{"id":7667,"date":"2026-09-12T11:56:19","date_gmt":"2026-09-12T10:56:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/ocr-a\/2-2-2-bonding-and-structure\/"},"modified":"2026-09-18T11:37:39","modified_gmt":"2026-09-18T10:37:39","slug":"2-2-2-bonding-and-structure","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/ocr-a\/2-2-2-bonding-and-structure\/","title":{"rendered":"2.2.2 Bonding and Structure"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"ols-ocr222-page\">\n\n  <aside class=\"ols-sidebar\">\n  <div class=\"ols-sidebar-header\">\n    <h3>Revision Notes<\/h3>\n    <p>OCR A Level Chemistry A<\/p>\n  <\/div>\n  <div class=\"ols-topic-group\">\n    <h4>2.2.2 Bonding and Structure<\/h4>\n    <ul class=\"ols-topic-list\">\n      <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/ocr-a\/2-2-2-bonding-and-structure\/\">Section overview<\/a><\/li>\n      <li>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/ocr-a\/2-2-2-bonding-and-structure\/ionic-bonding\/\">Ionic Bonding<\/a>\n        <ul class=\"ols-subtopic-list\">\n          <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/ocr-a\/2-2-2-bonding-and-structure\/ionic-bonding\/nature-of-ionic-bonding\/\">Nature of Ionic Bonding<\/a><\/li>\n          <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/ocr-a\/2-2-2-bonding-and-structure\/ionic-bonding\/polarisation-of-ions\/\">Polarisation of Ions<\/a><\/li>\n          <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/ocr-a\/2-2-2-bonding-and-structure\/ionic-bonding\/physical-properties-of-ionic-compounds\/\">Physical Properties of Ionic Compounds<\/a><\/li>\n        <\/ul>\n      <\/li>\n      <li>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/ocr-a\/2-2-2-bonding-and-structure\/covalent-bonding\/\">Covalent Bonding<\/a>\n        <ul class=\"ols-subtopic-list\">\n          <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/ocr-a\/2-2-2-bonding-and-structure\/covalent-bonding\/nature-of-covalent-bonding\/\">Nature of Covalent Bonding<\/a><\/li>\n          <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/ocr-a\/2-2-2-bonding-and-structure\/covalent-bonding\/dative-covalent-bonding\/\">Dative Covalent Bonding<\/a><\/li>\n          <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/ocr-a\/2-2-2-bonding-and-structure\/covalent-bonding\/electronegativity\/\">Electronegativity<\/a><\/li>\n          <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/ocr-a\/2-2-2-bonding-and-structure\/covalent-bonding\/giant-covalent-structures\/\">Giant Covalent Structures<\/a><\/li>\n        <\/ul>\n      <\/li>\n      <li>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/ocr-a\/2-2-2-bonding-and-structure\/shapes-of-molecules\/\">Shapes of Molecules<\/a>\n        <ul class=\"ols-subtopic-list\">\n          <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/ocr-a\/2-2-2-bonding-and-structure\/shapes-of-molecules\/linear\/\">Linear<\/a><\/li>\n          <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/ocr-a\/2-2-2-bonding-and-structure\/shapes-of-molecules\/trigonal-planar\/\">Trigonal Planar<\/a><\/li>\n          <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/ocr-a\/2-2-2-bonding-and-structure\/shapes-of-molecules\/tetrahedral\/\">Tetrahedral<\/a><\/li>\n          <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/ocr-a\/2-2-2-bonding-and-structure\/shapes-of-molecules\/trigonal-pyramidal\/\">Trigonal Pyramidal<\/a><\/li>\n          <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/ocr-a\/2-2-2-bonding-and-structure\/shapes-of-molecules\/bent\/\">Bent<\/a><\/li>\n          <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/ocr-a\/2-2-2-bonding-and-structure\/shapes-of-molecules\/trigonal-bipyramidal\/\">Trigonal Bipyramidal<\/a><\/li>\n          <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/ocr-a\/2-2-2-bonding-and-structure\/shapes-of-molecules\/octahedral\/\">Octahedral<\/a><\/li>\n          <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/ocr-a\/2-2-2-bonding-and-structure\/shapes-of-molecules\/square-planar\/\">Square Planar<\/a><\/li>\n          <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/ocr-a\/2-2-2-bonding-and-structure\/shapes-of-molecules\/square-pyramidal\/\">Square Pyramidal<\/a><\/li>\n          <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/ocr-a\/2-2-2-bonding-and-structure\/shapes-of-molecules\/distorted-t\/\">Distorted T<\/a><\/li>\n          <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/ocr-a\/2-2-2-bonding-and-structure\/shapes-of-molecules\/seesaw\/\">SeeSaw<\/a><\/li>\n        <\/ul>\n      <\/li>\n      <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/ocr-a\/2-2-2-bonding-and-structure\/polar-molecules\/\">Non-Polar and Polar Molecules<\/a><\/li>\n      <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/ocr-a\/2-2-2-bonding-and-structure\/bond-enthalpy-and-pauling-values\/\">Bond Enthalpy and Pauling Values<\/a><\/li>\n      <li>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/ocr-a\/2-2-2-bonding-and-structure\/metallic-bonding\/\">Metallic Bonding<\/a>\n        <ul class=\"ols-subtopic-list\">\n          <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/ocr-a\/2-2-2-bonding-and-structure\/metallic-bonding\/metallic-bonding-and-structure\/\">Metallic Bonding and Structure<\/a><\/li>\n          <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/ocr-a\/2-2-2-bonding-and-structure\/metallic-bonding\/physical-properties-of-metals\/\">Physical Properties of Metals<\/a><\/li>\n        <\/ul>\n      <\/li>\n      <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/ocr-a\/2-2-2-bonding-and-structure\/simple-molecular-structures\/\">Simple Molecular Structures<\/a><\/li>\n      <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/ocr-a\/2-2-2-bonding-and-structure\/structure-types\/\">Structure Types<\/a><\/li>\n      <li>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/ocr-a\/2-2-2-bonding-and-structure\/intermolecular-forces\/\">Intermolecular Forces<\/a>\n        <ul class=\"ols-subtopic-list\">\n          <li>\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/ocr-a\/2-2-2-bonding-and-structure\/intermolecular-forces\/london-forces\/\">London Forces<\/a>\n          <\/li>\n          <li>\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/ocr-a\/2-2-2-bonding-and-structure\/intermolecular-forces\/permanent-dipole-dipole-forces\/\">Permanent Dipole-Dipole Forces<\/a>\n          <\/li>\n          <li>\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/ocr-a\/2-2-2-bonding-and-structure\/intermolecular-forces\/hydrogen-bonding\/\">Hydrogen Bonding<\/a>\n          <\/li>\n          <li>\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/ocr-a\/2-2-2-bonding-and-structure\/intermolecular-forces\/anomalous-properties-of-water\/\">Anomalous Properties of Water<\/a>\n          <\/li>\n          <li>\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/ocr-a\/2-2-2-bonding-and-structure\/intermolecular-forces\/boiling-temperature-trends\/\">Boiling Point Trends<\/a>\n          <\/li>\n          <li>\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/ocr-a\/2-2-2-bonding-and-structure\/intermolecular-forces\/choosing-solvents\/\">Choosing Solvents<\/a>\n          <\/li>\n        <\/ul>\n      <\/li>\n    <\/ul>\n  <\/div>\n  <div class=\"ols-topic-group\">\n    <h4>Other OCR Sections<\/h4>\n    <ul class=\"ols-topic-list\">\n      <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/ocr-a\/4-1-1-basic-concepts-of-organic-chemistry\/\">4.1.1 Basic Concepts of Organic Chemistry<\/a><\/li>\n      <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/ocr-a\/4-1-2-alkanes\/\">4.1.2 Alkanes<\/a><\/li>\n      <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/ocr-a\/4-1-3-alkenes\/\">4.1.3 Alkenes<\/a><\/li>\n    <\/ul>\n  <\/div>\n<\/aside>\n<script>\r\n(function() {\r\n  function normalisePath(path) {\r\n    return String(path || '')\r\n      .split('?')[0]\r\n      .split('#')[0]\r\n      .replace(\/\\\/+$\/, '')\r\n      .toLowerCase();\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  function highlightActive() {\r\n    var sidebar = document.querySelector('.ols-sidebar');\r\n    if (!sidebar) return false;\r\n\r\n    var currentPath = normalisePath(window.location.pathname);\r\n    var links = sidebar.querySelectorAll('a[href]');\r\n    var matched = null;\r\n    var matchedLength = 0;\r\n\r\n    sidebar.querySelectorAll('.active, .active-main, .parent-active').forEach(function(item) {\r\n      item.classList.remove('active', 'active-main', 'parent-active');\r\n    });\r\n\r\n    sidebar.querySelectorAll('a[data-ols-disabled-parent=\"1\"], a[aria-current]').forEach(function(a) {\r\n 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}\n      .ols-ocr222-spec-row { flex-direction: column; }\n      .ols-ocr222-spec-code { flex: 0 0 auto; min-height: 34px; }\n    }\n  \n    .ols-ocr222-card--soon { opacity: 0.62; cursor: default; }\n    .ols-ocr222-card-status--soon { background: #e5e7eb; color: #374151; }\n<\/style>\n\n  <!-- BREADCRUMB BAR -->\n  <div class=\"ols-ocr222-breadcrumb-bar\">\n    <div class=\"ols-ocr222-container\">\n      <nav class=\"ols-ocr222-breadcrumb\" aria-label=\"Breadcrumb\">\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/\">Revision Notes<\/a> \/\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/\">A Level Chemistry<\/a> \/\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/ocr-a\/\">OCR<\/a> \/\n        <span>2.2.2 Bonding and Structure<\/span>\n      <\/nav>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n\n  <!-- INTRO -->\n  <section class=\"ols-ocr222-intro\">\n    <div class=\"ols-ocr222-container\">\n      <div class=\"ols-ocr222-intro-inner\">\n        <div>\n          <div class=\"ols-ocr222-eyebrow\">OCR A Level Chemistry A<\/div>\n          <h1>2.2.2<br>Bonding and Structure<\/h1>\n          <div class=\"ols-ocr222-accent-bar\"><\/div>\n          <p class=\"ols-ocr222-intro-lead\">OCR 2.2.2 covers the covalent bond and dot-and-cross diagrams, dative bonding, average bond enthalpy, the shapes and bond angles of molecules and ions predicted by electron pair repulsion, electronegativity and the polarity of bonds and molecules. The section also covers ionic and metallic bonding, simple molecular and giant lattices, and intermolecular forces with hydrogen bonding and the anomalous properties of water.<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"ols-ocr222-info-grid\">\n          <div class=\"ols-ocr222-info-card\"><div class=\"ols-ocr222-info-card-label\">Exam Paper<\/div><div class=\"ols-ocr222-info-card-value\">Paper 1 and 2<\/div><div class=\"ols-ocr222-info-card-sub\">H432\/01 and H432\/02<\/div><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-ocr222-info-card\"><div class=\"ols-ocr222-info-card-label\">Specification Points<\/div><div class=\"ols-ocr222-info-card-value\">2.2.2 (a) &#8211; (o)<\/div><div class=\"ols-ocr222-info-card-sub\">ionic, covalent, shapes, metallic, lattices, intermolecular forces<\/div><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-ocr222-info-card\"><div class=\"ols-ocr222-info-card-label\">Topic Parts<\/div><div class=\"ols-ocr222-info-card-value\">9 parts<\/div><div class=\"ols-ocr222-info-card-sub\">35 revision pages<\/div><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-ocr222-info-card\"><div class=\"ols-ocr222-info-card-label\">Exam Board<\/div><div class=\"ols-ocr222-info-card-value\">OCR<\/div><div class=\"ols-ocr222-info-card-sub\">OCR H432<\/div><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/section>\n\n  <!-- TOPIC CARDS -->\n  <section class=\"ols-ocr222-topics\">\n    <div class=\"ols-ocr222-container\">\n      <div class=\"ols-ocr222-section-header\">\n        <h2 class=\"ols-ocr222-section-title\">Revision Notes<\/h2>\n        <p class=\"ols-ocr222-section-sub\">Work through each part of OCR 2.2.2 in a structured sequence.<\/p>\n      <\/div>\n      <div class=\"ols-ocr222-cards-grid\">\n        <!-- Card 1: Covalent Bonding -->\n        <a class=\"ols-ocr222-card ols-ocr222-card--available\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/ocr-a\/2-2-2-bonding-and-structure\/covalent-bonding\/\">\n          <div class=\"ols-ocr222-card-img-wrap\">\n            <div class=\"ols-ocr222-visual ols-ocr222-visual--covalent\">\n              <div class=\"ols-ocr222-visual-panel\">\n                <div class=\"ols-ocr222-visual-kicker\">Covalent<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-ocr222-visual-main\">Covalent<br>Bonding<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-ocr222-config-line\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span>H\u2013Cl<\/span><\/div>\n              <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-ocr222-card-num\">1<\/div>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-ocr222-card-body\">\n            <p class=\"ols-ocr222-card-title\">Covalent Bonding<\/p>\n            <p class=\"ols-ocr222-card-desc\">The covalent bond, sigma and pi bonds, dative bonds, giant covalent structures and electronegativity (2.2.2(d)-(f), (i)).<\/p>\n            <span class=\"ols-ocr222-card-cta\">Start revising<svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n        <!-- Card 2: Shapes of Molecules -->\n        <a class=\"ols-ocr222-card ols-ocr222-card--available\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/ocr-a\/2-2-2-bonding-and-structure\/shapes-of-molecules\/\">\n          <div class=\"ols-ocr222-card-img-wrap\">\n            <div class=\"ols-ocr222-visual ols-ocr222-visual--shapes\">\n              <div class=\"ols-ocr222-visual-panel\">\n                <div class=\"ols-ocr222-visual-kicker\">VSEPR<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-ocr222-visual-main\">Shapes of<br>Molecules<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-ocr222-config-line\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span>109.5\u00b0<\/span><\/div>\n              <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-ocr222-card-num\">2<\/div>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-ocr222-card-body\">\n            <p class=\"ols-ocr222-card-title\">Shapes of Molecules<\/p>\n            <p class=\"ols-ocr222-card-desc\">Electron pair repulsion, the shapes and bond angles of molecules and ions with up to six electron pairs (2.2.2(g)-(h)).<\/p>\n            <span class=\"ols-ocr222-card-cta\">Start revising<svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n        <!-- Card 3: Non-Polar and Polar Molecules -->\n        <a class=\"ols-ocr222-card ols-ocr222-card--available\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/ocr-a\/2-2-2-bonding-and-structure\/polar-molecules\/\">\n          <div class=\"ols-ocr222-card-img-wrap\">\n            <div class=\"ols-ocr222-visual ols-ocr222-visual--forces\">\n              <div class=\"ols-ocr222-visual-panel\">\n                <div class=\"ols-ocr222-visual-kicker\">Polarity<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-ocr222-visual-main\">Polar<br>Molecules<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-ocr222-config-line\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span>\u03b4+ \u03b4\u2212<\/span><\/div>\n              <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-ocr222-card-num\">3<\/div>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-ocr222-card-body\">\n            <p class=\"ols-ocr222-card-title\">Non-Polar and Polar Molecules<\/p>\n            <p class=\"ols-ocr222-card-desc\">Polar bonds, permanent dipoles and whether a molecule is polar overall (2.2.2(j)).<\/p>\n            <span class=\"ols-ocr222-card-cta\">Start revising<svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n\n        <a class=\"ols-ocr222-card ols-ocr222-card--available\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/ocr-a\/2-2-2-bonding-and-structure\/ionic-bonding\/\">\n          <div class=\"ols-ocr222-card-img-wrap\">\n            <div class=\"ols-ocr222-visual ols-ocr222-visual--ionic\">\n              <div class=\"ols-ocr222-visual-panel\">\n                <div class=\"ols-ocr222-visual-kicker\">Ionic<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-ocr222-visual-main\">Ionic<br>Bonding<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-ocr222-config-line\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span>Na\u207a Cl\u207b<\/span><\/div>\n              <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-ocr222-card-num\">4<\/div>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-ocr222-card-body\">\n            <p class=\"ols-ocr222-card-title\">Ionic Bonding<\/p>\n            <p class=\"ols-ocr222-card-desc\">Ionic bonding and dot-and-cross diagrams, giant ionic lattices, polarisation and the properties of ionic compounds (2.2.2(a)-(c)).<\/p>\n            <span class=\"ols-ocr222-card-cta\">Start revising<svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n\n        <a class=\"ols-ocr222-card ols-ocr222-card--available\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/ocr-a\/2-2-2-bonding-and-structure\/metallic-bonding\/\">\n          <div class=\"ols-ocr222-card-img-wrap\">\n            <div class=\"ols-ocr222-visual ols-ocr222-visual--metallic\">\n              <div class=\"ols-ocr222-visual-panel\">\n                <div class=\"ols-ocr222-visual-kicker\">Metallic<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-ocr222-visual-main\">Metallic<br>Bonding<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-ocr222-config-line\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span>e\u207b sea<\/span><\/div>\n              <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-ocr222-card-num\">5<\/div>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-ocr222-card-body\">\n            <p class=\"ols-ocr222-card-title\">Metallic Bonding<\/p>\n            <p class=\"ols-ocr222-card-desc\">Metal ions in a sea of delocalised electrons, and how the model explains conductivity, malleability and melting points.<\/p>\n            <span class=\"ols-ocr222-card-cta\">Start revising<svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n\n        <a class=\"ols-ocr222-card ols-ocr222-card--available\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/ocr-a\/2-2-2-bonding-and-structure\/simple-molecular-structures\/\">\n          <div class=\"ols-ocr222-card-img-wrap\">\n            <div class=\"ols-ocr222-visual ols-ocr222-visual--molecular\">\n              <div class=\"ols-ocr222-visual-panel\">\n                <div class=\"ols-ocr222-visual-kicker\">Molecular<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-ocr222-visual-main\">Simple<br>Molecular<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-ocr222-config-line\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span>I\u2082 ice<\/span><\/div>\n              <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-ocr222-card-num\">6<\/div>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-ocr222-card-body\">\n            <p class=\"ols-ocr222-card-title\">Simple Molecular Structures<\/p>\n            <p class=\"ols-ocr222-card-desc\">Iodine and ice as simple molecular lattices: covalent bonds inside the molecules, weak forces between them (2.2.2(n)-(o)).<\/p>\n            <span class=\"ols-ocr222-card-cta\">Start revising<svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n\n        <a class=\"ols-ocr222-card ols-ocr222-card--available\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/ocr-a\/2-2-2-bonding-and-structure\/structure-types\/\">\n          <div class=\"ols-ocr222-card-img-wrap\">\n            <div class=\"ols-ocr222-visual ols-ocr222-visual--giant\">\n              <div class=\"ols-ocr222-visual-panel\">\n                <div class=\"ols-ocr222-visual-kicker\">Lattices<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-ocr222-visual-main\">Structure<br>Types<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-ocr222-config-line\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span>NaCl Mg C I\u2082<\/span><\/div>\n              <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-ocr222-card-num\">7<\/div>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-ocr222-card-body\">\n            <p class=\"ols-ocr222-card-title\">Structure Types<\/p>\n            <p class=\"ols-ocr222-card-desc\">Giant ionic, giant metallic, giant covalent and simple molecular lattices compared, and deducing structure and bonding from properties.<\/p>\n            <span class=\"ols-ocr222-card-cta\">Start revising<svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n\n        <a class=\"ols-ocr222-card ols-ocr222-card--available\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/ocr-a\/2-2-2-bonding-and-structure\/bond-enthalpy-and-pauling-values\/\">\n          <div class=\"ols-ocr222-card-img-wrap\">\n            <div class=\"ols-ocr222-visual ols-ocr222-visual--forces\">\n              <div class=\"ols-ocr222-visual-panel\">\n                <div class=\"ols-ocr222-visual-kicker\">Bond strength<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-ocr222-visual-main\">Bond<br>Enthalpy<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-ocr222-config-line\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span>C\u2261C > C=C > C\u2212C<\/span><\/div>\n              <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-ocr222-card-num\">8<\/div>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-ocr222-card-body\">\n            <p class=\"ols-ocr222-card-title\">Bond Enthalpy and Pauling Values<\/p>\n            <p class=\"ols-ocr222-card-desc\">Average bond enthalpy as a measure of bond strength, and reading the Pauling electronegativity scale (2.2.2(f), (i)).<\/p>\n            <span class=\"ols-ocr222-card-cta\">Start revising<svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n        <!-- Card 4: Ionic Bonding -->\n        \n        <!-- Card 5: Intermolecular Forces -->\n        <a class=\"ols-ocr222-card ols-ocr222-card--available\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/ocr-a\/2-2-2-bonding-and-structure\/intermolecular-forces\/\">\n          <div class=\"ols-ocr222-card-img-wrap\">\n            <div class=\"ols-ocr222-visual ols-ocr222-visual--giant\">\n              <div class=\"ols-ocr222-visual-panel\">\n                <div class=\"ols-ocr222-visual-kicker\">Forces<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-ocr222-visual-main\">Intermolecular<br>Forces<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-ocr222-config-line\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span>H\u00b7\u00b7\u00b7O<\/span><\/div>\n              <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <span class=\"ols-ocr222-card-status ols-ocr222-card-status--available\">Available<\/span>\n            <div class=\"ols-ocr222-card-num\">9<\/div>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-ocr222-card-body\">\n            <p class=\"ols-ocr222-card-title\">Intermolecular Forces<\/p>\n            <p class=\"ols-ocr222-card-desc\">Induced and permanent dipole-dipole interactions, hydrogen bonding, the anomalous properties of water, boiling point trends and solubility (2.2.2(k) to (o)).<\/p>\n            <span class=\"ols-ocr222-card-cta\">Start revising<svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/div><\/a>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/section>\n  <!-- SPECIFICATION -->\n  <section class=\"ols-ocr222-spec-section\">\n    <div class=\"ols-ocr222-container\">\n      <div class=\"ols-ocr222-spec-wrap\">\n        <div class=\"ols-ocr222-spec-pill\">Specification Coverage<\/div>\n        <h2 class=\"ols-ocr222-spec-heading\">2.2.2 Bonding and Structure &#8211; OCR A Level Chemistry A<\/h2>\n        <p class=\"ols-ocr222-spec-intro-text\">The following OCR learning outcomes for covalent bonding, shapes and polarity are covered by these pages. The ionic bonding, metallic bonding and lattice pages are now included; the intermolecular forces outcomes (k) to (m) follow with a later topic.<\/p>\n        <h3 class=\"ols-ocr222-spec-group-title\">2.2.2 Bonding and structure (covalent bonding, shapes and polarity)<\/h3>\n        <div class=\"ols-ocr222-spec-rows\">\n          <div class=\"ols-ocr222-spec-row ols-ocr222-spec-row--light\">\n<div class=\"ols-ocr222-spec-code\">2.2.2(d)<\/div>\n<div class=\"ols-ocr222-spec-text\"><strong>Covalent bond<\/strong><br>Covalent bond as the strong electrostatic attraction between a shared pair of electrons and the nuclei of the bonded atoms.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-ocr222-spec-row ols-ocr222-spec-row--mid\">\n<div class=\"ols-ocr222-spec-code ols-ocr222-spec-code--mid\">2.2.2(e)<\/div>\n<div class=\"ols-ocr222-spec-text\"><strong>Dot-and-cross diagrams<\/strong><br>Construction of dot-and-cross diagrams of molecules and ions to describe:<div class=\"ols-ocr222-spec-sub-list\"><div class=\"ols-ocr222-spec-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-ocr222-spec-sub-code\">(i)<\/div><div class=\"ols-ocr222-spec-sub-text\">single covalent bonding<\/div><\/div><div class=\"ols-ocr222-spec-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-ocr222-spec-sub-code\">(ii)<\/div><div class=\"ols-ocr222-spec-sub-text\">multiple covalent bonding<\/div><\/div><div class=\"ols-ocr222-spec-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-ocr222-spec-sub-code\">(iii)<\/div><div class=\"ols-ocr222-spec-sub-text\">dative covalent (coordinate) bonding<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-ocr222-spec-row ols-ocr222-spec-row--light\">\n<div class=\"ols-ocr222-spec-code\">2.2.2(f)<\/div>\n<div class=\"ols-ocr222-spec-text\"><strong>Bond enthalpy<\/strong><br>Use of the term average bond enthalpy as a measurement of covalent bond strength.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-ocr222-spec-row ols-ocr222-spec-row--mid\">\n<div class=\"ols-ocr222-spec-code ols-ocr222-spec-code--mid\">2.2.2(g)<\/div>\n<div class=\"ols-ocr222-spec-text\"><strong>Shapes and bond angles<\/strong><br>The shapes of, and bond angles in, molecules and ions with up to six electron pairs (including lone pairs) surrounding the central atom as predicted by electron pair repulsion, including the relative repulsive strengths of bonded pairs and lone pairs of electrons.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-ocr222-spec-row ols-ocr222-spec-row--light\">\n<div class=\"ols-ocr222-spec-code\">2.2.2(h)<\/div>\n<div class=\"ols-ocr222-spec-text\"><strong>Electron pair repulsion<\/strong><br>Electron pair repulsion to explain the following shapes of molecules and ions:<div class=\"ols-ocr222-spec-sub-list\"><div class=\"ols-ocr222-spec-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-ocr222-spec-sub-code\"><\/div><div class=\"ols-ocr222-spec-sub-text\">linear, non-linear, trigonal planar, pyramidal, tetrahedral and octahedral<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-ocr222-spec-row ols-ocr222-spec-row--mid\">\n<div class=\"ols-ocr222-spec-code ols-ocr222-spec-code--mid\">2.2.2(i)<\/div>\n<div class=\"ols-ocr222-spec-text\"><strong>Electronegativity<\/strong><br>Electronegativity as the ability of an atom to attract the bonding electrons in a covalent bond; interpretation of Pauling electronegativity values.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-ocr222-spec-row ols-ocr222-spec-row--light\">\n<div class=\"ols-ocr222-spec-code\">2.2.2(j)<\/div>\n<div class=\"ols-ocr222-spec-text\"><strong>Polarity<\/strong><br>Explanation of:<div class=\"ols-ocr222-spec-sub-list\"><div class=\"ols-ocr222-spec-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-ocr222-spec-sub-code\">(i)<\/div><div class=\"ols-ocr222-spec-sub-text\">a polar bond and permanent dipole within molecules containing covalently-bonded atoms with different electronegativities<\/div><\/div><div class=\"ols-ocr222-spec-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-ocr222-spec-sub-code\">(ii)<\/div><div class=\"ols-ocr222-spec-sub-text\">a polar molecule and overall dipole in terms of permanent dipole(s) and molecular shape<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n        <\/div>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/section>\n  <script type=\"application\/ld+json\">\n{\n  \"@context\": \"https:\/\/schema.org\",\n  \"@graph\": [\n    {\n      \"@type\": \"WebPage\",\n      \"@id\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/ocr-a\/2-2-2-bonding-and-structure\/#webpage\",\n      \"url\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/ocr-a\/2-2-2-bonding-and-structure\/\",\n      \"name\": \"2.2.2 Bonding and Structure | OCR A Level Chemistry A\",\n      \"description\": \"OCR A Level Chemistry A 2.2.2 revision notes: covalent bonding, dative bonds, giant covalent structures, shapes of molecules and ions, electronegativity and polar molecules.\"\n    },\n    {\n      \"@type\": \"BreadcrumbList\",\n      \"@id\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/ocr-a\/2-2-2-bonding-and-structure\/#breadcrumb\",\n      \"itemListElement\": [\n        {\n          \"@type\": \"ListItem\",\n          \"position\": 1,\n          \"name\": \"Revision Notes\",\n          \"item\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/\"\n        },\n        {\n          \"@type\": \"ListItem\",\n          \"position\": 2,\n          \"name\": \"A Level Chemistry\",\n          \"item\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/\"\n        },\n        {\n          \"@type\": \"ListItem\",\n          \"position\": 3,\n          \"name\": \"OCR A\",\n          \"item\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/ocr-a\/\"\n        },\n        {\n          \"@type\": \"ListItem\",\n          \"position\": 4,\n          \"name\": \"2.2.2 Bonding and Structure\",\n          \"item\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/ocr-a\/2-2-2-bonding-and-structure\/\"\n        }\n      ]\n    }\n  ]\n}\n<\/script>\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Revision Notes \/ A Level Chemistry \/ OCR \/ 2.2.2 Bonding and Structure OCR A Level Chemistry A 2.2.2Bonding and Structure OCR 2.2.2 covers the covalent bond and dot-and-cross diagrams, dative bonding, average bond enthalpy, the shapes and bond angles of molecules and ions predicted by electron pair repulsion, electronegativity and the polarity of bonds [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":12,"featured_media":0,"parent":7117,"menu_order":5,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-7667","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/7667","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/12"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=7667"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/7667\/revisions"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/7117"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=7667"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}