{"id":7698,"date":"2026-09-12T11:57:07","date_gmt":"2026-09-12T10:57:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-3-chemical-bonding\/shapes-of-molecules\/"},"modified":"2026-09-19T19:38:59","modified_gmt":"2026-09-19T18:38:59","slug":"shapes-of-molecules","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-3-chemical-bonding\/shapes-of-molecules\/","title":{"rendered":"Shapes of Molecules"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<section class=\"ols-revision-page ols-shapes-of-molecules-9ch0-landing-page\">\n  <style>\n    .ols-revision-page {\n      --navy: #1C244B;\n      --blue: #2563eb;\n      --soft-blue: #eef4ff;\n      --soft-red: #fff7f7;\n      --soft-purple: #f7f0ff;\n      --soft-green: #f0f7f1;\n      --soft-orange: #fff7ed;\n      --gold: #c9973a;\n      --grey-text: #667085;\n      --body-text: #1f2937;\n      --border: rgba(28, 36, 75, 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background: #ffffff;\n      border: 1px solid var(--border);\n      border-radius: 28px;\n      box-shadow: var(--shadow);\n      padding: 34px;\n      margin-bottom: 24px;\n      overflow: hidden;\n    }\n\n    .ols-title-card {\n      background: linear-gradient(135deg, #ffffff 0%, #f8fbff 100%);\n    }\n\n    .ols-title-card h1 {\n      margin: 0 0 18px;\n      font-size: clamp(36px, 5vw, 58px);\n      line-height: 1.08;\n      font-weight: 800;\n      letter-spacing: -0.04em;\n      color: #111827;\n    }\n\n    .ols-page-intro {\n      font-size: 19px;\n      line-height: 1.7;\n      font-weight: 300;\n      color: var(--body-text);\n      margin: 0 0 22px;\n    }\n\n    .ols-badges {\n      display: flex;\n      flex-direction: column;\n      align-items: flex-start;\n      gap: 12px;\n      margin-bottom: 22px;\n    }\n\n    .ols-badge {\n      display: inline-flex;\n      align-items: center;\n      padding: 9px 14px;\n      border-radius: 999px;\n      background: #ffffff;\n      border: 1px solid var(--border);\n      font-size: 15px;\n      font-weight: 600;\n      color: var(--navy);\n    }\n\n    .ols-author {\n      display: flex;\n      align-items: center;\n      gap: 20px;\n      padding: 28px;\n      border-radius: 28px;\n      background: linear-gradient(135deg, #ffffff 0%, #f8fbff 100%);\n      border: 1px solid rgba(28,36,75,0.12);\n      box-shadow: 0 18px 45px rgba(28,36,75,0.10);\n      margin-top: 22px;\n    }\n\n    .ols-author-avatar-img {\n      width: 92px;\n      height: 92px;\n      border-radius: 50%;\n      object-fit: cover;\n      object-position: center;\n      flex-shrink: 0;\n      border: 4px solid #ffffff;\n      box-shadow: 0 14px 32px rgba(28,36,75,0.18), 0 0 0 1px rgba(28,36,75,0.10);\n      transition: transform 0.25s ease, box-shadow 0.25s ease;\n    }\n\n    .ols-author:hover .ols-author-avatar-img {\n      transform: scale(1.04);\n      box-shadow: 0 20px 42px rgba(28,36,75,0.22), 0 0 0 1px rgba(28,36,75,0.10);\n    }\n\n    .ols-author-content { min-width: 0; }\n\n    .ols-author-title {\n      margin: 0 0 4px;\n      font-size: clamp(24px,3vw,34px);\n      line-height: 1.15;\n      font-weight: 700;\n      color: var(--navy);\n      letter-spacing: -0.03em;\n    }\n\n    .ols-author-description {\n      margin: 0;\n      font-size: 17px;\n      line-height: 1.7;\n      font-weight: 300;\n      color: var(--grey-text);\n    }\n\n    .ols-linkedin-pill {\n      display: inline-flex;\n      align-items: center;\n      justify-content: center;\n      gap: 10px;\n      margin-top: 16px;\n      padding: 11px 18px;\n      border-radius: 999px;\n      background: linear-gradient(135deg,#0A66C2,#004182);\n      color: #ffffff;\n      text-decoration: none;\n      font-size: 14px;\n      line-height: 1;\n      font-weight: 700;\n      letter-spacing: 0.01em;\n      box-shadow: 0 10px 22px rgba(10,102,194,0.24);\n      position: relative;\n      overflow: hidden;\n      transition: transform 0.22s ease, box-shadow 0.22s ease;\n    }\n\n    .ols-linkedin-pill::before {\n      content: \"\";\n      position: absolute;\n      top: 0;\n      left: -120%;\n      width: 100%;\n      height: 100%;\n      background: linear-gradient(120deg, rgba(255,255,255,0) 0%, rgba(255,255,255,0.28) 50%, rgba(255,255,255,0) 100%);\n      transition: left 0.7s ease;\n    }\n\n    .ols-linkedin-pill:hover {\n      transform: translateY(-3px) scale(1.03);\n      box-shadow: 0 16px 34px rgba(10,102,194,0.34), 0 0 0 6px rgba(10,102,194,0.10);\n      color: #ffffff;\n    }\n\n    .ols-linkedin-pill:hover::before { left: 120%; }\n\n    .ols-linkedin-icon {\n      width: 18px;\n      height: 18px;\n      display: block;\n      flex-shrink: 0;\n    }\n\n    .ols-note-card.soft { background: linear-gradient(135deg, #ffffff 0%, var(--soft-red) 100%); }\n    .ols-note-card.purple { background: linear-gradient(135deg, #ffffff 0%, var(--soft-purple) 100%); }\n\n    .ols-note-title {\n      display: flex;\n      align-items: center;\n      gap: 14px;\n      margin-bottom: 20px;\n    }\n\n    .ols-note-icon {\n      width: 52px;\n      height: 52px;\n      border-radius: 16px;\n      background: var(--navy);\n      color: #ffffff;\n      display: grid;\n      place-items: center;\n      font-size: 24px;\n      font-weight: 800;\n      flex-shrink: 0;\n    }\n\n    .ols-note-title h2,\n    .ols-related-card h2 {\n      margin: 0;\n      font-size: clamp(28px, 3.5vw, 42px);\n      line-height: 1.15;\n      font-weight: 800;\n      color: #111827;\n      letter-spacing: -0.03em;\n    }\n\n    .ols-related-card h2 { margin-bottom: 14px; }\n\n    .ols-note-card p,\n    .ols-note-card li,\n    .ols-related-card p,\n    .ols-attribution-card p {\n      font-size: clamp(15px, 1.3vw, 18px);\n      line-height: 1.65;\n      font-weight: 300;\n      color: var(--body-text);\n    }\n\n    .ols-note-card strong,\n    .ols-related-card strong,\n    .ols-attribution-card strong {\n      font-weight: 700;\n      color: var(--navy);\n    }\n\n    .ols-key-box {\n      margin-top: 20px;\n      background: var(--soft-green);\n      border: 1px solid rgba(63, 143, 70, 0.25);\n      border-radius: 20px;\n      padding: 18px 20px;\n    }\n\n    .ols-key-box p {\n      margin: 0;\n      font-weight: 400;\n      color: var(--navy);\n    }\n\n    .ols-ert-grid {\n      display: grid;\n      grid-template-columns: repeat(3, minmax(0, 1fr));\n      gap: 18px;\n      margin-top: 26px;\n    }\n\n    .ols-ert-card {\n      position: relative;\n      display: grid;\n      grid-template-rows: auto 1fr auto;\n      min-height: 285px;\n      padding: 24px;\n      border-radius: 24px;\n      border: 1px solid rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.13);\n      background:\n        radial-gradient(circle at top right, rgba(37, 99, 235, 0.13), transparent 34%),\n        linear-gradient(135deg, #ffffff 0%, #f8fbff 100%);\n      color: var(--navy);\n      text-decoration: none;\n      overflow: hidden;\n      box-shadow: var(--inner-shadow);\n      transition: transform 0.24s ease, box-shadow 0.24s ease, border-color 0.24s ease, background 0.24s ease;\n    }\n\n    .ols-ert-card:hover {\n      transform: translateY(-6px);\n      border-color: rgba(37, 99, 235, 0.28);\n      box-shadow: 0 24px 52px rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.15);\n      color: var(--navy);\n    }\n\n    .ols-ert-card::before {\n      content: \"\";\n      position: absolute;\n      top: -60px;\n      right: -60px;\n      width: 145px;\n      height: 145px;\n      border-radius: 50%;\n      background: rgba(37, 99, 235, 0.08);\n      transition: transform 0.28s ease, background 0.28s ease;\n    }\n\n    .ols-ert-card:hover::before {\n      transform: scale(1.22);\n      background: rgba(37, 99, 235, 0.13);\n    }\n\n    .ols-ert-visual {\n      position: relative;\n      z-index: 1;\n      min-height: 94px;\n      display: flex;\n      align-items: center;\n      justify-content: center;\n      margin-bottom: 18px;\n    }\n\n    .ols-ert-icon {\n      position: relative;\n      width: 150px;\n      height: 94px;\n    }\n\n    .ols-ert-line,\n    .ols-ert-arrow,\n    .ols-ert-label-mini,\n    .ols-ert-ion,\n    .ols-ert-pull,\n    .ols-ert-lattice {\n      position: absolute;\n      display: block;\n    }\n\n    .ols-ert-grid {\n      grid-template-columns: repeat(3, minmax(0, 1fr));\n    }\n\n    .ols-ert-shape-text {\n      width: 100%;\n      height: 94px;\n      display: flex;\n      align-items: center;\n      justify-content: center;\n      gap: 10px;\n      flex-wrap: wrap;\n      padding: 10px 8px;\n    }\n\n    .ols-shape-text-pill {\n      display: inline-flex;\n      align-items: center;\n      justify-content: center;\n      min-width: 58px;\n      padding: 10px 12px;\n      border-radius: 999px;\n      font-size: 14px;\n      line-height: 1;\n      font-weight: 800;\n      box-shadow: 0 10px 22px rgba(28,36,75,0.10);\n    }\n\n    .ols-shape-text-pill.primary {\n      background: var(--navy);\n      color: #ffffff;\n    }\n\n    .ols-shape-text-pill.secondary {\n      background: var(--soft-blue);\n      color: var(--blue);\n      border: 1px solid rgba(37,99,235,0.18);\n    }\n\n    .ols-shape-text-angle {\n      display: inline-flex;\n      align-items: center;\n      justify-content: center;\n      min-width: 78px;\n      padding: 10px 12px;\n      border-radius: 999px;\n      background: rgba(201,151,58,0.13);\n      border: 1px solid rgba(201,151,58,0.24);\n      color: var(--gold);\n      font-size: 14px;\n      line-height: 1;\n      font-weight: 800;\n      box-shadow: 0 10px 22px rgba(201,151,58,0.10);\n    }\n\n    .ols-ert-card h3 {\n      position: relative;\n      z-index: 1;\n      margin: 0 0 10px;\n      font-size: 23px;\n      line-height: 1.2;\n      font-weight: 800;\n      letter-spacing: -0.02em;\n      color: #111827;\n    }\n\n    .ols-ert-card p {\n      position: relative;\n      z-index: 1;\n      margin: 0;\n      font-size: 15px;\n      line-height: 1.6;\n      font-weight: 300;\n      color: var(--body-text);\n    }\n\n    .ols-ert-card,\n    .ols-ert-card *,\n    .ols-ert-card:hover,\n    .ols-ert-card:hover *,\n    .ols-related-item,\n    .ols-related-item *,\n    .ols-related-item:hover,\n    .ols-related-item:hover * {\n      text-decoration: none !important;\n    }\n\n    .ols-ert-meta {\n      position: relative;\n      z-index: 1;\n      display: inline-flex;\n      align-items: center;\n      justify-content: center;\n      margin-top: 20px;\n      padding: 10px 14px;\n      border-radius: 999px;\n      background: var(--navy);\n      color: #ffffff;\n      font-size: 13px;\n      font-weight: 700;\n      width: fit-content;\n      transition: background 0.22s ease, transform 0.22s ease;\n    }\n\n    .ols-ert-card:hover .ols-ert-meta {\n      background: var(--blue);\n      transform: translateX(4px);\n    }\n\n    .ols-related-grid {\n      display: grid;\n      grid-template-columns: repeat(3, minmax(0, 1fr));\n      gap: 16px;\n      margin-top: 18px;\n    }\n\n    .ols-related-item {\n      border: 1px solid var(--border);\n      border-radius: 18px;\n      padding: 18px;\n      background: #ffffff;\n      color: var(--navy);\n      text-decoration: none;\n      font-weight: 600;\n      line-height: 1.5;\n      transition: transform 0.2s ease, box-shadow 0.2s ease, color 0.2s ease;\n    }\n\n    .ols-related-item:hover {\n      transform: translateY(-2px);\n      box-shadow: 0 10px 22px rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.08);\n      color: var(--blue);\n    }\n\n    .ols-attribution-card {\n      background: linear-gradient(135deg, #ffffff 0%, #f8fbff 100%);\n    }\n\n    .ols-attribution-card p {\n      margin: 0;\n      font-size: 14px;\n      color: var(--grey-text);\n    }\n\n    @media (max-width: 1050px) {\n      .ols-revision-layout { grid-template-columns: 1fr; }\n      .ols-main { max-width: none; }\n      .ols-ert-grid { grid-template-columns: repeat(2, minmax(0, 1fr)); }\n      .ols-related-grid { grid-template-columns: repeat(2, minmax(0, 1fr)); }\n    }\n\n    @media (max-width: 760px) {\n      .ols-revision-layout { padding: 14px 12px 44px; }\n      .ols-title-card, .ols-note-card, .ols-related-card, .ols-attribution-card { padding: 24px 18px; border-radius: 22px; }\n      .ols-note-title { align-items: flex-start; }\n      .ols-author { align-items: flex-start; padding: 22px 18px; border-radius: 22px; }\n      .ols-author-avatar-img { width: 72px; height: 72px; }\n      .ols-author-title { font-size: 24px; }\n      .ols-author-description { font-size: 15px; }\n      .ols-ert-grid { grid-template-columns: 1fr; }\n      .ols-ert-card { min-height: 255px; }\n      .ols-related-grid { grid-template-columns: 1fr; }\n    }\n\n\n    \/* =========================================================\n       SIMPLE COLOURFUL LANDING PAGE CARD VISUALS\n       Gradient cards with robust text symbols for molecular shapes.\n    ========================================================= *\/\n\n    .ols-ert-grid {\n      grid-template-columns: repeat(3, minmax(0, 1fr)) !important;\n      gap: 22px !important;\n    }\n\n    .ols-ert-card {\n      display: flex !important;\n      flex-direction: column !important;\n      padding: 0 !important;\n      min-height: 0 !important;\n      border-radius: 24px !important;\n      overflow: hidden !important;\n      background: #ffffff !important;\n      box-shadow: 0 14px 34px rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.10) !important;\n      transition:\n        transform 0.28s cubic-bezier(0.34, 1.56, 0.64, 1),\n        box-shadow 0.28s ease,\n        border-color 0.28s ease !important;\n    }\n\n    .ols-ert-card:hover {\n      transform: translateY(-10px) scale(1.02) !important;\n      box-shadow: 0 28px 56px rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.16) !important;\n      border-color: rgba(37, 99, 235, 0.35) !important;\n    }\n\n    .ols-ert-card::before {\n      display: none !important;\n    }\n\n    .ols-shape-card-img-wrap {\n      position: relative;\n      width: 100%;\n      aspect-ratio: 4 \/ 3;\n      overflow: hidden;\n      background: var(--soft-blue);\n    }\n\n    .ols-shape-card-img-wrap::after {\n      content: \"\";\n      position: absolute;\n      inset: 0;\n      background: linear-gradient(180deg, transparent 40%, rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.22) 100%);\n      opacity: 0;\n      transition: opacity 0.28s ease;\n      z-index: 1;\n    }\n\n    .ols-ert-card:hover .ols-shape-card-img-wrap::after {\n      opacity: 1;\n    }\n\n    .ols-shape-card-num {\n      position: absolute;\n      top: 14px;\n      left: 14px;\n      width: 34px;\n      height: 34px;\n      border-radius: 50%;\n      background: var(--navy);\n      color: #ffffff;\n      font-size: 13px;\n      font-weight: 800;\n      display: flex;\n      align-items: center;\n      justify-content: center;\n      z-index: 4;\n      box-shadow: 0 6px 16px rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.30);\n    }\n\n    .ols-shape-card-status {\n      position: absolute;\n      top: 14px;\n      right: 14px;\n      padding: 5px 11px;\n      border-radius: 999px;\n      background: #eaf3de;\n      color: #3B6D11;\n      font-size: 10px;\n      font-weight: 800;\n      letter-spacing: 0.01em;\n      z-index: 4;\n      box-shadow: 0 6px 16px rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.12);\n    }\n\n    .ols-shape-card-body {\n      padding: 20px 20px 24px;\n      flex: 1;\n      display: flex;\n      flex-direction: column;\n      gap: 8px;\n      background: #ffffff;\n    }\n\n    .ols-shape-card-body h3 {\n      margin: 0 !important;\n      font-size: 18px !important;\n      line-height: 1.25 !important;\n      font-weight: 800 !important;\n      letter-spacing: -0.025em !important;\n      color: #111827 !important;\n    }\n\n    .ols-shape-card-body p {\n      margin: 0 !important;\n      font-size: 13px !important;\n      line-height: 1.62 !important;\n      font-weight: 300 !important;\n      color: var(--grey-text) !important;\n    }\n\n    .ols-ert-meta {\n      margin-top: 12px !important;\n      padding: 0 !important;\n      background: transparent !important;\n      color: var(--blue) !important;\n      font-size: 13px !important;\n      font-weight: 800 !important;\n      display: inline-flex !important;\n      align-items: center !important;\n      gap: 6px !important;\n      transition: transform 0.22s ease, color 0.22s ease !important;\n    }\n\n    .ols-ert-meta::after {\n      content: \"\u2192\";\n      font-size: 16px;\n      line-height: 1;\n      transition: transform 0.22s ease;\n    }\n\n    .ols-ert-card:hover .ols-ert-meta {\n      background: transparent !important;\n      transform: none !important;\n      color: var(--blue) !important;\n    }\n\n    .ols-ert-card:hover .ols-ert-meta::after {\n      transform: translateX(4px);\n    }\n\n    .ols-shape-visual {\n      position: absolute;\n      inset: 0;\n      padding: 32px 24px 24px;\n      overflow: hidden;\n      display: flex;\n      align-items: center;\n      justify-content: center;\n      z-index: 0;\n    }\n\n    .ols-shape-visual::before,\n    .ols-shape-visual::after {\n      content: \"\";\n      position: absolute;\n      border-radius: 999px;\n      opacity: 0.72;\n      filter: blur(1px);\n      z-index: 0;\n    }\n\n    .ols-shape-visual::before {\n      width: 170px;\n      height: 170px;\n      left: -58px;\n      bottom: -66px;\n      background: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.35);\n    }\n\n    .ols-shape-visual::after {\n      width: 118px;\n      height: 118px;\n      right: -42px;\n      top: -34px;\n      background: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.28);\n    }\n\n    .ols-shape-visual-panel {\n      position: relative;\n      z-index: 2;\n      width: min(86%, 260px);\n      min-height: 150px;\n      border-radius: 24px;\n      border: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.48);\n      background: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.80);\n      box-shadow: 0 18px 38px rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.18);\n      backdrop-filter: blur(10px);\n      -webkit-backdrop-filter: blur(10px);\n      display: flex;\n      flex-direction: column;\n      align-items: center;\n      justify-content: center;\n      text-align: center;\n      padding: 18px;\n    }\n\n    .ols-shape-kicker {\n      display: inline-flex;\n      align-items: center;\n      justify-content: center;\n      min-height: 25px;\n      padding: 4px 10px;\n      border-radius: 999px;\n      background: rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.08);\n      color: var(--navy);\n      font-size: 10px;\n      font-weight: 800;\n      text-transform: uppercase;\n      letter-spacing: 0.08em;\n      margin-bottom: 10px;\n    }\n\n    .ols-shape-symbol {\n      font-size: clamp(25px, 3vw, 36px);\n      font-weight: 800;\n      color: var(--navy);\n      line-height: 1.05;\n      letter-spacing: -0.04em;\n    }\n\n    .ols-shape-detail {\n      display: flex;\n      flex-wrap: wrap;\n      justify-content: center;\n      gap: 6px;\n      margin-top: 12px;\n    }\n\n    .ols-shape-pill {\n      display: inline-flex;\n      align-items: center;\n      justify-content: center;\n      min-height: 26px;\n      padding: 5px 9px;\n      border-radius: 999px;\n      background: rgba(28, 36, 75, 0.08);\n      color: var(--navy);\n      font-size: 11px;\n      font-weight: 800;\n    }\n\n    .ols-shape-pill.angle {\n      background: rgba(201,151,58,0.14);\n      color: #9a6b13;\n    }\n\n    .ols-shape-visual--blue {\n      background: radial-gradient(circle at 24% 18%, rgba(255,255,255,0.42), transparent 24%), linear-gradient(135deg, #eef6ff 0%, #8fb9ff 45%, #467FF7 100%);\n    }\n\n    .ols-shape-visual--gold {\n      background: radial-gradient(circle at 22% 18%, rgba(255,255,255,0.42), transparent 24%), linear-gradient(135deg, #fff8e8 0%, #e5bd62 45%, #9a6b13 100%);\n    }\n\n    .ols-shape-visual--purple {\n      background: radial-gradient(circle at 24% 18%, rgba(255,255,255,0.42), transparent 24%), linear-gradient(135deg, #f4ecff 0%, #b997ff 45%, #7356d8 100%);\n    }\n\n    .ols-shape-visual--green {\n      background: radial-gradient(circle at 22% 18%, 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class=\"ols-topic-group\">\n    <h4>3.5 Shapes of Molecules<\/h4>\n    <ul class=\"ols-topic-list\">\n      <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-3-chemical-bonding\/shapes-of-molecules\/\">Part overview<\/a><\/li>\n      <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-3-chemical-bonding\/shapes-of-molecules\/linear\/\">Linear<\/a><\/li>\n      <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-3-chemical-bonding\/shapes-of-molecules\/trigonal-planar\/\">Trigonal Planar<\/a><\/li>\n      <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-3-chemical-bonding\/shapes-of-molecules\/tetrahedral\/\">Tetrahedral<\/a><\/li>\n      <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-3-chemical-bonding\/shapes-of-molecules\/trigonal-pyramidal\/\">Trigonal Pyramidal<\/a><\/li>\n      <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-3-chemical-bonding\/shapes-of-molecules\/bent\/\">Bent<\/a><\/li>\n      <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-3-chemical-bonding\/shapes-of-molecules\/trigonal-bipyramidal\/\">Trigonal Bipyramidal<\/a><\/li>\n      <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-3-chemical-bonding\/shapes-of-molecules\/octahedral\/\">Octahedral<\/a><\/li>\n      <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-3-chemical-bonding\/shapes-of-molecules\/square-planar\/\">Square Planar<\/a><\/li>\n      <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-3-chemical-bonding\/shapes-of-molecules\/square-pyramidal\/\">Square Pyramidal<\/a><\/li>\n      <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-3-chemical-bonding\/shapes-of-molecules\/distorted-t\/\">Distorted T<\/a><\/li>\n      <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-3-chemical-bonding\/shapes-of-molecules\/seesaw\/\">SeeSaw<\/a><\/li>\n    <\/ul>\n  <\/div>\n  <div class=\"ols-topic-group\">\n    <h4>Other Topic 3 Parts<\/h4>\n    <ul class=\"ols-topic-list\">\n      <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-3-chemical-bonding\/\">Topic 3 overview<\/a><\/li>\n      <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-3-chemical-bonding\/electronegativity\/\">3.1 Electronegativity<\/a><\/li>\n      <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-3-chemical-bonding\/covalent-bonding\/\">3.4 Covalent Bonding<\/a><\/li>\n    <\/ul>\n  <\/div>\n<\/aside>\n<script>\r\n(function() {\r\n  function normalisePath(path) {\r\n    return String(path || '')\r\n      .split('?')[0]\r\n      .split('#')[0]\r\n      .replace(\/\\\/+$\/, '')\r\n      .toLowerCase();\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  function highlightActive() {\r\n    var sidebar = document.querySelector('.ols-sidebar');\r\n    if (!sidebar) return false;\r\n\r\n    var currentPath = normalisePath(window.location.pathname);\r\n    var links = sidebar.querySelectorAll('a[href]');\r\n    var matched = null;\r\n    var matchedLength = 0;\r\n\r\n    sidebar.querySelectorAll('.active, .active-main, 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href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-3-chemical-bonding\/\">Topic 3 Chemical Bonding<\/a> \/\n<span>Shapes of Molecules<\/span>\n<\/nav>\n\n    <header class=\"ols-title-card\">\n      <h1>Shapes of Molecules<\/h1>\n      <p class=\"ols-page-intro\">Use this landing page to move quickly between the main shapes of molecules revision pages for Cambridge Topic 3. Each card links to a focused page covering molecular geometry, bonding pairs, lone pairs, bond angles and VSEPR-based shape prediction.<\/p>\n\n      <div class=\"ols-badges\">\n        <div class=\"ols-badge\">AS Level<\/div>\n<div class=\"ols-badge\">Topic 3: Chemical Bonding<\/div>\n<div class=\"ols-badge\">9701 Papers 1 and 2<\/div>\n      <\/div>\n\n      <div class=\"ols-author\">\n        <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"ols-author-avatar-img\" src=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/Author-Profile.jpeg\" alt=\"Dr. Mohammed Al-Fatah\">\n\n        <div class=\"ols-author-content\">\n          <h2 class=\"ols-author-title\">Written by:<br><span>Dr. Mohammed Al-Fatah<\/span><\/h2>\n          <p class=\"ols-author-description\">Chemistry specialist revision notes for A Level Chemistry.<\/p>\n\n          <a class=\"ols-linkedin-pill\" href=\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/doctormohammedfatah\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\n            <svg class=\"ols-linkedin-icon\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"currentColor\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n              <path d=\"M4.98 3.5C4.98 4.88 3.86 6 2.48 6S0 4.88 0 3.5 1.12 1 2.48 1s2.5 1.12 2.5 2.5zM.5 8h4V24h-4V8zm7 0h3.8v2.2h.1c.5-.9 1.8-2.2 3.9-2.2 4.2 0 5 2.8 5 6.4V24h-4v-7.6c0-1.8 0-4.2-2.6-4.2s-3 2-3 4v7.8h-4V8z\"><\/path>\n            <\/svg>\n            View LinkedIn Profile\n          <\/a>\n        <\/div>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/header>\n\n    <article class=\"ols-note-card soft\">\n      <div class=\"ols-note-title\">\n        <div class=\"ols-note-icon\">1<\/div>\n        <h2>Choose a Shapes of Molecules Page<\/h2>\n      <\/div>\n\n      <p>Molecular shape depends on the number of bonding pairs and lone pairs around a central atom. These pages separate the key geometries so that students can revise electron-pair repulsion, bond angles and how lone pairs change the final shape.<\/p>\n\n      <div class=\"ols-key-box\">\n        <p><strong>Key idea:<\/strong> Electron pairs repel each other and arrange themselves as far apart as possible. Lone pairs repel more strongly than bonding pairs, so they reduce bond angles and can change the observed molecular shape.<\/p>\n      <\/div>\n\n      <div class=\"ols-sub-cards-grid\">\n        <a class=\"ols-sub-card ols-sub-card--available\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-3-chemical-bonding\/shapes-of-molecules\/linear\/\">\n          <div class=\"ols-sub-card-img-wrap\">\n            <div class=\"ols-sub-visual ols-sub-visual--particles\">\n              <div class=\"ols-sub-visual-panel\">\n                <div class=\"ols-sub-visual-kicker\">Shapes of Molecules<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-sub-particle-diagram\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"ols-sub-particle-dot d1\"><\/span><span class=\"ols-sub-particle-dot d2\"><\/span><span class=\"ols-sub-particle-dot d3\"><\/span><\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-sub-visual-main\">Linear<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-sub-visual-sub\">two bonding pairs, 180\u00b0<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-sub-card-num\">1<\/div>\n            <span class=\"ols-sub-card-status ols-sub-card-status--available\">Available<\/span>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-sub-card-body\">\n            <p class=\"ols-sub-card-title\">Linear<\/p>\n            <p class=\"ols-sub-card-desc\">Revise linear molecules with two bonding regions around the central atom and a bond angle of 180\u00b0.<\/p>\n            <span class=\"ols-sub-card-cta\">\n              Start revising\n              <svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"><\/path><\/svg>\n            <\/span>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n        <a class=\"ols-sub-card ols-sub-card--available\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-3-chemical-bonding\/shapes-of-molecules\/trigonal-planar\/\">\n          <div class=\"ols-sub-card-img-wrap\">\n            <div class=\"ols-sub-visual ols-sub-visual--particles\">\n              <div class=\"ols-sub-visual-panel\">\n                <div class=\"ols-sub-visual-kicker\">Shapes of Molecules<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-sub-particle-diagram\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"ols-sub-particle-dot d1\"><\/span><span class=\"ols-sub-particle-dot d2\"><\/span><span class=\"ols-sub-particle-dot d3\"><\/span><\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-sub-visual-main\">Trigonal Planar<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-sub-visual-sub\">three bonding pairs, 120\u00b0<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-sub-card-num\">2<\/div>\n            <span class=\"ols-sub-card-status ols-sub-card-status--available\">Available<\/span>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-sub-card-body\">\n            <p class=\"ols-sub-card-title\">Trigonal Planar<\/p>\n            <p class=\"ols-sub-card-desc\">Learn trigonal planar geometry, where three bonding regions arrange at 120\u00b0 around the central atom.<\/p>\n            <span class=\"ols-sub-card-cta\">\n              Start revising\n              <svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"><\/path><\/svg>\n            <\/span>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n        <a class=\"ols-sub-card ols-sub-card--available\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-3-chemical-bonding\/shapes-of-molecules\/tetrahedral\/\">\n          <div class=\"ols-sub-card-img-wrap\">\n            <div class=\"ols-sub-visual ols-sub-visual--particles\">\n              <div class=\"ols-sub-visual-panel\">\n                <div class=\"ols-sub-visual-kicker\">Shapes of Molecules<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-sub-particle-diagram\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"ols-sub-particle-dot d1\"><\/span><span class=\"ols-sub-particle-dot d2\"><\/span><span class=\"ols-sub-particle-dot d3\"><\/span><\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-sub-visual-main\">Tetrahedral<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-sub-visual-sub\">four bonding pairs, 109.5\u00b0<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-sub-card-num\">3<\/div>\n            <span class=\"ols-sub-card-status ols-sub-card-status--available\">Available<\/span>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-sub-card-body\">\n            <p class=\"ols-sub-card-title\">Tetrahedral<\/p>\n            <p class=\"ols-sub-card-desc\">Revise tetrahedral molecules with four bonding pairs and bond angles of about 109.5\u00b0.<\/p>\n            <span class=\"ols-sub-card-cta\">\n              Start revising\n              <svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"><\/path><\/svg>\n            <\/span>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n        <a class=\"ols-sub-card ols-sub-card--available\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-3-chemical-bonding\/shapes-of-molecules\/trigonal-pyramidal\/\">\n          <div class=\"ols-sub-card-img-wrap\">\n            <div class=\"ols-sub-visual ols-sub-visual--particles\">\n              <div class=\"ols-sub-visual-panel\">\n                <div class=\"ols-sub-visual-kicker\">Shapes of Molecules<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-sub-particle-diagram\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"ols-sub-particle-dot d1\"><\/span><span class=\"ols-sub-particle-dot d2\"><\/span><span class=\"ols-sub-particle-dot d3\"><\/span><\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-sub-visual-main\">Trigonal Pyramidal<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-sub-visual-sub\">three bonding pairs, one lone pair, 107\u00b0<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-sub-card-num\">4<\/div>\n            <span class=\"ols-sub-card-status ols-sub-card-status--available\">Available<\/span>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-sub-card-body\">\n            <p class=\"ols-sub-card-title\">Trigonal Pyramidal<\/p>\n            <p class=\"ols-sub-card-desc\">Understand how one lone pair changes a tetrahedral electron-pair arrangement into a trigonal pyramidal shape.<\/p>\n            <span class=\"ols-sub-card-cta\">\n              Start revising\n              <svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"><\/path><\/svg>\n            <\/span>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n        <a class=\"ols-sub-card ols-sub-card--available\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-3-chemical-bonding\/shapes-of-molecules\/bent\/\">\n          <div class=\"ols-sub-card-img-wrap\">\n            <div class=\"ols-sub-visual ols-sub-visual--particles\">\n              <div class=\"ols-sub-visual-panel\">\n                <div class=\"ols-sub-visual-kicker\">Shapes of Molecules<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-sub-particle-diagram\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"ols-sub-particle-dot d1\"><\/span><span class=\"ols-sub-particle-dot d2\"><\/span><span class=\"ols-sub-particle-dot d3\"><\/span><\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-sub-visual-main\">Bent<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-sub-visual-sub\">two bonding pairs, two lone pairs, 104.5\u00b0<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-sub-card-num\">5<\/div>\n            <span class=\"ols-sub-card-status ols-sub-card-status--available\">Available<\/span>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-sub-card-body\">\n            <p class=\"ols-sub-card-title\">Bent<\/p>\n            <p class=\"ols-sub-card-desc\">Learn how lone pairs compress bond angles and produce bent or V-shaped molecules such as H\u2082O.<\/p>\n            <span class=\"ols-sub-card-cta\">\n              Start revising\n              <svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"><\/path><\/svg>\n            <\/span>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n        <a class=\"ols-sub-card ols-sub-card--available\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-3-chemical-bonding\/shapes-of-molecules\/trigonal-bipyramidal\/\">\n          <div class=\"ols-sub-card-img-wrap\">\n            <div class=\"ols-sub-visual ols-sub-visual--particles\">\n              <div class=\"ols-sub-visual-panel\">\n                <div class=\"ols-sub-visual-kicker\">Shapes of Molecules<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-sub-particle-diagram\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"ols-sub-particle-dot d1\"><\/span><span class=\"ols-sub-particle-dot d2\"><\/span><span class=\"ols-sub-particle-dot d3\"><\/span><\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-sub-visual-main\">Trigonal Bipyramidal<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-sub-visual-sub\">five bonding pairs, 120\u00b0 and 90\u00b0<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-sub-card-num\">6<\/div>\n            <span class=\"ols-sub-card-status ols-sub-card-status--available\">Available<\/span>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-sub-card-body\">\n            <p class=\"ols-sub-card-title\">Trigonal Bipyramidal<\/p>\n            <p class=\"ols-sub-card-desc\">Revise five-region electron-pair geometry with axial and equatorial positions.<\/p>\n            <span class=\"ols-sub-card-cta\">\n              Start revising\n              <svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"><\/path><\/svg>\n            <\/span>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n        <a class=\"ols-sub-card ols-sub-card--available\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-3-chemical-bonding\/shapes-of-molecules\/octahedral\/\">\n          <div class=\"ols-sub-card-img-wrap\">\n            <div class=\"ols-sub-visual ols-sub-visual--particles\">\n              <div class=\"ols-sub-visual-panel\">\n                <div class=\"ols-sub-visual-kicker\">Shapes of Molecules<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-sub-particle-diagram\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"ols-sub-particle-dot d1\"><\/span><span class=\"ols-sub-particle-dot d2\"><\/span><span class=\"ols-sub-particle-dot d3\"><\/span><\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-sub-visual-main\">Octahedral<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-sub-visual-sub\">six bonding pairs, 90\u00b0<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-sub-card-num\">7<\/div>\n            <span class=\"ols-sub-card-status ols-sub-card-status--available\">Available<\/span>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-sub-card-body\">\n            <p class=\"ols-sub-card-title\">Octahedral<\/p>\n            <p class=\"ols-sub-card-desc\">Learn octahedral geometry, where six bonding regions arrange at 90\u00b0 around the central atom.<\/p>\n            <span class=\"ols-sub-card-cta\">\n              Start revising\n              <svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"><\/path><\/svg>\n            <\/span>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n        <a class=\"ols-sub-card ols-sub-card--available\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-3-chemical-bonding\/shapes-of-molecules\/square-planar\/\">\n          <div class=\"ols-sub-card-img-wrap\">\n            <div class=\"ols-sub-visual ols-sub-visual--particles\">\n              <div class=\"ols-sub-visual-panel\">\n                <div class=\"ols-sub-visual-kicker\">Shapes of Molecules<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-sub-particle-diagram\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"ols-sub-particle-dot d1\"><\/span><span class=\"ols-sub-particle-dot d2\"><\/span><span class=\"ols-sub-particle-dot d3\"><\/span><\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-sub-visual-main\">Square Planar<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-sub-visual-sub\">four bonding pairs, two lone pairs, 90\u00b0<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-sub-card-num\">8<\/div>\n            <span class=\"ols-sub-card-status ols-sub-card-status--available\">Available<\/span>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-sub-card-body\">\n            <p class=\"ols-sub-card-title\">Square Planar<\/p>\n            <p class=\"ols-sub-card-desc\">Revise square planar shapes formed from octahedral electron-pair arrangements with two opposite lone pairs.<\/p>\n            <span class=\"ols-sub-card-cta\">\n              Start revising\n              <svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"><\/path><\/svg>\n            <\/span>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n        <a class=\"ols-sub-card ols-sub-card--available\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-3-chemical-bonding\/shapes-of-molecules\/square-pyramidal\/\">\n          <div class=\"ols-sub-card-img-wrap\">\n            <div class=\"ols-sub-visual ols-sub-visual--particles\">\n              <div class=\"ols-sub-visual-panel\">\n                <div class=\"ols-sub-visual-kicker\">Shapes of Molecules<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-sub-particle-diagram\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"ols-sub-particle-dot d1\"><\/span><span class=\"ols-sub-particle-dot d2\"><\/span><span class=\"ols-sub-particle-dot d3\"><\/span><\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-sub-visual-main\">Square Pyramidal<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-sub-visual-sub\">five bonding pairs, one lone pair<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-sub-card-num\">9<\/div>\n            <span class=\"ols-sub-card-status ols-sub-card-status--available\">Available<\/span>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-sub-card-body\">\n            <p class=\"ols-sub-card-title\">Square Pyramidal<\/p>\n            <p class=\"ols-sub-card-desc\">Understand square pyramidal molecules and how one lone pair affects an octahedral arrangement.<\/p>\n            <span class=\"ols-sub-card-cta\">\n              Start revising\n              <svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"><\/path><\/svg>\n            <\/span>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n        <a class=\"ols-sub-card ols-sub-card--available\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-3-chemical-bonding\/shapes-of-molecules\/distorted-t\/\">\n          <div class=\"ols-sub-card-img-wrap\">\n            <div class=\"ols-sub-visual ols-sub-visual--particles\">\n              <div class=\"ols-sub-visual-panel\">\n                <div class=\"ols-sub-visual-kicker\">Shapes of Molecules<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-sub-particle-diagram\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"ols-sub-particle-dot d1\"><\/span><span class=\"ols-sub-particle-dot d2\"><\/span><span class=\"ols-sub-particle-dot d3\"><\/span><\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-sub-visual-main\">Distorted T<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-sub-visual-sub\">three bonding pairs, two lone pairs<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-sub-card-num\">10<\/div>\n            <span class=\"ols-sub-card-status ols-sub-card-status--available\">Available<\/span>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-sub-card-body\">\n            <p class=\"ols-sub-card-title\">Distorted T<\/p>\n            <p class=\"ols-sub-card-desc\">Learn distorted T-shaped molecules where lone pairs alter the arrangement of bonding pairs around the central atom.<\/p>\n            <span class=\"ols-sub-card-cta\">\n              Start revising\n              <svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"><\/path><\/svg>\n            <\/span>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n        <a class=\"ols-sub-card ols-sub-card--available\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-3-chemical-bonding\/shapes-of-molecules\/seesaw\/\">\n          <div class=\"ols-sub-card-img-wrap\">\n            <div class=\"ols-sub-visual ols-sub-visual--particles\">\n              <div class=\"ols-sub-visual-panel\">\n                <div class=\"ols-sub-visual-kicker\">Shapes of Molecules<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-sub-particle-diagram\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"ols-sub-particle-dot d1\"><\/span><span class=\"ols-sub-particle-dot d2\"><\/span><span class=\"ols-sub-particle-dot d3\"><\/span><\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-sub-visual-main\">SeeSaw<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-sub-visual-sub\">four bonding pairs, one lone pair<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-sub-card-num\">11<\/div>\n            <span class=\"ols-sub-card-status ols-sub-card-status--available\">Available<\/span>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-sub-card-body\">\n            <p class=\"ols-sub-card-title\">SeeSaw<\/p>\n            <p class=\"ols-sub-card-desc\">Revise seesaw shapes formed from trigonal bipyramidal electron-pair arrangements with one lone pair.<\/p>\n            <span class=\"ols-sub-card-cta\">\n              Start revising\n              <svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"><\/path><\/svg>\n            <\/span>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/article>\n\n    <article class=\"ols-note-card purple\">\n      <div class=\"ols-note-title\">\n        <div class=\"ols-note-icon\">\u2713<\/div>\n        <h2>How to Use These Pages<\/h2>\n      <\/div>\n\n      <p>Start with the simpler two-, three- and four-region shapes before moving to structures with lone pairs. Then use the higher-coordinate examples to compare trigonal bipyramidal and octahedral electron-pair arrangements.<\/p>\n\n      <div class=\"ols-key-box\">\n        <p><strong>Exam focus:<\/strong> State the number of bonding pairs and lone pairs first, then give the shape and bond angle. When lone pairs are present, explain that lone pair\u2013bond pair repulsion is stronger than bond pair\u2013bond pair repulsion.<\/p>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/article>\n\n    <section class=\"ols-related-card\">\n      <h2>Related Topic 3 Pages<\/h2>\n      <p>Use these pages to connect molecular shapes with ionic bonding, covalent bonding, electronegativity, polar molecules and metallic bonding.<\/p>\n\n      <div class=\"ols-related-grid\">\n        <a class=\"ols-related-item\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-3-chemical-bonding\/ionic-bonding\/\">Ionic Bonding<\/a>\n        <a class=\"ols-related-item\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-3-chemical-bonding\/covalent-bonding\/nature-of-covalent-bonding\/\">Nature of Covalent Bonding<\/a>\n        <a class=\"ols-related-item\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-3-chemical-bonding\/electronegativity\/\">Electronegativity<\/a>\n        <a class=\"ols-related-item\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-3-chemical-bonding\/covalent-bonding\/polar-molecules\/\">Polar Molecules<\/a>\n        <a class=\"ols-related-item\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-3-chemical-bonding\/metallic-bonding\/metallic-bonding-and-structure\/\">Metallic Bonding and Structure<\/a>\n        <a class=\"ols-related-item\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-3-chemical-bonding\/\">Topic 3 Chemical Bonding<\/a>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/section>\n\n    <section class=\"ols-attribution-card\">\n      <p><strong>Copyright notice:<\/strong> This revision page, including its written explanations, layout and teaching sequence, is produced for Online Learning System by Dr. Mohammed Al-Fatah. It is intended for student revision and may not be copied, redistributed or republished without permission.<\/p>\n    <\/section>\n\n    <script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\n  \"@context\": \"https:\/\/schema.org\",\n  \"@graph\": [\n    {\n      \"@type\": \"WebPage\",\n      \"@id\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-3-chemical-bonding\/shapes-of-molecules\/#webpage\",\n      \"url\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-3-chemical-bonding\/shapes-of-molecules\/\",\n      \"name\": \"Shapes of Molecules - Cambridge International AS &amp; A Level Chemistry Revision Notes\",\n      \"description\": \"Cambridge International AS &amp; A Level Chemistry Topic 3 landing page for shapes of molecules, including linear, trigonal planar, tetrahedral, trigonal pyramidal, bent, trigonal bipyramidal, octahedral, square planar, square pyramidal, distorted T and seesaw shapes.\",\n      \"inLanguage\": \"en-GB\",\n      \"isPartOf\": {\n        \"@type\": \"WebSite\",\n        \"@id\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/#website\",\n        \"name\": \"Online Learning System\",\n        \"url\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/\"\n      },\n      \"about\": [\n        {\n          \"@type\": \"Thing\",\n          \"name\": \"Molecular shapes\"\n        },\n        {\n          \"@type\": \"Thing\",\n          \"name\": \"VSEPR theory\"\n        },\n        {\n          \"@type\": \"Thing\",\n          \"name\": \"Bond angles\"\n        },\n        {\n          \"@type\": \"Thing\",\n          \"name\": \"Lone pair repulsion\"\n        },\n        {\n          \"@type\": \"Thing\",\n          \"name\": \"Trigonal planar, tetrahedral and octahedral shapes\"\n        }\n      ],\n      \"author\": {\n        \"@type\": \"Person\",\n        \"name\": \"Dr. Mohammed Al-Fatah\",\n        \"url\": \"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/doctormohammedfatah\/\"\n      },\n      \"publisher\": {\n        \"@type\": \"Organization\",\n        \"name\": \"Online Learning System\",\n        \"url\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/\"\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"@type\": \"BreadcrumbList\",\n      \"@id\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-3-chemical-bonding\/shapes-of-molecules\/#breadcrumb\",\n      \"itemListElement\": [\n        {\n          \"@type\": \"ListItem\",\n          \"position\": 1,\n          \"name\": \"Revision Notes\",\n          \"item\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/\"\n        },\n        {\n          \"@type\": \"ListItem\",\n          \"position\": 2,\n          \"name\": \"A Level Chemistry\",\n          \"item\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/\"\n        },\n        {\n          \"@type\": \"ListItem\",\n          \"position\": 3,\n          \"name\": \"Cambridge International (CIE)\",\n          \"item\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/\"\n        },\n        {\n          \"@type\": \"ListItem\",\n          \"position\": 4,\n          \"name\": \"Topic 3 Chemical Bonding\",\n          \"item\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-3-chemical-bonding\/\"\n        },\n        {\n          \"@type\": \"ListItem\",\n          \"position\": 5,\n          \"name\": \"Shapes of Molecules\",\n          \"item\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-3-chemical-bonding\/shapes-of-molecules\/\"\n        }\n      ]\n    }\n  ]\n}<\/script>\n  <\/main>\n<\/section>\n\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Revision Notes \/ A Level Chemistry \/ Cambridge International (CIE) \/ Topic 3 Chemical Bonding \/ Shapes of Molecules Shapes of Molecules Use this landing page to move quickly between the main shapes of molecules revision pages for Cambridge Topic 3. 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