{"id":7544,"date":"2026-09-11T17:49:00","date_gmt":"2026-09-11T16:49:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-13-an-introduction-to-as-level-organic-chemistry\/shapes-of-organic-molecules\/alkynes-and-nitriles-sp-carbon\/"},"modified":"2026-09-22T13:16:43","modified_gmt":"2026-09-22T12:16:43","slug":"alkynes-and-nitriles-sp-carbon","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-13-an-introduction-to-as-level-organic-chemistry\/shapes-of-organic-molecules\/alkynes-and-nitriles-sp-carbon\/","title":{"rendered":"Alkynes and Nitriles: sp Carbon"},"content":{"rendered":"<script src=\"https:\/\/cdnjs.cloudflare.com\/ajax\/libs\/three.js\/r128\/three.min.js\"><\/script>\n\n<section class=\"ols-revision-page ols-free-radical-substitution-page\">\n  <style>\n    .ols-revision-page {\n      --navy: #1C244B;\n      --blue: #2563eb;\n      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font-weight: 700; color: #7a4b12; text-align: center; line-height: 1.6; }\n    .ols-figure-placeholder .ols-figure-image { background: transparent; }\n    .ols-figure-placeholder { background: #ffffff; border: 1px solid rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.12); border-radius: 22px; padding: 14px; margin: 18px 0 6px; }\n    .ols-figure-placeholder .ols-figure-caption p { margin: 10px 0 0; font-size: 14px; color: #667085; text-align: center; }\n<\/style>\n\n  <aside class=\"ols-sidebar\">\n  <div class=\"ols-sidebar-header\">\n    <h3>Revision Notes<\/h3>\n    <p>Cambridge International AS Level Chemistry<\/p>\n  <\/div>\n  <div class=\"ols-topic-group\">\n    <h4>13.3 Shapes of Organic Molecules<\/h4>\n    <ul class=\"ols-topic-list\">\n      <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-13-an-introduction-to-as-level-organic-chemistry\/shapes-of-organic-molecules\/\">Part overview<\/a><\/li>\n      <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-13-an-introduction-to-as-level-organic-chemistry\/shapes-of-organic-molecules\/alkene-bonding\/\">Alkene Bonding<\/a><\/li>\n      <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-13-an-introduction-to-as-level-organic-chemistry\/shapes-of-organic-molecules\/alkanes-and-sp3-carbon\/\">Alkanes and sp3 Carbon<\/a><\/li>\n      <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-13-an-introduction-to-as-level-organic-chemistry\/shapes-of-organic-molecules\/alkynes-and-nitriles-sp-carbon\/\">Alkynes and Nitriles: sp Carbon<\/a><\/li>\n    <\/ul>\n  <\/div>\n  <div class=\"ols-topic-group\">\n    <h4>Other Topic 13 Parts<\/h4>\n    <ul class=\"ols-topic-list\">\n      <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-13-an-introduction-to-as-level-organic-chemistry\/\">Topic 13 overview<\/a><\/li>\n      <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-13-an-introduction-to-as-level-organic-chemistry\/formulas-functional-groups-and-naming\/\">13.1 Formulas, Functional Groups and Naming<\/a><\/li>\n      <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-13-an-introduction-to-as-level-organic-chemistry\/characteristic-organic-reactions\/\">13.2 Characteristic Organic Reactions<\/a><\/li>\n      <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-13-an-introduction-to-as-level-organic-chemistry\/isomerism\/\">13.4 Isomerism<\/a><\/li>\n      <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-14-hydrocarbons\/\">Topic 14 Hydrocarbons<\/a><\/li>\n    <\/ul>\n  <\/div>\n<\/aside>\n<script>\r\n(function() {\r\n  function normalisePath(path) {\r\n    return String(path || '')\r\n      .split('?')[0]\r\n      .split('#')[0]\r\n      .replace(\/\\\/+$\/, '')\r\n      .toLowerCase();\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  function highlightActive() {\r\n    var sidebar = document.querySelector('.ols-sidebar');\r\n    if (!sidebar) return false;\r\n\r\n    var currentPath = normalisePath(window.location.pathname);\r\n    var links = sidebar.querySelectorAll('a[href]');\r\n    var matched = null;\r\n    var matchedLength = 0;\r\n\r\n    sidebar.querySelectorAll('.active, .active-main, .parent-active').forEach(function(item) {\r\n      item.classList.remove('active', 'active-main', 'parent-active');\r\n    });\r\n\r\n    sidebar.querySelectorAll('a[data-ols-disabled-parent=\"1\"], 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href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-13-an-introduction-to-as-level-organic-chemistry\/shapes-of-organic-molecules\/\">Shapes of Organic Molecules<\/a> \/\n<span>Alkynes and Nitriles: sp Carbon<\/span>\n<\/nav>\n\n      <header class=\"ols-title-card\">\n        <h1>Alkynes and Nitriles: sp Carbon<\/h1>\n        <p class=\"ols-page-intro\">A concise Cambridge International AS Level Chemistry revision guide to sp hybridised carbon (13.3.2 and 13.3.3): how two sp orbitals and two unhybridised p orbitals give a triple bond made of one \u03c3 and two \u03c0 bonds, the linear 180\u00b0 shape around C\u2261C and C\u2261N, and how sp, sp2 and sp3 carbons compare.<\/p>\n\n        <div class=\"ols-badges\">\n          <div class=\"ols-badge\">AS Level<\/div>\n<div class=\"ols-badge\">Topic 13: An Introduction to AS Level Organic Chemistry<\/div>\n<div class=\"ols-badge\">9701 Papers 1 and 2<\/div>\n        <\/div>\n\n        <div class=\"ols-author\">\n          <img decoding=\"async\"\n            class=\"ols-author-avatar-img\"\n            src=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/Author-Profile.jpeg\"\n            alt=\"Dr. Mohammed Al-Fatah\"\n          >\n\n          <div class=\"ols-author-content\">\n            <h2 class=\"ols-author-title\">Written by: Dr. Mohammed Al-Fatah<\/h2>\n            <p class=\"ols-author-description\">Chemistry specialist revision notes for A Level Chemistry.<\/p>\n\n            <a class=\"ols-linkedin-pill\" href=\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/doctormohammedfatah\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\n              <svg class=\"ols-linkedin-icon\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"currentColor\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n                <path d=\"M4.98 3.5C4.98 4.88 3.86 6 2.48 6S0 4.88 0 3.5 1.12 1 2.48 1s2.5 1.12 2.5 2.5zM.5 8h4V24h-4V8zm7 0h3.8v2.2h.1c.5-.9 1.8-2.2 3.9-2.2 4.2 0 5 2.8 5 6.4V24h-4v-7.6c0-1.8 0-4.2-2.6-4.2s-3 2-3 4v7.8h-4V8z\"\/>\n              <\/svg>\n              View LinkedIn Profile\n            <\/a>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n      <\/header>\n\n      <article class=\"ols-note-card soft\">\n<div class=\"ols-note-title\">\n<div class=\"ols-note-icon\">1<\/div>\n<h2>Forming sp Hybrid Orbitals<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<p>When a carbon atom forms a <strong>triple bond<\/strong>, only the 2s orbital and <strong>one<\/strong> 2p orbital mix. This gives two <strong>sp hybrid orbitals<\/strong> pointing in opposite directions, 180\u00b0 apart, and leaves <strong>two unhybridised 2p orbitals<\/strong> at right angles to each other and to the sp orbitals.<\/p>\n<div class=\"ols-table-wrap\">\n<table class=\"ols-table\">\n<thead>\n<tr><th>Feature<\/th><th>sp carbon<\/th><th>Compare sp<sup>2<\/sup><\/th><th>Compare sp<sup>3<\/sup><\/th><\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr><td><strong>Orbitals mixed<\/strong><\/td><td>One 2s + one 2p<\/td><td>One 2s + two 2p<\/td><td>One 2s + three 2p<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td><strong>Hybrid orbitals<\/strong><\/td><td>Two sp<\/td><td>Three sp<sup>2<\/sup><\/td><td>Four sp<sup>3<\/sup><\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td><strong>Unhybridised p orbitals<\/strong><\/td><td>Two<\/td><td>One<\/td><td>None<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td><strong>\u03c3 bonds formed<\/strong><\/td><td>Two<\/td><td>Three<\/td><td>Four<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td><strong>\u03c0 bonds formed<\/strong><\/td><td>Two<\/td><td>One<\/td><td>None<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td><strong>Shape and angle<\/strong><\/td><td>Linear, 180\u00b0<\/td><td>Trigonal planar, 120\u00b0<\/td><td>Tetrahedral, 109.5\u00b0<\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"ols-key-box\">\n<p><strong>Key idea:<\/strong> Each unhybridised p orbital makes one \u03c0 bond, so an sp carbon with two p orbitals left over can make two \u03c0 bonds: the second and third bonds of a triple bond.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/article>\n<section class=\"ols-h5p-card ols-h5p-inline\">\n<span class=\"ols-h5p-kicker\">Check your understanding<\/span>\n<h2>Quick Check: Counting \u03c3 and \u03c0 Bonds<\/h2>\n<p>Five quick questions on molecules that do not appear on this page.<\/p>\n<div class=\"ols-h5p-frame\"><div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-421\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"421\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"sp Carbon Quick-Fire: Working Out \u03c3 and \u03c0 Bonds in New Molecules\"><\/iframe><\/div><\/div>\n<\/section>\n<article class=\"ols-note-card\">\n<div class=\"ols-note-title\">\n<div class=\"ols-note-icon\">2<\/div>\n<h2>The Triple Bond in Ethyne<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<p>In <strong>ethyne<\/strong>, HC&#8801;CH, each carbon is sp hybridised. One sp orbital overlaps head-on with the other carbon to form the C-C <strong>\u03c3 bond<\/strong>, and the other sp orbital overlaps with a hydrogen 1s orbital to form the C-H \u03c3 bond. The two remaining p orbitals on each carbon overlap <strong>sideways<\/strong> with their partners on the other carbon to form <strong>two \u03c0 bonds<\/strong>, one above and below the molecule and one in front and behind.<\/p>\n<p>The C&#8801;C bond therefore contains one \u03c3 bond and two \u03c0 bonds. Because the two sp orbitals point in opposite directions, the H-C-C bond angle is <strong>180\u00b0<\/strong> and ethyne is a <strong>linear<\/strong> molecule. 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border-radius:22px;}\n  .ols-eth-001 h2.eth-title{font-size:20.5px;}\n  .ols-eth-001 p.eth-sub{font-size:13.5px;}\n  .ols-eth-001 .eth-stage{height:420px;}\n  .ols-eth-001 .eth-rowlab{min-width:100%;}\n  .ols-eth-001 .eth-seg button{padding:9px 14px; font-size:13.5px;}\n  .ols-eth-001 .eth-lab{font-size:10.5px; padding:4px 8px;}\n  .ols-eth-001 .eth-lab.l-ang{font-size:12px;}\n  .ols-eth-001 .eth-caption{font-size:10.5px; padding:5px 9px; max-width:64%;}\n  .ols-eth-001 .eth-info{padding:18px;}\n}\n@media (prefers-reduced-motion:reduce){\n  .ols-eth-001 .eth-seg button,.ols-eth-001 .eth-pill{transition:none;}\n}\n\n.ols-cc-eth-001{\n  font-family:'Poppins',system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',Roboto,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;\n  margin:10px auto 0; text-align:center; font-size:11px; font-style:italic; color:#aab0c0;\n}\n.ols-cc-eth-001 a{color:#aab0c0; text-decoration:none;}\n.ols-cc-eth-001 a:hover{text-decoration:underline;}\n<\/style>\n\n<div class=\"eth-head\">\n  <h2 class=\"eth-title\">Bonding in Ethyne, C<sub>2<\/sub>H<sub>2<\/sub>: sp Hybrids, Sigma and Pi Bonds<\/h2>\n  <p class=\"eth-sub\">Drag to rotate, scroll or pinch to zoom. Step through the bonding one layer at a time, from the sp hybrid orbitals on each carbon to the finished triple bond. The side view looks straight down the molecule and shows both pi bonds at right angles.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"eth-stage\" id=\"ethStage\">\n  <canvas class=\"eth-canvas\" id=\"ethCanvas\"><\/canvas>\n  <div class=\"eth-overlay\" id=\"ethOverlay\"><\/div>\n  <div class=\"eth-caption\" id=\"ethCaption\"><\/div>\n  <div class=\"eth-hint\" id=\"ethHint\">Drag to rotate<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"eth-controls\">\n  <div class=\"eth-row\">\n    <span class=\"eth-rowlab\">Bonding layer<\/span>\n    <div class=\"eth-seg\" role=\"group\" aria-label=\"Bonding layer\">\n      <button type=\"button\" data-stage=\"hyb\" aria-pressed=\"true\">Atomic orbitals<\/button>\n      <button type=\"button\" data-stage=\"sig\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Sigma bonds<\/button>\n      <button type=\"button\" data-stage=\"pi\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Pi bonds<\/button>\n      <button type=\"button\" data-stage=\"all\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Molecular orbitals<\/button>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n\n  <div class=\"eth-row\">\n    <span class=\"eth-rowlab\">View<\/span>\n    <div class=\"eth-seg\" role=\"group\" aria-label=\"Camera view\">\n      <button type=\"button\" data-view=\"front\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Front<\/button>\n      <button type=\"button\" data-view=\"side\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Side<\/button>\n      <button type=\"button\" data-view=\"top\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Top<\/button>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n\n  <div class=\"eth-row\">\n    <span class=\"eth-rowlab\">Show<\/span>\n    <button type=\"button\" class=\"eth-pill p-orange\" id=\"ethTogP\" aria-pressed=\"true\"><i class=\"dot\"><\/i>p orbitals<\/button>\n    <button type=\"button\" class=\"eth-pill\" id=\"ethTogAng\" aria-pressed=\"true\"><i class=\"dot\"><\/i>Bond angle<\/button>\n    <button type=\"button\" class=\"eth-pill\" id=\"ethTogLab\" aria-pressed=\"true\"><i class=\"dot\"><\/i>Labels<\/button>\n  <\/div>\n\n  <div class=\"eth-row\">\n    <span class=\"eth-rowlab\">Motion<\/span>\n    <button type=\"button\" class=\"eth-pill\" id=\"ethSpin\" aria-pressed=\"false\"><i class=\"dot\"><\/i>Rotation<\/button>\n    <button type=\"button\" class=\"eth-pill\" id=\"ethReset\">Reset view<\/button>\n  <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"eth-info\">\n  <h3 id=\"ethInfoTitle\">Hybrid orbitals<\/h3>\n  <p id=\"ethInfoText\"><\/p>\n  <div class=\"eth-facts\" id=\"ethFacts\"><\/div>\n  <div class=\"eth-key\">\n    <span><i class=\"k-b\"><\/i>sp hybrid and sigma bond<\/span>\n    <span><i class=\"k-g\"><\/i>Hydrogen 1s orbital<\/span>\n    <span><i class=\"k-o\"><\/i>Pi bond from 2p<sub>y<\/sub><\/span>\n    <span><i class=\"k-p\"><\/i>Pi bond from 2p<sub>z<\/sub><\/span>\n    <span><i class=\"k-r\"><\/i>Carbon nucleus<\/span>\n    <span><i class=\"k-h\"><\/i>Hydrogen nucleus<\/span>\n  <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n\n<p class=\"ols-cc-eth-001\">&copy; Dr. Mohammed Al-Fatah &#8211; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">onlinelearningsystem.net<\/a><\/p>\n\n<script src=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-content\/uploads\/JS\/ethyne-bonding.js\"><\/script>\n\n<section class=\"ols-hcn-001\" id=\"olsHcn001\">\n<style>\n@import url('https:\/\/fonts.googleapis.com\/css2?family=Poppins:wght@300;400;500;600&display=swap');\n\n.ols-hcn-001{\n  font-family:'Poppins',system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',Roboto,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;\n  color:#1C244B; background:#ffffff;\n  border:1px solid rgba(28,36,75,0.14);\n  border-radius:28px;\n  box-shadow:0 18px 45px rgba(28,36,75,0.10);\n  padding:44px; margin:26px auto; max-width:980px;\n  box-sizing:border-box; -webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased;\n}\n.ols-hcn-001 *{box-sizing:border-box;}\n\n.ols-hcn-001 .hcn-head{margin:0 0 22px;}\n.ols-hcn-001 h2.hcn-title{\n  font-size:26px; line-height:1.25; font-weight:600; letter-spacing:-0.012em;\n  margin:0 0 9px; 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padding:5px 9px; max-width:64%;}\n  .ols-hcn-001 .hcn-info{padding:18px;}\n}\n@media (prefers-reduced-motion:reduce){\n  .ols-hcn-001 .hcn-seg button,.ols-hcn-001 .hcn-pill{transition:none;}\n}\n\n.ols-cc-hcn-001{\n  font-family:'Poppins',system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',Roboto,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;\n  margin:10px auto 0; text-align:center; font-size:11px; font-style:italic; color:#aab0c0;\n}\n.ols-cc-hcn-001 a{color:#aab0c0; text-decoration:none;}\n.ols-cc-hcn-001 a:hover{text-decoration:underline;}\n<\/style>\n\n<div class=\"hcn-head\">\n  <h2 class=\"hcn-title\">Bonding in Hydrogen Cyanide, HCN: sp Hybrids, Sigma and Pi Bonds<\/h2>\n  <p class=\"hcn-sub\">Drag to rotate, scroll or pinch to zoom. Build the molecule one layer at a time, from the sp hybrid orbitals on carbon and nitrogen through to the finished triple bond and the lone pair. The side view looks straight down the molecule and shows both pi bonds at right angles.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"hcn-stage\" id=\"hcnStage\">\n  <canvas class=\"hcn-canvas\" id=\"hcnCanvas\"><\/canvas>\n  <div class=\"hcn-overlay\" id=\"hcnOverlay\"><\/div>\n  <div class=\"hcn-caption\" id=\"hcnCaption\"><\/div>\n  <div class=\"hcn-hint\" id=\"hcnHint\">Drag to rotate<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"hcn-controls\">\n  <div class=\"hcn-row\">\n    <span class=\"hcn-rowlab\">Bonding layer<\/span>\n    <div class=\"hcn-seg\" role=\"group\" aria-label=\"Bonding layer\">\n      <button type=\"button\" data-stage=\"hyb\" aria-pressed=\"true\">Atomic orbitals<\/button>\n      <button type=\"button\" data-stage=\"sig\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Sigma bonds<\/button>\n      <button type=\"button\" data-stage=\"pi\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Pi bonds<\/button>\n      <button type=\"button\" data-stage=\"all\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Molecular orbitals<\/button>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n\n  <div class=\"hcn-row\">\n    <span class=\"hcn-rowlab\">View<\/span>\n    <div class=\"hcn-seg\" role=\"group\" aria-label=\"Camera view\">\n      <button type=\"button\" data-view=\"front\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Front<\/button>\n      <button type=\"button\" data-view=\"side\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Side<\/button>\n      <button type=\"button\" data-view=\"top\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Top<\/button>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n\n  <div class=\"hcn-row\">\n    <span class=\"hcn-rowlab\">Show<\/span>\n    <button type=\"button\" class=\"hcn-pill p-orange\" id=\"hcnTogP\" aria-pressed=\"true\"><i class=\"dot\"><\/i>p orbitals<\/button>\n    <button type=\"button\" class=\"hcn-pill p-rose\" id=\"hcnTogLP\" aria-pressed=\"true\"><i class=\"dot\"><\/i>Lone pair<\/button>\n    <button type=\"button\" class=\"hcn-pill\" id=\"hcnTogAng\" aria-pressed=\"true\"><i class=\"dot\"><\/i>Bond angle<\/button>\n    <button type=\"button\" class=\"hcn-pill\" id=\"hcnTogLab\" aria-pressed=\"true\"><i class=\"dot\"><\/i>Labels<\/button>\n  <\/div>\n\n  <div class=\"hcn-row\">\n    <span class=\"hcn-rowlab\">Motion<\/span>\n    <button type=\"button\" class=\"hcn-pill\" id=\"hcnSpin\" aria-pressed=\"false\"><i class=\"dot\"><\/i>Rotation<\/button>\n    <button type=\"button\" class=\"hcn-pill\" id=\"hcnReset\">Reset view<\/button>\n  <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"hcn-info\">\n  <h3 id=\"hcnInfoTitle\">Hybrid orbitals<\/h3>\n  <p id=\"hcnInfoText\"><\/p>\n  <div class=\"hcn-facts\" id=\"hcnFacts\"><\/div>\n  <div class=\"hcn-key\">\n    <span><i class=\"k-b\"><\/i>sp hybrid and sigma bond<\/span>\n    <span><i class=\"k-g\"><\/i>Hydrogen 1s orbital<\/span>\n    <span><i class=\"k-o\"><\/i>Pi bond from 2p<sub>y<\/sub><\/span>\n    <span><i class=\"k-p\"><\/i>Pi bond from 2p<sub>z<\/sub><\/span>\n    <span><i class=\"k-l\"><\/i>Lone pair on nitrogen<\/span>\n    <span><i class=\"k-c\"><\/i>Carbon nucleus<\/span>\n    <span><i class=\"k-n\"><\/i>Nitrogen nucleus<\/span>\n    <span><i class=\"k-h\"><\/i>Hydrogen nucleus<\/span>\n  <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n\n<p class=\"ols-cc-hcn-001\">&copy; Dr. Mohammed Al-Fatah &#8211; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">onlinelearningsystem.net<\/a><\/p>\n\n<script src=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-content\/uploads\/JS\/hcn-bonding.js\"><\/script>\n\n<section class=\"ols-hyb-001\" id=\"olsHyb001\">\n<style>\n@import url('https:\/\/fonts.googleapis.com\/css2?family=Poppins:wght@300;400;500;600&display=swap');\n\n.ols-hyb-001{\n  font-family:'Poppins',system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',Roboto,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;\n  color:#1C244B;\n  background:#ffffff;\n  border:1px solid rgba(28,36,75,0.14);\n  border-radius:28px;\n  box-shadow:0 18px 45px rgba(28,36,75,0.10);\n  padding:44px;\n  margin:26px auto;\n  max-width:980px;\n  box-sizing:border-box;\n  -webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased;\n}\n.ols-hyb-001 *{box-sizing:border-box;}\n\n.ols-hyb-001 .hyb-head{margin:0 0 22px;}\n.ols-hyb-001 h2.hyb-title{\n  font-size:26px; line-height:1.25; font-weight:600; letter-spacing:-0.012em;\n  margin:0 0 9px; 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color:#aab0c0;\n  font-family:'Poppins',system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',Roboto,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;}\n.ols-hyb-001-cc a{color:#aab0c0; text-decoration:none;}\n.ols-hyb-001-cc a:hover{text-decoration:underline;}\n\n@media (max-width:760px){\n  .ols-hyb-001{padding:26px; border-radius:22px;}\n  .ols-hyb-001 h2.hyb-title{font-size:20.5px;}\n  .ols-hyb-001 p.hyb-sub{font-size:13.5px;}\n  .ols-hyb-001 .hyb-stage{height:420px;}\n  .ols-hyb-001 .hyb-rowlab{min-width:100%;}\n  .ols-hyb-001 .hyb-seg button{padding:9px 15px; font-size:13.5px;}\n  .ols-hyb-001 .hyb-lab{font-size:10.5px; padding:4px 8px;}\n  .ols-hyb-001 .hyb-lab.l-ang{font-size:12px;}\n  .ols-hyb-001 .hyb-info{padding:18px;}\n}\n@media (prefers-reduced-motion:reduce){\n  .ols-hyb-001 .hyb-seg button,.ols-hyb-001 .hyb-pill{transition:none;}\n}\n<\/style>\n\n<div class=\"hyb-head\">\n  <h2 class=\"hyb-title\">Hybridisation of Carbon: sp&sup3;, sp&sup2; and sp Orbitals<\/h2>\n  <p class=\"hyb-sub\">Drag to rotate, scroll or pinch to zoom. Switch between the three states to see how mixing the 2s and 2p orbitals changes the shape around the carbon nucleus, and which 2p orbitals are left unhybridised.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"hyb-stage\" id=\"hybStage\">\n  <canvas class=\"hyb-canvas\" id=\"hybCanvas\"><\/canvas>\n  <div class=\"hyb-overlay\" id=\"hybOverlay\"><\/div>\n  <div class=\"hyb-hint\" id=\"hybHint\">Drag to rotate<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"hyb-controls\">\n  <div class=\"hyb-row\">\n    <span class=\"hyb-rowlab\">Hybridisation<\/span>\n    <div class=\"hyb-seg\" role=\"group\" aria-label=\"Hybridisation state\">\n      <button type=\"button\" data-state=\"sp3\" aria-pressed=\"true\">sp&sup3;<\/button>\n      <button type=\"button\" data-state=\"sp2\" aria-pressed=\"false\">sp&sup2;<\/button>\n      <button type=\"button\" data-state=\"sp\" aria-pressed=\"false\">sp<\/button>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n\n  <div class=\"hyb-row\">\n    <span class=\"hyb-rowlab\">View<\/span>\n    <div class=\"hyb-seg\" role=\"group\" aria-label=\"Camera view\">\n      <button type=\"button\" data-view=\"front\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Front<\/button>\n      <button type=\"button\" data-view=\"side\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Side<\/button>\n      <button type=\"button\" data-view=\"top\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Top<\/button>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n\n  <div class=\"hyb-row\">\n    <span class=\"hyb-rowlab\">Show<\/span>\n    <button type=\"button\" class=\"hyb-pill\" id=\"hybTogHyb\" aria-pressed=\"true\"><i class=\"dot\"><\/i>Hybrid orbitals<\/button>\n    <button type=\"button\" class=\"hyb-pill p-orange\" id=\"hybTogP\" aria-pressed=\"true\"><i class=\"dot\"><\/i>p orbitals<\/button>\n    <button type=\"button\" class=\"hyb-pill\" id=\"hybTogLab\" aria-pressed=\"true\"><i class=\"dot\"><\/i>Labels<\/button>\n  <\/div>\n\n  <div class=\"hyb-row\">\n    <span class=\"hyb-rowlab\">Motion<\/span>\n    <button type=\"button\" class=\"hyb-pill\" id=\"hybSpin\" aria-pressed=\"false\"><i class=\"dot\"><\/i>Rotation<\/button>\n    <button type=\"button\" class=\"hyb-pill\" id=\"hybReset\">Reset view<\/button>\n  <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"hyb-info\">\n  <h3 id=\"hybInfoTitle\">sp&sup3; hybridisation<\/h3>\n  <p id=\"hybInfoText\"><\/p>\n  <div class=\"hyb-facts\">\n    <div class=\"hyb-fact\"><span>Hybrid orbitals<\/span><strong id=\"hybFactN\">4<\/strong><\/div>\n    <div class=\"hyb-fact\"><span>Bond angle<\/span><strong id=\"hybFactA\">109.5&deg;<\/strong><\/div>\n    <div class=\"hyb-fact\"><span>Shape<\/span><strong id=\"hybFactG\">Tetrahedral<\/strong><\/div>\n    <div class=\"hyb-fact\"><span>Unhybridised 2p<\/span><strong id=\"hybFactP\">None<\/strong><\/div>\n    <div class=\"hyb-fact\"><span>Example<\/span><strong id=\"hybFactE\">Methane, CH<sub>4<\/sub><\/strong><\/div>\n  <\/div>\n  <div class=\"hyb-key\">\n    <span><i class=\"k-b\"><\/i>Hybrid orbital<\/span>\n    <span><i class=\"k-o\"><\/i>Unhybridised 2p<\/span>\n    <span><i class=\"k-p\"><\/i>Second unhybridised 2p<\/span>\n    <span><i class=\"k-r\"><\/i>Carbon nucleus<\/span>\n  <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<script src=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-content\/uploads\/JS\/hybridisation-carbon.js\"><\/script>\n<\/section>\n<p class=\"ols-hyb-001-cc\">&copy; Dr. Mohammed Al-Fatah &#8211; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">onlinelearningsystem.net<\/a><\/p>\n\n<div class=\"ols-key-box\">\n<p><strong>Exam sentence:<\/strong> In ethyne each carbon is sp hybridised: the sp orbitals form two \u03c3 bonds at 180\u00b0, and the two unhybridised p orbitals on each carbon form two \u03c0 bonds, so the molecule is linear.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/article>\n<section class=\"ols-h5p-card ols-h5p-inline\">\n<span class=\"ols-h5p-kicker\">Check your understanding<\/span>\n<h2>Quick Check: Atoms on a Straight Line<\/h2>\n<p>Decide how far along the chain the linear shape of a triple bond reaches.<\/p>\n<div class=\"ols-h5p-frame\"><div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-420\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"420\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"sp Carbon MCQ: Which Atoms Must Lie on One Straight Line\"><\/iframe><\/div><\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"ols-h5p-card ols-h5p-inline\">\n<span class=\"ols-h5p-kicker\">Check your understanding<\/span>\n<h2>Quick Check: Cis and Trans in an Alkyne<\/h2>\n<p>Decide whether a blocked rotation is enough on its own to give geometrical isomers.<\/p>\n<div class=\"ols-h5p-frame\"><div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-833\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"833\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"sp Carbon True or False: Cis and Trans Forms of an Alkyne\"><\/iframe><\/div><\/div>\n<\/section>\n<article class=\"ols-note-card purple\">\n<div class=\"ols-note-title\">\n<div class=\"ols-note-icon\">3<\/div>\n<h2>The Nitrile Group<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<p>The same bonding occurs in a <strong>nitrile<\/strong>, R-C&#8801;N. The nitrile carbon is sp hybridised: one sp orbital bonds to the alkyl group, the other forms the C-N \u03c3 bond, and the two p orbitals form two \u03c0 bonds with the nitrogen atom. The nitrogen is also sp hybridised, with its lone pair in the sp orbital pointing away from the carbon.<\/p>\n<p>The C-C&#8801;N unit is <strong>linear<\/strong>, with a bond angle of 180\u00b0 at the nitrile carbon. In ethanenitrile, CH<sub>3<\/sub>CN, the methyl carbon is sp<sup>3<\/sup> and tetrahedral while the nitrile carbon is sp and linear, so one small molecule contains both kinds of carbon.<\/p>\n<div class=\"ols-table-wrap\">\n<table class=\"ols-table\">\n<thead>\n<tr><th>Molecule<\/th><th>Carbon atom<\/th><th>Hybridisation<\/th><th>Shape around it<\/th><th>Angle<\/th><\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr><td><strong>Ethanenitrile, CH<sub>3<\/sub>CN<\/strong><\/td><td>CH<sub>3<\/sub> carbon<\/td><td>sp<sup>3<\/sup><\/td><td>Tetrahedral<\/td><td>109.5\u00b0<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td><strong>Ethanenitrile, CH<sub>3<\/sub>CN<\/strong><\/td><td>CN carbon<\/td><td>sp<\/td><td>Linear<\/td><td>180\u00b0<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td><strong>Propyne, CH<sub>3<\/sub>C&#8801;CH<\/strong><\/td><td>Both triple-bond carbons<\/td><td>sp<\/td><td>Linear<\/td><td>180\u00b0<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td><strong>Propene, CH<sub>3<\/sub>CH=CH<sub>2<\/sub><\/strong><\/td><td>Both double-bond carbons<\/td><td>sp<sup>2<\/sup><\/td><td>Trigonal planar<\/td><td>120\u00b0<\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"ols-key-box\">\n<p><strong>Exam focus:<\/strong> Cambridge asks for the shape and bond angle around a named atom, so identify the hybridisation of that atom only: count its \u03c3 bonds and lone pairs (two gives sp, three gives sp2, four gives sp3).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/article>\n<section class=\"ols-h5p-card ols-h5p-inline\">\n<span class=\"ols-h5p-kicker\">Check your understanding<\/span>\n<h2>Quick Check: Hybridisation Along a Chain<\/h2>\n<p>Work along the formula one carbon atom at a time.<\/p>\n<div class=\"ols-h5p-frame\"><div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-422\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"422\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"sp Carbon MCQ: Three Hybridisations in One Molecule\"><\/iframe><\/div><\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"ols-h5p-card ols-h5p-inline\">\n<span class=\"ols-h5p-kicker\">Check your understanding<\/span>\n<h2>Quick Check: Two Nitrogen Atoms<\/h2>\n<p>Drag the words and numbers into place to compare the two nitrogen atoms of one molecule.<\/p>\n<div class=\"ols-h5p-frame\"><div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-419\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"419\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"sp Carbon Drag: Two Different Nitrogen Atoms in One Molecule\"><\/iframe><\/div><\/div>\n<\/section>\n<article class=\"ols-note-card soft\">\n<div class=\"ols-note-title\">\n<div class=\"ols-note-icon\">4<\/div>\n<h2>Common Exam Mistakes<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<ul>\n<li>Saying a triple bond is three \u03c3 bonds or three \u03c0 bonds. It is one \u03c3 bond and two \u03c0 bonds.<\/li>\n<li>Quoting 120\u00b0 for an alkyne carbon. Two \u03c3 bonds and no lone pairs give 180\u00b0.<\/li>\n<li>Forgetting that the p orbitals must be at right angles to each other, so the two \u03c0 bonds are in perpendicular planes.<\/li>\n<li>Assigning one hybridisation to a whole molecule. Each carbon atom is hybridised according to its own bonds.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"ols-key-box\">\n<p><strong>Exam sentence:<\/strong> sp carbon: two hybrid orbitals, two \u03c3 bonds, two \u03c0 bonds from two unhybridised p orbitals, linear, 180\u00b0.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/article>\n\n<section class=\"ols-course-cta-alkenes\" id=\"olsCourseCtaAlkenes001\">\r\n  <style>\r\n    .ols-course-cta-alkenes,\r\n    .ols-course-cta-alkenes * {\r\n      box-sizing: border-box;\r\n    }\r\n\r\n    .ols-course-cta-alkenes {\r\n      --navy: #1C244B;\r\n      --blue: #2563eb;\r\n      --body-text: #1f2937;\r\n      --grey-text: #667085;\r\n      --border: rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.14);\r\n      --shadow: 0 18px 45px rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.12);\r\n      --inner-shadow: 0 10px 26px rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.08);\r\n\r\n      width: 100%;\r\n      margin: 30px 0 24px;\r\n      font-family: Poppins, Arial, sans-serif;\r\n    }\r\n\r\n    .ols-course-cta-alkenes .ols-course-cta-card {\r\n      overflow: hidden;\r\n    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center;\r\n      justify-content: center;\r\n      min-width: 92px;\r\n      padding: 10px 16px;\r\n      border: 0;\r\n      border-radius: 999px;\r\n      background: rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.92);\r\n      color: #ffffff;\r\n      font-family: Poppins, Arial, sans-serif;\r\n      font-size: 14px;\r\n      line-height: 1.2;\r\n      font-weight: 800;\r\n      cursor: pointer;\r\n      box-shadow: 0 12px 28px rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.24);\r\n      transition:\r\n        transform 0.2s ease,\r\n        background 0.2s ease,\r\n        box-shadow 0.2s ease;\r\n    }\r\n\r\n    .ols-course-cta-alkenes .ols-animation-pause-button:hover {\r\n      transform: translateY(-2px);\r\n      background: var(--blue);\r\n      box-shadow: 0 16px 34px rgba(37, 99, 235, 0.28);\r\n    }\r\n\r\n    .ols-course-cta-alkenes .ols-animation-pause-button.is-visible {\r\n      display: inline-flex;\r\n    }\r\n\r\n    @keyframes olsAnimationPlayPulse001 {\r\n      0% {\r\n        box-shadow:\r\n          0 18px 40px rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.30),\r\n          0 0 0 0 rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.40);\r\n      }\r\n\r\n      70% {\r\n        box-shadow:\r\n          0 18px 40px rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.30),\r\n          0 0 0 18px rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);\r\n      }\r\n\r\n      100% {\r\n        box-shadow:\r\n          0 18px 40px rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.30),\r\n          0 0 0 0 rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);\r\n      }\r\n    }\r\n\r\n    .ols-course-cta-alkenes .ols-course-video-status {\r\n      margin: 14px 0 0;\r\n      text-align: center;\r\n      color: var(--grey-text);\r\n      font-size: 13px;\r\n      line-height: 1.5;\r\n      font-weight: 500;\r\n    }\r\n\r\n    .ols-course-cta-alkenes .ols-course-cta-bottom {\r\n      display: flex;\r\n      justify-content: center;\r\n      padding-top: 22px;\r\n      border-top: 1px solid var(--border);\r\n    }\r\n\r\n    .ols-course-cta-alkenes .ols-course-button {\r\n      display: inline-flex;\r\n      align-items: center;\r\n      justify-content: center;\r\n      padding: 15px 28px;\r\n      border-radius: 999px;\r\n      background: var(--navy);\r\n      color: #ffffff;\r\n      text-decoration: none;\r\n      font-size: 16px;\r\n      line-height: 1.2;\r\n      font-weight: 800;\r\n      box-shadow: 0 12px 26px rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.18);\r\n      transition:\r\n        transform 0.2s ease,\r\n        background 0.2s ease,\r\n        box-shadow 0.2s ease;\r\n    }\r\n\r\n    .ols-course-cta-alkenes .ols-course-button:hover {\r\n      transform: translateY(-2px);\r\n      background: var(--blue);\r\n      color: #ffffff;\r\n      box-shadow: 0 16px 32px rgba(37, 99, 235, 0.24);\r\n    }\r\n\r\n    .ols-course-cta-alkenes .ols-course-button-top {\r\n      flex-shrink: 0;\r\n      padding: 12px 22px;\r\n      font-size: 15px;\r\n    }\r\n\r\n    @media (max-width: 900px) {\r\n      .ols-course-cta-alkenes .ols-course-cta-top {\r\n        grid-template-columns: 1fr;\r\n      }\r\n\r\n      .ols-course-cta-alkenes .ols-course-cta-image-link {\r\n        max-width: 520px;\r\n        margin: 0 auto;\r\n      }\r\n\r\n      .ols-course-cta-alkenes .ols-course-cta-intro-stats {\r\n        grid-template-columns: 1fr;\r\n      }\r\n\r\n      .ols-course-cta-alkenes .ols-animation-frame-shell {\r\n        height: 520px;\r\n      }\r\n    }\r\n\r\n    @media (max-width: 760px) {\r\n      .ols-course-cta-alkenes {\r\n        margin: 26px 0 22px;\r\n      }\r\n\r\n      .ols-course-cta-alkenes .ols-course-cta-card {\r\n        padding: 20px;\r\n        border-radius: 24px;\r\n      }\r\n\r\n      .ols-course-cta-alkenes .ols-course-cta-header-row {\r\n        align-items: stretch;\r\n      }\r\n\r\n      .ols-course-cta-alkenes .ols-course-button-top {\r\n        width: 100%;\r\n      }\r\n\r\n      .ols-course-cta-alkenes .ols-course-cta-stats,\r\n      .ols-course-cta-alkenes .ols-course-cta-features {\r\n        grid-template-columns: 1fr;\r\n      }\r\n\r\n      .ols-course-cta-alkenes .ols-course-animation-wrap {\r\n        padding: 0;\r\n        border-radius: 0;\r\n      }\r\n\r\n      .ols-course-cta-alkenes .ols-animation-frame-shell {\r\n        height: 420px;\r\n        border-radius: 18px;\r\n      }\r\n\r\n      .ols-course-cta-alkenes .ols-animation-play-circle {\r\n        width: 76px;\r\n        height: 76px;\r\n      }\r\n\r\n      .ols-course-cta-alkenes .ols-animation-play-icon {\r\n        border-top-width: 14px;\r\n        border-bottom-width: 14px;\r\n        border-left-width: 22px;\r\n      }\r\n\r\n      .ols-course-cta-alkenes .ols-animation-pause-button {\r\n        left: 12px;\r\n        bottom: 12px;\r\n        min-width: 84px;\r\n        padding: 9px 14px;\r\n        font-size: 13px;\r\n      }\r\n\r\n      .ols-course-cta-alkenes .ols-course-button {\r\n        width: 100%;\r\n      }\r\n    }\r\n  <\/style>\r\n\r\n  <div class=\"ols-course-cta-card\">\r\n\r\n    <div class=\"ols-course-cta-top\">\r\n\r\n      <a class=\"ols-course-cta-image-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/product\/introduction-to-organic-chemistry-and-alkanes-topics-13-14-1-cambridge-international\/\" aria-label=\"Open the Cambridge International AS and A Level Chemistry Topics 13 and 14.1 Introduction to Organic Chemistry and Alkanes course page\">\r\n\r\n        <div class=\"ols-course-cta-image\">\r\n          <img decoding=\"async\"\r\n            src=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/cambridge-international-a-level-chemistry-topics-13-14-1-organic-chemistry-alkanes-interactive-course-banner.jpg\"\r\n            alt=\"Cambridge International AS and A Level Chemistry Topics 13 and 14.1 Introduction to Organic Chemistry and Alkanes interactive course banner\"\r\n          >\r\n        <\/div>\r\n\r\n      <\/a>\r\n\r\n      <div class=\"ols-course-cta-content\">\r\n\r\n        <div class=\"ols-course-cta-header-row\">\r\n\r\n          <div class=\"ols-course-cta-kicker\">\r\n            Cambridge 9701 | Topics 13 and 14.1 Course\r\n          <\/div>\r\n\r\n          <a class=\"ols-course-button ols-course-button-top\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/product\/introduction-to-organic-chemistry-and-alkanes-topics-13-14-1-cambridge-international\/\">\r\n            View Course\r\n          <\/a>\r\n\r\n        <\/div>\r\n\r\n        <h2>\r\n          Master Introduction to Organic Chemistry and Alkanes for Cambridge International AS &amp; A Level Chemistry\r\n        <\/h2>\r\n\r\n      <\/div>\r\n\r\n    <\/div>\r\n\r\n    <div class=\"ols-course-cta-intro-stats\">\r\n\r\n      <p class=\"ols-course-cta-intro\">\r\n        Continue from these free revision notes into the full Topics 13 and 14.1 Introduction to Organic Chemistry and Alkanes course. The guided video lessons are ready now; the Cambridge International MCQ bank, teacher-marked short-answer questions and KASP spec-point report are being written, and the course opens for enrolment as soon as they are complete.\r\n      <\/p>\r\n\r\n      <div class=\"ols-course-cta-stats\">\r\n\r\n        <div class=\"ols-course-stat\">\r\n          <span>Recorded lessons<\/span>\n          <strong>Coming soon<\/strong>\r\n        <\/div>\r\n\r\n        <div class=\"ols-course-stat\">\r\n          <span>Video lessons<\/span>\n          <strong>Coming soon<\/strong>\r\n        <\/div>\r\n\r\n        <div class=\"ols-course-stat\">\r\n          <span>MCQ practice<\/span>\n          <strong>Coming soon<\/strong>\r\n        <\/div>\r\n\r\n        <div class=\"ols-course-stat\">\r\n          <span>SAQ practice<\/span>\n          <strong>Coming soon<\/strong>\r\n        <\/div>\r\n\r\n      <\/div>\r\n\r\n    <\/div>\r\n\r\n    <div class=\"ols-course-cta-features\">\r\n\r\n      <div class=\"ols-course-feature\">\r\n        <h3>Guided video teaching<\/h3>\r\n        <p>\r\n          Learn the chemistry and exam technique through structured video lessons with worked examples and walkthroughs.\r\n        <\/p>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n\r\n      <div class=\"ols-course-feature\">\r\n        <h3>Instant MCQ feedback<\/h3>\r\n        <p>\r\n          Auto-marked MCQ quizzes provide immediate diagnostic feedback for every answer choice.\r\n        <\/p>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n\r\n      <div class=\"ols-course-feature\">\r\n        <h3>Teacher-marked SAQs<\/h3>\r\n        <p>\r\n          Submit written exam responses and receive chemistry specialist feedback with improvement guidance.\r\n        <\/p>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n\r\n      <div class=\"ols-course-feature\">\r\n        <h3>Progress tracking<\/h3>\r\n        <p>\r\n          Identify strengths and weaknesses across the full Topics 13 and 14.1 specification with targeted reporting.\r\n        <\/p>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n\r\n    <\/div>\r\n\r\n    <div class=\"ols-course-animation-wrap\">\r\n\r\n      <h3 class=\"ols-course-animation-title\">\r\n        See how the course works\r\n      <\/h3>\r\n\r\n      <div class=\"ols-animation-frame-shell\">\r\n        <iframe\r\n          id=\"olsCourseAnimationFrame001\"\r\n          title=\"OLS course preview animation\"\r\n          loading=\"lazy\"\r\n          referrerpolicy=\"no-referrer\">\r\n        <\/iframe>\r\n\r\n        <button\r\n          class=\"ols-animation-start-overlay\"\r\n          id=\"olsCourseAnimationStart001\"\r\n          type=\"button\"\r\n          aria-label=\"Play OLS course preview animation\">\r\n          <span class=\"ols-animation-start-content\">\r\n            <span class=\"ols-animation-play-circle\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\r\n              <span class=\"ols-animation-play-icon\"><\/span>\r\n            <\/span>\r\n            <span class=\"ols-animation-start-text\">\r\n              Play course preview animation\r\n            <\/span>\r\n          <\/span>\r\n        <\/button>\r\n\r\n        <button\r\n          class=\"ols-animation-pause-button\"\r\n          id=\"olsCourseAnimationPause001\"\r\n          type=\"button\"\r\n          aria-label=\"Pause course preview animation\">\r\n          Pause\r\n        <\/button>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n\r\n      <p class=\"ols-course-video-status\">\r\n        Click play to start the course preview animation.\r\n      <\/p>\r\n\r\n    <\/div>\r\n\r\n    <div class=\"ols-course-cta-bottom\">\r\n\r\n      <a class=\"ols-course-button\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/product\/introduction-to-organic-chemistry-and-alkanes-topics-13-14-1-cambridge-international\/\">\r\n        View Introduction to Organic Chemistry and Alkanes Course\r\n      <\/a>\r\n\r\n    <\/div>\r\n\r\n  <\/div>\r\n\r\n  <template id=\"olsCourseAnimationTemplate001\">\r\n<!DOCTYPE html>\r\n<html lang=\"en\">\r\n<head>\r\n<meta charset=\"UTF-8\">\r\n<meta name=\"viewport\" content=\"width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0\">\r\n<title>OLS Combined Promo Animation<\/title>\r\n\r\n<style>\r\n*{box-sizing:border-box;}\r\n\r\nhtml.ols-animation-paused *,\r\nhtml.ols-animation-paused *::before,\r\nhtml.ols-animation-paused *::after{\r\n  animation-play-state:paused!important;\r\n}\r\n\r\n:root{\r\n  --ols-video-screen-w:1180;\r\n  --ols-video-screen-h:664;\r\n  --ols-video-screen-scale:1;\r\n  --ols-mcq-screen-w:1360;\r\n  --ols-mcq-screen-h:1130;\r\n  --ols-mcq-screen-scale:1;\r\n  --ols-saq-screen-w:1360;\r\n  --ols-saq-screen-h:965;\r\n  --ols-saq-screen-scale:1;\r\n}\r\n\r\nhtml,\r\nbody{\r\n  width:100%;\r\n  height:100%;\r\n}\r\n\r\nbody{\r\n  margin:0;\r\n  overflow:hidden;\r\n  font-family:Poppins,Arial,sans-serif;\r\n  background:#e9efff;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.ols-combined-stage{\r\n  position:relative;\r\n  width:100vw;\r\n  height:100vh;\r\n  overflow:hidden;\r\n  background:\r\n    radial-gradient(circle at top left,rgba(70,127,247,0.14),transparent 34%),\r\n    linear-gradient(135deg,#f8fbff 0%,#e9efff 100%);\r\n}\r\n\r\n.ols-scene{\r\n  position:absolute;\r\n  inset:0;\r\n  width:100vw;\r\n  height:100vh;\r\n  opacity:0;\r\n  visibility:hidden;\r\n  pointer-events:none;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.ols-scene.active{\r\n  opacity:1;\r\n  visibility:visible;\r\n  pointer-events:auto;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.ols-scene.fade-out{\r\n  animation:olsSceneFadeOut 0.85s ease forwards;\r\n}\r\n\r\n@keyframes olsSceneFadeOut{\r\n  to{\r\n    opacity:0;\r\n    visibility:hidden;\r\n  }\r\n}\r\n\r\n.ols-title-cursor{\r\n  display:inline-block;\r\n  width:5px;\r\n  height:0.85em;\r\n  background:#1C244B;\r\n  margin-left:8px;\r\n  transform:translateY(8px);\r\n  animation:olsBlink 0.8s infinite;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cursor{\r\n  display:inline-block;\r\n  width:3px;\r\n  height:28px;\r\n  background:#1c244b;\r\n  margin-left:3px;\r\n  transform:translateY(5px);\r\n  animation:olsBlink 0.8s infinite;\r\n}\r\n\r\n@keyframes olsBlink{\r\n  0%,45%{opacity:1;}\r\n  46%,100%{opacity:0;}\r\n}\r\n\r\n.ols-video-stage,\r\n.ols-mcq-stage,\r\n.ols-saq-stage{\r\n  width:100vw;\r\n  height:100vh;\r\n  display:flex;\r\n  justify-content:center;\r\n  align-items:center;\r\n  padding:0;\r\n  overflow:hidden;\r\n  background:\r\n    radial-gradient(circle at top left,rgba(70,127,247,0.14),transparent 34%),\r\n    linear-gradient(135deg,#f8fbff 0%,#e9efff 100%);\r\n}\r\n\r\n.ols-video-title-screen,\r\n.ols-mcq-intro-screen,\r\n.ols-saq-intro{\r\n  position:absolute;\r\n  inset:0;\r\n  z-index:50;\r\n  display:flex;\r\n  justify-content:center;\r\n  align-items:center;\r\n  background:\r\n    radial-gradient(circle at top left,rgba(70,127,247,0.14),transparent 34%),\r\n    linear-gradient(135deg,#f8fbff 0%,#e9efff 100%);\r\n  opacity:1;\r\n  visibility:visible;\r\n  pointer-events:none;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.ols-video-title-screen.hide{animation:olsVideoTitleFadeOut 0.85s ease forwards;}\r\n.ols-mcq-intro-screen.hide{animation:olsMcqIntroFadeOut 0.85s ease forwards;}\r\n.ols-saq-intro.hide{animation:olsSaqIntroFadeOut 0.85s ease forwards;}\r\n\r\n@keyframes olsVideoTitleFadeOut{to{opacity:0;visibility:hidden;}}\r\n@keyframes olsMcqIntroFadeOut{to{opacity:0;visibility:hidden;}}\r\n@keyframes olsSaqIntroFadeOut{to{opacity:0;visibility:hidden;}}\r\n\r\n.ols-video-title-wrap,\r\n.ols-mcq-intro-title-wrap,\r\n.ols-saq-intro-title-wrap{\r\n  max-width:1250px;\r\n  padding:0 34px;\r\n  text-align:center;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.ols-video-title,\r\n.ols-mcq-intro-title,\r\n.ols-saq-intro-title{\r\n  margin:0;\r\n  font-family:Poppins,Arial,sans-serif;\r\n  font-size:clamp(52px,8vw,124px);\r\n  font-weight:600;\r\n  line-height:1.08;\r\n  color:#1C244B;\r\n  text-shadow:-9px 0 9px rgba(28,36,75,0.16);\r\n  letter-spacing:-0.045em;\r\n}\r\n\r\n#videoTitleText,\r\n#mcqIntroTitleText,\r\n#saqIntroTitleText{\r\n  white-space:pre-wrap;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.ols-video-scene{\r\n  width:100%;\r\n  height:100%;\r\n  display:flex;\r\n  justify-content:center;\r\n  align-items:center;\r\n  opacity:0;\r\n  visibility:hidden;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.ols-video-scene.show{\r\n  visibility:visible;\r\n  animation:olsVideoSceneIn 1s ease forwards;\r\n}\r\n\r\n@keyframes olsVideoSceneIn{to{opacity:1;}}\r\n\r\n.ols-video-scale-wrap{\r\n  width:calc(var(--ols-video-screen-w) * 1px);\r\n  height:calc(var(--ols-video-screen-h) * 1px);\r\n  transform:scale(var(--ols-video-screen-scale));\r\n  transform-origin:center center;\r\n  display:flex;\r\n  justify-content:center;\r\n  align-items:center;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.ols-video-card{\r\n  width:1180px;\r\n  height:664px;\r\n  border-radius:28px;\r\n  overflow:hidden;\r\n  background:#1C244B;\r\n  box-shadow:0 28px 80px rgba(28,36,75,0.28);\r\n  transform:translateY(24px) scale(0.96);\r\n  opacity:0;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.ols-video-scene.show .ols-video-card{\r\n  animation:olsVideoCardIn 1s cubic-bezier(.18,.89,.32,1.12) forwards;\r\n  animation-delay:0.2s;\r\n}\r\n\r\n@keyframes olsVideoCardIn{\r\n  to{\r\n    transform:translateY(0) 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<section id=\"videoScene\" class=\"ols-video-scene\">\r\n        <div class=\"ols-video-scale-wrap\">\r\n          <div class=\"ols-video-card\">\r\n            <video\r\n              id=\"lessonVideo\"\r\n              src=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/Virtual-Lesson.mp4\"\r\n              muted\r\n              playsinline\r\n              preload=\"auto\">\r\n            <\/video>\r\n          <\/div>\r\n        <\/div>\r\n      <\/section>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n  <\/section>\r\n\r\n  <section id=\"sceneMcq\" class=\"ols-scene\">\r\n    <div class=\"ols-mcq-stage\">\r\n      <div id=\"mcqIntroScreen\" class=\"ols-mcq-intro-screen\">\r\n        <div class=\"ols-mcq-intro-title-wrap\">\r\n          <h1 class=\"ols-mcq-intro-title\">\r\n            <span id=\"mcqIntroTitleText\"><\/span><span id=\"mcqIntroTitleCursor\" class=\"ols-title-cursor\"><\/span>\r\n          <\/h1>\r\n        <\/div>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n\r\n      <div class=\"ols-mcq-scale-wrap\">\r\n        <main id=\"mcqScreen\" class=\"ols-mcq-screen\">\r\n          <section class=\"mcq-question-area\">\r\n            <p class=\"mcq-question-lead\">Some ionic radii are shown.<\/p>\r\n\r\n            <table class=\"mcq-ionic-table\">\r\n              <thead>\r\n                <tr>\r\n                  <th>Ion<\/th>\r\n                  <th>Ionic radius \/ nm<\/th>\r\n                <\/tr>\r\n              <\/thead>\r\n              <tbody>\r\n                <tr><td>Na<sup>+<\/sup><\/td><td>0.102<\/td><\/tr>\r\n                <tr><td>K<sup>+<\/sup><\/td><td>0.138<\/td><\/tr>\r\n                <tr><td>F<sup>\u2212<\/sup><\/td><td>0.133<\/td><\/tr>\r\n                <tr><td>Cl<sup>\u2212<\/sup><\/td><td>0.180<\/td><\/tr>\r\n              <\/tbody>\r\n            <\/table>\r\n\r\n            <p class=\"mcq-question-main\">Which compound has the strongest ionic bonding?<\/p>\r\n\r\n            <div class=\"mcq-options-wrap\">\r\n              <div id=\"mcqWrongOption\" class=\"mcq-option-row\">\r\n                <span class=\"mcq-radio\"><\/span>\r\n                <span class=\"mcq-radio-ripple\"><\/span>\r\n                <span class=\"mcq-option-label\">sodium chloride<\/span>\r\n\r\n                <span id=\"mcqSpecificFeedback\" class=\"mcq-specific-feedback\">\r\n                  <span id=\"mcqCrossIcon\" class=\"mcq-cross-icon\">\u00d7<\/span>\r\n                  <span class=\"mcq-specific-feedback-text\">\r\n                    <span id=\"mcqSpecificText\"><\/span><span id=\"mcqSpecificCursor\" class=\"cursor mcq-specific-cursor\" style=\"display:none;\"><\/span>\r\n                  <\/span>\r\n                <\/span>\r\n              <\/div>\r\n\r\n              <div class=\"mcq-option-row\"><span class=\"mcq-radio\"><\/span><span class=\"mcq-radio-ripple\"><\/span><span class=\"mcq-option-label\">potassium chloride<\/span><\/div>\r\n              <div class=\"mcq-option-row\"><span class=\"mcq-radio\"><\/span><span class=\"mcq-radio-ripple\"><\/span><span class=\"mcq-option-label\">sodium fluoride<\/span><\/div>\r\n              <div class=\"mcq-option-row\"><span class=\"mcq-radio\"><\/span><span class=\"mcq-radio-ripple\"><\/span><span class=\"mcq-option-label\">potassium fluoride<\/span><\/div>\r\n            <\/div>\r\n\r\n            <button id=\"mcqSubmitButton\" class=\"mcq-submit-button\">Submit answer<\/button>\r\n          <\/section>\r\n\r\n          <section id=\"mcqGeneralFeedback\" class=\"mcq-general-feedback\">\r\n            <span id=\"mcqGeneralText\"><\/span><span id=\"mcqGeneralCursor\" class=\"cursor mcq-general-cursor\" style=\"display:none;\"><\/span>\r\n          <\/section>\r\n        <\/main>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n  <\/section>\r\n\r\n  <section id=\"sceneSaq\" class=\"ols-scene\">\r\n    <div class=\"ols-saq-stage\">\r\n      <div id=\"saqIntro\" class=\"ols-saq-intro\">\r\n        <div class=\"ols-saq-intro-title-wrap\">\r\n          <h1 class=\"ols-saq-intro-title\">\r\n            <span id=\"saqIntroTitleText\"><\/span><span id=\"saqIntroTitleCursor\" class=\"ols-title-cursor\"><\/span>\r\n          <\/h1>\r\n        <\/div>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n\r\n      <div class=\"ols-saq-scale-wrap\">\r\n        <main id=\"saqScreen\" class=\"ols-saq-screen\">\r\n          <section class=\"saq-question-area\">\r\n            <div class=\"saq-question-text\">\r\n              <strong>(ii)<\/strong>&nbsp;&nbsp; Melting temperature depends on the strength of metallic bonding.<br>\r\n              Explain why the metallic bonding in magnesium is much stronger than that in sodium.\r\n            <\/div>\r\n\r\n            <div class=\"saq-student-box\">\r\n              <span id=\"saqStudentText\"><\/span><span id=\"saqStudentCursor\" class=\"cursor\"><\/span>\r\n            <\/div>\r\n          <\/section>\r\n\r\n          <section id=\"saqTeacherFeedback\" 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These bonds require a large amount of energy to break.<\/p>\n          <\/div>\n\n          <div class=\"ols-faq-item\">\n            <h3>What condition is needed for alkanes to react with chlorine?<\/h3>\n            <p>Ultraviolet light is needed. UV light provides enough energy to break the Cl-Cl bond by homolytic fission, forming chlorine radicals.<\/p>\n          <\/div>\n\n          <div class=\"ols-faq-item\">\n            <h3>What is a free radical?<\/h3>\n            <p>A free radical is a species with an unpaired electron. The unpaired electron is usually represented using a dot, such as Cl\u2022.<\/p>\n          <\/div>\n\n          <div class=\"ols-faq-item\">\n            <h3>Why is the reaction called substitution?<\/h3>\n            <p>It is called substitution because a hydrogen atom in the alkane is replaced by a halogen atom.<\/p>\n          <\/div>\n\n          <div class=\"ols-faq-item\">\n            <h3>Why can a mixture of products form?<\/h3>\n            <p>After the first substitution, the haloalkane product can undergo further substitution. This can replace more hydrogen atoms and produce a mixture of chlorinated products.<\/p>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n      <\/section>\n\n      <section class=\"ols-related-card\">\n        <h2>Related Topics<\/h2>\n        <p>Continue through the alkane reaction sequence by studying each stage of the free-radical substitution mechanism.<\/p>\n\n        <div class=\"ols-related-grid\">\n          <a class=\"ols-related-item\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-14-hydrocarbons\/alkanes\/reactions\/initiation\/\">Initiation<\/a>\n          <a class=\"ols-related-item\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-14-hydrocarbons\/alkanes\/reactions\/propagation\/\">Propagation<\/a>\n          <a class=\"ols-related-item\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-14-hydrocarbons\/alkanes\/reactions\/termination\/\">Termination<\/a>\n          <a class=\"ols-related-item\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-14-hydrocarbons\/alkanes\/reactions\/further-substitution\/\">Further Substitution<\/a>\n          <a class=\"ols-related-item\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-14-hydrocarbons\/alkanes\/fuel\/combustion\/\">Combustion<\/a>\n          <a class=\"ols-related-item\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-14-hydrocarbons\/alkenes\/electrophilic-addition-mechanism\/\">Electrophilic Addition Mechanism<\/a>\n        <\/div>\n      <\/section>\n\n      <!-- OLS Author Copyright Footprint \/ Attribution Card -->\n      <section class=\"ols-attribution-card\">\n        <style>\n          .ols-attribution-card {\n            background: linear-gradient(135deg, #ffffff, #f8fbff);\n            border: 1px solid rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.14);\n            border-radius: 28px;\n            box-shadow: 0 18px 45px rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.10);\n            padding: 34px;\n            margin-bottom: 24px;\n            overflow: hidden;\n            font-family: Poppins, Arial, sans-serif;\n            box-sizing: border-box;\n          }\n      \n          .ols-attribution-card,\n          .ols-attribution-card * {\n            box-sizing: border-box;\n          }\n      \n          .ols-attribution-card p {\n            margin: 0;\n            font-size: 14px;\n            line-height: 1.65;\n            font-weight: 300;\n            color: #667085;\n          }\n      \n          .ols-attribution-card strong {\n            font-weight: 700;\n            color: #1C244B;\n          }\n      \n          @media (max-width: 760px) {\n            .ols-attribution-card {\n              padding: 24px 18px;\n              border-radius: 22px;\n            }\n          }\n        <\/style>\n      \n        <p><strong>Copyright notice:<\/strong> This OLS revision content, including the explanations, layout, diagrams, tables and embedded learning structure, is authored for Online Learning System by Dr. Mohammed Al-Fatah. It may not be copied, reproduced, redistributed or adapted without written permission.<\/p>\n      <\/section>\n\n      <script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\n  \"@context\": \"https:\/\/schema.org\",\n  \"@graph\": [\n    {\n      \"@type\": \"WebPage\",\n      \"@id\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-13-an-introduction-to-as-level-organic-chemistry\/shapes-of-organic-molecules\/alkynes-and-nitriles-sp-carbon\/#webpage\",\n      \"url\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-13-an-introduction-to-as-level-organic-chemistry\/shapes-of-organic-molecules\/alkynes-and-nitriles-sp-carbon\/\",\n      \"name\": \"Alkynes and Nitriles: sp Carbon - Cambridge International AS Level Chemistry\",\n      \"description\": \"Cambridge International AS Level Chemistry 13.3 revision notes: sp hybridisation in alkynes and nitriles, the \u03c3 and two \u03c0 bonds of a triple bond, the linear 180\u00b0 shape, and a comparison of sp, sp2 and sp3 carbon.\",\n      \"inLanguage\": \"en-GB\",\n      \"isPartOf\": {\n        \"@type\": \"WebSite\",\n        \"@id\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/#website\",\n        \"name\": \"Online Learning System\",\n        \"url\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/\"\n      },\n      \"about\": [\n        {\n          \"@type\": \"Thing\",\n          \"name\": \"Free radical substitution\"\n        },\n        {\n          \"@type\": \"Thing\",\n          \"name\": \"Alkanes\"\n        },\n        {\n          \"@type\": \"Thing\",\n          \"name\": \"Homolytic fission\"\n        }\n      ],\n      \"author\": {\n        \"@type\": \"Person\",\n        \"name\": \"Dr. Mohammed Al-Fatah\"\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"@type\": \"BreadcrumbList\",\n      \"@id\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-13-an-introduction-to-as-level-organic-chemistry\/shapes-of-organic-molecules\/alkynes-and-nitriles-sp-carbon\/#breadcrumb\",\n      \"itemListElement\": [\n        {\n          \"@type\": \"ListItem\",\n          \"position\": 1,\n          \"name\": \"Revision Notes\",\n          \"item\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/\"\n        },\n        {\n          \"@type\": \"ListItem\",\n          \"position\": 2,\n          \"name\": \"A Level Chemistry\",\n          \"item\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/\"\n        },\n        {\n          \"@type\": \"ListItem\",\n          \"position\": 3,\n          \"name\": \"Cambridge International (CIE)\",\n          \"item\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/\"\n        },\n        {\n          \"@type\": \"ListItem\",\n          \"position\": 4,\n          \"name\": \"Topic 13 Introduction to AS Organic Chemistry\",\n          \"item\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-13-an-introduction-to-as-level-organic-chemistry\/\"\n        },\n        {\n          \"@type\": \"ListItem\",\n          \"position\": 5,\n          \"name\": \"Shapes of Organic Molecules\",\n          \"item\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-13-an-introduction-to-as-level-organic-chemistry\/shapes-of-organic-molecules\/\"\n        },\n        {\n          \"@type\": \"ListItem\",\n          \"position\": 6,\n          \"name\": \"Alkynes and Nitriles: sp Carbon\",\n          \"item\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-13-an-introduction-to-as-level-organic-chemistry\/shapes-of-organic-molecules\/alkynes-and-nitriles-sp-carbon\/\"\n        }\n      ]\n    },\n    {\n      \"@type\": \"Course\",\n      \"@id\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/product\/organic-chemistry-and-alkanes-topic-6ab\/#course\",\n      \"name\": \"Organic Chemistry and Alkanes Topic 14 Cambridge International AS &amp; 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