{"id":7711,"date":"2026-09-12T11:57:31","date_gmt":"2026-09-12T10:57:31","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-2-bonding-and-structure\/covalent-bonding\/giant-covalent-structures\/"},"modified":"2026-10-25T12:11:16","modified_gmt":"2026-10-25T12:11:16","slug":"giant-covalent-structures","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-2-bonding-and-structure\/covalent-bonding\/giant-covalent-structures\/","title":{"rendered":"Giant Covalent Structures"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<section class=\"ols-revision-page ols-nature-of-covalent-bonding-9ch0-page\">\n  <style>\n    .ols-revision-page {\n      --navy: #1C244B;\n      --blue: #2563eb;\n      --soft-blue: #eef4ff;\n      --soft-red: #fff7f7;\n      --soft-purple: #f7f0ff;\n      --soft-green: #f0f7f1;\n      --soft-orange: #fff7ed;\n      --grey-text: #667085;\n      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border-radius: 22px; padding: 14px; margin: 18px 0 6px; }\n    .ols-figure-placeholder .ols-figure-caption p { margin: 10px 0 0; font-size: 14px; color: #667085; text-align: center; }\n<\/style>\n\n  <aside class=\"ols-sidebar\">\r\n  <div class=\"ols-sidebar-header\">\r\n    <h3>Revision Notes<\/h3>\r\n    <p>A Level Chemistry<\/p>\r\n  <\/div>\r\n\r\n  <div class=\"ols-topic-group\">\r\n    <h4>Topic 2 Bonding and Structure<\/h4>\r\n\r\n    <ul class=\"ols-topic-list\">\r\n\r\n      <li>\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-2-bonding-and-structure\/ionic-bonding\/\">Ionic Bonding<\/a>\r\n\r\n        <ul class=\"ols-subtopic-list\">\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-2-bonding-and-structure\/ionic-bonding\/nature-of-ionic-bonding\/\">Nature of Ionic Bonding<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-2-bonding-and-structure\/ionic-bonding\/polarisation-of-ions\/\">Polarisation of Ions<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-2-bonding-and-structure\/ionic-bonding\/physical-properties-of-ionic-compounds\/\">Physical Properties of Ionic Compounds<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n        <\/ul>\r\n      <\/li>\r\n\r\n      <li>\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-2-bonding-and-structure\/covalent-bonding\/\">Covalent Bonding<\/a>\r\n\r\n        <ul class=\"ols-subtopic-list\">\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-2-bonding-and-structure\/covalent-bonding\/nature-of-covalent-bonding\/\">Nature of Covalent Bonding<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-2-bonding-and-structure\/covalent-bonding\/dative-covalent-bonding\/\">Dative Covalent Bonding<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\n          <li>\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-2-bonding-and-structure\/covalent-bonding\/giant-covalent-structures\/\">Giant Covalent Structures<\/a>\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-2-bonding-and-structure\/covalent-bonding\/electronegativity\/\">Electronegativity<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n        <\/ul>\r\n      <\/li>\r\n\r\n      <li>\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-2-bonding-and-structure\/shapes-of-molecules\/\">Shapes of Molecules<\/a>\r\n\r\n        <ul class=\"ols-subtopic-list\">\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-2-bonding-and-structure\/shapes-of-molecules\/linear\/\">Linear<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-2-bonding-and-structure\/shapes-of-molecules\/trigonal-planar\/\">Trigonal Planar<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-2-bonding-and-structure\/shapes-of-molecules\/tetrahedral\/\">Tetrahedral<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-2-bonding-and-structure\/shapes-of-molecules\/trigonal-pyramidal\/\">Trigonal Pyramidal<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-2-bonding-and-structure\/shapes-of-molecules\/bent\/\">Bent<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-2-bonding-and-structure\/shapes-of-molecules\/trigonal-bipyramidal\/\">Trigonal Bipyramidal<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-2-bonding-and-structure\/shapes-of-molecules\/octahedral\/\">Octahedral<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-2-bonding-and-structure\/shapes-of-molecules\/square-planar\/\">Square Planar<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-2-bonding-and-structure\/shapes-of-molecules\/square-pyramidal\/\">Square Pyramidal<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-2-bonding-and-structure\/shapes-of-molecules\/distorted-t\/\">Distorted T<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-2-bonding-and-structure\/shapes-of-molecules\/seesaw\/\">SeeSaw<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n        <\/ul>\r\n      <\/li>\r\n\r\n      <li>\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-2-bonding-and-structure\/polar-molecules\/\">Polar Molecules<\/a>\r\n      <\/li>\r\n\r\n      <li>\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-2-bonding-and-structure\/metallic-bonding\/\">Metallic Bonding<\/a>\r\n\r\n        <ul class=\"ols-subtopic-list\">\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-2-bonding-and-structure\/metallic-bonding\/metallic-bonding-and-structure\/\">Metallic Bonding and Structure<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n          <li>\r\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-2-bonding-and-structure\/metallic-bonding\/physical-properties-of-metals\/\">Physical Properties of Metals<\/a>\r\n          <\/li>\r\n        <\/ul>\r\n      <\/li>\r\n\r\n      <li>\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-2-bonding-and-structure\/intermolecular-forces\/\">Intermolecular Forces<\/a>\n        <ul class=\"ols-subtopic-list\">\n          <li>\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-2-bonding-and-structure\/intermolecular-forces\/london-forces\/\">London Forces<\/a>\n          <\/li>\n          <li>\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-2-bonding-and-structure\/intermolecular-forces\/permanent-dipole-dipole-forces\/\">Permanent Dipole-Dipole Forces<\/a>\n          <\/li>\n          <li>\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-2-bonding-and-structure\/intermolecular-forces\/hydrogen-bonding\/\">Hydrogen Bonding<\/a>\n          <\/li>\n          <li>\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-2-bonding-and-structure\/intermolecular-forces\/anomalous-properties-of-water\/\">Anomalous Properties of Water<\/a>\n          <\/li>\n          <li>\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-2-bonding-and-structure\/intermolecular-forces\/boiling-temperature-trends\/\">Boiling Temperature Trends<\/a>\n          <\/li>\n          <li>\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-2-bonding-and-structure\/intermolecular-forces\/choosing-solvents\/\">Choosing Solvents<\/a>\n          <\/li>\n        <\/ul>\r\n      <\/li>\r\n\r\n      <li>\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-2-bonding-and-structure\/structure-types\/\">Structure Types<\/a>\r\n      <\/li>\r\n\r\n    <\/ul>\r\n  <\/div>\r\n\r\n  <div class=\"ols-topic-group\">\r\n    <h4>Next Topics<\/h4>\r\n\r\n    <ul class=\"ols-topic-list\">\r\n      <li>\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-3-redox-i\/\">Redox I<\/a>\r\n      <\/li>\r\n      <li>\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-4-inorganic-chemistry-and-the-periodic-table\/\">Inorganic Chemistry &amp; The Periodic Table<\/a>\r\n      <\/li>\r\n      <li>\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-5-formulae-equations-and-amounts-of-substance\/\">Formulae, Equations &amp; Amounts<\/a>\r\n      <\/li>\r\n    <\/ul>\r\n  <\/div>\r\n<\/aside>\r\n\r\n<script>\r\n(function() {\r\n  function normalisePath(path) {\r\n    return String(path || '')\r\n      .split('?')[0]\r\n      .split('#')[0]\r\n      .replace(\/\\\/+$\/, '')\r\n      .toLowerCase();\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  function highlightActive() {\r\n    var sidebar = document.querySelector('.ols-sidebar');\r\n    if (!sidebar) return false;\r\n\r\n    var currentPath = normalisePath(window.location.pathname);\r\n    var links = sidebar.querySelectorAll('a[href]');\r\n    var matched = null;\r\n    var matchedLength = 0;\r\n\r\n    sidebar.querySelectorAll('.active, .active-main, .parent-active').forEach(function(item) {\r\n      item.classList.remove('active', 'active-main', 'parent-active');\r\n    });\r\n\r\n    sidebar.querySelectorAll('a[data-ols-disabled-parent=\"1\"], a[aria-current]').forEach(function(a) {\r\n      a.removeAttribute('aria-current');\r\n      a.removeAttribute('tabindex');\r\n      a.removeAttribute('data-ols-disabled-parent');\r\n    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href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/\">Revision Notes<\/a> \/\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/\">A Level Chemistry<\/a> \/\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/\">Edexcel<\/a> \/\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-2-bonding-and-structure\/\">Topic 2 Bonding and Structure<\/a> \/\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-2-bonding-and-structure\/covalent-bonding\/\">Covalent Bonding<\/a> \/\n<span>Giant Covalent Structures<\/span>\n<\/nav>\n\n      <header class=\"ols-title-card\">\n        <h1>Giant Covalent Structures<\/h1>\n        <p class=\"ols-page-intro\">A concise revision guide to giant covalent structures: how diamond, graphite and graphene are bonded, why their properties differ so much, and how the structure explains melting temperature, hardness and electrical conductivity.<\/p>\n\n        <div class=\"ols-badges\">\n          <div class=\"ols-badge\">Unit: Paper 1<\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-badge\">Topic 2: Bonding and Structure<\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-badge\">9CH0\/01<\/div>\n        <\/div>\n      <\/header>\n<!-- 3D card: giant-covalent-structures (26 Sep 2026) -->\n<!-- Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Mohammed Al-Fatah, onlinelearningsystem.net. 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border:1px solid rgba(28,36,75,0.18);\n}\n.ols-gcvs-001 .gcvs-key i.k-ball{border-radius:50%;}\n\n@media (max-width:760px){\n  .ols-gcvs-001{padding:26px; border-radius:22px;}\n  .ols-gcvs-001 h2.gcvs-title{font-size:20.5px;}\n  .ols-gcvs-001 p.gcvs-sub{font-size:13.5px;}\n  .ols-gcvs-001 .gcvs-stage{height:400px;}\n  .ols-gcvs-001 .gcvs-rowlab{min-width:100%;}\n  .ols-gcvs-001 .gcvs-seg button{padding:9px 13px; font-size:13px;}\n  .ols-gcvs-001 .gcvs-lab{font-size:10.5px; padding:4px 8px;}\n  .ols-gcvs-001 .gcvs-lab.l-part{font-size:9.5px; padding:3px 7px;}\n  .ols-gcvs-001 .gcvs-lab.l-read{font-size:12px; padding:5px 9px;}\n  .ols-gcvs-001 .gcvs-caption{font-size:10.5px; padding:5px 9px; max-width:64%;}\n  .ols-gcvs-001 .gcvs-badge{font-size:10.5px; padding:4px 9px;}\n  .ols-gcvs-001 .gcvs-badge.b-eq{font-size:11px;}\n  .ols-gcvs-001 .gcvs-badges{max-width:calc(100% - 28px);}\n  .ols-gcvs-001 .gcvs-info{padding:18px;}\n}\n\/* on a phone the caption needs the full top row, so the drag hint goes *\/\n@media (max-width:480px){\n  .ols-gcvs-001 .gcvs-hint{display:none;}\n  .ols-gcvs-001 .gcvs-caption{max-width:calc(100% - 28px);}\n}\n@media (prefers-reduced-motion:reduce){\n  .ols-gcvs-001 .gcvs-seg button,.ols-gcvs-001 .gcvs-pill{transition:none;}\n}\n\n.ols-cc-gcvs-001{\n  font-family:'Poppins',system-ui,-apple-system,'Segoe UI',Roboto,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;\n  margin:10px auto 0; text-align:center; font-size:11px; font-style:italic; color:#aab0c0;\n}\n.ols-cc-gcvs-001 a{color:#aab0c0; text-decoration:none;}\n.ols-cc-gcvs-001 a:hover{text-decoration:underline;}\n.ols-gcvs-001 .gcvs-seg button{display:inline-flex; align-items:center;}\n.ols-gcvs-001 .gcvs-seg button .gcvs-n{display:inline-flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; width:20px; height:20px; margin-right:9px; border-radius:50%; font-size:11px; font-weight:600; background:rgba(37,99,235,0.10); color:#2563eb; flex:0 0 auto;}\n.ols-gcvs-001 .gcvs-seg button[aria-pressed=\"true\"] .gcvs-n{background:#ffffff; color:#2563eb;}\n<\/style>\n\n<div class=\"gcvs-head\">\n  <h2 class=\"gcvs-title\">Giant Covalent Structures: Diamond, Graphite, Graphene and SiO\u2082<\/h2>\n  <p class=\"gcvs-sub\">Choose a step to watch each giant covalent structure build out from one atom and its bonds, and see how the bonding explains its properties.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gcvs-stage\" id=\"gcvsStage\">\n  <canvas class=\"gcvs-canvas\" id=\"gcvsCanvas\"><\/canvas>\n  <div class=\"gcvs-overlay\" id=\"gcvsOverlay\"><\/div>\n  <div class=\"gcvs-caption\" id=\"gcvsCaption\"><\/div>\n  <div class=\"gcvs-hint\" id=\"gcvsHint\">Drag to rotate<\/div>\n  <div class=\"gcvs-badges\" id=\"gcvsBadges\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gcvs-controls\">\n  <div class=\"gcvs-row\">\n    <span class=\"gcvs-rowlab\">Step<\/span>\n    <div class=\"gcvs-seg\" role=\"group\" aria-label=\"Step\">\n      <button type=\"button\" data-step=\"1\" aria-pressed=\"true\"><span class=\"gcvs-n\">1<\/span>Diamond<\/button>\n      <button type=\"button\" data-step=\"2\" aria-pressed=\"false\"><span class=\"gcvs-n\">2<\/span>Graphite<\/button>\n      <button type=\"button\" data-step=\"3\" aria-pressed=\"false\"><span class=\"gcvs-n\">3<\/span>Graphene<\/button>\n      <button type=\"button\" data-step=\"4\" aria-pressed=\"false\"><span class=\"gcvs-n\">4<\/span>Silicon dioxide, SiO\u2082<\/button>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n\n  <div class=\"gcvs-row\">\n    <span class=\"gcvs-rowlab\">View<\/span>\n    <button type=\"button\" class=\"gcvs-pill\" id=\"gcvsResetV\">Reset view<\/button>\n  <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"gcvs-info\">\n  <h3 id=\"gcvsInfoTitle\"><\/h3>\n  <p id=\"gcvsInfoText\"><\/p>\n  <div class=\"gcvs-facts\" id=\"gcvsFacts\"><\/div>\n  <div class=\"gcvs-key\">\n    <span><i class=\"k-ball\" style=\"background:#464a54\"><\/i>Carbon<\/span>\n    <span><i class=\"k-ball\" style=\"background:#c4a06e\"><\/i>Silicon<\/span>\n    <span><i class=\"k-ball\" style=\"background:#d6342c\"><\/i>Oxygen<\/span>\n    <span><i class=\"\" style=\"background:#b4b9c6\"><\/i>Covalent bond<\/span>\n    <span><i class=\"k-ball\" style=\"background:#facc28\"><\/i>Delocalised electron<\/span>\n    <span><i class=\"\" style=\"background:#c9961c\"><\/i>Bond angle<\/span>\n  <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<script src=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-content\/uploads\/JS\/giant-covalent-structures.js?v=20261025p\"><\/script>\n<\/section>\n\n<p class=\"ols-cc-gcvs-001\">&copy; Dr. Mohammed Al-Fatah &#8211; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">onlinelearningsystem.net<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n      \n<section class=\"ols-h5p-card ols-h5p-inline ols-h5p-recap\">\n<span class=\"ols-h5p-kicker\">Before you start<\/span>\n<h2>GCSE Recap: Covalent Bonds and Small Molecules<\/h2>\n<p>Before you start, check three GCSE ideas that this page builds on.<\/p>\n<div class=\"ols-h5p-frame\"><div class=\"h5p-content\" data-content-id=\"657\"><\/div><\/div>\n<\/section>\n<article class=\"ols-note-card soft\">\n<div class=\"ols-note-title\">\n<div class=\"ols-note-icon\">1<\/div>\n<h2>What Is a Giant Covalent Structure?<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<p>In a <strong>giant covalent structure<\/strong> (also called a macromolecular or giant molecular structure) every atom is joined to its neighbours by <strong>strong covalent bonds<\/strong> that extend throughout the whole crystal.<\/p><p>There are no separate molecules: a single crystal of diamond is, in effect, one enormous molecule.<\/p><p>Compare this with a simple molecular substance such as iodine. Strong covalent bonds hold each I\u2082 molecule together, but only weak intermolecular forces act between the molecules.<\/p>\n<div class=\"ols-table-wrap\">\n<table class=\"ols-table\">\n<thead>\n<tr><th>Feature<\/th><th>Giant covalent (diamond, graphite, graphene)<\/th><th>Simple molecular (iodine, ice, carbon dioxide)<\/th><\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr><td><strong>Particles<\/strong><\/td><td>Atoms in a continuous network<\/td><td>Discrete molecules<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td><strong>Forces broken on melting<\/strong><\/td><td>Strong covalent bonds<\/td><td>Weak intermolecular forces<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td><strong>Melting temperature<\/strong><\/td><td>Very high (diamond sublimes above 3600 \u00b0C)<\/td><td>Low<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td><strong>Solubility in water<\/strong><\/td><td>Insoluble<\/td><td>Usually low; some polar molecules dissolve<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td><strong>Electrical conductivity<\/strong><\/td><td>Usually none; graphite and graphene conduct<\/td><td>None<\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"ols-key-box\">\n<p><strong>Key idea:<\/strong> Melting a giant covalent structure means breaking covalent bonds, which needs a great deal of energy, so these substances have very high melting temperatures and are hard or, in the case of graphite, strongly bonded within each layer.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"ols-zoom-card\">\n<div class=\"ols-zoom-card-image\">\n<a class=\"ols-lightbox-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/t17x-s1giantvsimple.jpg\" aria-label=\"Open image full screen\">\n<img decoding=\"async\" class=\"ols-zoomable-img ols-lightbox-target\" src=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/t17x-s1giantvsimple.jpg\" alt=\"Poster comparing a giant covalent network with separate iodine molecules across particles, forces, melting point and conductivity.\">\n<\/a>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"ols-zoom-card-caption\"><p>In a giant covalent structure every atom is held by strong covalent bonds, so melting means breaking those bonds, unlike a simple molecular substance.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/article>\n<section class=\"ols-h5p-card ols-h5p-inline\">\n<span class=\"ols-h5p-kicker\">Check your understanding<\/span>\n<h2>Quick Check: Identify the Structure from Data<\/h2>\n<p>Use the data to decide which type of structure the solid has.<\/p>\n<div class=\"ols-h5p-frame\"><div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-440\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"440\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Giant Covalent Structures MCQ: Identifying the Structure from Data\"><\/iframe><\/div><\/div>\n<\/section>\n\n<article class=\"ols-note-card\">\n<div class=\"ols-note-title\">\n<div class=\"ols-note-icon\">2<\/div>\n<h2>Diamond<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<p>In <strong>diamond<\/strong> each carbon atom forms <strong>four single covalent bonds<\/strong> to four other carbon atoms arranged <strong>tetrahedrally<\/strong> around it, with bond angles of 109.5\u00b0. The result is a rigid three-dimensional network in which every atom is locked in place by strong C-C bonds.<\/p>\n<div class=\"ols-table-wrap\">\n<table class=\"ols-table\">\n<thead>\n<tr><th>Property<\/th><th>Explanation from the structure<\/th><\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr><td><strong>Very high melting and sublimation point<\/strong><\/td><td>Many strong covalent bonds must be broken<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td><strong>Extremely hard<\/strong><\/td><td>The rigid tetrahedral network resists any distortion; diamond is used in cutting tools and drill tips<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td><strong>Does not conduct electricity<\/strong><\/td><td>All four outer electrons of each carbon are used in bonding, so there are no delocalised electrons<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td><strong>Insoluble in all solvents<\/strong><\/td><td>No solvent interaction can compete with the covalent bonds<\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n\n<p><strong>Silicon<\/strong> has the same structure as diamond, which is why it is also a hard, high-melting solid, although its Si-Si bonds are weaker than C-C bonds.<\/p>\n<p>Silicon atoms are larger than carbon atoms, so the Si-Si bond is longer and the shared pair is further from both nuclei. This is why silicon melts at a lower temperature than diamond.<\/p>\n<div class=\"ols-key-box\">\n<p><strong>Exam sentence:<\/strong> Diamond has a giant covalent structure in which each carbon atom is bonded to four others by strong covalent bonds, so a large amount of energy is needed to break the bonds and it has a very high melting temperature.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/article>\n<section class=\"ols-h5p-card ols-h5p-inline\">\n<span class=\"ols-h5p-kicker\">Check your understanding<\/span>\n<h2>Quick Check: Predict the Properties of Silicon Carbide<\/h2>\n<p>Use the structure described to predict the properties of a compound that is not on this page.<\/p>\n<div class=\"ols-h5p-frame\"><div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-438\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"438\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Giant Covalent Structures MCQ: Silicon Carbide\"><\/iframe><\/div><\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"ols-h5p-card ols-h5p-inline\">\n<span class=\"ols-h5p-kicker\">Check your understanding<\/span>\n<h2>Quick Check: Explain Silicon and Phosphorus<\/h2>\n<p>Write a short explanation, then compare it with the mark points and the model answer.<\/p>\n<div class=\"ols-h5p-frame\"><div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-658\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"658\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Giant Covalent Structures Explain: Melting Temperatures of Silicon and White Phosphorus\"><\/iframe><\/div><\/div>\n<\/section>\n\n<article class=\"ols-note-card purple\">\n<div class=\"ols-note-title\">\n<div class=\"ols-note-icon\">3<\/div>\n<h2>Graphite<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<p>In <strong>graphite<\/strong> each carbon atom forms <strong>three covalent bonds<\/strong> to three other carbon atoms. This gives flat <strong>hexagonal layers<\/strong> with bond angles of 120\u00b0.<\/p>\n<p>The fourth outer electron of each carbon is not used in a localised bond. It sits in a p orbital above and below the layer and becomes <strong>delocalised<\/strong> across the whole sheet.<\/p>\n<p>The layers are held to each other only by weak <strong>London forces<\/strong> (instantaneous dipole-induced dipole forces), and are relatively far apart.<\/p>\n<div class=\"ols-table-wrap\">\n<table class=\"ols-table\">\n<thead>\n<tr><th>Property<\/th><th>Explanation from the structure<\/th><\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr><td><strong>Very high melting temperature<\/strong><\/td><td>The strong covalent bonds within the layers must be broken<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td><strong>Soft and slippery<\/strong><\/td><td>The weak forces between layers let them slide over each other; graphite is used as a lubricant and in pencils<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td><strong>Conducts electricity<\/strong><\/td><td>The delocalised electrons can move along the layers when a voltage is applied. Graphite conducts well along the layers but very poorly at right angles to them, because the electrons cannot move easily from one layer to the next<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td><strong>Low density compared with diamond<\/strong><\/td><td>The layers are widely spaced<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td><strong>Insoluble<\/strong><\/td><td>Covalent bonding throughout the layers<\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"ols-key-box\">\n<p><strong>Exam focus:<\/strong> Graphite conducts because it has delocalised electrons; it is soft because the layers are held together only by weak London forces. Do not say the layers are held by covalent bonds, and do not say graphite conducts because it is a metal.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/article>\n<section class=\"ols-h5p-card ols-h5p-inline\">\n<span class=\"ols-h5p-kicker\">Check your understanding<\/span>\n<h2>Quick Check: Which Way Does Graphite Conduct?<\/h2>\n<p>Predict what happens when the conductivity of a graphite crystal is measured in two directions.<\/p>\n<div class=\"ols-h5p-frame\"><div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-439\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"439\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Giant Covalent Structures MCQ: Conductivity of Graphite in Two Directions\"><\/iframe><\/div><\/div>\n<\/section>\n\n<article class=\"ols-note-card\">\n<div class=\"ols-note-title\">\n<div class=\"ols-note-icon\">4<\/div>\n<h2>Graphene<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<p><strong>Graphene<\/strong> is a <strong>single layer of graphite<\/strong>: a sheet of carbon atoms one atom thick, each bonded covalently to three others in a hexagonal pattern, with one delocalised electron per carbon spread over the sheet. It is described as a two-dimensional giant covalent structure.<\/p>\n<div class=\"ols-table-wrap\">\n<table class=\"ols-table\">\n<thead>\n<tr><th>Property<\/th><th>Explanation<\/th><th>Application<\/th><\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr><td><strong>Extremely strong for its thickness<\/strong><\/td><td>Strong covalent bonds throughout the sheet<\/td><td>Reinforcing composites and lightweight materials<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td><strong>Excellent electrical conductor<\/strong><\/td><td>Delocalised electrons move freely across the sheet<\/td><td>Flexible electronics, touchscreens, sensors<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td><strong>Very good thermal conductor<\/strong><\/td><td>Vibrations pass easily through the rigid covalent network<\/td><td>Heat management in electronic devices<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td><strong>Transparent and flexible<\/strong><\/td><td>A single atomic layer absorbs little light and can bend without breaking bonds<\/td><td>Transparent conducting films<\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"ols-key-box\">\n<p><strong>Exam sentence:<\/strong> Graphene is a single layer of graphite in which each carbon atom is covalently bonded to three others; the delocalised electrons make it an excellent conductor and the covalent network makes it very strong.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/article>\n<section class=\"ols-h5p-card ols-h5p-inline\">\n<span class=\"ols-h5p-kicker\">Check your understanding<\/span>\n<h2>Quick Check: From Graphene to Nanotubes<\/h2>\n<p>Apply what you know about graphene to two related materials, answering as quickly as you can.<\/p>\n<div class=\"ols-h5p-frame\"><div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-659\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"659\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Giant Covalent Structures Quick Fire: From Graphene to Carbon Nanotubes\"><\/iframe><\/div><\/div>\n<\/section>\n\n<article class=\"ols-note-card soft\">\n<div class=\"ols-note-title\">\n<div class=\"ols-note-icon\">5<\/div>\n<h2>Comparing the Three Carbon Structures<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"ols-table-wrap\">\n<table class=\"ols-table\">\n<thead>\n<tr><th><\/th><th>Diamond<\/th><th>Graphite<\/th><th>Graphene<\/th><\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr><td><strong>Bonds per carbon atom<\/strong><\/td><td>4<\/td><td>3<\/td><td>3<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td><strong>Arrangement<\/strong><\/td><td>Tetrahedral, 109.5\u00b0, three-dimensional<\/td><td>Hexagonal layers, 120\u00b0<\/td><td>One hexagonal layer, 120\u00b0<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td><strong>Delocalised electrons<\/strong><\/td><td>None<\/td><td>One per carbon, within each layer<\/td><td>One per carbon, across the sheet<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td><strong>Electrical conductivity<\/strong><\/td><td>None<\/td><td>Along the layers<\/td><td>Excellent<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td><strong>Hardness<\/strong><\/td><td>Extremely hard<\/td><td>Soft, layers slide<\/td><td>Very strong sheet<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td><strong>Melting temperature<\/strong><\/td><td>Very high<\/td><td>Very high<\/td><td>Very high<\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"ols-key-box\">\n<p><strong>Key idea:<\/strong> The same element gives three very different materials because the bonding arrangement differs: four localised bonds give hardness and no conduction; three bonds plus a delocalised electron give layers that conduct.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"ols-zoom-card\">\n<div class=\"ols-zoom-card-image\">\n<a class=\"ols-lightbox-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/t17x-s1carboncompare-v5.jpg\" aria-label=\"Open image full screen\">\n<img decoding=\"async\" class=\"ols-zoomable-img ols-lightbox-target\" src=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/t17x-s1carboncompare-v5.jpg\" alt=\"Three-column poster comparing diamond, graphite and graphene by bonds per carbon, arrangement, delocalised electrons and properties.\">\n<\/a>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"ols-zoom-card-caption\"><p>Diamond, graphite and graphene are all carbon, but four localised bonds per atom give hardness while three bonds plus a delocalised electron give conduction.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/article>\n<section class=\"ols-h5p-card ols-h5p-inline\">\n<span class=\"ols-h5p-kicker\">Check your understanding<\/span>\n<h2>Quick Check: Two Forms of Boron Nitride<\/h2>\n<p>Drag the words into place to compare the two forms of another giant covalent compound.<\/p>\n<div class=\"ols-h5p-frame\"><div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-437\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"437\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Giant Covalent Structures Drag: Two Forms of Boron Nitride\"><\/iframe><\/div><\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"ols-h5p-card ols-h5p-inline\">\n<span class=\"ols-h5p-kicker\">Check your understanding<\/span>\n<h2>Quick Check: The Whole Page in Four Rounds<\/h2>\n<p>Pick the one accurate statement in each round to pull the three carbon structures together.<\/p>\n<div class=\"ols-h5p-frame\"><div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-1321\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"1321\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Giant Covalent Structures Summary: Bonds, Layers and Delocalised Electrons\"><\/iframe><\/div><\/div>\n<\/section>\n\n<article class=\"ols-note-card soft\">\n<div class=\"ols-note-title\">\n<div class=\"ols-note-icon\">6<\/div>\n<h2>Where This Sits in the Edexcel Specification<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<p>Topic 2 asks you to describe the structures of graphite, diamond and graphene and to discuss their applications. It sits alongside the ionic, metallic and simple molecular structure types you compare when explaining melting temperatures and conductivity.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<article class=\"ols-note-card purple\">\n<div class=\"ols-note-title\">\n<div class=\"ols-note-icon\">7<\/div>\n<h2>Common Exam Mistakes<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<ul>\n<li>Saying graphite is soft because its covalent bonds are weak. The covalent bonds are strong; it is the forces between layers that are weak.<\/li>\n<li>Saying diamond conducts electricity, or that graphite conducts because it contains ions or is metallic. Only delocalised electrons explain the conduction.<\/li>\n<li>Describing melting as breaking intermolecular forces. In a giant covalent structure the covalent bonds themselves must be broken.<\/li>\n<li>Forgetting the bond angle: 109.5\u00b0 in diamond, 120\u00b0 in graphite and graphene.<\/li>\n<li>Drawing a diamond fragment with carbon atoms that have only three bonds, or a graphite layer with four bonds per carbon.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"ols-key-box\">\n<p><strong>Exam sentence:<\/strong> Giant covalent structures have very high melting temperatures because many strong covalent bonds must be broken; only those with delocalised electrons, graphite and graphene, conduct electricity.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/article>\n\n<section class=\"ols-faq-card\">\n<h2>FAQs<\/h2>\n<p>These questions cover the giant covalent ideas students most often confuse.<\/p>\n<div class=\"ols-faq-list\">\n<div class=\"ols-faq-item\">\n<h3>Why is graphite soft if its covalent bonds are strong?<\/h3>\n<p>The covalent bonds within each layer are strong, but the layers are held together only by weak London forces. The layers slide over each other easily, so graphite is soft and slippery.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"ols-faq-item\">\n<h3>Why does graphite conduct electricity but diamond does not?<\/h3>\n<p>In graphite each carbon uses three electrons in bonds and the fourth is delocalised across the layer, free to move. In diamond all four outer electrons are in localised covalent bonds, so none can move.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"ols-faq-item\">\n<h3>Does graphite conduct in every direction?<\/h3>\n<p>No. The delocalised electrons move along the layers, so graphite conducts well parallel to the layers but poorly across them.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"ols-faq-item\">\n<h3>Why does diamond have such a high melting temperature?<\/h3>\n<p>Melting means breaking strong covalent bonds, and every carbon atom is bonded to four others throughout the giant lattice. A great deal of energy is needed, so the melting temperature is very high.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"ols-faq-item\">\n<h3>Is graphene the same as graphite?<\/h3>\n<p>No. Graphene is a single layer of graphite, one atom thick. It has the same hexagonal bonding and delocalised electrons, but no layers to slide, so it is extremely strong as well as an excellent conductor.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n\n      <!-- author card (moved to the end, 10 Oct 2026) -->\n      <div class=\"ols-author\">\n\n    <img decoding=\"async\"\n      class=\"ols-author-avatar-img\"\n      src=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/Author-Profile.jpeg\"\n      alt=\"Dr. Mohammed Al-Fatah\"\n    >\n\n    <div class=\"ols-author-content\">\n\n      <h2 class=\"ols-author-title\">\n        Written by:<br><span>Dr. Mohammed Al-Fatah<\/span>\n      <\/h2>\n\n      <p class=\"ols-author-description\">\n        Chemistry specialist revision notes for A Level Chemistry.\n      <\/p>\n\n      <a\n        class=\"ols-linkedin-pill\"\n        href=\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/doctormohammedfatah\/\"\n        target=\"_blank\"\n        rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"\n      >\n        <svg class=\"ols-linkedin-icon\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"currentColor\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n          <path d=\"M4.98 3.5C4.98 4.88 3.86 6 2.48 6S0 4.88 0 3.5 1.12 1 2.48 1s2.5 1.12 2.5 2.5zM.5 8h4V24h-4V8zm7 0h3.8v2.2h.1c.5-.9 1.8-2.2 3.9-2.2 4.2 0 5 2.8 5 6.4V24h-4v-7.6c0-1.8 0-4.2-2.6-4.2s-3 2-3 4v7.8h-4V8z\"\/>\n        <\/svg>\n        View LinkedIn Profile\n      <\/a>\n\n    <\/div>\n\n  <\/div>\n\n\n<section class=\"ols-related-card\">\n        <h2>Related Topics<\/h2>\n        <p>Continue through Topic 2 Bonding and Structure with the next linked revision notes.<\/p>\n\n        <div class=\"ols-related-grid\">\n          <a class=\"ols-related-item\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-2-bonding-and-structure\/covalent-bonding\/dative-covalent-bonding\/\">Dative Covalent Bonding<\/a>\n          <a class=\"ols-related-item\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-2-bonding-and-structure\/covalent-bonding\/electronegativity\/\">Electronegativity<\/a>\n          <a class=\"ols-related-item\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-2-bonding-and-structure\/shapes-of-molecules\/\">Shapes of Molecules<\/a>\n          <a class=\"ols-related-item\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-2-bonding-and-structure\/polar-molecules\/\">Non-Polar &amp; Polar Molecules<\/a>\n          <a class=\"ols-related-item\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-2-bonding-and-structure\/ionic-bonding\/nature-of-ionic-bonding\/\">Nature of Ionic Bonding<\/a>\n          <a class=\"ols-related-item\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/edexcel\/topic-2-bonding-and-structure\/metallic-bonding\/metallic-bonding-and-structure\/\">Metallic Bonding and Structure<\/a>\n        <\/div>\n      <\/section>\n\n      <section class=\"ols-attribution-card ols-attr-std\" aria-label=\"Copyright notice\">\n<style id=\"ols-attribution-card-css\">.ols-attribution-card.ols-attr-std{background:linear-gradient(135deg,#ffffff,#f8fbff);border:1px solid rgba(28,36,75,0.14);border-radius:28px;box-shadow:0 18px 45px rgba(28,36,75,0.10);padding:34px;margin:24px 0;overflow:hidden;font-family:Poppins,Arial,sans-serif;box-sizing:border-box}.ols-attribution-card.ols-attr-std *{box-sizing:border-box}.ols-attribution-card.ols-attr-std p{margin:0;font-size:14px;line-height:1.65;font-weight:300;color:#667085}.ols-attribution-card.ols-attr-std strong{font-weight:700;color:#1C244B}@media (max-width:760px){.ols-attribution-card.ols-attr-std{padding:24px 18px;border-radius:22px}}<\/style>\n<p><strong>Copyright notice:<\/strong> This OLS revision content, including the explanations, layout, diagrams, tables and embedded learning structure, is authored for Online Learning System by Dr. Mohammed Al-Fatah. It may not be copied, reproduced, redistributed or adapted without written permission.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n\n      <div class=\"ols-image-lightbox\" id=\"olsImageLightboxNatureCovalentBonding9ch0\" aria-hidden=\"true\" role=\"dialog\" aria-modal=\"true\" aria-label=\"Expanded revision image\">\n        <div class=\"ols-image-lightbox-inner\">\n          <button class=\"ols-image-lightbox-close\" type=\"button\" aria-label=\"Close enlarged image\">\u00d7<\/button>\n          <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"ols-image-lightbox-img\" src=\"\" alt=\"\">\n        <\/div>\n      <\/div>\n\n      <script>\n        (function(){\n          var page = document.querySelector(\".ols-nature-of-covalent-bonding-9ch0-page\");\n          if (!page) { return; }\n          var lightbox = page.querySelector(\"#olsImageLightboxNatureCovalentBonding9ch0\");\n          if (!lightbox) { return; }\n          var lightboxImage = lightbox.querySelector(\".ols-image-lightbox-img\");\n          var closeButton = 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It has the same hexagonal bonding and delocalised electrons, but no layers to slide, so it is extremely strong as well as an excellent conductor.\"\n                    }\n                }\n            ]\n        }\n    ]\n}\n<\/script>\n    <\/main>\n<\/section>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Revision Notes \/ A Level Chemistry \/ Edexcel \/ Topic 2 Bonding and Structure \/ Covalent Bonding \/ Giant Covalent Structures Giant Covalent Structures A concise revision guide to giant covalent structures: how diamond, graphite and graphene are bonded, why their properties differ so much, and how the structure explains melting temperature, hardness and electrical [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":12,"featured_media":0,"parent":4571,"menu_order":3,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-7711","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/7711","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/12"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=7711"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/7711\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":24651,"href":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/7711\/revisions\/24651"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/4571"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=7711"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}