{"id":7691,"date":"2026-09-12T11:56:55","date_gmt":"2026-09-12T10:56:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-3-chemical-bonding\/"},"modified":"2026-09-18T11:37:40","modified_gmt":"2026-09-18T10:37:40","slug":"topic-3-chemical-bonding","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-3-chemical-bonding\/","title":{"rendered":"Topic 3 Chemical Bonding"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"ols-cie3-page\">\n\n  <aside class=\"ols-sidebar\">\n  <div class=\"ols-sidebar-header\">\n    <h3>Revision Notes<\/h3>\n    <p>Cambridge International AS Level Chemistry<\/p>\n  <\/div>\n  <div class=\"ols-topic-group\">\n    <h4>Topic 3 Chemical Bonding<\/h4>\n    <ul class=\"ols-topic-list\">\n      <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-3-chemical-bonding\/\">Topic overview<\/a><\/li>\n      <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-3-chemical-bonding\/electronegativity\/\">3.1 Electronegativity<\/a><\/li>\n      <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-3-chemical-bonding\/ionic-bonding\/\">3.2 Ionic Bonding<\/a><\/li>\n      <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-3-chemical-bonding\/metallic-bonding\/\">3.3 Metallic Bonding<\/a><\/li>\n      <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-3-chemical-bonding\/covalent-bonding\/\">3.4 Covalent Bonding<\/a><\/li>\n      <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-3-chemical-bonding\/shapes-of-molecules\/\">3.5 Shapes of Molecules<\/a><\/li>\n    <\/ul>\n  <\/div>\n  <div 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href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/\">Cambridge International (CIE)<\/a> \/\n          <span>Topic 3 Chemical Bonding<\/span>\n        <\/nav>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n\n  <!-- INTRO -->\n  <section class=\"ols-cie3-intro\">\n    <div class=\"ols-cie3-container\">\n      <div class=\"ols-cie3-intro-inner\">\n        <div>\n          <div class=\"ols-cie3-eyebrow\">Cambridge International AS Level Chemistry<\/div>\n          <h1>Topic 3<br>Chemical Bonding<\/h1>\n          <div class=\"ols-cie3-accent-bar\"><\/div>\n          <p class=\"ols-cie3-intro-lead\">Topic 3 covers electronegativity, ionic, metallic and covalent bonding, the shapes of molecules, intermolecular forces and dot-and-cross diagrams. These pages cover electronegativity, ionic bonding and giant ionic lattices, metallic bonding, covalent bonding with sigma and pi bonds, dative bonds and giant covalent structures, the shapes and bond angles of molecules, polar molecules, and intermolecular forces with hydrogen bonding and the anomalous properties of water.<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"ols-cie3-info-grid\">\n          <div class=\"ols-cie3-info-card\"><div class=\"ols-cie3-info-card-label\">Exam Papers<\/div><div class=\"ols-cie3-info-card-value\">Papers 1 &amp; 2<\/div><div class=\"ols-cie3-info-card-sub\">9701\/1 and 9701\/2 (AS Level)<\/div><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-cie3-info-card\"><div class=\"ols-cie3-info-card-label\">Learning Outcomes<\/div><div class=\"ols-cie3-info-card-value\">3.1.1 &#8211; 3.7.1<\/div><div class=\"ols-cie3-info-card-sub\">7 parts<\/div><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-cie3-info-card\"><div class=\"ols-cie3-info-card-label\">Topic Parts<\/div><div class=\"ols-cie3-info-card-value\">6 of 7 live<\/div><div class=\"ols-cie3-info-card-sub\">3.1 to 3.6<\/div><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-cie3-info-card\"><div class=\"ols-cie3-info-card-label\">Exam Board<\/div><div class=\"ols-cie3-info-card-value\">Cambridge<\/div><div class=\"ols-cie3-info-card-sub\">CIE 9701 (2025-2027)<\/div><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/section>\n\n  <!-- TOPIC CARDS -->\n  <section class=\"ols-cie3-topics\">\n    <div class=\"ols-cie3-container\">\n      <div class=\"ols-cie3-section-header\">\n        <h2 class=\"ols-cie3-section-title\">Revision Notes<\/h2>\n        <p class=\"ols-cie3-section-sub\">Work through each part of Cambridge Topic 3 in a structured sequence.<\/p>\n      <\/div>\n      <div class=\"ols-cie3-cards-grid\">\n        <!-- Card 1: 3.1 Electronegativity -->\n        <a class=\"ols-cie3-card ols-cie3-card--available\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-3-chemical-bonding\/electronegativity\/\">\n          <div class=\"ols-cie3-card-img-wrap\">\n            <div class=\"ols-cie3-visual ols-cie3-visual--naming\">\n              <div class=\"ols-cie3-visual-panel\">\n                <div class=\"ols-cie3-visual-kicker\">Electronegativity<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-cie3-visual-main\">Electro-<br>negativity<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-cie3-config-line\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span>\u03b4+ \u03b4\u2212<\/span><\/div>\n              <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-cie3-card-num\">1<\/div>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-cie3-card-body\">\n            <p class=\"ols-cie3-card-title\">3.1 Electronegativity<\/p>\n            <p class=\"ols-cie3-card-desc\">What electronegativity is, the factors and trends, and using Pauling values to predict bond type.<\/p>\n            <span class=\"ols-cie3-card-cta\">Start revising<svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n\n        <!-- Card 2: 3.2 Ionic Bonding -->\n        <a class=\"ols-cie3-card ols-cie3-card--available\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-3-chemical-bonding\/ionic-bonding\/\">\n          <div class=\"ols-cie3-card-img-wrap\">\n            <div class=\"ols-cie3-visual ols-cie3-visual--isomerism\">\n              <div class=\"ols-cie3-visual-panel\">\n                <div class=\"ols-cie3-visual-kicker\">Ionic<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-cie3-visual-main\">Ionic<br>Bonding<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-cie3-config-line\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span>Na\u207a Cl\u207b<\/span><\/div>\n              <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-cie3-card-num\">2<\/div>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-cie3-card-body\">\n            <p class=\"ols-cie3-card-title\">3.2 Ionic Bonding<\/p>\n            <p class=\"ols-cie3-card-desc\">Ionic bonding in sodium chloride, magnesium oxide and calcium fluoride, giant ionic lattices, polarisation and the properties of ionic compounds.<\/p>\n            <span class=\"ols-cie3-card-cta\">Start revising<svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n\n        <!-- Card 3: 3.3 Metallic Bonding -->\n        <a class=\"ols-cie3-card ols-cie3-card--available\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-3-chemical-bonding\/metallic-bonding\/\">\n          <div class=\"ols-cie3-card-img-wrap\">\n            <div class=\"ols-cie3-visual ols-cie3-visual--waste\">\n              <div class=\"ols-cie3-visual-panel\">\n                <div class=\"ols-cie3-visual-kicker\">Metallic<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-cie3-visual-main\">Metallic<br>Bonding<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-cie3-config-line\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span>e\u207b sea<\/span><\/div>\n              <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-cie3-card-num\">3<\/div>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-cie3-card-body\">\n            <p class=\"ols-cie3-card-title\">3.3 Metallic Bonding<\/p>\n            <p class=\"ols-cie3-card-desc\">Metal ions in a sea of delocalised electrons, the giant metallic lattice and how it explains the properties of metals.<\/p>\n            <span class=\"ols-cie3-card-cta\">Start revising<svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n\n        <!-- Card 4: 3.4 Covalent Bonding -->\n        <a class=\"ols-cie3-card ols-cie3-card--available\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-3-chemical-bonding\/covalent-bonding\/\">\n          <div class=\"ols-cie3-card-img-wrap\">\n            <div class=\"ols-cie3-visual ols-cie3-visual--bonding\">\n              <div class=\"ols-cie3-visual-panel\">\n                <div class=\"ols-cie3-visual-kicker\">Covalent<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-cie3-visual-main\">Covalent<br>Bonding<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-cie3-config-line\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span>\u03c3 \u03c0<\/span><\/div>\n              <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-cie3-card-num\">4<\/div>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-cie3-card-body\">\n            <p class=\"ols-cie3-card-title\">3.4 Covalent Bonding<\/p>\n            <p class=\"ols-cie3-card-desc\">The covalent bond, sigma and pi bonds, dative bonds, expanded octets, giant covalent structures and polar molecules.<\/p>\n            <span class=\"ols-cie3-card-cta\">Start revising<svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n\n        <!-- Card 5: 3.5 Shapes of Molecules -->\n        <a class=\"ols-cie3-card ols-cie3-card--available\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-3-chemical-bonding\/shapes-of-molecules\/\">\n          <div class=\"ols-cie3-card-img-wrap\">\n            <div class=\"ols-cie3-visual ols-cie3-visual--mechanism\">\n              <div class=\"ols-cie3-visual-panel\">\n                <div class=\"ols-cie3-visual-kicker\">VSEPR<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-cie3-visual-main\">Shapes of<br>Molecules<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-cie3-config-line\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span>109.5\u00b0<\/span><\/div>\n              <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-cie3-card-num\">5<\/div>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-cie3-card-body\">\n            <p class=\"ols-cie3-card-title\">3.5 Shapes of Molecules<\/p>\n            <p class=\"ols-cie3-card-desc\">Shapes and bond angles of BF3, CO2, CH4, NH3, H2O, SF6 and PF5, and predicting analogous molecules and ions.<\/p>\n            <span class=\"ols-cie3-card-cta\">Start revising<svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n\n        <!-- Card 6: 3.6 Intermolecular Forces -->\n        <a class=\"ols-cie3-card ols-cie3-card--available\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-3-chemical-bonding\/intermolecular-forces\/\">\n          <div class=\"ols-cie3-card-img-wrap\">\n            <div class=\"ols-cie3-visual ols-cie3-visual--reactions\">\n              <div class=\"ols-cie3-visual-panel\">\n                <div class=\"ols-cie3-visual-kicker\">Forces<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-cie3-visual-main\">Intermolecular<br>Forces<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-cie3-config-line\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span>H\u00b7\u00b7\u00b7O<\/span><\/div>\n              <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-cie3-card-num\">6<\/div>\n            <span class=\"ols-cie3-card-status ols-cie3-card-status--available\">Available<\/span>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-cie3-card-body\">\n            <p class=\"ols-cie3-card-title\">3.6 Intermolecular Forces<\/p>\n            <p class=\"ols-cie3-card-desc\">Van der Waals&#8217; forces, id-id and pd-pd forces, hydrogen bonding, the anomalous properties of water including surface tension, boiling point trends and solvents.<\/p>\n            <span class=\"ols-cie3-card-cta\">Start revising<svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/div><\/a>\n\n      \n\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/section>\n\n  <!-- SPECIFICATION -->\n  <section class=\"ols-cie3-spec-section\">\n    <div class=\"ols-cie3-container\">\n      <div class=\"ols-cie3-spec-wrap\">\n        <div class=\"ols-cie3-spec-pill\">Specification Coverage<\/div>\n        <h2 class=\"ols-cie3-spec-heading\">Topic 3 Chemical Bonding &#8211; Cambridge International AS Level Chemistry<\/h2>\n        <p class=\"ols-cie3-spec-intro-text\">The following Cambridge learning outcomes state what candidates should be able to do for Topic 3. Wording is taken from the Cambridge International AS &amp; A Level Chemistry 9701 syllabus for 2025 to 2027.<\/p>\n\n        <h3 class=\"ols-cie3-spec-group-title\">3.1 Electronegativity and bonding<\/h3>\n<div class=\"ols-cie3-spec-rows\">\n<div class=\"ols-cie3-spec-row ols-cie3-spec-row--light\"><div class=\"ols-cie3-spec-code\">3.1.1<\/div><div class=\"ols-cie3-spec-text\">define electronegativity as the power of an atom to attract electrons to itself<\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"ols-cie3-spec-row ols-cie3-spec-row--mid\"><div class=\"ols-cie3-spec-code ols-cie3-spec-code--mid\">3.1.2<\/div><div class=\"ols-cie3-spec-text\">explain the factors influencing the electronegativities of the elements in terms of nuclear charge, atomic radius and shielding by inner shells and sub-shells<\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"ols-cie3-spec-row ols-cie3-spec-row--light\"><div class=\"ols-cie3-spec-code\">3.1.3<\/div><div class=\"ols-cie3-spec-text\">state and explain the trends in electronegativity across a period and down a group of the Periodic Table<\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"ols-cie3-spec-row ols-cie3-spec-row--mid\"><div class=\"ols-cie3-spec-code ols-cie3-spec-code--mid\">3.1.4<\/div><div class=\"ols-cie3-spec-text\">use the differences in Pauling electronegativity values to predict the formation of ionic and covalent bonds (the presence of covalent character in some ionic compounds will not be assessed) (Pauling electronegativity values will be given where necessary)<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h3 class=\"ols-cie3-spec-group-title\">3.2 Ionic bonding<\/h3>\n<div class=\"ols-cie3-spec-rows\">\n<div class=\"ols-cie3-spec-row ols-cie3-spec-row--light\"><div class=\"ols-cie3-spec-code\">3.2.1<\/div><div class=\"ols-cie3-spec-text\">define ionic bonding as the electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions (positively charged cations and negatively charged anions)<\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"ols-cie3-spec-row ols-cie3-spec-row--mid\"><div class=\"ols-cie3-spec-code ols-cie3-spec-code--mid\">3.2.2<\/div><div class=\"ols-cie3-spec-text\">describe ionic bonding including the examples of sodium chloride, magnesium oxide and calcium fluoride<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h3 class=\"ols-cie3-spec-group-title\">3.3 Metallic bonding<\/h3>\n<div class=\"ols-cie3-spec-rows\">\n<div class=\"ols-cie3-spec-row ols-cie3-spec-row--light\"><div class=\"ols-cie3-spec-code\">3.3.1<\/div><div class=\"ols-cie3-spec-text\">define metallic bonding as the electrostatic attraction between positive metal ions and delocalised electrons<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h3 class=\"ols-cie3-spec-group-title\">3.4 Covalent bonding and coordinate (dative covalent) bonding<\/h3>\n<div class=\"ols-cie3-spec-rows\">\n<div class=\"ols-cie3-spec-row ols-cie3-spec-row--mid\"><div class=\"ols-cie3-spec-code ols-cie3-spec-code--mid\">3.4.1<\/div><div class=\"ols-cie3-spec-text\">define covalent bonding as electrostatic attraction between the nuclei of two atoms and a shared pair of electrons:<div class=\"ols-cie3-spec-sub-list\"><div class=\"ols-cie3-spec-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-cie3-spec-sub-code\">(a)<\/div><div class=\"ols-cie3-spec-sub-text\">describe covalent bonding in molecules including: \u00e2\u0080\u00a2 hydrogen, H2 \u00e2\u0080\u00a2 oxygen, O2 \u00e2\u0080\u00a2 nitrogen, N2 \u00e2\u0080\u00a2 chlorine, Cl2 \u00e2\u0080\u00a2 hydrogen chloride, HCl \u00e2\u0080\u00a2 carbon dioxide, CO2 \u00e2\u0080\u00a2 ammonia, NH3 \u00e2\u0080\u00a2 methane, CH4 \u00e2\u0080\u00a2 ethane, C2H6 \u00e2\u0080\u00a2 ethene, C2H4<\/div><\/div><div class=\"ols-cie3-spec-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-cie3-spec-sub-code\">(b)<\/div><div class=\"ols-cie3-spec-sub-text\">understand that elements in period 3 can expand their octet including in the compounds sulfur dioxide, SO2, phosphorus pentachloride, PCl5, and sulfur hexafluoride, SF6<\/div><\/div><div class=\"ols-cie3-spec-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-cie3-spec-sub-code\">(c)<\/div><div class=\"ols-cie3-spec-sub-text\">describe coordinate (dative covalent) bonding, including in the reaction between ammonia and hydrogen chloride gases to form the ammonium ion, NH4+, and in the Al2Cl6 molecule<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"ols-cie3-spec-row ols-cie3-spec-row--light\"><div class=\"ols-cie3-spec-code\">3.4.2<\/div><div class=\"ols-cie3-spec-text\"><div class=\"ols-cie3-spec-sub-list\"><div class=\"ols-cie3-spec-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-cie3-spec-sub-code\">(a)<\/div><div class=\"ols-cie3-spec-sub-text\">describe covalent bonds in terms of orbital overlap giving \u03c3 and \u03c0 bonds: \u03c3 bonds are formed by direct overlap of orbitals between the bonding atoms; \u03c0 bonds are formed by the sideways overlap of adjacent p orbitals above and below the \u03c3 bond<\/div><\/div><div class=\"ols-cie3-spec-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-cie3-spec-sub-code\">(b)<\/div><div class=\"ols-cie3-spec-sub-text\">describe how the \u03c3 and \u03c0 bonds form in molecules including H2, C2H6, C2H4, HCN and N2<\/div><\/div><div class=\"ols-cie3-spec-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-cie3-spec-sub-code\">(c)<\/div><div class=\"ols-cie3-spec-sub-text\">use the concept of hybridisation to describe sp, sp2 and sp3 orbitals<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"ols-cie3-spec-row ols-cie3-spec-row--mid\"><div class=\"ols-cie3-spec-code ols-cie3-spec-code--mid\">3.4.3<\/div><div class=\"ols-cie3-spec-text\"><div class=\"ols-cie3-spec-sub-list\"><div class=\"ols-cie3-spec-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-cie3-spec-sub-code\">(a)<\/div><div class=\"ols-cie3-spec-sub-text\">define the terms: \u00e2\u0080\u00a2 bond energy as the energy required to break one mole of a particular covalent bond in the gaseous state \u00e2\u0080\u00a2 bond length as the internuclear distance of two covalently bonded atoms<\/div><\/div><div class=\"ols-cie3-spec-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-cie3-spec-sub-code\">(b)<\/div><div class=\"ols-cie3-spec-sub-text\">use bond energy values and the concept of bond length to compare the reactivity of covalent molecules<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h3 class=\"ols-cie3-spec-group-title\">3.5 Shapes of molecules<\/h3>\n<div class=\"ols-cie3-spec-rows\">\n<div class=\"ols-cie3-spec-row ols-cie3-spec-row--light\"><div class=\"ols-cie3-spec-code\">3.5.1<\/div><div class=\"ols-cie3-spec-text\">state and explain the shapes of, and bond angles in, molecules by using VSEPR theory, including as simple examples: \u00e2\u0080\u00a2 BF3 (trigonal planar, 120\u00b0) \u00e2\u0080\u00a2 CO2 (linear, 180\u00b0) \u00e2\u0080\u00a2 CH4 (tetrahedral, 109.5\u00b0) \u00e2\u0080\u00a2 NH3 (pyramidal, 107\u00b0) \u00e2\u0080\u00a2 H2O (non-linear, 104.5\u00b0) \u00e2\u0080\u00a2 SF6 (octahedral, 90\u00b0) \u00e2\u0080\u00a2 PF5 (trigonal bipyramidal, 120\u00b0 and 90\u00b0)<\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"ols-cie3-spec-row ols-cie3-spec-row--mid\"><div class=\"ols-cie3-spec-code ols-cie3-spec-code--mid\">3.5.2<\/div><div class=\"ols-cie3-spec-text\">predict the shapes of, and bond angles in, molecules and ions analogous to those specified in 3.5.1<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h3 class=\"ols-cie3-spec-group-title\">3.6 Intermolecular forces, electronegativity and bond properties<\/h3>\n<div class=\"ols-cie3-spec-rows\">\n<div class=\"ols-cie3-spec-row ols-cie3-spec-row--light\"><div class=\"ols-cie3-spec-code\">3.6.1<\/div><div class=\"ols-cie3-spec-text\"><div class=\"ols-cie3-spec-sub-list\"><div class=\"ols-cie3-spec-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-cie3-spec-sub-code\">(a)<\/div><div class=\"ols-cie3-spec-sub-text\">describe hydrogen bonding, limited to molecules containing N\u2013H and O\u2013H groups, including ammonia and water as simple examples<\/div><\/div><div class=\"ols-cie3-spec-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-cie3-spec-sub-code\">(b)<\/div><div class=\"ols-cie3-spec-sub-text\">use the concept of hydrogen bonding to explain the anomalous properties of H2O (ice and water): its relatively high melting and boiling points; its relatively high surface tension; the density of the solid ice compared with the liquid water<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"ols-cie3-spec-row ols-cie3-spec-row--mid\"><div class=\"ols-cie3-spec-code ols-cie3-spec-code--mid\">3.6.2<\/div><div class=\"ols-cie3-spec-text\">use the concept of electronegativity to explain bond polarity and dipole moments of molecules<\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"ols-cie3-spec-row ols-cie3-spec-row--light\"><div class=\"ols-cie3-spec-code\">3.6.3<\/div><div class=\"ols-cie3-spec-text\"><div class=\"ols-cie3-spec-sub-list\"><div class=\"ols-cie3-spec-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-cie3-spec-sub-code\">(a)<\/div><div class=\"ols-cie3-spec-sub-text\">describe van der Waals&#8217; forces as the intermolecular forces between molecular entities other than those due to bond formation, and use the term van der Waals&#8217; forces as a generic term to describe all intermolecular forces<\/div><\/div><div class=\"ols-cie3-spec-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-cie3-spec-sub-code\">(b)<\/div><div class=\"ols-cie3-spec-sub-text\">describe the types of van der Waals&#8217; forces: instantaneous dipole\u2013induced dipole (id\u2013id) forces, also called London dispersion forces; permanent dipole\u2013permanent dipole (pd\u2013pd) forces, including hydrogen bonding<\/div><\/div><div class=\"ols-cie3-spec-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-cie3-spec-sub-code\">(c)<\/div><div class=\"ols-cie3-spec-sub-text\">describe hydrogen bonding and understand that hydrogen bonding is a special case of permanent dipole\u2013permanent dipole forces between molecules where hydrogen is bonded to a highly electronegative atom<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"ols-cie3-spec-row ols-cie3-spec-row--mid\"><div class=\"ols-cie3-spec-code ols-cie3-spec-code--mid\">3.6.4<\/div><div class=\"ols-cie3-spec-text\">state that, in general, ionic, covalent and metallic bonding are stronger than intermolecular forces<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h3 class=\"ols-cie3-spec-group-title\">3.7 Dot-and-cross diagrams<\/h3>\n<div class=\"ols-cie3-spec-rows\">\n<div class=\"ols-cie3-spec-row ols-cie3-spec-row--light\"><div class=\"ols-cie3-spec-code\">3.7.1<\/div><div class=\"ols-cie3-spec-text\">use dot-and-cross diagrams to illustrate ionic, covalent and coordinate bonding including the representation of any compounds stated in 3.4 and 3.5 (dot-and-cross diagrams may include species with atoms which have an expanded octet or species with an odd number of electrons)<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n        <\/div>\n      <\/div>\n    \n  <\/section>\n\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\n  \"@context\": \"https:\/\/schema.org\",\n  \"@graph\": [\n    {\n      \"@type\": \"WebPage\",\n      \"@id\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-3-chemical-bonding\/#webpage\",\n      \"url\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-3-chemical-bonding\/\",\n      \"name\": \"Topic 3 Chemical Bonding - Cambridge International AS Level Chemistry Revision Notes\",\n      \"description\": \"Free CIE 9701 Topic 3 Chemical Bonding revision notes: electronegativity, covalent bonding, sigma and pi bonds, dative bonds, giant covalent structures, shapes of molecules and polar molecules.\",\n      \"isPartOf\": {\n        \"@type\": \"WebSite\",\n        \"@id\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/#website\",\n        \"name\": \"Online Learning System\",\n        \"url\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/\"\n      },\n      \"inLanguage\": \"en-GB\"\n    },\n    {\n      \"@type\": \"BreadcrumbList\",\n      \"@id\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-3-chemical-bonding\/#breadcrumb\",\n      \"itemListElement\": [\n        {\n          \"@type\": \"ListItem\",\n          \"position\": 1,\n          \"name\": \"Revision Notes\",\n          \"item\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/\"\n        },\n        {\n          \"@type\": \"ListItem\",\n          \"position\": 2,\n          \"name\": \"A Level Chemistry\",\n          \"item\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/\"\n        },\n        {\n          \"@type\": \"ListItem\",\n          \"position\": 3,\n          \"name\": \"Cambridge International (CIE)\",\n          \"item\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/\"\n        },\n        {\n          \"@type\": \"ListItem\",\n          \"position\": 4,\n          \"name\": \"Topic 3 Chemical Bonding\",\n          \"item\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-3-chemical-bonding\/\"\n        }\n      ]\n    }\n  ]\n}<\/script>\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Revision Notes \/ A Level Chemistry \/ Cambridge International (CIE) \/ Topic 3 Chemical Bonding Cambridge International AS Level Chemistry Topic 3Chemical Bonding Topic 3 covers electronegativity, ionic, metallic and covalent bonding, the shapes of molecules, intermolecular forces and dot-and-cross diagrams. These pages cover electronegativity, ionic bonding and giant ionic lattices, metallic bonding, covalent bonding [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":12,"featured_media":0,"parent":7150,"menu_order":3,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-7691","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/7691","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/12"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=7691"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/7691\/revisions"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/7150"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=7691"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}