value\">Paper 2<\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa331-info-card-sub\">7405\/2<\/div><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa331-info-card\"><div class=\"ols-aqa331-info-card-label\">Specification Points<\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa331-info-card-value\">3.3.1.1 &#8211; 3.3.1.3<\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa331-info-card-sub\">3 AQA sections<\/div><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa331-info-card\"><div class=\"ols-aqa331-info-card-label\">Topic Parts<\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa331-info-card-value\">10 parts<\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa331-info-card-sub\">Revision notes available<\/div><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa331-info-card\"><div class=\"ols-aqa331-info-card-label\">Exam Board<\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa331-info-card-value\">AQA<\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa331-info-card-sub\">AQA 7405<\/div><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/section>\n\n  <!-- TOPIC CARDS -->\n  <section class=\"ols-aqa331-topics\">\n    <div class=\"ols-aqa331-container\">\n      <div class=\"ols-aqa331-section-header\">\n        <h2 class=\"ols-aqa331-section-title\">Revision Notes<\/h2>\n        <p class=\"ols-aqa331-section-sub\">Work through each part of AQA 3.3.1 in a structured sequence.<\/p>\n      <\/div>\n      <div class=\"ols-aqa331-cards-grid\">\n        <!-- Card 1: IUPAC Rules -->\n        <a class=\"ols-aqa331-card ols-aqa331-card--available\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-3-1-introduction-to-organic-chemistry\/iupac-rules\/\">\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa331-card-img-wrap\">\n            <div class=\"ols-aqa331-visual ols-aqa331-visual--ionic\">\n              <div class=\"ols-aqa331-visual-panel\">\n                <div class=\"ols-aqa331-visual-kicker\">Nomenclature<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-aqa331-visual-main\">IUPAC<br>Rules<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-aqa331-config-line\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span>C\u2099H\u2082\u2099\u208a\u2082<\/span><\/div>\n              <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-aqa331-card-num\">1<\/div>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa331-card-body\">\n            <p class=\"ols-aqa331-card-title\">IUPAC Rules<\/p>\n            <p class=\"ols-aqa331-card-desc\">Formulae, homologous series and the IUPAC rules for naming chains, rings and functional groups.<\/p>\n            <span class=\"ols-aqa331-card-cta\">Start revising<svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n        <!-- Card 2: Alkene -->\n        <a class=\"ols-aqa331-card ols-aqa331-card--available\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-3-1-introduction-to-organic-chemistry\/alkene\/\">\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa331-card-img-wrap\">\n            <div class=\"ols-aqa331-visual ols-aqa331-visual--covalent\">\n              <div class=\"ols-aqa331-visual-panel\">\n                <div class=\"ols-aqa331-visual-kicker\">Functional group<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-aqa331-visual-main\">Alkenes<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-aqa331-config-line\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span>C=C<\/span><\/div>\n              <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-aqa331-card-num\">2<\/div>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa331-card-body\">\n            <p class=\"ols-aqa331-card-title\">Alkene<\/p>\n            <p class=\"ols-aqa331-card-desc\">Naming alkenes with the -ene suffix, locants for the double bond and E-Z prefixes.<\/p>\n            <span class=\"ols-aqa331-card-cta\">Start revising<svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n        <!-- Card 3: Alcohol -->\n        <a class=\"ols-aqa331-card ols-aqa331-card--available\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-3-1-introduction-to-organic-chemistry\/alcohol\/\">\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa331-card-img-wrap\">\n            <div class=\"ols-aqa331-visual ols-aqa331-visual--metallic\">\n              <div class=\"ols-aqa331-visual-panel\">\n                <div class=\"ols-aqa331-visual-kicker\">Functional group<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-aqa331-visual-main\">Alcohols<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-aqa331-config-line\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span>R-OH<\/span><\/div>\n              <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-aqa331-card-num\">3<\/div>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa331-card-body\">\n            <p class=\"ols-aqa331-card-title\">Alcohol<\/p>\n            <p class=\"ols-aqa331-card-desc\">Naming alcohols with the -ol suffix and locating the hydroxyl group.<\/p>\n            <span class=\"ols-aqa331-card-cta\">Start revising<svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n        <!-- Card 4: Halogenoalkanes -->\n        <a class=\"ols-aqa331-card ols-aqa331-card--available\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-3-1-introduction-to-organic-chemistry\/halogenoalkanes\/\">\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa331-card-img-wrap\">\n            <div class=\"ols-aqa331-visual ols-aqa331-visual--shapes\">\n              <div class=\"ols-aqa331-visual-panel\">\n                <div class=\"ols-aqa331-visual-kicker\">Functional group<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-aqa331-visual-main\">Halogeno-<br>alkanes<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-aqa331-config-line\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span>C-X<\/span><\/div>\n              <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-aqa331-card-num\">4<\/div>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa331-card-body\">\n            <p class=\"ols-aqa331-card-title\">Halogenoalkanes<\/p>\n            <p class=\"ols-aqa331-card-desc\">Naming compounds with fluoro, chloro, bromo and iodo prefixes in alphabetical order.<\/p>\n            <span class=\"ols-aqa331-card-cta\">Start revising<svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n        <!-- Card 5: Aldehyde -->\n        <a class=\"ols-aqa331-card ols-aqa331-card--available\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-3-1-introduction-to-organic-chemistry\/aldehyde\/\">\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa331-card-img-wrap\">\n            <div class=\"ols-aqa331-visual ols-aqa331-visual--forces\">\n              <div class=\"ols-aqa331-visual-panel\">\n                <div class=\"ols-aqa331-visual-kicker\">Functional group<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-aqa331-visual-main\">Aldehydes<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-aqa331-config-line\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span>CHO<\/span><\/div>\n              <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-aqa331-card-num\">5<\/div>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa331-card-body\">\n            <p class=\"ols-aqa331-card-title\">Aldehyde<\/p>\n            <p class=\"ols-aqa331-card-desc\">Naming aldehydes with the -al suffix and recognising the terminal carbonyl group.<\/p>\n            <span class=\"ols-aqa331-card-cta\">Start revising<svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n        <!-- Card 6: Ketone -->\n        <a class=\"ols-aqa331-card ols-aqa331-card--available\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-3-1-introduction-to-organic-chemistry\/ketone\/\">\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa331-card-img-wrap\">\n            <div class=\"ols-aqa331-visual ols-aqa331-visual--giant\">\n              <div class=\"ols-aqa331-visual-panel\">\n                <div class=\"ols-aqa331-visual-kicker\">Functional group<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-aqa331-visual-main\">Ketones<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-aqa331-config-line\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span>C=O<\/span><\/div>\n              <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-aqa331-card-num\">6<\/div>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa331-card-body\">\n            <p class=\"ols-aqa331-card-title\">Ketone<\/p>\n            <p class=\"ols-aqa331-card-desc\">Naming ketones with the -one suffix and locating the carbonyl group in the chain.<\/p>\n            <span class=\"ols-aqa331-card-cta\">Start revising<svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n        <!-- Card 7: Carboxylic Acid -->\n        <a class=\"ols-aqa331-card ols-aqa331-card--available\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-3-1-introduction-to-organic-chemistry\/carboxylic-acid\/\">\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa331-card-img-wrap\">\n            <div class=\"ols-aqa331-visual ols-aqa331-visual--ionic\">\n              <div class=\"ols-aqa331-visual-panel\">\n                <div class=\"ols-aqa331-visual-kicker\">Functional group<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-aqa331-visual-main\">Carboxylic<br>Acids<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-aqa331-config-line\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span>COOH<\/span><\/div>\n              <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-aqa331-card-num\">7<\/div>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa331-card-body\">\n            <p class=\"ols-aqa331-card-title\">Carboxylic Acid<\/p>\n            <p class=\"ols-aqa331-card-desc\">Naming carboxylic acids with the -oic acid suffix and their high priority in naming.<\/p>\n            <span class=\"ols-aqa331-card-cta\">Start revising<svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n        <!-- Card 8: Ester -->\n        <a class=\"ols-aqa331-card ols-aqa331-card--available\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-3-1-introduction-to-organic-chemistry\/ester\/\">\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa331-card-img-wrap\">\n            <div class=\"ols-aqa331-visual ols-aqa331-visual--covalent\">\n              <div class=\"ols-aqa331-visual-panel\">\n                <div class=\"ols-aqa331-visual-kicker\">Functional group<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-aqa331-visual-main\">Esters<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-aqa331-config-line\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span>COOR<\/span><\/div>\n              <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-aqa331-card-num\">8<\/div>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa331-card-body\">\n            <p class=\"ols-aqa331-card-title\">Ester<\/p>\n            <p class=\"ols-aqa331-card-desc\">Naming esters from the alcohol and acid parts, and drawing their structures.<\/p>\n            <span class=\"ols-aqa331-card-cta\">Start revising<svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n        <!-- Card 9: Isomerism -->\n        <a class=\"ols-aqa331-card ols-aqa331-card--available\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-3-1-introduction-to-organic-chemistry\/isomerism\/\">\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa331-card-img-wrap\">\n            <div class=\"ols-aqa331-visual ols-aqa331-visual--metallic\">\n              <div class=\"ols-aqa331-visual-panel\">\n                <div class=\"ols-aqa331-visual-kicker\">Isomerism<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-aqa331-visual-main\">Structural<br>Isomers<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-aqa331-config-line\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span>C\u2084H\u2081\u2080<\/span><\/div>\n              <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-aqa331-card-num\">9<\/div>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa331-card-body\">\n            <p class=\"ols-aqa331-card-title\">Isomerism<\/p>\n            <p class=\"ols-aqa331-card-desc\">Chain, position and functional group isomerism, and drawing isomers from a molecular formula.<\/p>\n            <span class=\"ols-aqa331-card-cta\">Start revising<svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n<!-- Card 10: Curly Arrows and Mechanisms -->\n        <a class=\"ols-aqa331-card ols-aqa331-card--available\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-3-1-introduction-to-organic-chemistry\/curly-arrows-and-mechanisms\/\">\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa331-card-img-wrap\">\n            <div class=\"ols-aqa331-visual ols-aqa331-visual--covalent\">\n              <div class=\"ols-aqa331-visual-panel\">\n                <div class=\"ols-aqa331-visual-kicker\">Mechanisms<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-aqa331-visual-main\">Curly<br>Arrows<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-aqa331-config-line\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span>&#8640; e&#8315;<\/span><\/div>\n              <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-aqa331-card-num\">10<\/div>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa331-card-body\">\n            <p class=\"ols-aqa331-card-title\">Curly Arrows and Mechanisms<\/p>\n            <p class=\"ols-aqa331-card-desc\">What a curly arrow means, the three places it can start, dipoles, and how to outline a mechanism (3.3.1.2).<\/p>\n            <span class=\"ols-aqa331-card-cta\">Start revising<svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/section>\n  <!-- SPECIFICATION -->\n  <section class=\"ols-aqa331-spec-section\">\n    <div class=\"ols-aqa331-container\">\n      <div class=\"ols-aqa331-spec-wrap\">\n        <div class=\"ols-aqa331-spec-pill\">Specification Coverage<\/div>\n        <h2 class=\"ols-aqa331-spec-heading\">3.3.1 Introduction to Organic Chemistry &#8211; AQA A Level Chemistry<\/h2>\n        <p class=\"ols-aqa331-spec-intro-text\">The following AQA specification points outline the knowledge and skills students are expected to demonstrate for Introduction to Organic Chemistry.<\/p>\n        <h3 class=\"ols-aqa331-spec-group-title\">3.3.1 Introduction to Organic Chemistry<\/h3>\n        <div class=\"ols-aqa331-spec-rows\">\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa331-spec-row ols-aqa331-spec-row--light\">\n<div class=\"ols-aqa331-spec-code\">3.3.1.1<\/div>\n<div class=\"ols-aqa331-spec-text\"><strong>Nomenclature<\/strong><br>Organic compounds can be represented by empirical, molecular, general, structural, displayed and skeletal formulas.<br>The characteristics of a homologous series, a series of compounds containing the same functional group.<br>IUPAC rules for nomenclature.<br>Students should be able to:<div class=\"ols-aqa331-spec-sub-list\"><div class=\"ols-aqa331-spec-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-aqa331-spec-sub-code\">1<\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa331-spec-sub-text\">draw structural, displayed and skeletal formulas for given organic compounds<\/div><\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa331-spec-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-aqa331-spec-sub-code\">2<\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa331-spec-sub-text\">apply IUPAC rules for nomenclature to name organic compounds limited to chains and rings with up to six carbon atoms each<\/div><\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa331-spec-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-aqa331-spec-sub-code\">3<\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa331-spec-sub-text\">apply IUPAC rules for nomenclature to draw the structure of an organic compound from the IUPAC name limited to chains and rings with up to six carbon atoms each<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa331-spec-row ols-aqa331-spec-row--mid\">\n<div class=\"ols-aqa331-spec-code ols-aqa331-spec-code--mid\">3.3.1.2<\/div>\n<div class=\"ols-aqa331-spec-text\"><strong>Reaction mechanisms<\/strong><br>Reactions of organic compounds can be explained using mechanisms.<br>Free-radical mechanisms: the unpaired electron in a radical is represented by a dot; the use of curly arrows is not required for radical mechanisms.<br>Other mechanisms: the formation of a covalent bond is shown by a curly arrow that starts from a lone electron pair or from another covalent bond; the breaking of a covalent bond is shown by a curly arrow starting from the bond.<br>Students should be able to:<div class=\"ols-aqa331-spec-sub-list\"><div class=\"ols-aqa331-spec-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-aqa331-spec-sub-code\">1<\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa331-spec-sub-text\">write balanced equations for the steps in a free-radical mechanism<\/div><\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa331-spec-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-aqa331-spec-sub-code\">2<\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa331-spec-sub-text\">outline mechanisms by drawing the structures of the species involved and curly arrows to represent the movement of electron pairs<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-aqa331-spec-row ols-aqa331-spec-row--light\">\n<div class=\"ols-aqa331-spec-code\">3.3.1.3<\/div>\n<div class=\"ols-aqa331-spec-text\"><strong>Isomerism (structural isomerism)<\/strong><br>Structural isomerism.<br>Stereoisomerism, E-Z isomerism and the Cahn-Ingold-Prelog rules are covered with the alkenes in 3.3.4.<br>Students should be able to:<div class=\"ols-aqa331-spec-sub-list\"><div class=\"ols-aqa331-spec-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-aqa331-spec-sub-code\">1<\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa331-spec-sub-text\">define the term structural isomer<\/div><\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa331-spec-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-aqa331-spec-sub-code\">2<\/div><div class=\"ols-aqa331-spec-sub-text\">draw the structures of chain, position and functional group isomers<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n        <\/div>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/section>\n  <script type=\"application\/ld+json\">\n{\n  \"@context\": \"https:\/\/schema.org\",\n  \"@graph\": [\n    {\n      \"@type\": \"WebPage\",\n      \"@id\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-3-1-introduction-to-organic-chemistry\/#webpage\",\n      \"url\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/aqa\/3-3-1-introduction-to-organic-chemistry\/\",\n      \"name\": \"3.3.1 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