{"id":7803,"date":"2026-09-13T19:08:47","date_gmt":"2026-09-13T18:08:47","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-4-states-of-matter\/"},"modified":"2026-09-14T20:12:09","modified_gmt":"2026-09-14T19:12:09","slug":"topic-4-states-of-matter","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-4-states-of-matter\/","title":{"rendered":"Topic 4 States of Matter"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"ols-cie4-page\">\n\n  <aside class=\"ols-sidebar\">\n  <div class=\"ols-sidebar-header\">\n    <h3>Revision Notes<\/h3>\n    <p>Cambridge International AS Level Chemistry<\/p>\n  <\/div>\n  <div class=\"ols-topic-group\">\n    <h4>4.2 Lattice Structures<\/h4>\n    <ul class=\"ols-topic-list\">\n      <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-4-states-of-matter\/\">Topic 4 overview<\/a><\/li>\n      <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-4-states-of-matter\/structure-types\/\">Structure Types<\/a><\/li>\n      <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-4-states-of-matter\/simple-molecular-structures\/\">Simple Molecular Structures<\/a><\/li>\n      <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-3-chemical-bonding\/covalent-bonding\/giant-covalent-structures\/\">Giant Covalent Structures (Topic 3)<\/a><\/li>\n    <\/ul>\n  <\/div>\n  <div class=\"ols-topic-group\">\n    <h4>Related Topic 3 Parts<\/h4>\n    <ul class=\"ols-topic-list\">\n      <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-3-chemical-bonding\/ionic-bonding\/\">3.2 Ionic Bonding<\/a><\/li>\n      <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-3-chemical-bonding\/metallic-bonding\/\">3.3 Metallic Bonding<\/a><\/li>\n      <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-3-chemical-bonding\/covalent-bonding\/\">3.4 Covalent Bonding<\/a><\/li>\n    <\/ul>\n  <\/div>\n<\/aside>\n<script>\r\n(function() {\r\n  function normalisePath(path) {\r\n    return String(path || '')\r\n      .split('?')[0]\r\n      .split('#')[0]\r\n      .replace(\/\\\/+$\/, '')\r\n      .toLowerCase();\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  function highlightActive() {\r\n    var sidebar = document.querySelector('.ols-sidebar');\r\n    if (!sidebar) return false;\r\n\r\n    var currentPath = normalisePath(window.location.pathname);\r\n    var links = sidebar.querySelectorAll('a[href]');\r\n    var matched = null;\r\n    var matchedLength = 0;\r\n\r\n    sidebar.querySelectorAll('.active, .active-main, 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background: linear-gradient(135deg, #1f2937 0%, #4b5563 55%, #9ca3af 100%); }\n    .ols-cie4-visual--naming { background: linear-gradient(135deg, #0f766e 0%, #14b8a6 55%, #99f6e4 100%); }\n    .ols-cie4-card--soon { opacity: 0.62; cursor: default; }\n    .ols-cie4-card-status--soon { background: #e5e7eb; color: #374151; }\n<\/style>\n\n  <!-- BREADCRUMB BAR -->\n  <div class=\"ols-cie4-breadcrumb-bar\">\n    <div class=\"ols-cie4-container\">\n      <nav class=\"ols-cie4-breadcrumb\" aria-label=\"Breadcrumb\">\n          <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/\">Revision Notes<\/a> \/\n          <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/\">A Level Chemistry<\/a> \/\n          <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/\">Cambridge International (CIE)<\/a> \/\n          <span>Topic 4 States of Matter<\/span>\n        <\/nav>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n\n  <!-- INTRO -->\n  <section class=\"ols-cie4-intro\">\n    <div class=\"ols-cie4-container\">\n      <div class=\"ols-cie4-intro-inner\">\n        <div>\n          <div class=\"ols-cie4-eyebrow\">Cambridge International AS Level Chemistry<\/div>\n          <h1>Topic 4<br>States of Matter<\/h1>\n          <div class=\"ols-cie4-accent-bar\"><\/div>\n          <p class=\"ols-cie4-intro-lead\">Topic 4 covers the gaseous state, the ideal gas equation, and the lattice structures of crystalline solids: giant ionic, simple molecular, giant molecular and giant metallic, and how structure and bonding decide melting point, conductivity and solubility. These pages cover the lattice structures (4.2); the gaseous state (4.1) follows with a later topic.<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"ols-cie4-info-grid\">\n          <div class=\"ols-cie4-info-card\"><div class=\"ols-cie4-info-card-label\">Exam Papers<\/div><div class=\"ols-cie4-info-card-value\">Papers 1 &amp; 2<\/div><div class=\"ols-cie4-info-card-sub\">9701\/1 and 9701\/2 (AS Level)<\/div><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-cie4-info-card\"><div class=\"ols-cie4-info-card-label\">Learning Outcomes<\/div><div class=\"ols-cie4-info-card-value\">4.1.1 &#8211; 4.2.3<\/div><div class=\"ols-cie4-info-card-sub\">2 parts<\/div><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-cie4-info-card\"><div class=\"ols-cie4-info-card-label\">Topic Parts<\/div><div class=\"ols-cie4-info-card-value\">1 of 2 live<\/div><div class=\"ols-cie4-info-card-sub\">4.2 Lattice structures<\/div><\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-cie4-info-card\"><div class=\"ols-cie4-info-card-label\">Exam Board<\/div><div class=\"ols-cie4-info-card-value\">Cambridge<\/div><div class=\"ols-cie4-info-card-sub\">CIE 9701 (2025-2027)<\/div><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/section>\n\n  <!-- TOPIC CARDS -->\n  <section class=\"ols-cie4-topics\">\n    <div class=\"ols-cie4-container\">\n      <div class=\"ols-cie4-section-header\">\n        <h2 class=\"ols-cie4-section-title\">Revision Notes<\/h2>\n        <p class=\"ols-cie4-section-sub\">Work through each part of Cambridge Topic 4 in a structured sequence.<\/p>\n      <\/div>\n      <div class=\"ols-cie4-cards-grid\">\n        <!-- Card 1: 4.1 The Gaseous State -->\n        <div class=\"ols-cie4-card ols-cie4-card--soon\">\n          <div class=\"ols-cie4-card-img-wrap\">\n            <div class=\"ols-cie4-visual ols-cie4-visual--naming\">\n              <div class=\"ols-cie4-visual-panel\">\n                <div class=\"ols-cie4-visual-kicker\">Gases<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-cie4-visual-main\">The Gaseous<br>State<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-cie4-config-line\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span>pV = nRT<\/span><\/div>\n              <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-cie4-card-num\">1<\/div>\n            <span class=\"ols-cie4-card-status ols-cie4-card-status--soon\">Coming soon<\/span>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-cie4-card-body\">\n            <p class=\"ols-cie4-card-title\">4.1 The Gaseous State<\/p>\n            <p class=\"ols-cie4-card-desc\">Kinetic theory, ideal gases and the ideal gas equation. Coming with a later topic.<\/p>\n            <span class=\"ols-cie4-card-cta\">In preparation<svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n\n        <!-- Card 2: 4.2 Structure Types -->\n        <a class=\"ols-cie4-card ols-cie4-card--available\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-4-states-of-matter\/structure-types\/\">\n          <div class=\"ols-cie4-card-img-wrap\">\n            <div class=\"ols-cie4-visual ols-cie4-visual--isomerism\">\n              <div class=\"ols-cie4-visual-panel\">\n                <div class=\"ols-cie4-visual-kicker\">Lattices<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-cie4-visual-main\">Structure<br>Types<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-cie4-config-line\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span>Na\u207a Cl\u207b | Cu | I\u2082<\/span><\/div>\n              <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-cie4-card-num\">2<\/div>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-cie4-card-body\">\n            <p class=\"ols-cie4-card-title\">4.2 Structure Types<\/p>\n            <p class=\"ols-cie4-card-desc\">Giant ionic, giant metallic, giant molecular and simple molecular lattices compared, and deducing structure and bonding from properties (4.2.1 to 4.2.3).<\/p>\n            <span class=\"ols-cie4-card-cta\">Start revising<svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n\n        <!-- Card 3: 4.2 Simple Molecular Structures -->\n        <a class=\"ols-cie4-card ols-cie4-card--available\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-4-states-of-matter\/simple-molecular-structures\/\">\n          <div class=\"ols-cie4-card-img-wrap\">\n            <div class=\"ols-cie4-visual ols-cie4-visual--bonding\">\n              <div class=\"ols-cie4-visual-panel\">\n                <div class=\"ols-cie4-visual-kicker\">Molecular<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-cie4-visual-main\">Simple<br>Molecular<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-cie4-config-line\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span>I\u2082 C\u2086\u2080 H\u2082O<\/span><\/div>\n              <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-cie4-card-num\">3<\/div>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-cie4-card-body\">\n            <p class=\"ols-cie4-card-title\">4.2 Simple Molecular Structures<\/p>\n            <p class=\"ols-cie4-card-desc\">Iodine, buckminsterfullerene and ice: separate molecules held by weak intermolecular forces (4.2.1(b)).<\/p>\n            <span class=\"ols-cie4-card-cta\">Start revising<svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n\n        <!-- Card 4: 4.2 Giant Covalent Structures -->\n        <a class=\"ols-cie4-card ols-cie4-card--available\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-3-chemical-bonding\/covalent-bonding\/giant-covalent-structures\/\">\n          <div class=\"ols-cie4-card-img-wrap\">\n            <div class=\"ols-cie4-visual ols-cie4-visual--mechanism\">\n              <div class=\"ols-cie4-visual-panel\">\n                <div class=\"ols-cie4-visual-kicker\">Giant molecular<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-cie4-visual-main\">Giant<br>Covalent<\/div>\n                <div class=\"ols-cie4-config-line\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span>SiO\u2082 C<\/span><\/div>\n              <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"ols-cie4-card-num\">4<\/div>\n          <\/div>\n          <div class=\"ols-cie4-card-body\">\n            <p class=\"ols-cie4-card-title\">4.2 Giant Covalent Structures<\/p>\n            <p class=\"ols-cie4-card-desc\">Silicon(IV) oxide, graphite and diamond (4.2.1(c)), on the Topic 3 covalent bonding pages.<\/p>\n            <span class=\"ols-cie4-card-cta\">Start revising<svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M3 8h10M9 4l4 4-4 4\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/a>\n\n      \n\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/section>\n\n  <!-- SPECIFICATION -->\n  <section class=\"ols-cie4-spec-section\">\n    <div class=\"ols-cie4-container\">\n      <div class=\"ols-cie4-spec-wrap\">\n        <div class=\"ols-cie4-spec-pill\">Specification Coverage<\/div>\n        <h2 class=\"ols-cie4-spec-heading\">Topic 4 States of Matter &#8211; Cambridge International AS Level Chemistry<\/h2>\n        <p class=\"ols-cie4-spec-intro-text\">The following Cambridge learning outcomes state what candidates should be able to do for Topic 4. Wording is taken from the Cambridge International AS &amp; A Level Chemistry 9701 syllabus (2025-2027).<\/p>\n\n        <h3 class=\"ols-cie4-spec-group-title\">4.1 The gaseous state: ideal and real gases and pV = nRT<\/h3>\n<div class=\"ols-cie4-spec-rows\">\n<div class=\"ols-cie4-spec-row ols-cie4-spec-row--light\"><div class=\"ols-cie4-spec-code\">4.1.1<\/div><div class=\"ols-cie4-spec-text\">explain the origin of pressure in a gas in terms of collisions between gas molecules and the wall of the container<\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"ols-cie4-spec-row ols-cie4-spec-row--mid\"><div class=\"ols-cie4-spec-code ols-cie4-spec-code--mid\">4.1.2<\/div><div class=\"ols-cie4-spec-text\">understand that ideal gases have zero particle volume and no intermolecular forces of attraction<\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"ols-cie4-spec-row ols-cie4-spec-row--light\"><div class=\"ols-cie4-spec-code\">4.1.3<\/div><div class=\"ols-cie4-spec-text\">state and use the ideal gas equation pV = nRT in calculations, including in the determination of Mr<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h3 class=\"ols-cie4-spec-group-title\">4.2 Bonding and structure<\/h3>\n<div class=\"ols-cie4-spec-rows\">\n<div class=\"ols-cie4-spec-row ols-cie4-spec-row--mid\"><div class=\"ols-cie4-spec-code ols-cie4-spec-code--mid\">4.2.1<\/div><div class=\"ols-cie4-spec-text\">describe, in simple terms, the lattice structure of a crystalline solid which is:<div class=\"ols-cie4-spec-sub-list\"><div class=\"ols-cie4-spec-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-cie4-spec-sub-code\">(a)<\/div><div class=\"ols-cie4-spec-sub-text\">giant ionic, including sodium chloride and magnesium oxide<\/div><\/div><div class=\"ols-cie4-spec-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-cie4-spec-sub-code\">(b)<\/div><div class=\"ols-cie4-spec-sub-text\">simple molecular, including iodine, buckminsterfullerene C60 and ice<\/div><\/div><div class=\"ols-cie4-spec-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-cie4-spec-sub-code\">(c)<\/div><div class=\"ols-cie4-spec-sub-text\">giant molecular, including silicon(IV) oxide, graphite and diamond<\/div><\/div><div class=\"ols-cie4-spec-sub-row\"><div class=\"ols-cie4-spec-sub-code\">(d)<\/div><div class=\"ols-cie4-spec-sub-text\">giant metallic, including copper<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"ols-cie4-spec-row ols-cie4-spec-row--light\"><div class=\"ols-cie4-spec-code\">4.2.2<\/div><div class=\"ols-cie4-spec-text\">describe, interpret and predict the effect of different types of structure and bonding on the physical properties of substances, including melting point, boiling point, electrical conductivity and solubility<\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"ols-cie4-spec-row ols-cie4-spec-row--mid\"><div class=\"ols-cie4-spec-code ols-cie4-spec-code--mid\">4.2.3<\/div><div class=\"ols-cie4-spec-text\">deduce the type of structure and bonding present in a substance from given information<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n        <\/div>\n      <\/div>\n    \n  <\/section>\n\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\n  \"@context\": \"https:\/\/schema.org\",\n  \"@graph\": [\n    {\n      \"@type\": \"WebPage\",\n      \"@id\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-4-states-of-matter\/#webpage\",\n      \"url\": \"https:\/\/www.onlinelearningsystem.net\/xyz\/revision-notes\/a-level-chemistry\/cie\/topic-4-states-of-matter\/\",\n      \"name\": \"Topic 4 States of Matter - 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